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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4WTMZQHngGC4NmcYgYW9x8p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300249</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190042</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Echocardiographic Correlation between Right Ventricular Function and Left Atrial Volume</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5005-5005</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Liz Andr&#233;a Villela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7128-6777</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Jos&#233; Lira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9291-1308</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camarozano</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2093-5711</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darwich</surname>
            <given-names>Rubens Zenobio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fortunato</surname>
            <given-names>Jeronimo Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Saber e Aprender</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Saber e Aprender, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Cruz Vermelha</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Cruz Vermelha - Cruz Vermelha Brasileira - Filial do Estado do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini,</bold> Rua Buenos Aires, 764, apt. 601. Postal Code 80250-070, Batel, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lizavb@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data: Baroncini LAV, Borges LJL, Camarozano AC, Carmo DC, Darwich RZ, Fortunato Junior J&#193;; statistical analysis: Baroncini LAV; writing of the manuscript: Baroncini LAV, Darwich RZ, Fortunato Junior J&#193;; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Baroncini LAV, Borges LJL, Camarozano AC, Carmo DC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>249</fpage>
      <lpage>257</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Few reports exist on the relationship of the left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) with its most important features including enlargement of the left atrium and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and with the right ventricular (RV) function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine the correlation between the left atrial size and the RV function and dimensions in patients with and without LVDD and LVH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Fifty patients were included, 25 (40% men) of them with LVDD, aged 67.1 &#177; 10.6 years (study group) and 25 without LVDD (52% men) aged 49.9 &#177; 16.3 years (control group). Patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography with evaluation of the left atrial size and volume (LAV), LVDD, LVH, and RV function and dimensions. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>LAV &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> and left atrial size &gt; 40 mm were associated with lower absolute values of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and RV lateral S' (p &#8804; 0.001, Pearson's correlation coefficient -0.4 and -0.38, respectively) in the study group. Patients in the study group showed higher incidence of LVH (p = 0.02) and greater left atrial diameter (p = 0.03) compared with the control group. In addition, greater left atrial diameter (p = 0.02) and LAV (p = 0.01) values were found in patients with LVDD grade II compared with LVDD grade I.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The present study determined, for the first time, the correlation of left atrial enlargement with progressive RV dysfunction in patients with LVDD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Function/Physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/Methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Morphological and functional interdependence between the two ventricles may be explained by three mechanisms: (1) increase in right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic pressure in response to an increase in the left ventricular (LV) volume; (2) increased LV filling pressure inducing mechanical stress of the muscle fibers common to both ventricles; and (3) humoral factors, including catecholamines, that may regulate ventricular hypertrophy in response to pressure overload of one of the ventricles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The function and dimensions of the right ventricle are directly associated with the LV function. Dilatation of the right ventricle and reduction of its contractile strength is usually found in advanced stages of LV dysfunction, reinforcing the close relationship between the two ventricles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It is known that in heart failure patients with reduced LV ejection fraction both ventricular dynamic and pressures are altered, affecting the size and function of other cardiac chambers. However, few reports exist about the relationship between heart failure with preserved LV ejection fraction and increased RV dimensions with reduced systolic function fraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Also, there are few reports on LV diastolic dysfunction and related findings, such as enlargement of the left atrium (LA), LV hypertrophy (LVH), and their influence on systolic function and RV volume. The LA seems to reflect LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), since the parietal tension caused by increased filling pressures leads to dilation of the atrial chamber.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In addition, there are no studies specifically evaluating the influence of LA size and LA volume on diameter and function of the right ventricle. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation of left atrial volume (LAV) and left atrial diameter with the presence of LVH and RV function and diameter in patients with and without LVDD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>This was a cross-sectional cohort study. We studied a convenience sample of 50 consecutive outpatients that underwent transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) with quantification of LV diastolic function, left atrial diameter and LAV, and RV systolic function and diameter at public healthcare centers. Patients on both sexes, aged older than 18 years, and of any ethnicity, referred for TTE by assistant physicians for any cause were selected. Exclusion criteria were presence of global (ejection fraction &lt; 52% for men and &lt; 54% for women) or segmental LV systolic dysfunction, infiltrative diseases, pericardial diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, moderate-to-severe valve diseases with hemodynamic repercussion, interatrial or interventricular septal defects, conditions that impaired the analysis of LV diastolic function (valve diseases with hemodynamic repercussion, atrial fibrillation at the electrocardiogram, definite pacemaker), presence of complete left or right bundle-branch block at the electrocardiogram and patients with LV diastolic dysfunction grade III. The following clinical data were collected: age, sex, weight, height, body mass index, presence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM), coronary artery disease (CAD), smoking status (current or former smokers) and dyslipidemia. SAH, DM, dyslipidemia and smoking status were either collected from patients' medical records or self-reported by patients. The diagnosis of SAH was defined by systolic and diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mmHg and 90 mmHg, respectively, on two or more occasions, or use of anti-hypertensive drugs;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and DM diagnosis was confirmed by: (1) symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss and casual (at any time of day, regardless of the time since last meal) glucose &gt; 200 mg/dL; and (4) glycated hemoglobin A1c &#8805; 6.5% or use of hypoglycemiant agents or insulin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Dyslipidemia was defined according to the V Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Prevention of Atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> criteria - total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) &lt; 40 mg/dL for men and &lt; 50 for women, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) &gt; 160 mg/dL, triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL or use of lipid lowering drugs. The presence of CAD was confirmed by data from the medical records including: non-fatal myocardial infarction and surgical or percutaneous myocardial revascularization.</p>
        <p>All patients signed the informed consent form in duplicate and kept one of the copies. The study was approved by the local ethics committee.