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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NtqVtS55Sw5RrcBpLvdnF8D</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300240</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Evaluation in the Acute Phase of Chagas&#8217; Disease with Post-Treatment Evolution in Patients Attended in the State of Amazonas, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7214-6816</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Vanina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Valessa Moutinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>Katia do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Regina Hosannah da Silva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Doria</surname>
            <given-names>Susan Smith</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Rita Leite da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira</surname>
            <given-names>Edson da Fonseca de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as Vale Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Augusto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos Bemfica Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Manaus</city>
          <state>AM</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Manaus</city>
          <state>AM</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Manaus</city>
          <state>AM</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, AM - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Manaus</city>
          <state>AM</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes, Manaus, AM - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jessica Vanina Ortiz &#8226;</bold> Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25. Postal Code 69040-000, Manaus, AM - Brazil E-mail: <email>ortiz.jvm@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and acquisition of data: Pereira BVM; analysis and interpretation of the data: Ortiz JV, Ferreira JMBB; statistical analysis: Ortiz JV, Lira EF; obtaining funding: Ferreira JMBB; writing of the manuscript: Ortiz JV, Couceiro KN, Doria SS, Silva PRL; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ortiz JV, Couceiro KN, Silva e Silva MRH, Doria SS, Silva PRL, Guerra MGVB, Guerra JAO, Ferreira JMBB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>240</fpage>
      <lpage>246</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>In the past two decades, a new epidemiological profile of Chagas&#8217; disease (CD) has been registered in the Brazilian Amazon where oral transmission has been indicated as responsible for the increase of acute cases. In the Amazonas state, five outbreaks of acute CD have been registered since 2004. The cardiac manifestations in these cases may be characterized by diffuse myocarditis, with alteration in the electrocardiogram (ECG) and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To perform a cardiac evaluation in autochthonous patients in the acute phase and at least one year after submitted to treatment for acute CD and evaluate the demographic variables associated with the presence of cardiac alterations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We evaluated patients diagnosed with acute CD through direct parasitological or serological (IgM) methods from 2007 to 2015. These patients were treated with benznidazole and underwent ECG and TTE before and after treatment. We assumed a confidence interval of 95% (CI 95%, p &lt; 0.05) for all variables analyzed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We observed 63 cases of an acute CD in which oral transmission corresponded to 75%. Cardiac alterations were found in 33% of the cases, with a greater frequency of ventricular repolarization alteration (13%), followed by pericardial effusion (10%) and right bundle branch block and left anterior fascicular block (2%). The follow-up occurred in 48 patients with ECG and 25 with TTE for a mean period of 15.5 &#177; 4.1 months after treatment. Of these, 8% presented normalization of the cardiac alterations in ECG, 62.5% remained with the normal exams. All of the patients presented normal results in TTE in the post-treatment period. As for the demographic variables, isolated cases presented more cardiac alterations than outbreaks (p = 0.044) as well as cases from Central Amazonas mesoregion (p = 0.020).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Although cardiac alterations have not been frequent in most of the studied population, a continuous evaluation of the clinical-epidemiological dynamics of the disease in the region is necessary in order to establish preventive measures.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Amazoniany Ecosystem</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma cruzi</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomiopathy/physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas disease (CD) is an emerging infection caused by <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi,</italic> discovered by the physician Carlos Chagas, in 1909. He described the clinical manifestations, as well as the morphological features of the parasite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is estimated that approximately 75 million people are at risk of acquiring the disease and 8 million are indeed infected by the parasite worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>CD presents two clinical phases: an acute and a chronic phase. In acute CD, nonspecific clinical symptoms may delay early diagnosis and treatment representing a public health concern. In some cases, the absence of symptoms may lead to a chronic indeterminate form or later evolving to a digestive, cardiac or mixed form.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Oral infection is more likely to cause a symptomatic response and increase the susceptibility to higher mortality rate and may result in unique cardiac characteristics with the most concerning symptom of this phase being diffuse myocarditis with alterations in the ECG and TTE results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Due to the parasite&#8217;s genetic characteristics that are thought to be associated with the clinical manifestations of CD, in 1998 Tibayrenc<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> proposed a new classification for the parasites&#8217; genetic diversity. In a review in 2009, a consensus established the division into six genotypes, named &#8220;Discrete Typing Units&#8221; (DTUs): TcI-TVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Multiple acute cases have been reported in the Brazilian Amazon with most cases concentrated in Par&#225; and Amazonas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> being the first cases registered in 1968 and 1980, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Afterwards, micro-epidemics of acute cases have been reported and mostly associated with the ingestion of contaminated food, such as a&#231;a&#237; fruits, bacaba fruits and meat of wild mammals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In the last two decades, many new oral transmissions related acute cases have been registered with six outbreaks in the state of Amazonas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and <italic>T. cruzi</italic> DTU described to be related to these cases are TcIV and Z3 (TcIII/TcIV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although in the Brazilian Amazon region CD has been widely studied, in the state of Amazonas there still are few data regarding the epidemiological profile of acute CD and more importantly, works related to the cardiac manifestations and post-treatment follow-up are scarce in this group of patients. For that matter, this work aimed to describe cardiac alterations in autochthones patients who had acute CD at least one year after submitted to treatment with benznidazole.