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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Tp5hGsPHgMm6dSJtbgvyY3y</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300238</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190038</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cohort Studies with Mortality Data from the Brazilian Population: a Rising National Requirement</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7750-2792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Goi&#226;nia</city>
            <state>GO</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Thiago Veiga Jardim,</bold> Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Primeira Avenida, s/n, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <email>thiagoloirin@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>238</fpage>
      <lpage>239</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Decision Making</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cohort studies assessing mortality predictors are extremely important to determine public health priorities and are a central issue in clinical decision making. These studies are particularly relevant in low-to-middle income countries whereas resources addressed to health care are limited and can be better managed. Nevertheless, traditionally epidemiological studies assessing the impact of different risk factors on mortality have historically been conducted in high-income countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Results from cohort studies conducted in the developed world have been extrapolated and widely used in developing countries. This can be an issue given population and disease management differences, reinforcing the need to increase publications of long-term follow-up cohort studies with mortality data from low-to-middle income countries.</p>
    <p>Efforts have been made along the years by a number of research groups in Brazil and around the world to progressively generate mortality data from low-to-middle income countries that are accurate, reliable and derived from well-designed cohort studies. In this number of ABC Cardiol, Castro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> published one of the many examples of these efforts.</p>
    <p>Aiming to assess the hypothesis that elevated levels of High-Sensitivity Troponin I (hs-cTnI) measured 25 to 90 days after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality the authors used data from the ERICO study (Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> This prospective cohort was designed to investigate the ACS epidemiology in Brazil and conducted at a secondary general hospital in S&#227;o Paulo. Patients who were 35 years old or older with the acute coronary syndrome were enrolled consecutively. Sociodemographic, medical, and treatment data were obtained at admission, along with the blood sample collection. After 30 days, medical history was updated, blood and urinary samples were recollected, and additionally, a retinography, carotid intima-media thickness, heart rate variability and pulse-wave velocity were performed. Food frequency, physical activity, sleep apnea and depression were evaluated using specific questionnaires. Six months and annually after the acute event, telephone information was collected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Levels of hs-cTnI in 525 patients 25 to 90 days after admission for an ACS event were measured and mortality data were obtained in a seven years follow-up period. Patients in the highest tertile of hs-cTnI had a greater hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality compared to the lowest tertile, after adjustment for age, sex, known cardiovascular risk factors, medication use, and demographic factors (HR: 3.84, 95% CI: 1.92-8.12). These findings persisted after further adjustment for estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 ml/min/1.73m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 0.40 (HR: 6.53, 95% CI: 2.12-20.14). Cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in the highest tertile after adjustment for age and sex (HR: 5.65, 95% CI: 1.94-16.47) and both in the first (HR: 4.90, 95% CI: 1.35-17.82) and second models of multivariate adjustment (HR: 5.89, 95% CI: 1.08-32.27). The authors conclude that elevated levels of hs-cTnI in the stabilized phase after an ACS event carry long-term prognostic information that is independent of comorbidities, renal function and left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
    <p>Although the findings are not completely unique as the authors mention in the manuscript, they are unique for the Brazilian population (a highly admixed population). Additionally, some aspects of Castro`s study improve its strengths. It was performed at a community hospital, without a specific cardiologic team which is the reality of most hospitals in Brazil. Large sample size and long-term follow-up, probably representing one of the most important studies with prognostic data using biomarkers in patients with ACS in our country. Death records of all patients (either contacted or not during follow-up) were obtained, suggesting no bias in the mortality from all causes assessment.</p>
