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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DV7cjBnvY65tNtKkGB8nfRp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300230</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180268</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Elevated High-Sensitivity Troponin I in the Stabilized Phase after an Acute Coronary Syndrome Predicts All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in a Highly Admixed Population: A 7-Year Cohort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4704-8063</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staniak</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Lane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Leandro Teixeira de Castro &#8226;</bold> Rua Oscar Freire, 2185 - Apto 54. Postal Code 05409-011, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>leo920@gmail.com</email>, <email>leandro.castro@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Castro LT, Bittencourt MS, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM; acquisition of data: Castro LT, Santos IS, Goulart AC, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM; analysis and interpretation of the data: Castro LT, Santos IS, Goulart AC, Pereira AC, Staniak HL, Bittencourt MS, Bensenor IM; statistical analysis: Castro LT, Santos IS, Goulart AC, Bittencourt MS, Bensenor IM; writing of the manuscript: Castro LT, critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Castro LT, Santos IS, Goulart AC, Pereira AC, Staniak HL, Bittencourt MS, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>230</fpage>
      <lpage>237</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) has played an important role in the risk stratification of patients during the in-hospital phase of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but few studies have determined its role as a long-term prognostic marker in the outpatient setting.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the association between levels of hs-cTnI measured in the subacute phase after an ACS event and long-term prognosis in a highly admixed population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We measured levels of hs-cTnI in 525 patients 25 to 90 days after admission for an ACS event; these patients were then divided into tertiles according to hs-cTnI levels and followed for up to 7 years. We compared all-cause and cardiovascular mortality using Cox proportional hazards models and adopting a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>After a median follow-up of 51 months, patients in the highest tertile had a greater hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality after adjustment for age, sex, known cardiovascular risk factors, medication use, and demographic factors (HR: 3.84, 95% CI: 1.92-8.12). These findings persisted after further adjustment for estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 0.40 (HR: 6.53, 95% CI: 2.12-20.14). Cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in the highest tertile after adjustment for age and sex (HR: 5.65, 95% CI: 1.94-16.47) and both in the first (HR: 4.90, 95% CI: 1.35-17.82) and second models of multivariate adjustment (HR: 5.89, 95% CI: 1.08-32.27).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Elevated hs-cTnI levels measured in the stabilized phase after an ACS event are independent predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a highly admixed population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponin I</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Biological Variation, Population</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a major driver of mortality and the leading cause of years of life lost worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In recent decades, several therapeutic interventions have been proven beneficial in the treatment of ACS, and structured strategies for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment have been recommended by several cardiology societies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Because of the progress made in therapeutics for ACS, a heterogeneous group of survivors from this condition has received long-term follow-up from medical services. The prognosis of patients in the stabilized phase after ACS varies widely;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> validation of easily obtainable, low-cost prognostic markers may enhance long-term risk stratification in this population.</p>
      <p>Several studies showed cardiac troponins (cTns) to be more sensitive and specific for diagnosing myocardial infarction, and to have greater correlation with higher mortality than the previous reference standard, creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Over the past two decades, new assays have been developed which conferred greater sensitivity to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction; these high-sensitivity cardiac troponins (hs-cTns) showed greater accuracy in discriminating patients at higher risk for death, even in those who had undetectable first-generation cTn levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> More recently, the use of hs-cTnT as a prognostic marker in the subacute phase after an ACS episode has been studied in an European cohort of white patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> These findings have not been replicated in more heterogeneous populations in the developing world. In this single-center observational cohort, we aimed to study the association of elevated levels of hs-cTnI with long-term all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a highly admixed population in Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) study design has been described in detail elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In brief, ERICO is a prospective cohort study of ACS patients enrolled between February 2009 and December 2013 at a community hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. All patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department were screened for participation in the study. ERICO participants must fulfill diagnostic criteria for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), or unstable angina (UA); the criteria used to define acute coronary syndromes were:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>1) Myocardial infarction (MI): presence of symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia within 24 hours of hospital presentation, and troponin I levels above the 99th percentile with a test-specific coefficient of variation &lt; 10%.</p>
            <p>
              <list list-type="simple">
                <list-item>
                  <p>1a) STEMI: presence of criteria for MI plus one of the following: persistent ST segment elevation &#8805; 1 mm in two contiguous electrocardiographic leads, or the presence of a new or presumably new left bundle branch block.</p>
                </list-item>
                <list-item>
                  <p>1b) NSTEMI: presence of criteria for MI, but not STEMI.</p>
                </list-item>
              </list>
            </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>2) UA: symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia 24 hours prior to hospital admission, absence of MI criteria, and at least one of the following: history of coronary heart disease; positive coronary disease stratification test (invasive or noninvasive); transient ST segment changes &#8805; 0.5 mm in two contiguous leads, new T-wave inversion &#8805; 1 mm, and/or pseudonormalization of previously inverted T-waves; troponin I &#8805; 0.4 ng/ml; or diagnostic concordance of two independent physicians.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>During the in-hospital phase, all subjects were treated at the discretion of the hospital staff with standard procedures, without influence from the study. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board addressing research in human participants. All participants provided written informed consent for the study.</p>
      <p>Participants were interviewed during admission to the hospital and provided data regarding sociodemographic factors, medical history, and main cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, smoking, physical inactivity, cocaine use, menopause, and familial and personal history of coronary heart disease). Three physicians were responsible for reviewing patient information and for validating ACS cases. According to the study protocol, a blood sample was drawn for laboratory tests (troponin I, MB-creatine kinase, serum glucose, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and total blood cell count).</p>
      <p>At approximately 30 days after the event, participants were invited to undergo a new on-site evaluation by a physician to update data on cardiovascular risk stratification, current medication use, and additional clinical data. New blood samples were also collected. At six months after the index event and annually thereafter, all participants were contacted by phone to update information about their vital status, cardiovascular history, medications and symptoms.</p>
