<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">J5PL3K8vs5VMWtDB7zQWzVv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300258</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190053</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Let's Look Right during Diastolic Dysfunction Evaluation?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universisade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universisade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Murilo Foppa,</bold> Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mufoppa@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>258</fpage>
      <lpage>259</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Function</kwd>
        <kwd>/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Nearly half of heart failure patients have preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> HFPEF is traditionally attributed to an increased left ventricular end-diastolic filling pressure (Pd2), triggered by structural, metabolic and functional mechanisms. Echocardiography permits to identify HFPEF signs as diastolic dysfunction (DD),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> enlarged left atrium, and more subtle abnormalities of systolic function detected by global longitudinal strain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Right ventricular (RV) abnormalities and pulmonary hypertension are also identified by echocardiography and are frequently seen in HFPEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, there are controversies if the abnormalities seen in right cardiac chambers are a consequence of left-sided abnormalities or if they correspond to a direct effect over left and right chambers simultaneously, caused by the same mechanisms, such as diffuse subendocardial fibrosis and subclinical systolic dysfunction.</p>
    <p>In this journal, Baroncini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> sought to bring more evidence to fill this knowledge gap. The authors compared two small samples of individuals with and without DD (25 subjects in each group) and found no significant changes in RV function between the groups measured by tricuspid annular plane excursion (TAPSE) or RV free wall systolic velocity (<italic>s'</italic>). The secondary analysis highlighted by the authors showed that in the subgroup with DD, the 7 individuals with a dilated left atrium presented worse RV function parameters compared to the other patients with DD (n = 18). These results could suggest that RV abnormalities would be present only in those already with a chronic increase in left atrial pressure identified by its dilatation.</p>
    <p>However, this specific finding in one subgroup is very likely to have occurred by chance. In addition to the recognized caveats of <italic>a posteriori</italic> findings, there are other reported findings that weaken the consistency of the biological plausibility of the association described. There was no significant correlation when measurements of the left atrium and right ventricle were analyzed continuously (unlike the article title), neither there was any relevant association identified in the analyzes that included the group of supposedly normal controls. Another important issue is the impossibility of the study, as performed, to adequately adjust for the intricate relationships between confounding variables. This is evident when we analyze the relationships between age, diastolic function, left atrial size and diastolic function in the study.</p>
    <p>Alterations in RV function at early stages of DD has already been studied, when the effects of pulmonary circulation on RV have not yet been observed. Brand et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> studying 438 women (BNP = 34.4 &#177; 31.6 pg/ml, Pulmonary artery systolic pressure = 21.8 &#177; 6.2 mmHg) showed the group with DD (n = 152) had worse RV systolic function compared to the group without DD (n = 286), either by conventional measures such as TAPSE, S', and fractional area change, or by newer methods such as global and free wall RV strain. It is noteworthy that the group with DD had no echocardiographic signs of increased left ventricular filling pressures, RV dilatation, or pulmonary hypertension, reinforcing the physiopathological concept that the occurrence of RV dysfunction is independent of the pressure overload in this cavity.</p>
    <p>The advances in HFPEF knowledge is indisputable, demonstrating the global cardiac, pulmonary, and multisystemic involvement in the syndrome, beyond that of DD. This was largely achieved with the help of noninvasive imaging and is likely to help in the identification of treatment targets and prevention strategies. On the other hand, despite its universal clinical use, the independent diagnostic and prognostic role of any imaging biomarker used individually is still a matter of debate, due to their complex interconnections. Considering this, it is paramount the proper discernment between associations, causality, and clinical utility of any biomarker, particularly in the echocardiographic evaluation of DD.