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a longitudinal study of patients attended at the Francisca Mendes University Hospital for cardiac follow-up. All of these patients have a confirmed diagnosis of acute CD at the Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, from January of 2007 to July of 2015.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Patients were included considering the following criteria: a positive laboratory exam, direct parasitological test (thick blood smear or natural xenodiagnosis) or a reactive immunological essay (IgM anti-<italic>T. cruzi</italic>) (Enzyme-linked immunoassay - ELISA and/or indirect immunofluorescence assay- IFA) with an epidemiological history such as being originally from the Brazilian Amazon region. All patients were excluded if they referred any previous travel to another Brazilian region or foreign country, did not adhere to or had an incomplete treatment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedures for data collection and treatment</title>
        <p>Cardiological exams, standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), was analyzed before treatment and at least one year after the end of treatment. In order to obtain data of patients in pre-treatment stage, a retrospective analysis was made of cases registered in the electronic medical record iDoctor<sup>&#174;</sup> from 2007 to 2015 in order to access the results of the ECG and TTE as well as demographical, epidemiological and clinical data. During the stage of post-treatment, a prospective evaluation was made which included a clinical examination and performing ECG and TTE in all patients.</p>
        <p>The standard 12-lead ECG tracing was done using the software Wincardio (Micromed) and the TTE was performed following the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography, using the GE, Vivid 3 equipment.</p>
        <p>All patients underwent treatment with benznidazole (Rochagan<sup>&#174;</sup>) 5-7 mg/kg, for 60 days according to the II Brazilian Guidelines in Chagas Disease of 2015.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> And any cardiac alteration in the ECG or TTE was considered for the description as cardiac alterations in the acute phase of CD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Clinical and epidemiological data were organized using <italic>Excel 2016</italic> and the analysis was done using <italic>Stata/MP 13.0</italic>. For categorical variables, Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used and the results are presented in tables of absolute and relative frequencies followed by the corresponding p-value. For continuous variables, normal distribution was tested using Shapiro-Wilk normality test, if the normal distribution was observed, an unpaired t-test (Student t-test) was executed and results presented by mean &#177; SD, otherwise, the Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test was used and the results are presented by median and interquartile intervals. We assumed a confidence interval of 95% (CI 95%, p &lt; 0.05) for all statistical tests.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical consideration</title>
        <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade do Estado do Amazonas and is in agreement with the Resolution 466/12 of the Brazilian National Health Council (approval number 923.701/2014).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Case distribution, route of transmission and T. cruzi strain</title>
        <p>During the study period, 63 patients with confirmed acute CD were evaluated, all originally from the state of Amazonas. The diagnosis was 98% by a direct parasitological method, thick blood smear. The median age was 29 [16-44] years old, predominantly male (60%). Of these, 44 (70%) were part of an outbreak that was registered from 2007 to 2015, the other 19 (30%) cases are distributed between isolated acute cases associated with oral transmission or classical vector transmission. There were more registered cases of cardiac alterations in the isolated cases reported then in the outbreaks (48% vs. 21%, p = 0.044).</p>
        <p>A wide distribution of acute cases is best shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, there can be noticed that most municipalities of the Central Amazonas mesoregion are affected. On the other hand, the Southwest mesoregion concentrated the higher frequency of acute cases corresponding to 33 (53%) cases, and 31 of them being from the outbreaks that happened in Carauari in 2011 and 2015. Cardiac alterations were present in 69% in the Central Amazonas mesoregion which represented a statistical significance (p = 0.020).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Geographical distribution of the acute cases evaluated in the state of Amazonas. In parenthesis, the number of patients for each municipality.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0240-90007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>With regards to the strains of <italic>T. cruzi,</italic> it was possible to isolate in 35 cases (56%) of which 22 (63%) were Z3 (TcIII/TcIV) and 11 (31%) were TcIV and 2 (6%) TcI, both Z3 (TcIII/TcIV) and TcIV associated with acute oral transmission from outbreaks (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of acute Chagas&#8217; disease patients treated with benznidazol </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="19%"/>
              <col width="19%"/>
              <col width="21%"/>
              <col width="22%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">Group</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Total (n = 63)</th>
                <th align="center">Cardiac alterations (n = 21)</th>
                <th align="center">No Cardiac alterations (n = 42)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (y)</td>
                <td align="center">29 [16-44]</td>
                <td align="center">38 [15-44]</td>
                <td align="center">26.5 [17-44]</td>
                <td align="center">0.694<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Gender</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.588<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">38 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (67%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (57%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">25 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (43%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Transmission</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.364<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Oral</td>
                <td align="center">47 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (67%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (79%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vector</td>
                <td align="center">16 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Case</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.044<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outbreak</td>