      <p>All participants enrolled in the ERICO study who had blood samples collected 25 to 90 days after an ACS episode were included in this analysis. The lower limit of this interval was chosen to avoid confounding by the expected elevated circulating cTn levels in the first few days after an ACS episode; the upper limit of 90 days allows comparison with previous studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> although there is currently no widely accepted definition of subacute phase after ACS in the literature. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I was measured in all patients at presentation and in the subacute phase after the event. The assay used to measure hs-cTnI was the Advia Centaur TnI-Ultra Assay (Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY, USA), with the 99th percentile reference value of 0.04 mcg/L in healthy subjects and coefficient of variance lower than 10% at this range. Subjects were classified into three subgroups according to hs-cTnI tertiles in the subacute phase after the index ACS event.</p>
      <p>In this study, our endpoints were all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. We searched official death records on a regular basis for information about all participants if (1) we received information that they had died or (2) we could not contact them at the time. Municipal and state health offices searched their files to obtain death certificates and returned the results of this search to the ERICO research team. Two medical doctors reviewed these data and classified the cause of death for deceased participants according to the information from the death certificates. Participants were defined to have died from a cardiovascular cause (cardiovascular mortality) if we identified a cause of death classified in Chapter IX of the 10th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), entitled &#8220;Diseases of the circulatory system&#8221;, or if we identified a cause of death classified with the ICD-10 code R57.0 &#8220;Cardiogenic shock&#8221;.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analyses were performed with R for Mac version 3.5.0. Categorical variables are presented as proportions and compared using the chi-square test. To test the assumption of normality in the distribution of continuous variables, we used the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables with normal distribution are presented as means (standard deviations) and compared using one-way ANOVA. Continuous variables with non-normal distribution are presented as medians (interquartile intervals) and compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Cumulative survival probabilities across the tertiles are presented as Kaplan-Meier curves and compared using the log-rank test.</p>
        <p>We built Cox proportional hazard models for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, and presented them as crude, age-sex adjusted, and two multivariate models. Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, ACS subtype, traditional cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking history, and body mass index), and medication use at the first follow-up visit (aspirin, clopidogrel, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers and statins). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) &lt; 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 0.40, two variables associated with worse prognosis in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> All tests were two-sided, and p value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From February 2009 to December 2013, 1085 patients were enrolled in the ERICO study. Blood samples were collected at the emergency room and between 25 and 90 days after the initial event from 525 of these participants, who were included in the present study (median second collection interval: 39 days after the index event; interquartile range: 33-50 days). The initial diagnosis was STEMI in 144 (27.4%) patients, NSTEMI in 230 (43.8%), and UA in 151 (28.8%). The mean age was 61.6 years and 60.2% were men. The main cardiovascular risk factors found in this population were hypertension (75.5%), current or previous smoking (66.9%), and sedentary lifestyle (69.9%). Cutoff values for hs-cTnI among the tertiles were: &lt; 0.012, 0.013-0.023 and &gt; 0.023 mcg/L. Most hs-cTnI samples collected from patients in the subacute phase after ACS were below the 99th percentile of the method (83.8%). Patients were followed for a median of 51 months; baseline characteristics of the study according to hs-cTnI tertiles are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Individuals in the highest tertile were more likely to be male, have STEMI or NSTEMI diagnoses at the index event, and chronic kidney disease and sedentary lifestyle at baseline.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population according to 25&#8211;90 day troponin tertile</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="18%"/>
            <col width="18%"/>
            <col width="18%"/>
            <col width="21%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center">1<sup>st</sup> tertile</th>
              <th align="center">2<sup>nd</sup> tertile</th>
              <th align="center">3<sup>rd</sup> tertile</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of participants</td>
              <td align="center">179</td>
              <td align="center">171</td>
              <td align="center">175</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">25&#8211;90 day troponin range</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.012</td>
              <td align="center">0.012&#8211;0.023</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 0.023</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ACS subtype (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">UA</td>
              <td align="center">80 (44.9)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (27.5)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (13.7)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">67 (37.4)</td>
              <td align="center">77 (45.0)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (49.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">32 (17.9)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (27.5)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (37.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref> (years)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (51-68)</td>
              <td align="center">63 (55-70)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (53-73)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender (%)</td>
              <td align="center">95 (53.1)</td>
              <td align="center">102 (59.6)</td>
              <td align="center">119 (68.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous history of CHD (%)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (29.2)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (23.8)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (25.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CHD (%)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (36.4)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (31.4)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (38.46)</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">136 (78.2)</td>
              <td align="center">127 (75.1)</td>
              <td align="center">126 (73.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (35.7)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (37.2)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (39.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (54.4)</td>
              <td align="center">85 (55.6)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (48.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart failure (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (16.2)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (22.4)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (23.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic kidney disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (3.1)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (4.1)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (10.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (9.9)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (12.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary lifestyle (%)</td>
              <td align="center">117 (68.8)</td>
              <td align="center">106 (63.5)</td>
              <td align="center">127 (77.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking status (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current</td>
              <td align="center">44 (25.6)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (28.7)</td>
              <td align="center">58 (33.9)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Past</td>
              <td align="center">68 (39.5)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (38.3)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (40.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Never</td>