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic assessment</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic assessments with harmonic imaging were performed using the IE33<sup>TM</sup> (Phillips), Envisor<sup>TM</sup> (Phillips) and Vivid<sup>TM</sup> (GE) equipment. The tests were conducted by two echocardiographers experienced in TTE. The following parameters were collected for analysis: LV diastolic function (normal, grade I and grade II), presence of concentric or eccentric LVH, LAV, and RV systolic function measurements. Linear dimensions of the left atrial size were visualized from a parasternal long-axis window with two-dimensional and M-mode views. LAV was estimated using apical four- and two-chamber views, according to current recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Only highly related variables were used for the LV diastolic function analysis to avoid false positive results - the peak early filling (E wave) and late diastolic filling (A wave) velocities (the E/A ratio) &lt;0.8; tissue Doppler imaging measured from the septal or lateral annulus (e' velocities) (septal &lt; 7 cm/s and lateral &lt; 10 cm/s); average E/e' ratio &gt; 14; LAV index obtained from four- and two-chamber views &gt; 34 mL/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>; and peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity &gt; 2.8m/s. Classification of diastolic dysfunction was based on the analysis of the transmitral flow. A diastolic dysfunction grade I was defined as an E/A ratio &lt; 0.8 and an E-wave &lt; 50 cm/s, and dysfunction grade III defined as an E/A ratio &gt;2. In case of an E/A ratio &lt; 0.8 and E-wave velocity &gt; 50 cm/s, or an E/A ratio between 0.8 and 2, other parameters were used for the evaluation: velocity of mitral regurgitation, LAV, and E/e' ratio, according to current guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> LVH was categorized into concentric (increased LV mass index and increased relative wall thickness) and eccentric (increased LV mass index and normal relative wall thickness), according to relative wall thickness (normal &lt; 0.42) and indexed LV mass (normal &lt; 95 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for women and &lt; 115 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for men), according to current recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Diameter of the right ventricle was measured in the parasternal long-axis window between the RV anterior wall and the interventricular septum in the ventriculo-aortic junction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Two parameters were considered in the systolic function analysis: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) with M-mode (normal &gt; 16 mm) and lateral S' wave velocity by tissue Doppler imaging (normal &gt; 9.5 cm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Patients were then divided into two groups: individuals with normal LV diastolic function (n = 25) (control group) and individuals with LVDD grade I and II (n = 25) (study group).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Quantitative variables were described as mean and standard deviation, median and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables were described as frequency and percentages. The Student's t-test was used for two-group comparisons of quantitative variables, and the Fisher's exact test used for categorical variables. Associations between variables were determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Normality of distribution of quantitative variables was tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software v.20.0 (Armonk, NY).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Mean age of the control group was 49.9 &#177; 16.3 years and 52% of the individuals were men. Mean age of the study group was 67.1 &#177; 10.6 years (p &lt; 0.001), 40% were men. A higher prevalence of SAH was seen in the study group than in the control group. Other clinical characteristics of participants are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The following variables showed normal distribution: TAPSE, lateral S' velocity, RV diastolic diameter, left atrial size and LAV. A higher incidence of LVH (concentric and eccentric) and a higher left atrial diameter were observed in the study group compared with the control group; no other differences were found between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>). Considering the study group, patients with LVDD grade II showed significantly greater left atrial diameter and LAV compared with those with LVDD grade I, with no significant changes in the other parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). The type of LVH (concentric or eccentric) had no effect on the LA or other echocardiographic parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). There was a significant correlation of TAPSE and lateral S' of the right ventricle with LAV and size. A LAV &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> and left atrial size &gt; 40 mm were associated with lower absolute values of TAPSE and RV lateral S' (p &#8804; 0.001, r= -0.4 and -0.38, respectively). There was a strong positive correlation of TAPSE with RV lateral S' (r = 0.70, p &lt; 0.001), and of LAV and left atrial size (r = 0.89, p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Classification</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 25)</th>
              <th align="center">Study (n = 25)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">Mean &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center">49.9 &#177; 16.3</td>
              <td align="center">67.1 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sex</td>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (60%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.571</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">17 (68%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">8 (32%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (80%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">DM</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">23 (92%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (72%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (28%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.138</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">21 (84%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (72%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">4 (16%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (28%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.496</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">CAD</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (92%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.490</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">22 (88%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (84%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">3 (12%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (16%)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Results expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or frequency and percentage.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student's t-test for independent samples (age); Fisher's exact test (categorical variables); p &lt; 0.05. SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline echocardiographic parameters in the study group and the control group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Group</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">Mean &#177; standard deviation</th>
              <th align="center">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV TAPSE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Control</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">22.3 &#177; 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Study</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">21.2 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.103</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV lateral S' (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">Control</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">13.7 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Study</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.295</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Control</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">20.9 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Study</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">22.0 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.219</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Left atrial size (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Control</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">33.5 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Study</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">37.3 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Left atrial volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">Control</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">29.2 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Study</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">30.3 &#177; 6.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.508</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student's t-test for independent samples, p &lt; 0.05; RV: right ventricular; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion with M-mode; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic diameter.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Between-group comparison of baseline echocardiographic parameters in the study group and control group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Classification</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p-value*</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 25)</th>
              <th align="center">Study (n = 25)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">LVDD </td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Grade I</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">21 (84%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Grade II</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 (16%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">LVH</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (76%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Concentric (c)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Eccentric (e)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LVH</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (76%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Hypertrophy (c/e)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (34%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV TAPSE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (&gt; 16)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Altered (&#8804; 16)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV lateral S' (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (&gt; 9.5)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Altered (&#8804; 9.