                <td align="center">44 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (79%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isolated</td>
                <td align="center">19 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Origin (Mesoregion)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.020<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Central Amazonas</td>
                <td align="center">13 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (43%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">North Amazonas</td>
                <td align="center">15 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Southwest Amazonas</td>
                <td align="center">33 (53%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (43%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (59%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">South Amazonas</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>T. cruzi DTU</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.355<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TcI</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TcIV</td>
                <td align="center">11 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Z3 (TcIII/TcIV)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (43%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ND</td>
                <td align="center">28 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (38%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Follow-up period (y)</td>
                <td align="center">15.5 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">16.4 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.050<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>
                <italic>Data are expressed as median [IQ25%-IQ75%] and mean &#177; SD; In parenthesis are the percentage of the total group; ND: not described; Obs.: It was not possible to obtain the provenance of one case.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Unpaired t-test (Student t test).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac evaluation in Group 1 (pre-treatment)</title>
        <p>We observed 33% of any cardiac alterations in our study population. All 63 patients had an ECG prior to initiate the standard treatment with benznidazole. Of these, 44 (70%) presented normal results. Yet, abnormalities such as ventricular repolarization alterations were common. Regarding the TTE results, 87% presented normal parameters. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Although the majority of our population presented normal exams, it is noteworthy the death of a three-month-old infant due to severe cardiac condition.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiogram alterations of acute Chagas&#8217; disease patients before and after treatment</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="45%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group (n = 63)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Pre-treatment</th>
                <th align="center">Post-treatment</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Electrocardiogram</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 63)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 48)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventricular reporalization alteration</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">8 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left anterior fascicular block</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Right bundle branch block</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Right bundle branch block + left anterior fascicular block</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Low QRS voltage</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bradycardia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Incomplete right bundle branch block</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventricular extrasystols</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tachycardia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">44 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (71%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Echocardiogram</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 31)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>(n = 25)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pericardial effusion</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left ventricular dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">27 (87%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>
                <italic>Data are expressed as frequency and in parenthesis are the corresponding percentage for each group.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac evaluation in Group 2 (post-treatment)</title>
        <p>The follow up cardiac evaluation was done at least one year after the end of the treatment regimen established. It occurred in a mean period of 15.5 months. It was possible to reevaluate 48 patients with ECG and 25 with TTE. Among the 48 patients that were evaluated with an ECG, 35 were normal in the pre-treatment period, of the 30 (86%) continued with normal results and 5 (14%) presented alterations in the post-treatment period. Thirteen patients had alterations in ECG before treatment, 9 (69%) of them remained altered and 4 (31%) evolved to a normal ECG. Also, during the pre-treatment period, 4 (16%) out of the 25 patients reevaluated had abnormalities examined in TTE and all of them evolved completely after treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency of ECG results before and after treatment</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="2%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Pre-treatment ECG</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Post-treatment ECG</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Normal</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">Altered</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">62.5</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">10.4</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altered</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">8.3</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">18.7</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>
                <italic>ECG: electrocardiogram.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency of TTE results before and after treatment</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="2%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Pre-treatment TTE</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Post-treatment TTE</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Normal</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">Altered</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">86.9</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altered</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">13.1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <p>
                <italic>TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Case distribution, route of transmission and T. cruzi strain</title>
        <p>CD in the Brazilian Amazon Region has changed its epidemiological profile in the past several years and most of the cases as being acute and due to oral transmission. A peculiarity of our region is the distance between the municipality of the outbreaks occurrence and the state&#8217;s capital, Manaus. Therefore, most patients are unable to travel and get the complete cardiac follow-up.</p>