              <td align="center">60 (34.9)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (32.9)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (25.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">27.1 (24.5-30.4)</td>
              <td align="center">26.6 (24.2-29.4)</td>
              <td align="center">26.0 (23.5-29.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref> (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">174 (145-205)</td>
              <td align="center">169 (139-207)</td>
              <td align="center">174 (141-205)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL cholesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref> (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">101 (79-133)</td>
              <td align="center">103 (79-136)</td>
              <td align="center">109 (80-135)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL cholesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref> (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (31-44)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (30-44)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref> (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">131 (100&#8211;190)</td>
              <td align="center">141 (97&#8211;192)</td>
              <td align="center">130 (97&#8211;181)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref> (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">14.3 (13.4-15.2)</td>
              <td align="center">14.1 (13.1-15.2)</td>
              <td align="center">14.2 (12.9-15.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponin levels on admission&#8224; (mcg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">1.88 (0.09&#8211;9.20)</td>
              <td align="center">7.03 (1.16&#8211;41.97)</td>
              <td align="center">16.82 (3.05&#8211;44.16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Estimated GFR-CKD-Epi<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref> (ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">83 (67-95)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (62-92)</td>
              <td align="center">71 (48-94)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF &lt; 0.40 (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (3.5)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (6.6)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (21.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medication at 1<sup>st</sup> follow-up (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">155 (87.6)</td>
              <td align="center">143 (83.6)</td>
              <td align="center">134 (79.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
              <td align="center">92 (52.0)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (58.5)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (48.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta blocker</td>
              <td align="center">117 (66.1)</td>
              <td align="center">119 (69.6)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (56.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin</td>
              <td align="center">137 (77.4)</td>
              <td align="center">135 (78.9)</td>
              <td align="center">123 (72.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE inhibitor</td>
              <td align="center">120 (67.8)</td>
              <td align="center">108 (63.2)</td>
              <td align="center">94 (55.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiotensin receptor blocker</td>
              <td align="center">10 (5.6)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Median (Interquartile interval).</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>From the data collected after patient admission, lower glomerular filtration rate (calculated according to CKD-Epi) and lower ejection fraction estimated in echocardiography were strongly correlated with persistently elevated levels of hs-cTnI (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meier curves for cumulative survival according to each hs-cTnI tertile during follow-up. We found significantly lower survival rates in individuals in the highest tertile (p &lt; 0.001). Analyses evaluating cardiovascular mortality as the main outcome showed similar findings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier curve for all-cause mortality according to hs-cTnI tertile measured 25 to 90 days after acute coronary syndrome.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0230-80268-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier curve for cardiovascular mortality according to hs-cTnI tertile measured 25 to 90 days after acute coronary syndrome.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0230-80268-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the results of the Cox regression analyses. Participants in the third tertile of troponin, using the first tertile as the reference, presented a hazard ratio (HR) of 4.14 (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: 2.19-7.86) for all-cause mortality after adjustment for age and sex; this effect persisted in multivariate adjustment models 1 (HR: 3.84, 95% CI: 1.92- 8.12) and 2 (HR: 6.53, 95% CI: 2.12-20.14). For cardiovascular mortality, there were significant differences between the first and the third tertiles after adjustment for age and sex (HR: 5.65, 95% CI: 1.94-16.47), and both multivariate adjustment models 1 (HR: 4.90, 95% CI: 1.35-17.82) and 2 (HR: 5.89, 95% CI: 1.08-32.27).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hazard ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals on crude and age-sex adjusted models, and two multivariate adjusted models of Cox regression analysis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="24%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Crude</th>
              <th align="center">Age-sex adjusted</th>
              <th align="center">Multivariate adjusted (Model 1)</th>
              <th align="center">Multivariate adjusted (Model 2)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>All-cause mortality</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1<sup>st</sup> tertile</td>
              <td align="center">(reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (reference)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2<sup>nd</sup> tertile</td>
              <td align="center">2.44 (1.23-4.81)</td>
              <td align="center">2.02 (1.02-4.01)</td>
              <td align="center">1.86 (0.86-4.05)</td>
              <td align="center">2.33 (0.74-7.33)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3<sup>rd</sup> tertile</td>
              <td align="center">4.20 (2.22-7.94)</td>
              <td align="center">4.14 (2.19-7.86)</td>
              <td align="center">3.84 (1.92-8.12)</td>
              <td align="center">6.53 (2.12-20.14)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cardiovascular mortality</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1<sup>st</sup> tertile</td>
              <td align="center">(reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (reference)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 (reference)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2<sup>nd</sup> tertile</td>
              <td align="center">3.77 (1.24-11.47)</td>
              <td align="center">2.90 (0.95-8.90)</td>
              <td align="center">2.66 (0.72-9.84)</td>
              <td align="center">1.30 (0.21-8.00)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3<sup>rd</sup> tertile</td>
              <td align="center">6.05 (2.08-17.57)</td>
              <td align="center">5.65 (1.94-16.47)</td>
              <td align="center">4.90 (1.35-17.82)</td>
              <td align="center">5.89 (1.08-32.27)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>
              <italic>Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, ACS subtype, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking history, body mass index, and medication use at first follow-up (25&#8211;90 days after ACS). Model 2: Model 1 with addition of estimated GFR &lt; 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and LVEF &lt; 0.40.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this cohort of patients with hs-cTnI levels measured 25 to 90 days after an ACS event, participants had sociodemographic characteristics and cardiovascular comorbidities similar to that of large international registries, like the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> As in this registry, our cohort had a predominantly male population with a high prevalence of hypertension; other cardiovascular risk factors, such as heart failure and smoking history, were more prevalent in our study. The most frequent ACS type in our study was NSTEMI (41.5% of participants), which is also consistent with the current trend in the incidence of MI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> although contrasting with the smaller frequency of NSTEMI in the GRACE cohort (26% of participants).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Medication use on the first follow-up visit was similar to the treatment received on discharge by participants in the Brazilian Registry on Acute Coronary Syndromes (BRACE) study, which included hospitals of all regions of Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> When we evaluated the percentage of patients receiving each therapeutic group, we found clear similarities between our study and BRACE for the use of aspirin (83.6% vs 86.0%, respectively), clopidogrel (53.0% vs 50.1%), betablockers (64.2% vs 69.8%), ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (68.3% vs 70.6%) and statins (76.4% vs 82.7%). These data also show that adherence to guideline-recommended therapies was still not optimal by the time of enrollment of these participants.</p>
