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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nVyStShgfRkYNJNPGWzWJ7v</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300269</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190030</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Job Stress and Cardiovascular Health: Is There a Connection?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Henpin Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Henpin Yue Cesena,</bold> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Avenida Brasil, 953. Postal Code 01431-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fernando.cesena@einstein.br</email>, <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>269</fpage>
      <lpage>270</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Occupational Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress, Psychological, Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The relationship between psychological stress and cardiovascular (CV) disease has been studied for a long time. In particular, the link between job stress and CV outcomes has been a matter of debate. While there are data supporting that job stress increases CV risk, some experts believe that this association is not truly relevant or the results may be biased.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>There are many plausible mechanisms by which job stress may increase the likelihood of CV events, including augmentation of autonomic tonus and predisposition to risk behaviors, such as physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and smoking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this context, the study by Muniz e al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> published in this issue of Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia is very welcome. The authors sought to investigate, in a cross-sectional study, the prevalence of ideal CV health and the influence of job stress on CV health among 478 employees from a university in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.</p>
    <p>CV health was determined by a standard method proposed by the American Heart Association,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> which considers variables related to lifestyle and traditional risk factors. Job stress was assessed by the classic model proposed by Karasek,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> which is the method most frequently used in similar studies. According to this model, high job strain occurs when there is a high psychological demand associated with low control over the demands.</p>
    <p>Three main aspects of the study by Muniz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> can be highlighted.</p>
    <p>First, it is always good and enriching to see scientific data from a remote place, underrepresented in the cardiological literature, being reported in a medical journal.</p>
    <p>Second, and this is alarming, the vast majority of individuals (91%) were considered to have poor CV health, and no one had ideal CV health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> One can say that criteria for ideal CV health are too stringent. It can also be said that CV health was not properly evaluated (for instance, information on high blood cholesterol and diabetes was self-reported). Also, the study has limited external validation, as it recruited employees from a single university (65% men), not really representing the general population. Even though, the overall poor CV health reported in this study surpassed the expectations, as the authors pointed out.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> This finding is, <italic>per se</italic>, a headline to be carefully interpreted by the general population, healthcare providers, and health authorities.</p>
    <p>Third, the study brings some insights into the relationship between work stress and CV health. The authors report an association between job strain and poor CV health that did not reach statistical significance. However, high job strain was related to obesity and poor diet.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>It must be acknowledged, as the authors do, that cross-sectional studies can only establish an association and not causality. Therefore, the present study has limited ability to add relevant contribution to the knowledge about the causal relationship between job stress and CV disease. This issue is better assessed by prospective cohort studies, once randomized controlled trials with job stress as an intervention are not feasible or ethical. In this regard, although many cohort studies failed to find a positive association between work stress and coronary heart disease (CHD),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> many other studies and meta-analyses did find a significant relationship between job strain and CV outcomes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> as well as with diabetes, smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>For instance, Kivim&#228;ki et al. reported that job strain increased the risk of CHD by 23% in a meta-analysis including almost 200,000 individuals from published and unpublished studies, an attempt to avoid publication bias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Long working hours (&#8805; 55 hours a week), a pattern frequently correlated with job stress, were also shown to increase the risk of CHD by 1.12-fold and the risk of stroke by 1.21-fold in a large meta-analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Therefore, it seems reasonable to accept job strain as a risk factor for CV disease or, at least, a factor that may increase the risk of CV events by exacerbating traditional risk factors or by facilitating an unhealthy lifestyle.</p>
    <p>Efforts should be made to deepen knowledge in this field. Future research should focus on the nuances of the relationship between job stress and CV health. Identifying types and patterns of work more closely related to CV disease may reveal targets for preventive interventions, that can be tested in clinical trials or implemented in the workplace.</p>
    <p>The study by Muniz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> has the merit of shedding light on a relevant, frequently underappreciated aspect of CV prevention. In the contemporary world characterized by a highly competitive professional environment, job stress is very prevalent and its relevance increases in times of economic crisis. Both employers and employees should be aware of the potential unhealthy consequences of job strain. Healthcare providers should address this issue when talking with patients about lifestyle and CV prevention. Health authorities should not neglect this topic. The ultimate goal is to reduce the burden of job stress on CV disease.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Job Strain: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Amazon Basin</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estresse no Trabalho e Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular: Existe Alguma Rela&#231;&#227;o?