        <p>During the period that comprised the study, 2007 to 2015, four outbreaks of six already registered in the Amazonas state with a total of 85 cases reported. All of them somehow associated with oral transmission due to a&#231;a&#237; consumption. Most times, individuals don&#8217;t present cardiac alterations during the acute phase, thus, it&#8217;s thought that our region presents milder symptoms that might be associated with the <italic>T. cruzi</italic> DTU present in the Brazilian Amazon.</p>
        <p>We observed that only one patient was diagnosed by an immunological assay (IgM anti-<italic>T. cruzi</italic>) while all the others had their diagnosis confirmed by thick blood smear. This can be related to the intense qualification of microscopists and all health professionals working in the Malaria Laboratory at the Tropical Medicine Foundation. Considering that most patients arrive with febrile syndrome mostly suspected to malaria infection, they are constantly being trained for the identification of the protozoan <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> which allows improving the surveillance of acute cases of CD in the state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In our study population, we were able to find that among acute cases that had <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> strain identified, TcIV was present in patients from outbreaks. This is best described by Monteiro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Although TcI and Z3 (TcIII/TcIV) have also been identified in humans,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> the pathogenicity of these strains is still not well known, but it&#8217;s believed to be the cause of low morbidity when compared to endemic areas that present other strain of <italic>T. cruzi,</italic> TcII.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of cardiac alterations during the pre-treatment and post-treatment stages</title>
        <p>Cardiac alterations during acute phase though in small proportion (33%) has highlighted the importance of continuous investigation for chronic chagasic cardiopathy, as it is not certain that treatment with benznidazole can indeed eliminate the chance of the patient not evolving to a chronic condition of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Analyzing the demographical variables with the presence of any cardiac alterations due to acute infection by <italic>T. cruzi,</italic> it is possible to observe a significant statistical result for the Central Amazonas mesoregion (p = 0.020) and the isolated cases (p = 0.044). Although it&#8217;s possible to think that the higher frequency of cardiopathy in the Central mesoregion might be due to the location of state&#8217;s capital, Manaus, the number of cardiopathy cases in Manaus was very low (n = 4).</p>
        <p>Also, higher frequency of cardiopathy reported in isolated acute cases (48%) might suggest a possible association either by oral or classical vector transmission with the strain of the protozoan, for which TcI was already found in all isolated cases of CD, associated to chronic CD and Chagas cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> And the strain TcIV has been reported in outbreaks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> But this association is not possible to affirm considering the low number of patients with identified strain of the parasite.</p>
        <p>During cardiac evaluation of the acute phase, most of the patients presented normality in both ECG or TTE examination. In the post-treatment period, we observed that most of the patients evolved to a normal result in the cardiological examinations. Pericardial effusion resolved very well, but ventricular repolarization alteration remained in four patients even after treatment. A factor that has been reported in other follow-up examination of acute cases to be undefined due to an unfamiliarity of a predictor parameter of cure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Cardiac alterations in the state of Amazonas are not frequent, but the knowledge is still scarce regarding the whole transmission dynamic and possible influences in a long-term period. Acute cases reported in the neighboring state of Par&#225; presented serious cardiac involvement, with three died due to severe myocarditis, renal failure and cardiac tamponade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In a study carried out by Ferreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> in the Amazon region, five cases were reported of which two were from Par&#225; and three from Amazonas, all of them presented reversed cardiac alterations and no deaths. In this study, one death was registered in a three-month-old infant, who presented a cardiogenic shock and meningoencephalitis due vector transmission with the presence of chagoma, a localized swelling at the site of inoculation. This remarkable difference suggests that the clinical manifestations and mortality is lower in the state of Amazonas, though is unknown the reason.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This was a unicentric longitudinal study, with a small study population and most of the participants living in the countryside of the state. These factors didn&#8217;t allow a complete follow-up, contributing to a loss of patients. Also, it was possible to obtain the strains of the parasite only from patients that were recruited more recently, which limited the genetic characterization.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In our study, we demonstrated the presence of 33% of patient with cardiac alterations in the acute phase of CD. Although most of the cases were located in the Southwest mesoregion, the higher frequency of cardiac alterations belonged to the Central Amazonas mesoregion and isolated acute cases.</p>
      <p>Although cardiac alterations were present in low frequency during the pre-treatment phase, this clinical condition suggests that there is a new epidemiological profile in the state of Amazonas which differs with the profile present in neighbouring states. This changing scenario might be associated with the T. cruzi strain, but no more can be specified. Most patients followed up in this study had a successful outcome, however, in some of them, the cardiac alterations persisted or even, developed afterwards.</p>
      <p>Therefore, it is evident the need to reinforce surveillance actions for immediate diagnosis and treatment, as well as long-term and continuous cardiac, follow up of patients with acute CD in order establish preventive measures and improve the prognosis of this group of patients in our region.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPEAM - Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca na Fase Aguda da Doen&#231;a de Chagas com Evolu&#231;&#227;o P&#243;s-Tratamento em Pacientes Atendidos no Estado do Amazonas, Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7214-6816</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Vanina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Valessa Moutinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>Katia do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Regina Hosannah da Silva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Doria</surname>