      <p>Most patients in our study (83.8%) had hs-cTnI levels below the 99th percentile during the subacute phase after an ACS event; nevertheless, even at this range, those in the highest tertile had a greater hazard ratio for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality compared to the first tertile. Elevated levels of hs-cTnI at 25 to 90 days post-ACS remained an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality after adjustment for multiple confounders.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms by which some patients present persistent elevations in cardiac troponin levels are not well established. Previous experimental studies demonstrated the incidence of chronic myocardial injury after induced mechanical coronary obstruction in rats;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> accelerated apoptosis due to chronic myocardial dysfunction has also been shown in patients with heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Other speculated mechanisms include normal myocyte turnover, cellular release of proteolytic degradation products, higher myocyte cell wall permeability, and the formation of blebs in the cellular walls with the presence of these proteins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The association between higher levels of cardiac troponins and worse outcomes in out- of-hospital settings has been reported by previous studies. In 2007, Eggers et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> analyzed a cohort of patients with earlier-generation cardiac troponin I (cTnI) measured at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months after an ACS event. Throughout this study, the subgroup of patients with permanently elevated levels of cTnI (&#8805; 0.01) had a greater probability of death during follow-up than patients with transiently elevated or negative cTnI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 2012, two studies addressed the prognostic role of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) in the stabilized phase after a cardiac event. Ang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> followed 326 patients for a median of 30 months, after measurement of hs-cTnT 7 weeks post-ACS; after adjustment for age, ACS subtype, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, smoking, anemia, BNP, estimated GFR, and echocardiographic findings, hs-cTnT remained a strong predictor of death and AMI during follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Koenig et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> studied 1050 patients for a median of 8.1 years after an ACS event or CABG, with hs-cTnT levels measured approximately 43 days after the event; patients in the highest quartile were at increased risk for new cardiac events throughout the observation period. One study published in 2014 also addressed the prognostic role of hs-cTnI after an ACS episode. White et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> followed 7,836 patients who had suffered an ACS event; after a median of 6 years follow-up, patients in the highest tertile were at increased risk for CAD death and MI. Compared to our study population, these studies followed patients with similar ages and estimated GFR, but with lower baseline frequency of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.</p>
      <p>Outside the scope of ACS, several studies have also found an association between elevated cTn levels and risk of death. In patients with stable coronary heart disease, a greater risk for cardiovascular mortality and incidence of heart failure has been found in those with higher levels of hs-cTnT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and hs-cTnI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Elevated circulating hs-cTnT was also shown to be independently associated with higher mortality in outpatients with stable heart failure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and in patients with aortic stenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Even in the general population, de Lemos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> found an association between high levels of hs-cTnT and poorer survival in a population-based cohort of 3546 individuals. These results suggest that persistently elevated levels of circulating cardiac troponins are general markers of higher risk for death in different populations, independently of age and comorbidities.</p>
      <p>Some aspects of our study should be highlighted. First, it was conducted at a community-based hospital with no in-house cardiology staff; this type of medical care is received by many ACS patients in Brazil, but few prognostic studies have been published in this setting. Second, our sample size and long-term follow-up make this one of the largest studies with prognostic biomarkers in ACS patients in Brazil. In addition, because we searched for the death records of all patients who could not be contacted during follow-up, our analysis of all-cause mortality was not significantly affected by selection bias.</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations. As in all single-center studies, outcomes in both groups could have been influenced by local practices. Since coronary interventions were not performed on-site, data regarding type of revascularization (if any) were not accessible for most patients and could not be accounted for in our Cox model. We also did not have data about the proportion of patients presenting with STEMI who received reperfusion therapy. Additionally, adherence to guideline recommended therapies for ACS was suboptimal in our cohort. Lastly, even though we used standardized assays to measure all troponin levels in the subacute phase of ACS, these were not the same assays used on admission of these patients to the hospital; this precluded further analyses of evolutive trends in hs-cTnI levels through time. Despite these limitations, our findings could demonstrate an association between elevated levels of hs-cTnI and worse outcomes in this highly admixed population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Elevated levels of hs-cTnI in the stabilized phase after an ACS event are associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality that is independent from comorbidities, renal function and left ventricular ejection fraction. These findings may potentially enhance risk stratification of post-ACS patients in the ambulatory setting.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the Doctoral thesis submitted by Leandro Teixeira de Castro, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP under the protocol number 866/08. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Troponina I de Alta Sensibilidade Elevada na Fase Estabilizada ap&#243;s S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda Prev&#234; Mortalidade por Todas as Causas e Mortalidade Cardiovascular em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Altamente Miscigenada: Uma Coorte de 7 Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4704-8063</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staniak</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Lane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leandro Teixeira de Castro &#8226;</bold> Rua Oscar Freire, 2185 - Apto 54. CEP 05409-011, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>leo920@gmail.com</email>, <email>leandro.castro@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Castro LT, Bittencourt MS, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Castro LT, Santos IS, Goulart AC, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Castro LT, Santos IS, Goulart AC, Pereira AC, Staniak HL, Bittencourt MS, Bensenor IM; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Castro LT, Santos IS, Goulart AC, Bittencourt MS, Bensenor IM; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Castro LT; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Castro LT, Santos IS, Goulart AC, Pereira AC, Staniak HL, Bittencourt MS, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A troponina card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade I (TnI-as) tem desempenhado um papel importante na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco dos pacientes durante a fase intra-hospitalar da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), mas poucos estudos determinaram seu papel como marcador progn&#243;stico de longo prazo no ambiente ambulatorial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de TnI-as medidos na fase subaguda ap&#243;s um evento de SCA e o progn&#243;stico a longo