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (16 a 30)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Altered (&lt; 16 or &gt; 30)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Left atrial size (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 40)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (92%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (64%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Altered (&#8805; 40)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (36%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LAV (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 34)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (80%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (72%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Altered (&#8805; 34)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (28%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.742</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Results expressed as frequency and percentage. Fisher's exact test (categorical variables); p &lt; 0.05. LVDD: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; RV: right ventricular TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion with M-mode; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic diameter; LAV: left atrial volume</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic parameters in the study group by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction grade and presence of concentric (c) and eccentric (e) left ventricular hypertrophy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>LVDD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Mean &#177; standard deviation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV TAPSE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Grade I</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">21.2 &#177; 2.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Grade II</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">21.5 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.832</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV S' (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">Grade I</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Grade II</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">12.8 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.604</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Grade I</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">21.5 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Grade II</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">24.5 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.085</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Left atrial (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Grade I</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">35.9 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Grade II</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">44.5 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LAV (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">Grau I</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">29.0 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Grau II</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">37.5 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>LVH</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Mean &#177; standard deviation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV TAPSE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">20.8 &#177; 2.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.176</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">LVH (c/e)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">22.5 &#177; 2.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV S' (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.580</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">LVH (c/e)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">21.5 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.185</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">LVH (c/e)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">23.5 &#177; 2.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Left atrial (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">36.3 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.104</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">LVH (c/e)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">40.5 &#177; 6.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAV (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">29.7 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.413</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student's t-test for independent variables, p &lt; 0.05. RV: right ventricular; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion with M-mode; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic diameter; LA: left atrium; LAV: left atrial volume</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic parameters in the study group by left atrial size (mm) and left atrial volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Left atrial size</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Mean &#177; standard deviation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV TAPSE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 40)</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">21.9 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Altered (&#8805; 40)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">20.1 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.103</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV lateral S' (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 40)</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">13.6 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Altered (&#8805; 40)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">12.4 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.111</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 40)</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">21.7 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Altered (&#8805; 40)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">22.4 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.584</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LAV (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 40)</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Altered (&#8805; 40)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">36.7 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>LAV</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Mean &#177; standard deviation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV TAPSE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 34)</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">22.2&#177;2.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Altered (&#8805; 34)</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">18.9 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RV lateral S' (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 34)</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">13.7 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Altered (&#8805; 34)</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">11.9 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RVDD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 34)</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">21.7 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="center">Altered (&#8805; 34)</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">22.6 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.565</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Left atrial size (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 34)</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">34.7 &#177; 3.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Altered (&#8805;34)</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">43.9 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student's t-test for independent samples, p &lt; 0.05. RV: right ventricular TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion with M-mode; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic diameter; LAV: left atrial volume.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlations between quantitative variables in the study group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">Pearson's correlation coefficient </th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &#215; RV TAPSE</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.281</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &#215; RV lateral S'</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.42</td>
              <td align="center">0.035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &#215; RVDD</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.866</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &#215; left atrial size</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.134</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &#215; LAV</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
              <td align="center">0.050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV TAPSE &#215; RV lateral S'</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV TAPSE &#215; RVDD</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.106</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV TAPSE &#215; left atrial size</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.107</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV TAPSE &#215; LAV</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.40</td>
              <td align="center">0.047</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV lateral S' &#215; RVDD</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
              <td align="center">0.051</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S' lateral VD &#215; left atrial size</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.216</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV lateral S' &#215; LAV</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">-0.38</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVDD &#215; left atrial size</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.149</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVDD &#215; LAV</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.271</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrial size &#215; LAV</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion with M-mode; RVDD: right ventricular diastolic diameter; LAV: left atrial volume.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between right ventricular tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (RV TAPSE) and left atrial volume (LAV) (left panel; p &lt; 0.001), and between lateral S' of the right ventricle and LAV (right panel; p &lt; 0.001). RV: right ventricular; LA: left atrium; SE: standard error; SD: standard deviation; Student's t-test for independent samples; p &lt; 0.05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0249-90042-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between right ventricular tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (RV TAPSE) and right ventricular S' lateral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0249-90042-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The role of the LAV as a sensitive index that reflects the severity of LV diastolic function and that provides prognostic information in many heart diseases has been well documented.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, its possible effect on RV performance still requires research. The present study demonstrated a significative inverse correlation of LAV and left atrial size with absolute values of TAPSE and RV lateral S' in patients with LVDD.</p>