            <given-names>Susan Smith</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Rita Leite da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira</surname>
            <given-names>Edson da Fonseca de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as Vale Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Augusto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos Bemfica Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes, Manaus, AM - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jessica Vanina Ortiz &#8226;</bold> Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25. CEP 69040-000, Manaus, AM - Brasil E-mail: <email>ortiz.jvm@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pereira BVM; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ortiz JV, Ferreira JMBB; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ortiz JV, Lira EF; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ferreira JMBB; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ortiz JV, Couceiro KN, Doria SS, Silva PRL; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ortiz JV, Couceiro KN, Silva e Silva MRH, Doria SS, Silva PRL, Guerra MGVB, Guerra JAO, Ferreira JMBB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, um novo perfil epidemiol&#243;gico da Doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) foi registrado na Amaz&#244;nia brasileira, onde a transmiss&#227;o oral foi indicada como respons&#225;vel pelo aumento dos casos agudos. No estado do Amazonas, foram registrados cinco surtos da doen&#231;a desde 2004. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas nesses casos podem ser caracterizadas por miocardite difusa, com altera&#231;&#227;o nos resultados eletrocardiograma (ECG) e ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>avaliar par&#226;metros card&#237;acos em pacientes aut&#243;ctones com DC na fase aguda e em um ano ou mais ap&#243;s tratamento, e avaliar as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas associadas com a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Avaliamos os pacientes diagnosticados com DC aguda por m&#233;todo direto parasitol&#243;gico e exame sorol&#243;gico (IgM) entre 2007 e 2015. Os pacientes foram tratados com benzonidazol e submetidos &#224; ECG e ETT antes e ap&#243;s tratamento. Assumimos um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (p &lt; 0,05) para todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Observamos 63 casos de DC aguda em que a transmiss&#227;o oral ocorreu em 75% dos casos. Altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas foram encontradas em 33% dos casos, com maior frequ&#234;ncia de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (13%), seguida de derrame peric&#225;rdico (10%), e bloqueio do ramo direito e bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo (2%). O acompanhamento foi realizado com 48 pacientes com ECG e 25 com ETT por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 15,5&#177;4,1 meses ap&#243;s o tratamento. Desses pacientes, observou-se normaliza&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas em 8% dos pacientes, e 62,5% continuaram com os par&#226;metros normais. Todos os pacientes apresentaram resultados da ETT normais no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-tratamento. Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, os casos isolados apresentaram mais altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas em compara&#231;&#227;o aos casos de surtos (p=0,044) e os casos identificados na mesorregi&#227;o do Amazonas Central (p = 0,020).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Apesar de as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas n&#227;o terem sido frequentes na maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, &#233; necess&#225;ria uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da din&#226;mica cl&#237;nica-epidemiol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a na regi&#227;o para se estabelecer medidas preventivas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecosistema Amaz&#244;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma cruzi</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica/fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) &#233; uma doen&#231;a infecciosa emergente, causada pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, descoberta em 1909 pelo m&#233;dico Carlos Chagas, que descreveu suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas do parasita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estima-se que aproximadamente 75 milh&#245;es de pessoas encontram-se em risco de adquirir a doen&#231;a, e que 8 milh&#245;es estejam infectados pelo parasita em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A DC apresenta duas fases cl&#237;nicas - uma fase aguda e uma fase cr&#244;nica. Na DC aguda, sintomas cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos podem retardar o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento da doen&#231;a, o que representa um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Em alguns casos, a aus&#234;ncia de sintomas pode levar a uma forma cr&#244;nica indeterminada da doen&#231;a, ou posteriormente progredir para a forma digestiva, card&#237;aca ou mista.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A infec&#231;&#227;o por via oral &#233; a mais prov&#225;vel de causar sintomas e aumentar a taxa de mortalidade. Ainda, pode levar a altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e o sintoma mais preocupante dessa fase, a miocardite difusa com altera&#231;&#245;es nos resultados do eletrocardiograma (ECG) de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas gen&#233;ticas do parasita supostamente associadas com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da DC, em 1998, Tibayrenc<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> prop&#244;s uma nova classifica&#231;&#227;o para a diversidade gen&#233;tica do parasita. Em uma revis&#227;o publicada em 2009, um consenso estabeleceu uma divis&#227;o em seis gen&#243;tipos, denominados Unidades Discretas de Tipagem (DTU, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Discrete Typing Units</italic>&#8221;) TcI-TVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Muitos casos agudos da doen&#231;a foram documentados na Amaz&#244;nia brasileira, sendo a maior parte deles concentrados nos estados do Par&#225; e do Amazonas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> com os primeiros casos registrados nesses estados em 1968 e 1980, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Posteriormente, microepidemias de casos agudos foram relatados, e a maioria deles associados com a ingest&#227;o de alimentos contaminados, tais como os frutos do a&#231;a&#237; e da bacaba, e carnes de animais silvestres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, in&#250;meros casos agudos relacionados &#224; transmiss&#227;o oral foram registrados, com seis surtos no estado do Amazonas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> As DTU do <italic>T.cruzi</italic> relacionada a esses casos foram TcIV e Z3 (TcIII/TcIV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de a DC ser amplamente estudada na regi&#227;o da Amaz&#244;nia brasileira, no estado do Amazonas, ainda existem poucos dados sobre o perfil epidemiol&#243;gico da DC aguda e, mais importante, poucos estudos sobre manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas da doen&#231;a e estudos incluindo o acompanhamento p&#243;s-tratamento desse grupo de pacientes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas em pacientes aut&#243;ctones que apresentaram DC ap&#243;s um ano ou mais do tratamento com benzonidazol.