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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Ky5bmDpRtHmDmMLJxhs5Lbp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300247</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190035</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An Approach to The Acute Phase of Chagas' Disease: The Continuing Challenge it Presents in the 21(st) Century</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5301-7741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral</surname>
            <given-names>D&#225;rio C.</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco - Cardiologia, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Memorial Cora&#231;&#227;o - Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Memorial Cora&#231;&#227;o - Cardiologia, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: D&#225;rio C. Sobral Filho,</bold> Universidade de Pernambuco - Cardiologia - Rua dos Palmares, 262. Postal Code 50100-060, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>dsobral@cardiol.br</email>, <email>dario.sobral@upe.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>247</fpage>
      <lpage>248</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma Cruzi</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas cardiomyopathy/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Amazonian Ecosystem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Chagas disease, in addition to being widespread on the American continent with around six million persons infected, is currently present in various regions of the world as a result of the migration of individuals with the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The statistics show that the incidence of acute cases has fallen from 700,000 new cases in 1990 to the current estimate of 29,000 - 30,000 per year by vector-borne transmission, plus 8,000 other cases by other modes such as transfusion and the digestive tract, owing to ingestion of food contaminated by <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> as described by Ortiz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> in their publication in this journal, in which they report 63 cases of cases of the acute form of Chagas disease in the state of Amazonas over a period of eight years, with oral transmission in 75% of the patients.</p>
    <p>Despite the significant annual fall in its incidence and prevalence in the Americas, Chagas disease remains a serious public health problem, causing the death of approximately 12,000 persons per year. It also has a high socioeconomic cost, recently estimated at 500 million dollars in Latin America, with an annual loss of 770,00 life-years (adjusted) per premature death or loss of productive years resulting from physical disability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The slow progression of laboratory methods of diagnosis and of the development of new, more efficacious drugs, better tolerated by the patient, as well as the precarious nature of public health policies aimed at the extinction of the disease cause it to be classified as a &#8220;neglected disease&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> It is estimated that only 1% of the patients infected with T cruzi receive the appropriate diagnosis and treatment every year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The article by Ortiz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> draws attention to some important facts: the first of these is the increased incidence of acute cases by oral transmission in the Amazon region, where acute cases in isolation or during an outbreak have been recorded in familial micro-epidemics by oral transmission through food contaminated by triatomine or their stools. Other authors have highlighted the regional nature of the epidemic,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> noting that this form of transmission of the disease is much more effective than the vector mode of transmission.</p>
    <p>The other aspect emphasized by those authors is the less aggressive effect of the disease on the heart, with a high percentage of the patients in their sample without any signs of myocarditis when assessed by electrocardiography (70% normal) and transthoracic echocardiography (87% normal). Despite the debatable limitations of these two methods for the detection of myocarditis, it is likely that peculiar regional features can account for these findings.</p>
    <p>From the genotyping studies of T. cruzi, Ortiz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> suggest that the lower prevalence of cardiac disorders in their patients may be related to the T. cruzi lineage known as TcIV found in outbreak patients, whose pathogenicity, albeit poorly understood, may have a lower morbidity when compared with the TcII lineage found in other endemic areas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The application of new knowledge of genetics and longitudinal studies designed to test this hypothesis is likely to produce important information for the management of these patients.</p>
    <p>Lastly, the findings of Ortiz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> on the treatment of the acute phase of the treatment of Chagas disease with Benznidazole deserve to be emphasized. However, information on this subject is scanty, being based on nonrandomized studies with insufficient numbers of patients and observation time. Although the definition of the criteria for a cure remains controversial, there is currently a consensus that treatment with Benznidazole should be carried out in the acute forms of the disease and that the patient is likely to benefit in the long term.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The small size of the sample, the relatively short period of follow-up and the adoption of substitute outcomes in the evaluation of the results are limitations occurring with some frequency in the publications on this subject and these considerations also apply to the study by Ortiz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Nonetheless the information presented is significant and may provide new information for improving the diagnosis and treatment of Chagas disease.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Avalia&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca na Fase Aguda da Doen&#231;a de Chagas com Evolu&#231;&#227;o P&#243;s-Tratamento em Pacientes Atendidos no Estado do Amazonas, Brasil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Manuseio Cl&#237;nico da Doen&#231;a de Chagas na Fase Aguda: O Desafio Continua no S&#233;culo 21</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5301-7741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral</surname>