    <p>The main limitation of Castro's et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> study is the single centre aspect. It was discussed in the manuscript, but some aspects of the results should be highlighted since they minimize this limitation. Most participants were males and had a high prevalence of hypertension. Those sociodemographic characteristics and cardiovascular comorbidities are similar to those of large international records, such as the registry Global Acute coronary events (GRACE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Another similarity with international trends<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> is in the frequency of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (41.5% of the participants), which represented the most frequent type of SCA in Castro`s study. Similarities were also found with the Brazilian Registry of acute coronary syndromes (BRACE), which included hospitals from all regions of Brazil. Medications used in the first follow-up visit were similar in comparison with the treatment received at the discharge of the participants in the BRACE registry:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> use of aspirin (83.6% vs. 86.0%, respectively), clopidogrel (53.0% vs. 50.1%), beta-blockers (64.2% vs. 69.8%), ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (68.3% vs. 70.6 %) and statins (76.4% vs. 82.7%).</p>
    <p>ABC Cardiol is the most important journal dedicated to publishing cardiovascular research generated in Brazil. Publish national cohort studies with mortality data, particularly cardiovascular mortality data should be a priority. In this number, this priority was fulfilled with a great manuscript.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Elevated High-Sensitivity Troponin I in the Stabilized Phase after an Acute Coronary Syndrome Predicts All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in a Highly Admixed Population: A 7-Year Cohort</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudos Coorte com Dados de Mortalidade da Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira: Uma Necessidade Nacional Crescente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7750-2792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thiago Veiga Jardim,</bold> Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Primeira Avenida, s/n, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>thiagoloirin@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Estudos de Coortes</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomada de Decis&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Estudos do tipo coorte que avaliam preditores de mortalidade s&#227;o de extrema import&#226;ncia para estabelecer prioridades de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, e s&#227;o fundamentais para tomadas de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Esses estudos s&#227;o particularmente relevantes em pa&#237;ses de renda baixa a m&#233;dia, uma vez que os recursos destinados &#224; sa&#250;de s&#227;o limitados e podem ser mais bem administrados. No entanto, historicamente, estudos tradicionalmente epidemiol&#243;gicos avaliando o impacto de fatores de risco sobre a mortalidade t&#234;m sido conduzidos em pa&#237;ses de alta renda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Resultados de estudos coorte realizados no mundo desenvolvido t&#234;m sido extrapolados e amplamente utilizados em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Isso pode representar um problema, dadas as diferen&#231;as de popula&#231;&#245;es e no manejo das doen&#231;as, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de se realizarem mais estudos coorte com acompanhamento em longo prazo, que incluam dados de mortalidade em pa&#237;ses de renda baixa a m&#233;dia.</p>
      <p>Ao longo dos anos, grupos de pesquisa no Brasil e no mundo t&#234;m se esfor&#231;ado para gerar mais e mais dados de mortalidade que sejam precisos, confi&#225;veis e resultantes de estudos coorte bem desenhados. Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o do Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Castro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> publicaram um dos muitos exemplos desses esfor&#231;os.</p>
      <p>Os autores utilizaram dados do estudo ERICO (<italic>Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> para avaliar a hip&#243;tese de que n&#237;veis elevados de troponina I ultrassens&#237;vel (hs-cTnI), medidos entre 25 a 90 dias ap&#243;s um evento de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), est&#227;o associados com maior mortalidade por todas as causas e maior mortalidade cardiovascular. Esse estudo coorte prospectivo foi delineado para investigar a epidemiologia da SCA no Brasil, e realizado em um hospital geral de n&#237;vel secund&#225;rio em S&#227;o Paulo. Pacientes com SCA, com idade de 35 anos ou mais, foram recrutados consecutivamente. Dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, e sobre o tratamento foram obtidos na interna&#231;&#227;o, juntamente com a coleta de amostra de sangue. Ap&#243;s 30 dias, foram realizados atualiza&#231;&#227;o da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, coleta de outras amostras de sangue e de urina, exame de retinografia, e avalia&#231;&#227;o da espessura da &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida, da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da velocidade de onda de pulso. A frequ&#234;ncia de consumo alimentar, a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, apneia do sono e depress&#227;o foram avaliadas utilizando question&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos. Ainda, seis meses ap&#243;s o evento, e em seguida anualmente, foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es por telefone.</p>