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo longitudinal de pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes para acompanhamento card&#237;aco. Todos os participantes tinham um diagn&#243;stico confirmado de DC aguda pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, de janeiro de 2007 a julho de 2015.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos considerando os seguintes crit&#233;rios - um resultado positivo no teste laboratorial, no teste parasitol&#243;gico direto (esfrega&#231;o sangu&#237;neo ou o xenodiagn&#243;stico), ou reatividade no teste imunol&#243;gico (IgM anti-<italic>T.cruzi</italic>) (ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica - ELISA e/ou teste de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia direta - IFA), al&#233;m do hist&#243;rico epidemiol&#243;gico (como ser origin&#225;rio da regi&#227;o da Amaz&#244;nia brasileira). Pacientes que mencionaram alguma viagem para outra regi&#227;o do Brasil ou para outro pa&#237;s, pacientes que n&#227;o aderiram ao tratamento e aqueles com tratamento incompleto foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de dados e tratamento</title>
          <p>Exames cardiol&#243;gicos, ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e ETT foram analisados antes e um ano ou mais ap&#243;s o final do tratamento. Para obten&#231;&#227;o de dados pr&#233;-tratamento (ECG, ETT, dados demogr&#225;ficos, epidemiol&#243;gicos e cl&#237;nicos), realizou-se uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de todos os casos registrados no sistema de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos (iDoctor&#174;) entre 2007 e 2015. Durante o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-tratamento, realizamos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o prospectiva dos pacientes, incluindo avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, e realiza&#231;&#227;o ECG e ETT.</p>
          <p>A ECG com 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi feita utilizando o programa Wincardio (Micromed) e o ETT realizado utilizando o aparelho Vivid 3, GE, seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram tratados com benzonidazol (Rochagan&#174;), 5-7 mg/kg por 60 dias, segundo o II Consenso Brasileiro em Doen&#231;a de Chagas de 2015.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no ECG ou ETT foi considerada para descri&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas na fase aguda da DC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e epidemiol&#243;gicos foram organizados usando o programa Excel 2016, e analisados usando o programa <italic>Stata/MP 13,0</italic>. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher e os resultados apresentados em tabelas, como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, seguidas dos valores-p correspondentes. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi testada quanto &#224; normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk; para aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foi usado o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, e os resultados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; DP, e o teste de soma dos postos de Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) usados para dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e apresentados como mediana e intervalos interquartis. Assumiu-se um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%, p &lt; 0,05) para todos os testes estat&#237;sticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (n&#250;mero 923.701/2014), e realizado de acordo com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos casos, rota de transmiss&#227;o e linhagem do <italic>T.cruzi</italic></title>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 63 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de DC foram avaliados, todos com origem no estado do Amazonas. Do total de diagn&#243;sticos, 98% foi realizado pelo m&#233;todo parasitol&#243;gico direto esfrega&#231;o sangu&#237;neo. A idade mediana foi 20 (16-44) anos, e 60% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino. Quarenta e quatro (70%) dos casos fizeram parte de algum surto registrado entre 2007 e 2015, outros 19 casos distribu&#237;dos entre casos agudos isolados associados com transmiss&#227;o oral e transmiss&#227;o vetorial cl&#225;ssica. Houve mais casos registrados de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas nos casos isolados que aqueles registrados em surtos (48% vs. 21%, p = 0,044).</p>
          <p>Uma ampla distribui&#231;&#227;o de casos agudos est&#225; melhor ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>, na qual pode-se perceber que a maioria dos munic&#237;pios da mesorregi&#227;o da Amaz&#244;nia Central &#233; afetada. Por outro lado, a mesorregi&#227;o sudoeste do Amazonas concentrou a maior frequ&#234;ncia dos casos agudos, correspondendo a 33 (53%) dos casos, sendo que 31 desses fizeram parte de surtos ocorridos em Carauari em 2011 e 2015. Altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estiveram presentes em 69% da mesorregi&#227;o do Amazonas Central, atingindo signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,020).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica dos casos agudos de doen&#231;a de Chagas avaliados no estado do Amazonas. Em par&#234;nteses, o n&#250;mero de pacientes de cada munic&#237;pio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0240-90007-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s linhagens do <italic>T.cruzi</italic>, foi poss&#237;vel isol&#225;-las em 35 casos (56%), dos quais 22 (63%) foram Z3 (TcIII/TcIV), 11 (31%) TcIV e 2 (6%) TcI; ambos Z3 (TcIII/TcIV) e TcIV estiveram associados com transmiss&#227;o oral aguda registrada em surtos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda tratados com benzonidazol</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="23%"/>
                <col width="18%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="18%"/>
                <col width="17%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="center">Total (n = 63)</th>
                  <th align="center">Altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas (n = 21)</th>