prazo, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o altamente miscigenada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Medimos os n&#237;veis de TnI-as em 525 pacientes em um per&#237;odo de 25 a 90 dias ap&#243;s a entrada em hospital por um evento de SCA; esses pacientes foram ent&#227;o divididos em tercis conforme os n&#237;veis de TnI-as, e acompanhados por at&#233; 7 anos. Comparamos as mortalidades por todas as causas e cardiovascular atrav&#233;s de modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox e adotando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 51 meses, os pacientes no tercil mais alto apresentaram uma taxa de risco (HR) maior para mortalidade por todas as causas, ap&#243;s ajustes para idade, sexo, fatores de risco cardiovascular conhecidos, uso de medica&#231;&#227;o e fatores demogr&#225;ficos (HR: 3,84 IC 95%: 1,92-8,12). Esses achados persistiram ap&#243;s um ajuste adicional para uma taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) estimada &lt; 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> e uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 0,40 (HR: 6,53; IC95%: 2,12-20,14). A mortalidade cardiovascular foi significativamente maior no tercil mais alto, ap&#243;s ajustes para idade e sexo (RR: 5,65; IC95%: 1,94-16,47) e tanto no primeiro modelo de ajuste multivariado (HR: 4,90; IC 95%: 1,35-17,82) quanto no segundo (HR: 5,89; IC95%: 1,08-32,27).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>N&#237;veis elevados de TnI-as, medidos na fase estabilizada ap&#243;s um evento de SCA, s&#227;o preditores independentes de mortalidade por todas as causas e de mortalidade cardiovascular em uma popula&#231;&#227;o altamente miscigenada.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina I</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Varia&#231;&#227;o Biol&#243;gica da Popula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) &#233; um importante fator de mortalidade e a principal causa de anos de vida perdidos em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, diversas interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas t&#234;m se mostrado ben&#233;ficas no tratamento da SCA, e estrat&#233;gias voltadas ao diagn&#243;stico precoce e ao tratamento adequado t&#234;m sido recomendadas por v&#225;rias sociedades de cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Devido aos progressos alcan&#231;ados na terap&#234;utica da SCA, um grupo heterog&#234;neo de sobreviventes desta condi&#231;&#227;o recebeu acompanhamento de longo prazo por parte dos servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos. O progn&#243;stico dos pacientes na fase estabilizada ap&#243;s a SCA varia de forma ampla;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> a valida&#231;&#227;o de marcadores progn&#243;sticos de baixo custo e f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o pode melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco a longo prazo para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Diversos estudos demonstraram que as troponinas card&#237;acas (Tnc) s&#227;o mais sens&#237;veis e espec&#237;ficas para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), e t&#234;m uma maior correla&#231;&#227;o com n&#237;veis mais altos de mortalidade do que o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia anterior, a isoenzima creatina quinase-MB (CK-MB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, foram desenvolvidas novos ensaios que conferiram maior sensibilidade ao diagn&#243;stico de IM; essas Tnc de alta sensibilidade (Tnc-as) demonstraram maior precis&#227;o na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com maior risco de morte, mesmo naqueles que tinham n&#237;veis de Tnc de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o indetect&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Mais recentemente, o uso de TnT-as como marcador progn&#243;stico na fase subaguda ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de SCA foi estudado em uma coorte europeia de pacientes brancos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Esses achados n&#227;o foram replicados em popula&#231;&#245;es mais heterog&#234;neas de pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Nesta coorte observacional unic&#234;ntrica, temos como objetivo estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de TnI-as e as mortalidades por todas as causas e cardiovascular, a longo prazo, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o altamente miscigenada no Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O desenho do estudo da Estrat&#233;gia de Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana (ERICO) foi descrito em detalhes em outros trabalhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Resumidamente, o ERICO &#233; um estudo de coorte prospectivo de pacientes com SCA matriculados entre fevereiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2013 em um hospital comunit&#225;rio em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Todos os pacientes com suspeita de SCA no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia foram selecionados para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. Os participantes do ERICO precisavam preencher os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMST), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMSST) ou angina inst&#225;vel (AI); os crit&#233;rios utilizados para definir as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas eram:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>1) IM: presen&#231;a de sintomas compat&#237;veis com isquemia card&#237;aca dentro de 24 horas da apresenta&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, e n&#237;veis de troponina I acima do percentil 99, com um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o &lt; 10% do teste espec&#237;fico.</p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p>1a) IAMST: presen&#231;a dos crit&#233;rios para IM mais um dos seguintes: eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento ST de &#8805; 1 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas cont&#237;guas, ou presen&#231;a de um novo ou presumivelmente novo bloqueio do ramo esquerdo.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>1b) IAMSST: presen&#231;a dos crit&#233;rios para IM, mas n&#227;o IAMST.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>2) AI: sintomas compat&#237;veis com isquemia card&#237;aca 24 horas antes da admiss&#227;o hospitalar, aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios do IM, e pelo menos um dos seguintes: (a) hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; (b) teste de estratifica&#231;&#227;o positivo para doen&#231;a coronariana (invasiva ou n&#227;o-invasiva); (c) altera&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria do segmento ST &#8805; 0,5 mil&#237;metros em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, nova invers&#227;o de onda T de &#8805; 1 mm e/ou pseudo-normaliza&#231;&#227;o de ondas T anteriormente invertidas; (d) troponina I &gt; 0,4 ng/ml; ou concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica de dois m&#233;dicos independentes</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Durante a fase intra-hospitalar, todos os participantes foram tratados pela equipe assistencial do hospital, sem influ&#234;ncia da equipe do estudo. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o. Todos os pacientes forneceram um termo de consentimento informado para o estudo.</p>
        <p>Os participantes foram entrevistados durante a admiss&#227;o hospitalar, e forneceram dados sobre fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos, hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico e principais fatores de risco cardiovascular (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade, dislipidemia, tabagismo, sedentarismo, uso de coca&#237;na, menopausa e hist&#243;rico familiar e pessoal de doen&#231;as coronarianas). Tr&#234;s m&#233;dicos foram respons&#225;veis por revisar as informa&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes e validar os casos de SCA. Seguindo o protocolo do estudo, foi coletada uma amostra de sangue para exames laboratoriais (troponina I, CK-MB, glicose s&#233;rica, colesterol total, colesterol HDL e LDL, triglic&#233;rides e contagem total de c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas).</p>
        <p>Aproximadamente 30 dias ap&#243;s o evento, os participantes foram convidados a passar por nova avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica presencial, para atualizar os dados sobre a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular, uso atual de medica&#231;&#227;o e dados cl&#237;nicos adicionais. Novas amostras de sangue tamb&#233;m foram coletadas. Seis meses ap&#243;s o evento-&#237;ndice, e a partir de ent&#227;o, anualmente, todos os participantes foram contatados por telefone para atualizar as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre seu estado vital, hist&#243;rico cardiovascular, medica&#231;&#245;es e sintomas.</p>