            <given-names>D&#225;rio C.</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco - Cardiologia, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Memorial Cora&#231;&#227;o - Cardiologia, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: D&#225;rio C. Sobral Filho,</bold> Universidade de Pernambuco - Cardiologia - Rua dos Palmares, 262. CEP 50100-060, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>dsobral@cardiol.br</email>, <email>dario.sobral@upe.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma Cruzi</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecosistema Amaz&#244;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas, al&#233;m de se encontrar disseminada no continente americano, com cerca de seis milh&#245;es de pessoas infectadas, atualmente est&#225; presente em diversas regi&#245;es do mundo em consequ&#234;ncia da migra&#231;&#227;o de pessoas com a doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As estat&#237;sticas mostram que a incid&#234;ncia de casos agudos diminuiu de 700.000 novos casos em 1990 para a estimativa atual de 29.000 &#224; 30.000 casos agudos anuais de transmiss&#227;o vetorial, somados a outros 8.000 casos originados anualmente por transmiss&#227;o cong&#234;nita e por outras vias de transmiss&#227;o como a via transfusional e a via digestiva, por consumo de alimentos contaminados pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> como abordado por Ortiz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> em sua publica&#231;&#227;o nesse peri&#243;dico, em que relatam o registro de 63 casos de forma aguda da doen&#231;a de Chagas no estado do Amazonas no per&#237;odo de oito anos, com transmiss&#227;o oral em 75% dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Embora com significativa redu&#231;&#227;o anual de sua incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia nas Am&#233;ricas, a doen&#231;a de Chagas continua sendo um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, provocando a morte de cerca de 12.000 pessoas por ano. Essa doen&#231;a tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a um alto custo socioecon&#244;mico, estimado recentemente em 500 milh&#245;es de d&#243;lares na Am&#233;rica Latina, e uma perda anual de 770.000 anos de vida (ajustados) por morte prematura ou perda de anos produtivos por incapacidade f&#237;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A lenta evolu&#231;&#227;o nos m&#233;todos laboratoriais de diagn&#243;stico e no desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos de melhor efic&#225;cia e tolerabilidade pelos pacientes, al&#233;m da precariedade das pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica direcionadas para a extin&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, fazem com que ela seja classificada como uma &#8220;Doen&#231;a Negligenciada&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Calcula-se que apenas 1% dos pacientes infectados pelo T. cruzi recebam anualmente o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento apropriados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O artigo de Ortiz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> chama aten&#231;&#227;o para alguns fatos importantes: o primeiro diz respeito ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia de casos agudos por transmiss&#227;o oral na Regi&#227;o Amaz&#244;nica onde tem sido registrado casos da forma aguda isolados ou em surtos, em microepidemias familiares, de transmiss&#227;o por via oral, atrav&#233;s de alimentos contaminados com triatom&#237;neos ou suas fezes. Outros autores t&#234;m destacado a caracter&#237;stica epidemiol&#243;gica regional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e observa-se ainda que esse tipo de transmiss&#227;o parece ser muito mais eficaz do que pela via vetorial.</p>
      <p>O outro aspecto ressaltado pelos autores &#233; o car&#225;ter menos agressivo da doen&#231;a sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o, com um elevado percentual de pacientes da sua amostra sem evid&#234;ncias de miocardite quando avaliados pelo eletrocardiograma (70% normais) e pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (87% normais). Embora a sensibilidade desses dois m&#233;todos para detec&#231;&#227;o da miocardite tenha limita&#231;&#245;es discut&#237;veis, &#233; prov&#225;vel que caracter&#237;sticas peculiares regionais possam explicar esses achados.</p>
      <p>A partir de estudos de genotipagem do T. cruzi, Ortiz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> sugerem que a menor preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas dos seus pacientes possa estar relacionada a linhagem de T. cruzi denominada TclV presente em pacientes de surtos, cuja patogenicidade, embora n&#227;o muito bem conhecida, pode ter menor morbidade quando comparada a linhagem TcII presente em outras &#225;reas end&#234;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o dos novos conhecimentos da gen&#233;tica e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos longitudinais desenhados para testar essa hip&#243;tese, provavelmente ir&#227;o trazer informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes para a abordagem diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica desses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Por &#250;ltimo, merecem destaque os achados de Ortiz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> sobre o tratamento da fase aguda da doen&#231;a de Chagas com a droga Benznidazol. As informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito deste tema, no entanto, s&#227;o escassas, baseadas em estudos n&#227;o randomizados, com n&#250;mero de pacientes e tempo de observa&#231;&#227;o insuficientes. Embora a defini&#231;&#227;o sobre os crit&#233;rios de cura da doen&#231;a permane&#231;a controversa, existe um consenso atual de que o tratamento com Benznidazol deve ser realizado nas formas agudas e que existe um prov&#225;vel benef&#237;cio a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O pequeno tamanho da amostra, o per&#237;odo relativamente curto de acompanhamento e a ado&#231;&#227;o de desfechos substitutos na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados s&#227;o limita&#231;&#245;es que ocorrem com certa frequ&#234;ncia nas publica&#231;&#245;es sobre este tema e que tamb&#233;m est&#227;o presentes no estudo de Ortiz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entretanto, as informa&#231;&#245;es apresentadas s&#227;o significativas e podem fornecer elementos para futuras pesquisas superando tais limita&#231;&#245;es e trazendo novos conhecimentos para melhorar o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento da doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Avalia&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca na Fase Aguda da Doen&#231;a de Chagas com Evolu&#231;&#227;o P&#243;s-Tratamento em Pacientes Atendidos no Estado do Amazonas, Brasil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