                  <th align="center">Sem altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas (n = 42)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Idade (y)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>29 [16-44]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>38 [15-44]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>26,5 [17-44]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,694<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,588<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (57%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Transmiss&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,364<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Oral</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (79%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vetor</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Caso</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Surto</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (79%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isolado</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Origem (Mesorregi&#227;o)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,020<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Amazonas Central</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Norte do Amazonas</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sudoeste do Amazonas</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (53%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Amazonas do Sul</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>T. cruzi DTU</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,355<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TcI</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TcIV</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Z3 (TcIII/TcIV)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ND</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Follow-up period (y)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">14 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">16,4 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,050<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como mediana [IQ25% -IQ75%] e m&#233;dia &#177; SD; Entre par&#234;nteses est&#227;o a porcentagem do grupo total; ND: n&#227;o descrito; Obs.: N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel obter a proveni&#234;ncia de um caso.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste de Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste t n&#227;o pareado (teste t de Student).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste exato de Fisher.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no grupo I (pr&#233;-tratamento)</title>
          <p>Observamos 33% de altera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, de qualquer tipo, na popula&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo. Todos os 63 pacientes haviam se submetido a um ECG antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento com benzonidazol. Desses, 44 (70%) apresentaram resultados normais. Ainda, foram comuns anormalidades tais como mudan&#231;as de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados do ETT, 87% apresentaram par&#226;metros normais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). Apesar de a maioria da nossa amostra ter apresentado exames normais, vale destacar a morte de uma crian&#231;a de tr&#234;s meses de idade por condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca grave.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Eletrocardiograma, altera&#231;&#245;es de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="45%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo (n = 63)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Pr&#233;-tratamento</th>
                  <th align="center">P&#243;s-tratamento</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 63)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 48)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altera&#231;&#227;o da reporaliza&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloqueio do ramo direito</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloqueio do ramo direito + bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Baixa tens&#227;o QRS</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bradicardia</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloco do ramo direito incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Taquicardia</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (71%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 31)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>(n = 25)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Derrame peric&#225;rdico</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (87%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como frequ&#234;ncia e, entre par&#234;nteses, a porcentagem correspondente para cada grupo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no grupo II (p&#243;s-tratamento)</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos de acompanhamento foi realizada um ano ou mais ap&#243;s o final do regime terap&#234;utico estabelecido, com uma m&#233;dia de 15,5 meses. Foi poss&#237;vel reavaliar 48 pacientes submetidos &#224; ECG e 25 &#224; ETT. Entre os 48 pacientes com ECG avaliados, 35 apresentaram resultados normais no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-tratamento, 30 (86%) continuaram com resultados normais, e 5 (14%) apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-tratamento. Quatro (16%) dos 25 pacientes reavaliados apresentaram anormalidades na ETT, e todos se recuperaram completamente ap&#243;s o tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia dos resultados do eletrocardiograma antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="4%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Pr&#233;-tratamento ECG</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">P&#243;s-tratamento ECG</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Normal</th>
                  <th align="center">%</th>
                  <th align="center">Alterado</th>
                  <th align="center">%</th>
                  <th align="center">Total</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">62,5</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alterado</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">18,7</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>
                  <italic>ECG: eletrocardiograma.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia dos resultados da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="4%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Pr&#233;-tratamento ETT</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">P&#243;s-treatment ETT</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Normal</th>
                  <th align="center">%</th>
                  <th align="center">Alterado</th>
                  <th align="center">%</th>
                  <th align="center">Total</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Normal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">86,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alterado</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>
                  <italic>ETT: ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de casos, rotas de transmiss&#227;o e linhagem de<italic>T. cruzi</italic></title>
          <p>O perfil da DC na regi&#227;o amaz&#244;nica brasileira mudou nos &#250;ltimos anos, sendo a maioria casos agudos, com transmiss&#227;o oral. Uma peculiaridade da regi&#227;o &#233; a dist&#226;ncia entre os munic&#237;pios em que ocorreram os surtos e a capital do estado, Manaus. Assim, a maioria dos pacientes n&#227;o foram capazes de viajar e passarem por avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca completa.</p>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo (2007-2015), foram registrados quatro dos seis surtos ocorridos no Amazonas, com um total de 85 casos. Todos os casos estavam associados &#224; transmiss&#227;o oral por consumo de a&#231;a&#237;. Na maioria dos casos, os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas durante a fase aguda; portanto, acredita-se que os casos em nossa regi&#227;o apresentem sintomas mais leves que possam estar associados com as DTU de <italic>T.cruzi</italic> presentes na Amaz&#244;nia brasileira.</p>