        <p>Todos os participantes inscritos no estudo ERICO que tiveram amostras de sangue coletadas entre 25 e 90 dias ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de SCA foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise. O limite inferior desse intervalo foi escolhido para evitar confus&#245;es causadas pelos n&#237;veis elevados esperados de Tnc circulante nos primeiros dias ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de SCA; o limite superior de 90 dias permite compara&#231;&#227;o com estudos anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> embora atualmente n&#227;o haja na literatura uma defini&#231;&#227;o amplamente aceita de fase subaguda ap&#243;s a SCA. A Tnc-as foi medida em todos os pacientes, na apresenta&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e na fase subaguda ap&#243;s o evento. O ensaio utilizado para medir a TnI-as foi o Advia Centaur TnI-Ultra Assay (Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics, Tarrytown, Nova York, EUA), com valor de refer&#234;ncia de 0.04 mcg/L no 99&#186; percentil em sujeitos saud&#225;veis, e coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o menor do que 10% neste intervalo. Os sujeitos foram classificados em tr&#234;s subgrupos, conforme os tercis de TnI-as na fase subaguda ap&#243;s o evento &#237;ndice de SCA.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, nossos desfechos foram mortalidade por todas as causas e mortalidade cardiovascular. Pesquisamos regularmente os registros oficiais de &#243;bitos para obter informa&#231;&#245;es sobre todos os participantes quando: (1) receb&#237;amos informa&#231;&#245;es de que haviam morrido; ou (2) n&#227;o consegu&#237;amos contat&#225;-los no momento. Os &#243;rg&#227;os municipais e estaduais de sa&#250;de consultavam seus arquivos para obter certid&#245;es de &#243;bito, e encaminhavam os resultados dessa consulta &#224; equipe de pesquisa do ERICO. Dois m&#233;dicos revisavam esses dados e classificavam a causa da morte dos participantes falecidos de acordo com as informa&#231;&#245;es dos atestados de &#243;bito. Os participantes recebiam uma defini&#231;&#227;o de morte por causa cardiovascular (mortalidade cardiovascular) quando identific&#225;vamos uma causa de morte classificada no cap&#237;tulo IX da 10&#170; vers&#227;o da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID-10), intitulada &#8220;Doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio&#8221;, ou quando identific&#225;vamos uma causa de morte classificada com o c&#243;digo CID-10 R57.0 - &#8220;Choque cardiog&#234;nico&#8221;.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com R para Mac vers&#227;o 3.5.0. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como propor&#231;&#245;es e comparadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado. Para testar a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade na distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, utilizamos o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dias (desvios padr&#227;o) e comparadas utilizando ANOVA unidirecional. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas como medianas (intervalos interquart&#237;licos) e comparadas por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis. As probabilidades de sobreviv&#234;ncia cumulativa nos tercis s&#227;o apresentadas como curvas de Kaplan-Meier e comparadas utilizando o teste log-rank.</p>
          <p>Constru&#237;mos modelos de risco proporcional de Cox para a mortalidade por todas as causas e a mortalidade cardiovascular, e os apresentamos como modelos brutos, ajustados para idade e em dois modelos multivariados. O modelo 1 foi ajustado para idade, sexo, subtipo de SCA, fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia, hist&#243;rico de tabagismo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal) e uso de medica&#231;&#227;o na primeira consulta de acompanhamento (aspirina, clopidogrel, betabloqueadores, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II e estatinas). O modelo 2 foi ajustado, adicionalmente, para de TFG &lt; 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 0,40, duas vari&#225;veis associadas a um pior progn&#243;stico em estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Todos os testes foram bilaterais, e o valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De fevereiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013, 1085 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo ERICO. Tanto no pronto-socorro como entre 25 e 90 dias ap&#243;s o evento inicial, amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 525 desses participantes, os quais foram inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo (mediana do segundo intervalo de coleta: 39 dias ap&#243;s o evento-&#237;ndice; intervalo interquart&#237;lico: 33-50 dias). O diagn&#243;stico inicial foi IAMST em 144 (27,4%) pacientes, IAMSST em 230 (43,8%) e AI em 151 (28,8%). A idade m&#233;dia foi de 61,6 anos, e 60,2% eram homens. Os principais fatores de risco cardiovascular encontrados nessa popula&#231;&#227;o foram hipertens&#227;o (75,5%), tabagismo atual ou pr&#233;vio (66,9%) e sedentarismo (69,9%). Os valores de corte para TnI-as entre os tercis foram &lt; 0,012, 0,013-0,023 e &gt; 0,023 mcg/L. A maioria das amostras de TnI-as coletadas de pacientes na fase subaguda ap&#243;s SCA estavam abaixo do 99&#186; percentil do m&#233;todo (83,8%). Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante uma m&#233;dia de 51 meses; as caracter&#237;sticas basais do estudo, conforme os tercis TnI-as, s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. Os indiv&#237;duos situados no tercil mais alto apresentavam maior probabilidade de ser do sexo masculino, ter diagn&#243;stico de IAMST ou IAMSST no evento-&#237;ndice, al&#233;m de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e sedentarismo no in&#237;cio do estudo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, conforme o tercil de troponina de 25 a 90 dias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
              <col width="21%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">1&#186; tercil</th>
                <th align="center">2&#186; tercil</th>
                <th align="center">3&#186; tercil</th>
                <th align="center">valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de participantes</td>
                <td align="center">179</td>
                <td align="center">171</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Faixa de troponina de 25 a 90 dias</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,012</td>
                <td align="center">0,012&#8211;0,023</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0,023</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Subtipo ACS (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AI</td>
                <td align="center">80 (44,9)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (27,5)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (13,7)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMSST</td>
                <td align="center">67 (37,4)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (45,0)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (49,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMST</td>
                <td align="center">32 (17,9)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (27,5)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (37,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref> (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (51-68)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (55-70)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (53-73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (53,1)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (59,6)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (68,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico pregresso de DC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (29,2)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (25,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico familiar de DCC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (38,46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">136 (78,2)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (75,1)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (73,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (37,2)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (39,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (54,4)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (48,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (22,4)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de AVC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (68,8)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (63,5)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (77,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Status de tabagismo (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atual</td>
                <td align="center">44 (25,6)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (28,7)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (33,9)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Passado</td>
                <td align="center">68 (39,5)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (38,3)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (40,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nunca</td>