      <p>In a similar study by Torii et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> 239 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) were compared with 281 individuals with sinus rhythm; AF patients showed lower TAPSE values regardless of age, sex, heart rate, LV ejection fraction and tricuspid regurgitation velocity. No correlations were made with LAV or left atrial size. Since we did not include patients with AF, it is possible to infer that an enlarged LA, per se, affects TAPSE and RV lateral S' only. It is known that left atrial enlargement does not occur uniformly due to physical limitations imposed by the sternum and spine, which can also affect dilatation and motion of the other cardiac chambers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> TAPSE reflects not only the shortening of RV free wall, but also the traction of the right ventricle resulting from LV contraction and effects of heart translation in the chest.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Left atrial enlargement due to pressure and volume overload causes structural changes in the other chambers, including concomitant tricuspid annulus dilation, increased mobility of the tricuspid leaflets and tricuspid regurgitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> One hypothesis is that tricuspid annular dilatation, as a consequence of enlarged LA, could change TAPSE and lateral S' due to displacement of mitral annulus. This would result in RV remodeling and affect RV longitudinal shortening, as the site used for TAPSE and S' measurements is the lateral insertion site of the tricuspid valve. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that such changes in cardiac chambers induced by the enlargement of the LA could also affect the ultrasonic angle beam, leading to changes in tissue Doppler imaging results. One interesting finding was that although the linear dimension of the LA was greater in the study group than in controls, LAV was practically normal in both groups. It is known that this linear measure of the LA has low accuracy and reproducibility due to technical limitations including the angle of the ultrasound beam, and the left atrial irregular geometry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is also worth pointing out that the reference values for LAV are derived from international studies involving individuals with higher height; no study involving LAV measurements in a large Brazilian population has been performed so far.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> However, even small changes in the LAV caused changes in both TAPSE and RV lateral S' values.</p>
      <p>Due to the strict exclusion criteria, no signs of RV dysfunction were expected in either study or control group. This was confirmed by the normal values of TAPSE and lateral S' of the right ventricle in all participants. In the study by Bruhl et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> evaluating 51 healthy individuals, with no past history of cardiac disease, found that TAPSE, mitral annular plane of systolic excursion (MAPSE), and tissue Doppler imaging measurements of the right and left ventricles were stable across age, gender, and body surface area. These findings illustrate the ventricular relationship and systolic interdependence. RV size and function correlate with the symptoms and physical capacity of patients with many clinical conditions. An accurate echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle allows early detection of cardiac diseases, improves risk stratification and may indicate the right moment to start drug therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Zakir et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> addressed, appropriately and in detail, the correlation of LV diastolic function with RV systolic dysfunction, based on the invasive measurement of the pulmonary venous system. LV diastolic dysfunction causes an increase in left atrial filling pressure, which can be transmitted backwards, leading to pulmonary arterial hypertension and RV pressure overload. According to Simon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> the first stage of RV dysfunction is pulmonary hypertension, which causes RV hypertrophy and ultimately right systolic dysfunction. However, in the present study, even patients with LVDD grade II showed normal TAPSE and RV lateral S'. In addition, difficulties in the analysis of the RV function may also result from RV geometric and the complex correlation of the right ventricle with the LV septum. This could lead to delayed diagnosis of RV systolic dysfunction, which is generally detected in severe disease states. Therefore, serial analysis of the LAV and of TAPSE and lateral S' of the right ventricle in patients with LVDD or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction may provide initial evidence of deterioration of the RV function.</p>
      <p>The other findings of the study were in accordance with literature data. In our study group, LVDD patients were older, showed higher incidence of LVH and greater left atrial size, and higher prevalence of SAH when compared with the control group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Patients with altered diastolic function had larger LA, which was positively associated with the degree of diastolic dysfunction. This is in line with the study by El Aouar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the high prevalence of SAH in the study group, it is well known that SAH can cause not only LVH but also RV hypertrophy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> that, in turn, was not assessed in our study. The fact that we did not find significant differences in echocardiographic measures between the groups can be explain by the strict exclusion criteria; it also reflects the fact that the analysis and referral values of echocardiographic parameters used in the assessment of the RV function is a matter of considerable debate in the literature, with wide variability within and between observers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In this sense, there is not a gold standard method, but rather a set of group that should be sequentially interpreted considering the clinical conditions of each patient. Thus, subtle changes in the variables used for RV function analysis in our study, as well as their correlation with left atrial enlargement can serve as a basis for future studies in this field. It is pertinent to consider the use of the speckle tracking technique (strain [&#949;] and strain rate [SR or s<sup>-1</sup>]) for assessment of the RV function in future studies. The &#949; and s<sup>-1</sup> indexes evaluate regional and global myocardial deformation with advantages over the use of the strain measure obtained from tissue Doppler, especially a lower variability within and between observers. The use of two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography allows the analysis of longitudinal, circumferential and radial strain, with not influence of the angle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Finally, this study has important limitations that should be considered: (1) the small number of the sample; studies involving larger sample sizes would be needed to confirm our findings; (2) the groups were not perfectly matched, especially in terms of age; (3) the lack of adequate or precise information about the time of hypertensive disease and its treatment, as well as on medications used by the patients; and (4) we did not analyze the variables tricuspid annulus diameter and right atrial volume, which could provide more information on the RV remodeling. In addition, patients with LVDD was composed of older individuals compared with the control group. This may have influenced the results, particularly the LAV. Also, the prevalence of SAH increases with age and differently in men and women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Although the study group and the control group were not perfectly matched, the proportion of men and women was not different between the groups; yet, we did not find any significant difference between men and women in the study variables.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The present study determined, for the first time, a correlation of the increase in LAV with progressive RV functional changes in patients with LVDD. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Positivo under the protocol number 2331223. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5005-5005</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baroncini</surname>
            <given-names>Liz Andr&#233;a Villela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7128-6777</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Jos&#233; Lira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9291-1308</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camarozano</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2093-5711</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darwich</surname>
            <given-names>Rubens Zenobio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fortunato</surname>