      <p>Foram medidos os n&#237;veis de hs-cTnI em 525 pacientes entre os dias 25 e 90 ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o por SCA. Dados de mortalidade foram obtidos por acompanhamento desses pacientes durante sete anos. Pacientes no tercil mais alto de hs-cTnI apresentaram uma raz&#227;o de risco (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, HR) mais alta para mortalidade por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes no tercil mais baixo, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo, fatores de risco cardiovasculares, uso de medicamentos, e fatores demogr&#225;ficos (HR: 3,84; IC 95% 1,92 - 8,12). Esses achados persistiram ap&#243;s ajuste quanto &#224; taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada &lt; 60 mL/min/1,73 m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 0,40 (HR: 6,53; IC 95%: 2,12 - 20,14). A mortalidade cardiovascular foi significativamente mais alta no quartil mais alto ap&#243;s ajuste para idade e sexo (HR: 5,65; IC 95%: 1,94-16,47), tanto no primeiro como no segundo modelo de ajuste multivariado (HR: 5,89; IC 95%: 1,08-32,27). Os autores conclu&#237;ram que n&#237;veis elevados de hs-cTnI na fase est&#225;vel ap&#243;s um evento de SCA fornece informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas de longo prazo, as quais s&#227;o independentes de comorbidades, fun&#231;&#227;o renal e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Apesar de os achados n&#227;o serem necessariamente in&#233;ditos, como os autores mencionam no artigo, esses resultados s&#227;o &#250;nicos para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira (uma popula&#231;&#227;o altamente mista). Ainda, alguns aspectos do estudo de Castro et al. aumentam a sua for&#231;a. O estudo foi realizado em um hospital comunit&#225;rio, sem uma equipe de cardiologia espec&#237;fica, o que corresponde &#224; realidade da maioria dos hospitais no Brasil. O tamanho da amostra estudada foi grande, com acompanhamento em longo prazo, de forma que o estudo provavelmente representa um dos mais importantes estudos com dados progn&#243;sticos utilizando biomarcadores em pacientes com SCA em nosso pa&#237;s. Foram obtidos dados de mortalidade de todos os pacientes (contatados ou n&#227;o durante o acompanhamento), sugerindo aus&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s na avalia&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
      <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo de Castro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> &#233; seu car&#225;ter unic&#234;ntrico, o que foi discutido pelos autores no artigo. No entanto, alguns aspectos dos resultados devem ser destacados, por minimizarem tal limita&#231;&#227;o. A maioria dos participantes era do sexo masculino e apresentava alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o. As caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e comorbidades cardiovasculares s&#227;o similares a de registros internacionais, tais como do <italic>Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events</italic> (GRACE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Outra semelhan&#231;a com tend&#234;ncias internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> est&#225; na frequ&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (41,5% dos participantes), que representou o tipo mais frequente de SCA no estudo. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo apresentou semelhan&#231;as com o Registro Brasileiro de S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas (BRACE, <italic>Brazilian Registry of acute coronary syndrome</italic>), que incluiu hospitais de todas as regi&#245;es do Brasil. Os medicamentos usados na primeira visita foram similares em compara&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento recebido na alta dos participantes do registro BRACE:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> aspirina (83,6% vs. 86,0%, respectivamente), clopidogrel (53,0% vs. 50,1%), betabloqueadores (64,2% vs. 69,8%), inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina/bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina ACE (68,3% vs. 70,6 %) e estatinas (76,4% vs. 82,7%).</p>
      <p>Os Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia &#233; a revista mais importante dedicada a publicar pesquisas na &#225;rea cardiovascular realizadas no Brasil. Publicar estudos nacionais do tipo coorte com dados de mortalidade, particularmente de mortalidade cardiovascular deveria ser uma prioridade. Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, tal prioridade foi alcan&#231;ada com um excelente artigo.</p>
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          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Troponina I de Alta Sensibilidade Elevada na Fase Estabilizada ap&#243;s S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda Prev&#234; Mortalidade por Todas as Causas e Mortalidade Cardiovascular em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Altamente Miscigenada: Uma Coorte de 7 Anos</p>
        </fn>
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