                <td align="center">60 (34,9)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (32,9)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (25,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">27,1 (24,5-30,4)</td>
                <td align="center">26,6 (24,2-29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">26,0 (23,5-29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref> (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">174 (145-205)</td>
                <td align="center">169 (139-207)</td>
                <td align="center">174 (141-205)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol LDL <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref> (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (79-133)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (79-136)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (80-135)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol HDL <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref> (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (31-44)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (30-44)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref> (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (100&#8211;190)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (97&#8211;192)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (97&#8211;181)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref> (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">14,3 (13,4-15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">14,1 (13,1-15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">14,2 (12,9-15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#237;veis de troponina na admiss&#227;o&#8224; (mcg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">1,88 (0,09&#8211;9,20)</td>
                <td align="center">7,03 (1,16&#8211;41,97)</td>
                <td align="center">16,82 (3,05&#8211;44,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estimativa de TFG-CKD-Epi <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref> (ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (67-95)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (62-92)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (48-94)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE &lt; 0.40 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (21,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o no 1&#186; acompanhamento (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">155 (87,6)</td>
                <td align="center">143 (83,6)</td>
                <td align="center">134 (79,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">92 (52,0)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (58,5)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (48,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">117 (66,1)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (69,6)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (56,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">137 (77,4)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (78,9)</td>
                <td align="center">123 (72,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidor da ECA</td>
                <td align="center">120 (67,8)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (63,2)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloq. receptor angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">10 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Mediana (intervalo interquartil).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A partir dos dados coletados ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o dos pacientes, uma menor taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (calculada segundo a CKD-Epi) e uma menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o estimada na ecocardiografia foram fortemente correlacionadas com n&#237;veis persistentemente elevados de TnI-as (p &lt;0,001).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> mostra as curvas de Kaplan-Meier para sobreviv&#234;ncia cumulativa conforme cada tercil de TnI-as durante o acompanhamento. Encontramos taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia significativamente menores em indiv&#237;duos no tercil mais alto (p &lt; 0,001). An&#225;lises avaliando a mortalidade cardiovascular como desfecho principal mostraram achados semelhantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva de Kaplan-Meier para mortalidade por todas as causas, conforme o tercil de TnI-as medida 25 a 90 dias ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0230-80268-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva de Kaplan-Meier para mortalidade cardiovascular, conforme o tercil de TnI-as medida 25 a 90 dias ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0230-80268-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os resultados das an&#225;lises da regress&#227;o de Cox. Quanto aos participantes situados no terceiro tercil de troponina, utilizando o primeiro tercil como refer&#234;ncia, apresentaram uma raz&#227;o de risco (HR) de 4,14 (Intervalo de Confian&#231;a 95% [IC 95%]: 2,19-7,86) para mortalidade por todas as causas, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade e sexo; esse efeito persistiu nos modelos de ajuste multivariado 1 (HR: 3,84; IC95%: 1,92-8,12) e 2 (HR: 6,53; IC95%: 2,12-20,14). Para a mortalidade cardiovascular, houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre o primeiro e o terceiro tercis ap&#243;s ajustes para idade e sexo (HR: 5,65; IC 95%: 1,94-16,47) e em ambos os modelos de ajuste multivariado 1 (HR: 4,90; IC 95%: 1,35-17,82) e 2 (HR: 5,89, IC 95%: 1,08-32,27).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Taxas de risco e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% nos modelos bruto e ajustados por idade, e nos dois modelos ajustados de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Bruto</th>
                <th align="center">Ajustado para sexo-idade</th>
                <th align="center">Ajuste de regress&#227;o<break/>multivariada (Modelo 1)</th>
                <th align="center">Ajuste de regress&#227;o<break/>multivariada (Modelo 2)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mortalidade por todas as causas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1&#186; tercil</td>
                <td align="center">(refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2&#186; tercil</td>
                <td align="center">2,44 (1,23-4,81)</td>
                <td align="center">2,02 (1,02-4,01)</td>
                <td align="center">1,86 (0,86-4,05)</td>
                <td align="center">2,33 (0,74-7,33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3&#186; tercil</td>
                <td align="center">4,20 (2,22-7,94)</td>
                <td align="center">4,14 (2,19-7,86)</td>
                <td align="center">3,84 (1,92-8,12)</td>
                <td align="center">6,53 (2,12-20,14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mortalidade cardiovascular</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1&#186; tercil</td>
                <td align="center">(refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (refer&#234;ncia)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2&#186; tercil</td>
                <td align="center">3,77 (1,24-11,47)</td>
                <td align="center">2,90 (0,95-8,90)</td>
                <td align="center">2,66 (0,72-9,84)</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 (0,21-8,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3&#186; tercil</td>
                <td align="center">6,05 (2,08-17,57)</td>
                <td align="center">5,65 (1,94-16,47)</td>
                <td align="center">4,90 (1,35-17,82)</td>
                <td align="center">5,89 (1,08-32,27)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>