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Vamos olhar (o) direito durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universisade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Murilo Foppa,</bold> Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mufoppa@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular/ Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Atrial/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Quase metade dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresenta fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP). A ICFEP &#233; tradicionalmente atribu&#237;da a um aumento da press&#227;o de enchimento diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (Pd2), desencadeada por mecanismos estruturais, metab&#243;licos e funcionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A ecocardiografia permite identificar os sinais de ICFEP, como disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (DD),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> &#225;trio esquerdo aumentado e anormalidades mais sutis da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica detectadas pelo <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Altera&#231;&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tamb&#233;m s&#227;o identificadas pela ecocardiografia, sendo frequentemente observadas na ICFEP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, h&#225; controv&#233;rsias sobre se as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas nas c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas s&#227;o consequ&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es do lado esquerdo ou se correspondem a efeito direto sobre as c&#226;maras esquerda e direita, causado simultaneamente pelos mesmos mecanismos, tais como fibrose subendoc&#225;rdica difusa e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica subcl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, Baroncini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> buscaram apresentar mais evid&#234;ncias para preencher essa lacuna de conhecimento. Os autores compararam duas pequenas amostras de indiv&#237;duos com e sem DD (25 indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo) e n&#227;o encontraram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na fun&#231;&#227;o do VD entre os grupos medidos pela excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) ou velocidade sist&#243;lica da parede livre do VD (<italic>s'</italic>). A an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria destacada pelos autores mostrou que, no subgrupo com DD, os 7 indiv&#237;duos com &#225;trio esquerdo dilatado apresentaram piores par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o do VD em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais pacientes com DD (n = 18). Esses resultados poderiam sugerir que as altera&#231;&#245;es do VD estariam presentes apenas naqueles j&#225; com aumento cr&#244;nico da press&#227;o atrial esquerda, identificado por sua dilata&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>No entanto, esse achado espec&#237;fico, restrito a um subgrupo &#233; muito prov&#225;vel que tenha ocorrido por acaso. Al&#233;m das reconhecidas limita&#231;&#245;es de achados a <italic>posteriori</italic>, h&#225; outros achados que enfraquecem a consist&#234;ncia da plausibilidade biol&#243;gica da associa&#231;&#227;o descrita. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa quando as medidas do &#225;trio esquerdo e do ventr&#237;culo direito foram analisadas de forma cont&#237;nua (diferentemente do t&#237;tulo do artigo), e n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o relevante identificada nas an&#225;lises que inclu&#237;ram o grupo de controles supostamente normais. Outra quest&#227;o importante &#233; a impossibilidade do estudo, como realizado, de ajustar adequadamente as rela&#231;&#245;es intrincadas entre as vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o. Isso fica evidente quando analisamos as rela&#231;&#245;es entre idade, fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica no estudo.</p>
      <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o VD nos est&#225;gios iniciais da DD j&#225; foram estudadas, quando os efeitos da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar no VD ainda n&#227;o foram observados. Brand et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> estudando 438 mulheres (BNP = 34,4 &#177; 31,6 pg/ml, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar = 21,8 &#177; 6,2 mmHg) mostraram que o grupo com DD (n = 152) apresentou pior fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem DD (n = 286), seja por medidas convencionais, como TAPSE, S', e fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea, ou por m&#233;todos mais novos, como <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global e da parede livre do VD. Destaca-se que o grupo com DD n&#227;o apresentou sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de aumento da press&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD ou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, refor&#231;ando o conceito fisiopatol&#243;gico de que a ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD independe da sobrecarga de press&#227;o nessa cavidade.</p>
      <p>Os avan&#231;os no conhecimento da ICFEP s&#227;o indiscut&#237;veis, demonstrando o envolvimento global card&#237;aco, pulmonar e multissist&#234;mico na s&#237;ndrome, al&#233;m da DD. Esses avan&#231;os foram conquistados em grande parte com a ajuda de exames de imagem n&#227;o-invasivos e &#233; prov&#225;vel que ajudem na identifica&#231;&#227;o de alvos terap&#234;uticos e de estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, apesar de seu uso cl&#237;nico universal, o papel diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico independente de qualquer biomarcador de imagem empregado de forma isolad ainda &#233; motivo de debate, devido &#224;s suas complexas interconex&#245;es. Considerando isso, &#233; fundamental o discernimento adequado entre associa&#231;&#245;es, causalidade e utilidade cl&#237;nica de qualquer biomarcador, particularmente na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da DD.</p>
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