            <given-names>Jeronimo Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Saber e Aprender, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Cruz Vermelha - Cruz Vermelha Brasileira - Filial do Estado do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Liz Andr&#233;a Villela Baroncini,</bold> Rua Buenos Aires, 764, apt. 601. CEP 80250-070, Batel, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lizavb@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lizandreabaroncini@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Baroncini LAV, Borges LJL, Camarozano AC, Carmo DC, Darwich RZ, Fortunato Junior J&#193;; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Baroncini LAV; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Baroncini LAV, Darwich RZ, Fortunato Junior J&#193;; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Baroncini LAV, Borges LJL, Camarozano AC, Carmo DC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE), seus achados mais importantes, como aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), e a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) tem pouca documenta&#231;&#227;o na literatura cient&#237;fica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o tamanho atrial esquerdo em indiv&#237;duos com e sem DDVE e HVE e fun&#231;&#227;o e dimens&#245;es do VD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados 50 pacientes, sendo 25 com DDVE (grupo de estudo [GE]; 67,1 &#177; 10,6 anos; 40% homens) e 25 sem DDVE (grupo-controle [GC]; 49,9 &#177; 16,3 anos; 52% homens). Os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica com avali&#231;&#227;o do tamanho e volume atrial esquerdo (VAE), DDVE, HVE, dimens&#245;es e fun&#231;&#227;o do VD. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>VAE &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> e tamanho atrial esquerdo &gt; 40 mm apresentaram menores valores absolutos de excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) e S' lateral do VD (p &#8804; 0,001, coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson de -0,4 e -0,38, respectivamente) no GE. O GE apresentou maior incid&#234;ncia de HVE e maior di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo quando comparado ao GC (p = 0,02 e p = 0,03, respectivamente). O GE apresentou maior di&#226;metro e VAE nos indiv&#237;duos com DDVE grau II quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos com DDVE grau I (p = 0,02 e p = 0,01, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo permitiu correlacionar de maneira in&#233;dita o aumento atrial esquerdo com diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Atrial/Fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/M&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A interdepend&#234;ncia morfol&#243;gica e funcional entre os dois ventr&#237;culos pode ser explicada por tr&#234;s mecanismos: (1) aumento da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) em resposta ao aumento do volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE); (2) aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE determinando tens&#227;o mec&#226;nica nas fibras musculares comuns aos dois ventr&#237;culos; e (3) fatores humorais, como as catecolaminas, que podem mediar a hipertrofia dos ventr&#237;culos como resposta &#224; sobrecarga press&#243;rica de um dos dois ventr&#237;culos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, bem como suas dimens&#245;es, est&#225; diretamente interligada &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE. A dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD e a redu&#231;&#227;o de sua for&#231;a contr&#225;til &#233; frequentemente encontrada em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, evidenciando a estreita correla&#231;&#227;o interventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &#201; conhecido que nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE reduzida, a din&#226;mica dos fluxos e press&#245;es est&#225; alterada, influenciando o tamanho e a fun&#231;&#227;o de outras cavidades card&#237;acas. Entretanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE preservada e aumento das dimens&#245;es do VD com redu&#231;&#227;o de sua fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica tem documenta&#231;&#227;o reduzida na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O mesmo ocorre em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE (DDVE) e seus achados mais importantes como aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) e a sua influ&#234;ncia sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e volumes do VD. Particularmente, o AE reflete a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, uma vez que as tens&#245;es parietais causadas pela eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento aumentadas no VE levam a sua dilata&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Ainda n&#227;o existem trabalhos na literatura avaliando especificamente a influ&#234;ncia de tamanho e volume atriais esquerdos (VAE) sobre di&#226;metros e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD. Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre di&#226;metro e VAE em indiv&#237;duos com e sem DDVE e presen&#231;a de HVE e fun&#231;&#227;o e di&#226;metros ventriculares direitos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Metodologia</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte observacional transversal. Foram selecionados por conveni&#234;ncia 50 pacientes ambulatoriais consecutivos usu&#225;rios do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de, que realizaram ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT), com quantifica&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, di&#226;metro e VAE, presen&#231;a de HVE e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e di&#226;metros ventriculares direitos. Dentre a popula&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial referendada pelo m&#233;dico assistente para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ETT, por qualquer indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, foram selecionados pacientes de ambos os sexos, acima de 18 anos de idade, de qualquer etnia. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE global (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 52% para homens e &lt; 54% para mulheres) ou segmentar, doen&#231;as infiltrativas e pericardiopatias, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica/asma, valvopatias moderadas a graves com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, defeitos do septo interatrial ou interventricular, pacientes com impossibilidade de an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE (valvopatias com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial no momento do exame, transplante card&#237;aco, presen&#231;a de marca-passo definitivo), presen&#231;a de bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo ou direito ao eletrocardiograma e pacientes com DDVE grau III. Os seguintes dados cl&#237;nicos foram coletados: idade, sexo, peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes melito (DM), doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), tabagismo (atual ou pregresso) e dislipidemia. Os diagn&#243;sticos da HAS, DM, dislipidemia e tabagismo constavam dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes e/ou foram relatados pelos mesmos (informa&#231;&#227;o referida). O diagn&#243;stico de HAS foi realizado considerando presen&#231;a de press&#227;o arterial &#8805; 140/90 mmHg para press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente, em pelo menos duas ocasi&#245;es, ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva pelo paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O diagn&#243;stico de DM foi considerado na presen&#231;a de: (1) sintomas de poli&#250;ria, polidipsia e perda ponderal acrescidos de glicemia casual &gt; 200 mg/dl. Compreende-se por glicemia casual aquela realizada a qualquer hora do dia, independentemente do hor&#225;rio das refei&#231;&#245;es; (2) glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dl (7 mmol/l); (3) glicemia de 2 horas p&#243;s-sobrecarga de 75 g de glicose &gt; 200 mg/dl; e (4) hemoglobina glicada A1C &#8805; 6,5% ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o hipoglicemiante ou insulina pelo paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Dislipidemia foi considerada seguindo a V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemia e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Aterosclerose, sendo considerado colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dl, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade (HDL) &lt; 40 mg/dl para homens e &lt; 50 mg/dl para as mulheres, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDL) &gt; 160 mg/dl, triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dl ou uso de medica&#231;&#245;es para dislipidemia pelo paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A presen&#231;a de DAC foi confirmada por dados de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico, incluindo: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea. Todos os pacientes assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido em duas vias, sendo que uma ficou em posse do participante da pesquisa. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa local.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Os seguintes equipamentos de ecocardiografia foram utilizados: iE33&#8482; (Phillips), EnVisor&#8482; (Phillips) e Vivid&#8482; e (GE), todos com <italic>software</italic> de imagem harm&#244;nica habilitado. Os exames foram realizados por dois ecocardiografistas experientes com habilita&#231;&#227;o em ETT. Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tabulados foram fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE (normal, grau I e grau II), presen&#231;a de HVE conc&#234;ntrica e exc&#234;ntrica, tamanho e VAE, dimens&#245;es e medida de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD. O tamanho atrial esquerdo foi medido linearmente na janela paraesternal longitudinal utilizando os modos M e bidimensional. O VAE foi estimado nas janelas apical 4 c&#226;maras e 2 c&#226;maras, de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, foram consideradas primordialmente vari&#225;veis altamente espec&#237;ficas - com o objetivo de reduzir os resultados falso-positivos. S&#227;o elas: rela&#231;&#227;o das velocidades do fluxo transmitral E e A (&lt; 0,8); avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo Doppler tecidual da velocidade e' anular (septal &lt; 7 cm/s e lateral &lt; 10 cm/s); rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia E/e' &gt; 14; volume indexado do AE obtido nas janelas 2 e 4 c&#226;maras &gt; 34 ml/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>; e pico da velocidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide &gt; 2,8 m/s. A gradua&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi realizada considerando-se inicialmente a an&#225;lise do fluxo transmitral. Quando a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A foi &lt; 0,8 e a velocidade da onda E &lt; 50 cm/s, foi determinada a disfun&#231;&#227;o grau I. Quando a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A foi &gt; 2, sugeriu-se disfun&#231;&#227;o grau III. Quando h&#225; houve rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &lt; 0,8 com velocidade da onda E &gt; 50 cm/s ou rela&#231;&#227;o E/A entre 0,8 e 2, outros par&#226;metros foram recomendados para avalia&#231;&#227;o: velocidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, volume do AE e rela&#231;&#227;o E/e', de acordo as diretrizes atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A HVE foi avaliada e categorizada em conc&#234;ntrica (&#237;ndice de massa aumentado + espessura relativa de parede aumentada) e exc&#234;ntrica (&#237;ndice de massa aumentado + espessura relativa de parede normal), de acordo com a espessura relativa das paredes (normal &lt; 0,42), e a massa ventricular indexada (normal &lt; 95 mg/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres e &lt; 115 mg/m<sup>2</sup> para homens), seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es vigentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O di&#226;metro ventricular direito considerado foi a medida efetuada na janela longitudinal paraesternal, entre a parede anterior do VD e o septo interventricular na jun&#231;&#227;o septal-a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD considerou dois par&#226;metros: TAPSE (excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide) com o modo M (normal &gt; 16 mm) e velocidade da onda S' lateral por meio do Doppler tecidual (normal &gt; 9,5 cm/s).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Os pacientes foram ent&#227;o divididos em dois grupos: o primeiro constitu&#237;do por 25 sujeitos com an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal do VE (grupo-controle [GC]) e o segundo envolvendo 25 pacientes com DDVE graus I e II (grupo de estudo [GE]).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritos por m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o, medianas e amplitudes. Para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi usado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas as compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas usando-se o teste exato de Fisher. Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram analisados os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. A condi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi verificada usando-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Os dados foram analisados com o programa computacional IBM SPSS Statistics v.20.0 (Armonk, NY).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade do GC foi 49,9 &#177; 16,3 anos e 52% dos indiv&#237;duos eram do sexo masculino. No GE, a m&#233;dia de idade foi 67,1 &#177; 10,6 anos (p &lt; 0,001), 40% do sexo masculino, com maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS. As demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o dispostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>. Os valores de TAPSE, S' lateral do VD, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VD, tamanho do AE e volume do AE apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O GE apresentou maior incid&#234;ncia de HVE (conc&#234;ntrica e exc&#234;ntrica) e maior di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo quando comparado ao GC; entretanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais par&#226;metros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">3</xref>). Na an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica do GE, foram encontrados maior di&#226;metro e maior VAE nos indiv&#237;duos com DDVE grau II quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos com DDVE grau I, sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais par&#226;metros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>). Os padr&#245;es de HVE conc&#234;ntrica ou exc&#234;ntrica n&#227;o influenciaram o AE ou os demais par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>). Foi encontrada uma correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre o valor absoluto do TAPSE e S' lateral do VD com tamanho e VAE. Volume atrial esquerdo &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> e tamanho atrial esquerdo &gt; 40 mm apresentaram menores valores absolutos de TAPSE e S' lateral do VD [p &#8804; 0,001, coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (ccP) de -0,4 e -0,38, respectivamente]. O TAPSE e o S' lateral do VD apresentaram uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o positiva (ccP de 0,70, p &lt; 0,001), assim como o VAE e o tamanho atrial esquerdo (ccP de 0,89, p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabelas 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Classifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 25)</th>
                <th align="center">Estudo (n = 25)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">49,9 &#177; 16,3</td>
                <td align="center">67,1 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,571</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">17 (68%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">8 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">DM</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">23 (92%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">21 (84%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">4 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,496</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">DAC</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (92%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,490</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">22 (88%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (84%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Resultados descritos por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou por frequ&#234;ncia e percentual.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student para amostras independentes (idade); teste exato de Fisher (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas); p &lt; 0,05. HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos basais nos grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">TAPSE VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">22,3 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Estudo</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">21,2 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S' lateral VD (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Estudo</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,295</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">DDVD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">20,9 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Estudo</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">22,0 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,219</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Tamanho do AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">33,5 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Estudo</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">37,3 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Volume do AE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">29,2 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Estudo</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">30,3 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,508</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student para amostras independentes, p &lt; 0,05. TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide com o modo M; DDVD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos basais nos grupos de estudo e controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Classifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 25)</th>
                <th align="center">Estudo (n = 25)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Grau da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica VE</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Grau I</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">21 (84%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Grau II</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">HVE</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (76%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Conc&#234;ntrica (c)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Exc&#234;ntrica (e)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">HVE</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (76%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Hipertrofia (c/e)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (34%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">TAPSE VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (&gt; 16)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Alterado (&#8804; 16)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S' lateral VD (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (&gt; 9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Alterado (&#8804; 9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">DDVD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (16 a 30)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Alterado (&lt; 16 ou &gt; 30)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Tamanho do AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (92%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (64%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Alterado (&#8805; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Volume do AE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 34)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Alterado (&#8805; 34)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,742</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>Resultados descritos por frequ&#234;ncia e percentual. Teste exato de Fisher (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas); p &lt; 0,05. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide com o modo M; DDVD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos no grupo de estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda e &#224; presen&#231;a de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) conc&#234;ntrica (c) e exc&#234;ntrica (e)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica VE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">TAPSE VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Grau I</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">21,2 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Grau II</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">21,5 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,832</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S' VD (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">Grau I</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Grau II</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">12,8 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,604</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">DDVD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Grau I</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">21,5 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Grau II</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">24,5 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Grau I</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">35,9 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Grau II</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">44,5 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Volume AE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">Grau I</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">29,0 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Grau II</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">37,5 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>HVE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">TAPSE VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">20,8 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,176</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">HVE (c/e)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">22,5 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S' VD (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,580</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">HVE (c/e)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">DDVD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">21,5 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,185</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">HVE (c/e)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">23,5 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">36,3 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">HVE (c/e)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">40,5 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume AE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">29,7 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student para amostras independentes, p &lt; 0,05. TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide com o modo M; DDVD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos no grupo de estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) em mm e ao volume do AE em ml/m<sup>2</sup></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Tamanho do AE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">TAPSE VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Alterado (&#8805; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">20,1 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S' lateral VD (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">13,6 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Alterado (&#8805; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">12,4 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">DDVD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">21,7 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Alterado (&#8805; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">22,4 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,584</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Volume AE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Alterado (&#8805; 40)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">36,7 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Volume do AE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">TAPSE VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 34)</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">22,2 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Alterado (&#8805; 34)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">18,9 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">S' lateral VD (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 34)</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Alterado (&#8805; 34)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">11,9 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">DDVD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 34)</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">21,7 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Alterado (&#8805; 34)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">22,6 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,565</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Tamanho AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Normal (&lt; 34)</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">34,7 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Alterado (&#8805;34)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">43,9 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student para amostras independentes, p &lt; 0,05. TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide com o modo M; DDVD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis quantitativas no grupo de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade &#215; TAPSE VD</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,281</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade &#215; S' lateral VD</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade &#215; DDVD</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,866</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade &#215; tamanho do AE</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade &#215; volume do AE</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAPSE VD &#215; S' lateral VD</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAPSE VD &#215; DDVD</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAPSE VD &#215; tamanho do AE</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAPSE VD &#215; volume do AE</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S' lateral VD &#215; DDVD</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S' lateral VD &#215; tamanho do AE</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,216</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S' lateral VD &#215; volume do AE</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-0,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVD &#215; tamanho do AE</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVD &#215; volume do AE</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,271</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tamanho do AE &#215; volume do AE</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide com o modo M; DDVD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre TAPSE (excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide) e volume atrial esquerdo (painel esquerdo; p &lt; 0,001) e entre S' lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito e volume atrial esquerdo (painel direito; p &lt; 0,001). VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; EP: erro padr&#227;o; DP: desvio padr&#227;o. Teste T de Student para amostras independentes, p &lt; 0,05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0249-90042-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre TAPSE (excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide) e S' lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0249-90042-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia do VAE como um &#237;ndice sens&#237;vel que expressa a gravidade da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE e que fornece informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas em v&#225;rias cardiopatias est&#225; bem documentada na literatura;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> entretanto, sua poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia no desempenho ventricular direito ainda &#233; um campo que carece de pesquisas. O presente estudo evidenciou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa inversa entre tamanho e VAE e valores absolutos do TAPSE e S' lateral do VD em pacientes com DDVE.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo semelhante, Torii et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> comparando 239 indiv&#237;duos com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e 281 indiv&#237;duos com ritmo sinusal, evidenciaram menores valores de TAPSE nos pacientes com FA independentemente de idade, sexo, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ou grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide. N&#227;o foi feita, nessa pesquisa, nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o com o tamanho ou o VAE. Uma vez que no presente estudo n&#227;o foram admitidos pacientes portadores de FA, &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que o aumento do AE por si s&#243; esteja influenciando tamb&#233;m os valores do TAPSE e S' lateral do VD. Sabe-se que o aumento do AE ocorre de modo n&#227;o uniforme devido a limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas impostas pelo esterno e pela coluna vertebral, os quais tamb&#233;m influenciam a dilata&#231;&#227;o e o movimento das demais c&#226;maras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O TAPSE reflete n&#227;o apenas o encurtamento da parede livre do VD, mas tamb&#233;m a tra&#231;&#227;o do VD resultante da contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e os efeitos da transla&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o dentro do t&#243;rax.