                <italic>Modelo 1: Ajustado para idade, sexo, subtipo da SCA, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia, hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal e uso de medica&#231;&#227;o no primeiro acompanhamento (25 a 90 dias ap&#243;s a SCA). Modelo 2: Modelo 1 acrescido de TFG estimada &lt; 60 ml/min /1,73 m<sup>2</sup> e FEVE &lt; 0,40.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nesta coorte de pacientes com n&#237;veis de TnI-as medidos 25 a 90 dias ap&#243;s um evento de SCA, os participantes apresentavam caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e comorbidades cardiovasculares semelhantes &#224;s de grandes registros internacionais, como o Registro Global de Eventos Coronarianos Agudos (GRACE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Como nesse registro, nossa coorte tinha uma popula&#231;&#227;o predominantemente masculina, com alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o; outros fatores de risco cardiovascular, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, foram mais prevalentes em nosso estudo. O tipo de SCA mais frequente em nosso estudo foi o IAMSST (41,5% dos participantes), o que tamb&#233;m &#233; consistente com a tend&#234;ncia atual de incid&#234;ncia de IM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> embora contrastante com a frequ&#234;ncia menor de IAMSST na coorte do GRACE (26% dos participantes).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O uso de medicamentos na primeira consulta de acompanhamento foi semelhante ao tratamento recebido na alta dos participantes do estudo do Registro Brasileiro de S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas (BRACE), que incluiu hospitais de todas as regi&#245;es do Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Quando avaliamos a porcentagem de pacientes que receberam cada grupo terap&#234;utico, encontramos claras semelhan&#231;as entre nosso estudo e o BRACE com rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de aspirina (83,6% vs. 86,0%, respectivamente), clopidogrel (53,0% vs. 50,1%), betabloqueadores (64,2% vs. 69,8%), inibidores da ECA/bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (68,3% vs. 70,6%) e estatinas (76,4% vs. 82,7%). Esses dados tamb&#233;m mostram que a ades&#227;o &#224;s terapias recomendadas pelas diretrizes ainda n&#227;o era &#243;tima na &#233;poca do recrutamento desses participantes.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes em nosso estudo (83,8%) apresentou n&#237;veis de TnI-as abaixo do 99&#186; percentil durante a fase subaguda ap&#243;s um evento de SCA; entretanto, mesmo nessa faixa, os que se situavam no tercil mais alto apresentavam uma raz&#227;o de risco maior para mortalidade por todas as causas e cardiovascular, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o primeiro tercil. N&#237;veis elevados de TnI-as verificados 25 a 90 dias ap&#243;s uma SCA permaneceram sendo um fator de risco independente para mortalidade por todas as causas e mortalidade cardiovascular ap&#243;s ajustes para diversos fatores de confus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos pelos quais alguns pacientes apresentam eleva&#231;&#245;es persistentes nos n&#237;veis de troponina card&#237;aca n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. Estudos experimentais anteriores demonstraram a incid&#234;ncia de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica ap&#243;s obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria mec&#226;nica induzida em ratos;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> apoptose acelerada por disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Outros mecanismos propostos incluem a renova&#231;&#227;o normal dos mi&#243;citos, a libera&#231;&#227;o celular de produtos de degrada&#231;&#227;o proteol&#237;tica, maior permeabilidade da parede celular dos mi&#243;citos e forma&#231;&#227;o de bolhas nas paredes celulares, com a presen&#231;a dessas prote&#237;nas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis mais elevados de Tnc e desfechos piores em ambientes extra-hospitalares foi relatada por estudos anteriores. Em 2007, Eggers et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> analisaram uma coorte de pacientes com troponina I (TnI) anteriormente gerada, medida em 6 semanas, 3 meses e 6 meses ap&#243;s um evento de SCA. Ao longo deste estudo, o subgrupo de pacientes com n&#237;veis permanentemente elevados de TnI (&#8805; 0,01) apresentou maior probabilidade de morte durante o acompanhamento do que os pacientes com TnI transitoriamente elevada ou negativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em 2012, dois estudos abordaram o papel progn&#243;stico da troponina T card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade (TnT-as) na fase estabilizada ap&#243;s um evento card&#237;aco. Ang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> acompanharam 326 pacientes por uma m&#233;dia de 30 meses, ap&#243;s medi&#231;&#227;o da TnT-as 7 semanas ap&#243;s uma SCA; ap&#243;s ajustes para idade, subtipo da SCA, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes tipo 2, tabagismo, anemia, BNP, TFG estimada e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, a TnT-as permaneceu como um forte preditor de morte e IM durante o acompanhamento. Koenig et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> estudaram 1050 pacientes por uma m&#233;dia de 8,1 anos ap&#243;s um evento de SCA ou CRM, com n&#237;veis de TnT-as medidos aproximadamente 43 dias ap&#243;s o evento; os pacientes no quartil mais alto apresentavam maior risco de novos eventos card&#237;acos durante o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o. Um estudo publicado em 2014 tamb&#233;m abordou o papel progn&#243;stico da TnI-as ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de SCA. White et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> acompanharam 7.836 pacientes que haviam sofrido um evento de SCA; ap&#243;s uma m&#233;dia de 6 anos de seguimento, os pacientes no tercil mais alto apresentavam risco aumentado de morte por DAC e IM. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo, esses estudos acompanharam pacientes com idade e TFG estimada semelhantes, mas com menor frequ&#234;ncia basal de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia.</p>
        <p>Fora do escopo da SCA, v&#225;rios estudos tamb&#233;m encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de Tn card&#237;aca e risco de morte. Em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel, um maior risco de mortalidade cardiovascular e de incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi encontrado nos indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis mais altos de TnT-as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e TnI-as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da TnT-as circulante est&#225; independentemente associada &#224; maior mortalidade em pacientes ambulatoriais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225;vel,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Mesmo na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, de Lemos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre altos n&#237;veis de TnT-as e uma menor sobrevida em uma coorte populacional de 3546 indiv&#237;duos. Tais resultados sugerem que n&#237;veis persistentemente elevados de Tnc circulantes s&#227;o marcadores gerais de maior risco de morte em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, independentemente de idade e comorbidades.</p>
        <p>Merecem destaque alguns aspectos de nosso estudo. Primeiramente, ele foi realizado em um hospital comunit&#225;rio, sem equipe cardiol&#243;gica pr&#243;pria; esse tipo de atendimento m&#233;dico &#233; recebido por muitos pacientes com SCA no Brasil, mas poucos estudos progn&#243;sticos foram publicados nesse cen&#225;rio. Segundo, o tamanho da nossa amostra, bem como o acompanhamento a longo prazo, fazem deste um dos maiores estudos com biomarcadores progn&#243;sticos em pacientes com SCA no Brasil. Al&#233;m disso, como pesquisamos os registros de &#243;bito de todos os pacientes que n&#227;o puderam ser contatados durante o acompanhamento, nossa an&#225;lise da mortalidade por todas as causas n&#227;o foi significativamente afetada por vi&#233;s.</p>
        <p>Este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Como em todos os estudos unic&#234;ntricos, os resultados em ambos os grupos poderiam ter sido influenciados por pr&#225;ticas locais. Como as interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas n&#227;o foram realizadas no local, os dados sobre o tipo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (se houve) n&#227;o estavam acess&#237;veis no caso da maioria dos pacientes, n&#227;o podendo, portanto, ser computados em nosso modelo de Cox. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o disp&#250;nhamos de dados sobre a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes apresentando IAMSST que receberam terapia de reperfus&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a ades&#227;o &#224;s terapias recomendadas pelas diretrizes para SCA foi sub&#243;tima em nossa coorte. Por fim, apesar de usarmos ensaios padronizados para medir todos os n&#237;veis de troponina na fase subaguda da SCA, tais ensaios n&#227;o foram os mesmos utilizados na admiss&#227;o desses pacientes no hospital; isso impediu a realiza&#231;&#227;o de mais an&#225;lises das tend&#234;ncias evolutivas dos n&#237;veis de TnI-as ao longo do tempo. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, nossos achados puderam demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de TnI-as e piores desfechos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o altamente miscigenada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>N&#237;veis elevados de TnI-as na fase estabilizada ap&#243;s um evento de SCA est&#227;o associados a maior mortalidade cardiovascular e por todas as causas, independentemente de comorbidades, fun&#231;&#227;o renal e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Esses achados podem, potencialmente, melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes p&#243;s-SCA no ambiente ambulatorial.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Leandro Teixeira de Castro pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP, sob o protocolo n&#250;mero 866/08. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