          <p>Observamos que somente um paciente foi diagnosticado por teste imunol&#243;gico (IgM anti-<italic>T.cruzi</italic>), enquanto todos os demais tiveram seus diagn&#243;sticos confirmados por esfrega&#231;o de sangue. Tal fato pode estar relacionado &#224; grande qualifica&#231;&#227;o de microscopistas e de todos os profissionais da sa&#250;de, funcion&#225;rios do Laborat&#243;rio de Mal&#225;ria da Fun&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical. Considerando que, na maioria dos pacientes que chegam com s&#237;ndrome febril, a principal suspeita &#233; mal&#225;ria, os profissionais s&#227;o constantemente treinados para a identifica&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Tripanosoma cruzi</italic>, o que permite melhor vigil&#226;ncia dos casos agudos de DC no estado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, entre os casos agudos que tiveram a linhagem de <italic>T. cruzi</italic> identificada, a TcIV esteve presente em pacientes de surtos. Esse fato &#233; melhor descrito por Monteiro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Apesar de TcI e Z3 (TcIII/TcIV) tamb&#233;m terem sido identificadas em humanos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> a patogenicidade dessas linhagens ainda n&#227;o &#233; bem conhecida, mas acredita-se que seja causa da baixa morbidade comparada &#224; das &#225;reas end&#234;micas em que outra linhagem de <italic>T.cruzi</italic>, a TcII, est&#225; presente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas durante as fases pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-tratamento</title>
          <p>As mudan&#231;as card&#237;acas durante a fase aguda terem ocorrido em pequenas propor&#231;&#245;es (33%), mas destacaram a import&#226;ncia de uma investiga&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, uma vez que n&#227;o est&#225; claro se o tratamento com benzonidazol pode de fato eliminar a chance de o paciente n&#227;o progredir para uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Ao analisar as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas com a presen&#231;a de qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca causada pela infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T.cruzi</italic>, pode-se observar um resultado estatisticamente significativo para a mesorregi&#227;o do Amazonas Central (p = 0,020) e para os casos isolados (p = 0,044). A frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de cardiopatia na mesorregi&#227;o Central poderia ser atribu&#237;da &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o da capital do estado, Manaus; no entanto, o n&#250;mero de casos de cardiopatia em Manaus foi muito baixo (n = 4).</p>
          <p>Ainda, a maior frequ&#234;ncia de cardiopatia relatada nos casos agudos isolados (48%) pode sugerir uma associa&#231;&#227;o da transmiss&#227;o oral ou da transmiss&#227;o vetorial cl&#225;ssica com a linhagem do protozo&#225;rio, uma vez que a TcI j&#225; foi encontrada em todos os casos isolados da DC e associada &#224; DC cr&#244;nica e cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e a TcIV identificada em surtos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o podemos afirmar que essa associa&#231;&#227;o seja verdadeira, considerando o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes que tiveram a linhagem do parasita identificada.</p>
          <p>Durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na fase aguda, a maioria dos pacientes apresentaram resultados normais tanto da ECG como da ETT. No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-tratamento, observamos que a maioria dos pacientes evolu&#237;ram para a normalidade nos exames cardiol&#243;gicos. Houve boa recupera&#231;&#227;o no caso de derrame peric&#225;rdico, por&#233;m altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular permaneceram em quatro pacientes mesmo ap&#243;s o tratamento. Essa indefini&#231;&#227;o foi j&#225; destacada em outros estudos de acompanhamento de casos agudos, uma vez que ainda se conhece um par&#226;metro preditor de cura para a doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Embora casos de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas no estado do Amazonas n&#227;o sejam frequentes, o conhecimento acerca de toda din&#226;mica da transmiss&#227;o e de poss&#237;veis influ&#234;ncias &#233; ainda escasso. Casos agudos registrados no estado vizinho Par&#225; apresentaram envolvimento card&#237;aco grave, com tr&#234;s mortes por miocardite, insufici&#234;ncia renal e tamponamento card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Em um estudo conduzido por Ferreira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> na regi&#227;o do Amazonas, foram relatados cinco casos (dois do Par&#225; e tr&#234;s do Amazonas), todos com altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas revertidas e nenhuma morte. No presente estudo, um &#243;bito foi registrado de uma crian&#231;a de tr&#234;s meses de idade, que apresentou choque cardiog&#234;nico e meningoencefalite devido &#224; transmiss&#227;o vetorial com a presen&#231;a de chagoma, um incha&#231;o cut&#226;neo no local da inocula&#231;&#227;o. Essa diferen&#231;a marcante sugere que as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e a mortalidade s&#227;o menores no estado do Amazonas, por raz&#227;o ainda indefinida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo longitudinal unic&#234;ntrico, envolvendo pequena popula&#231;&#227;o, e a maioria vivendo no interior do estado. Esses fatores n&#227;o permitiram um acompanhamento completo, contribuindo para uma perda de pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, foi poss&#237;vel a identifica&#231;&#227;o das linhagens do parasita somente daqueles pacientes recrutados mais recentemente no estudo, o que limitou a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, demonstramos a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas em 33% dos pacientes na fase aguda da DC. Apesar de a maioria dos casos estar presentes na mesorregi&#227;o sudoeste, a maior frequ&#234;ncia dessas altera&#231;&#245;es foi detectada na mesorregi&#227;o do Amazonas Central e casos agudos isolados.</p>
        <p>Apesar de as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estarem presentes em baixa frequ&#234;ncia durante a fase pr&#233;-tratamento, essa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica sugere a exist&#234;ncia de um novo perfil epidemiol&#243;gico no estado do Amazonas, que difere do perfil presente nos estados vizinhos. &#201; poss&#237;vel que esse cen&#225;rio de mudan&#231;a esteja associado com a linhagem do <italic>T.cruzi</italic>. A maioria dos pacientes acompanhados tiveram um desfecho satisfat&#243;rio, mas em alguns, as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas persistiram ou mesmo evolu&#237;ram posteriormente.</p>
        <p>Portanto, &#233; evidente a necessidade de se refor&#231;arem a&#231;&#245;es de vigil&#226;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento imediatos, e para o acompanhamento cont&#237;nuo, de longo prazo, da condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca dos pacientes com DC aguda a fim de se estabelecerem medidas preventivas e melhorar o progn&#243;stico dessa popula&#231;&#227;o em nossa regi&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPEAM - Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