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O aumento do AE devido &#224; sobrecarga de press&#227;o e volume causa altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais nas demais c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, incluindo dilata&#231;&#227;o concomitante do anel tric&#250;spide, aumento da mobilidade dos folhetos tric&#250;spides, remodelamento ventricular direito e aparecimento de regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar tric&#250;spide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Uma hip&#243;tese poss&#237;vel seria que a dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel tric&#250;spide, secund&#225;ria ao aumento do AE, altere os valores de TAPSE e S' lateral devido ao deslocamento do pr&#243;prio anel mitral, causando remodelamento ventricular direito e alterando sua capacidade de encurtamento longitudinal, uma vez que o local determinado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dessas medidas &#233; justamente o implante lateral da valva tric&#250;spide. Entretanto, n&#227;o se pode afastar que essas altera&#231;&#245;es e deslocamentos anat&#244;micos das cavidades card&#237;acas causados pelo aumento atrial esquerdo provoquem altera&#231;&#245;es no &#226;ngulo do feixe ultrass&#244;nico, modificando os valores de Doppler tecidual obtidos. Um achado interessante foi o fato de que o volume atrial esquerdo medido em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o foi praticamente normal, embora o tamanho linear do AE tenha sido maior no GE. Sabe-se que essa medida linear do AE tem baixa acur&#225;cia e reprodutibilidade na sua quantifica&#231;&#227;o devido a limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas como a angula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de ultrassom e a geometria irregular do pr&#243;prio AE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m se faz necess&#225;rio ressaltar que os valores de refer&#234;ncia para o volume atrial esquerdo s&#227;o baseados em trabalhos internacionais que envolvem popula&#231;&#245;es de maior estatura, n&#227;o existindo dados envolvendo uma grande popula&#231;&#227;o exclusivamente brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Entretanto, aumentos pequenos no VAE notados nos pacientes com DDVE foram suficientes para alterar os valores de TAPSE e S' lateral do VD.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o no presente estudo foram r&#237;gidos e n&#227;o eram esperados sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita evidentes em nenhum dos grupos, o que foi confirmado pelos valores normais de TAPSE e S' lateral do VD na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Em um estudo pr&#233;vio de Bruhl et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> avaliando 51 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, sem hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, os valores tanto do TAPSE, do MAPSE (excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel mitral) quanto os &#237;ndices de Doppler tecidual do VD e do VE permaneceram est&#225;veis independentemente de idade, sexo e superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. Esses achados refletem a rela&#231;&#227;o e a interdepend&#234;ncia sist&#243;lica entre os ventr&#237;culos. O tamanho e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita correlacionam-se &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de sintomas e &#224; capacidade f&#237;sica em v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Uma acurada avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica do VD permite detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, aumenta a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e pode indicar o in&#237;cio apropriado de terapia medicamentosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Zakir et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> correlacionaram, com propriedade e detalhamento, a DDVE e a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, com base na medida da press&#227;o invasiva do sistema venocapilar pulmonar. A DDVE sabidamente causa o aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento do AE e, retrogradamente, hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar, provocando sobrecarga press&#243;rica no VD. De acordo com Simon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> a progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD inicia-se com a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, o que gera a hipertrofia do VD e finalmente o d&#233;ficit sist&#243;lico direito. Entretanto, no presente estudo, mesmo nos pacientes com DDVE grau II, os valores absolutos de TAPSE e S' lateral do VD permaneceram normais. Acredita-se tamb&#233;m que a dificuldade da an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, por sua conforma&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica e complexa correla&#231;&#227;o com a regi&#227;o septal do VE, propicie o retardo do diagn&#243;stico da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, sendo esta evidenciada apenas em casos avan&#231;ados de doen&#231;a. Assim, uma an&#225;lise seriada do volume atrial esquerdo e dos valores de TAPSE e S' lateral do VD nos pacientes com DDVE ou com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada de VE pode fornecer ind&#237;cios de deteriora&#231;&#227;o inicial da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita.</p>
        <p>Os demais achados do presente estudo estiveram de acordo com dados de literatura. Pode-se observar que os indiv&#237;duos com DDVE eram mais idosos, apresentaram maior incid&#234;ncia de HVE e maior tamanho do AE quando comparados ao GC e tamb&#233;m maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> O AE foi maior em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica alterada, assim como mostrou-se progressivamente aumentado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, o que est&#225; de acordo com o trabalho de El Aouar et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de HAS no GE, sabe-se que a sua presen&#231;a causa n&#227;o apenas HVE como tamb&#233;m pode provocar hipertrofia ventricular direita,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> a qual n&#227;o foi avaliada no presente estudo. O fato de n&#227;o terem sido encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do VD reflete os r&#237;gidos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o; reflete tamb&#233;m a constata&#231;&#227;o de que os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD apresentam grande discuss&#227;o na literatura e sofrem com grande variabilidade intra e interobservador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> N&#227;o existe padr&#227;o-ouro, mas um conjunto de dados que devem ser interpretados com cautela e de modo seriado diante do quadro cl&#237;nico de cada paciente. Assim, mudan&#231;as sutis nos valores analisados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o do VD encontradas no presente estudo e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com o aumento do AE podem fornecer dados para futuras pesquisas neste campo. Nesse sentido, a inclus&#227;o da an&#225;lise do VD com a tecnologia <italic>speckle-tracking</italic> (<italic>strain</italic> e <italic>strain rate</italic>) na avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD se faz pertinente. O <italic>strain</italic> (&#949;) e o <italic>strain rate</italic> (SR ou s<sup>-1</sup>) s&#227;o &#237;ndices que avaliam a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica regional e global com muitas vantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o ao <italic>strain</italic> obtido pelo Doppler tecidual, principalmente com menor variabilidade intra e interobservador. Por meio do rastreamento de pontos (<italic>speckle-tracking</italic>) pela ecocardiografia bidimensional, &#233; poss&#237;vel determinar o <italic>strain</italic> nos sentidos longitudinal, circunferencial e radial da estrutura ou local analisado, sem sofrer influ&#234;ncia do &#226;ngulo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Finalizando, devem ser citadas algumas limita&#231;&#245;es importantes do presente estudo: (1) o n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes envolvidos, sendo necess&#225;ria uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior para confirmar os achados aqui apresentados; (2) o n&#227;o pareamento adequado dos indiv&#237;duos, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade; (3) a falta de informa&#231;&#245;es adequadas ou precisas sobre o tempo de doen&#231;a hipertensiva e o seu tratamento, bem como medica&#231;&#245;es em uso pelos pacientes; e (4) a n&#227;o inclus&#227;o do di&#226;metro do anel tric&#250;spide, bem como do volume atrial direito nas vari&#225;veis analisadas, as quais poderiam fornecer mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o remodelamento ventricular direito. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade na popula&#231;&#227;o aqui estudada, o grupo de pacientes com DDVE foi composto por indiv&#237;duos mais idosos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC, o que pode ter influenciado os resultados obtidos, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VAE. Sabe-se tamb&#233;m que a preval&#234;ncia de HAS aumenta com a idade e de maneira diferente entre homens e mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A propor&#231;&#227;o entre homens e mulheres, embora sem um pareamento perfeito, foi semelhante nos dois grupos; entretanto, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os sexos nas vari&#225;veis estudadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo permitiu correlacionar de maneira in&#233;dita o aumento do volume atrial esquerdo com altera&#231;&#245;es progressivas da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita em pacientes com DDVE. Entretanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar tais achados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Positivo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2331223. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