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Henpin Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Henpin Yue Cesena,</bold> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Avenida Brasil, 953. CEP 01431-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fernando.cesena@einstein.br</email>, <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Ocupacional</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Psicol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre estresse psicol&#243;gico e doen&#231;a cardiovascular (CV) tem sido estudada h&#225; muito tempo. Em especial, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o estresse no trabalho e desfechos CV tem sido objeto de debate. Embora existam dados que sustentem que o estresse no trabalho aumenta o risco CV, alguns especialistas acreditam que essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seja muito relevante ou que os resultados possam ser tendenciosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Existem muitos mecanismos plaus&#237;veis pelos quais o estresse no trabalho pode aumentar a probabilidade de eventos CV, incluindo o aumento do t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico e a predisposi&#231;&#227;o a comportamentos de risco, como inatividade f&#237;sica, alimenta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o saud&#225;vel e tabagismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, o estudo de Muniz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia &#233; muito bem-vindo. Os autores buscaram investigar, em um estudo de corte transversal, a preval&#234;ncia de sa&#250;de CV ideal e a influ&#234;ncia do estresse no trabalho na sa&#250;de CV de 478 funcion&#225;rios de uma universidade em Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil.</p>
      <p>A sa&#250;de CV foi determinada por um m&#233;todo padr&#227;o proposto pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> que considera vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao estilo de vida e a fatores de risco tradicionais. O estresse no trabalho foi avaliado pelo modelo cl&#225;ssico proposto por Karasek et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> que &#233; o m&#233;todo mais frequentemente utilizado em estudos semelhantes. De acordo com esse modelo, altos n&#237;veis de tens&#227;o no trabalho ocorrem quando h&#225; alta demanda psicol&#243;gica associada a baixo controle sobre as demandas.</p>
      <p>Tr&#234;s principais aspectos do estudo de Muniz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> podem ser destacados.</p>
      <p>Em primeiro lugar, &#233; sempre bom e enriquecedor ver os dados cient&#237;ficos de um lugar remoto, subrepresentado na literatura cardiol&#243;gica, sendo relatados em uma revista m&#233;dica.</p>
      <p>Em segundo lugar, e isso &#233; alarmante, a vasta maioria dos indiv&#237;duos (91%) foi considerada de sa&#250;de CV ruim, e ningu&#233;m apresentava sa&#250;de CV ideal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Pode-se dizer que os crit&#233;rios para a sa&#250;de CV ideal s&#227;o muito rigorosos. Pode-se dizer tamb&#233;m que a sa&#250;de CV n&#227;o foi devidamente avaliada (por exemplo, informa&#231;&#245;es sobre colesterol alto e diabetes foram autorreferidas). Al&#233;m disso, o estudo tem valida&#231;&#227;o externa limitada, pois recrutou funcion&#225;rios de uma &#250;nica universidade (65% homens), n&#227;o verdadeiramente representando a popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Mesmo assim, a sa&#250;de CV geral ruim relatada neste estudo superou as expectativas, conforme apontado pelos autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Esse achado &#233;, por si s&#243;, uma manchete a ser cuidadosamente interpretada pela popula&#231;&#227;o geral, pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de e pelas autoridades de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Em terceiro lugar, o estudo traz algumas percep&#231;&#245;es sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre estresse no trabalho e sa&#250;de CV. Os autores relatam uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre alta tens&#227;o no trabalho e sa&#250;de CV ruim que n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. No entanto, o alto estresse no trabalho relacionou-se com obesidade e dieta inadequada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Deve-se reconhecer, como os autores o fazem, que os estudos transversais s&#243; podem estabelecer associa&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o causalidade. Portanto, o presente estudo tem um potencial limitado para contribuir, de maneira relevante, para o conhecimento sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre estresse no trabalho e doen&#231;as CV. Esta quest&#227;o &#233; melhor avaliada por estudos de coorte prospectivos, uma vez que ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados com estresse no trabalho como interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o vi&#225;veis ou &#233;ticos. A esse respeito, embora muitos estudos de coorte n&#227;o tenham encontrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre estresse no trabalho e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> muitos outros estudos e meta-an&#225;lises encontraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre estresse no trabalho e desfechos CV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> assim como com diabetes, tabagismo, sedentarismo e obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Por exemplo, Kivim&#228;ki et al. demonstraram que o estresse no trabalho aumentou o risco de DAC em 23% em uma meta-an&#225;lise que incluiu quase 200.000 indiv&#237;duos de estudos publicados e n&#227;o publicados, numa tentativa de evitar vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Demonstrou-se tamb&#233;m que longas jornadas de trabalho (&#8805; 55 horas por semana), um padr&#227;o frequentemente correlacionado com estresse no trabalho, aumentam o risco de DAC em 1,12 vezes e o risco de acidente vascular cerebral em 1,21 vezes em uma meta-an&#225;lise de grande porte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Portanto, parece razo&#225;vel aceitar o estresse no trabalho como um fator de risco para doen&#231;as CV ou, pelo menos, um fator que pode aumentar o risco de eventos CV atrav&#233;s da exacerba&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco tradicionais ou por facilitar um estilo de vida n&#227;o saud&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Esfor&#231;os devem ser feitos para aprofundar o conhecimento nesse campo. Pesquisas futuras devem se concentrar nas nuances da rela&#231;&#227;o entre estresse no trabalho e sa&#250;de CV. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de tipos e padr&#245;es de trabalho mais estreitamente relacionados com as doen&#231;as CV pode revelar alvos para interven&#231;&#245;es preventivas, que podem ser testadas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos ou implementadas no local de trabalho.</p>
      <p>O estudo de Muniz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> tem o m&#233;rito de lan&#231;ar luz sobre um aspecto relevante e frequentemente subestimado da preven&#231;&#227;o CV. No mundo contempor&#226;neo caracterizado por um ambiente profissional altamente competitivo, o estresse no trabalho &#233; bastante prevalente e sua relev&#226;ncia aumenta em tempos de crise econ&#244;mica. Tanto os empregadores quanto os funcion&#225;rios devem estar cientes das poss&#237;veis consequ&#234;ncias mal&#233;ficas do estresse no trabalho. Os profissionais de sa&#250;de devem abordar essa quest&#227;o ao conversar com os pacientes sobre estilo de vida e preven&#231;&#227;o CV. As autoridades de sa&#250;de n&#227;o devem ignorar esse tema. O objetivo final &#233; reduzir o peso do estresse no trabalho sobre as doen&#231;as CV.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular Ideal e Estresse no Trabalho: Um Estudo Transversal da Amaz&#244;nia Brasileira</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
