<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RhPc3Vhwp34tC36PYpZGBnR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300228</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190023</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abdominal Adiposity and Intima-Media Carotid Thickness: An Association</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8025-9084</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coutinho</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio S&#233;rgio Soares de Azeredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Santa Catarina</city>
            <state>SC</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, SC - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mario Coutinho,</bold> Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Hospital Universit&#225;rio 3&#186; andar. Postal Code 88040-900, Campus Universit&#225;rio, Florianopolis, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mcoutinho@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>228</fpage>
      <lpage>229</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity, Abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Artery Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Media-Carotidea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Atherosclerosis is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in adults in Brazil and worldwide. Classical risk factors have shown its causal association from randomized experimental studies, such with cholesterol and hypertension. Other risk factors, including abdominal adiposity, show positive associations with atherosclerosis-related outcomes.</p>
    <p>The ELSA-Brazil observational study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> began collecting data in 2008 with clinical, epidemiological and laboratorial variables of 15,105 public servants aged 35 to 74 years. Several articles on these data have already been published and have brought relevant information about the association between risk factors and varied outcomes. In the present issue, Michaela Eickemberg et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> present data from a cross-sectional study that explores different measures of abdominal adiposity and its association with carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) measurement.</p>
    <p>Epidemiological studies seek to find plausible associations between risk factors and clinical outcomes or "surrogates" (here represented by C-IMT). Associations may or may not be causal. For an association between variables to indicate possible causality, it is necessary that some criteria, proposed by British statistician Austin Bradford Hill,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> be considered. They are:</p>
    <p>
      <list list-type="alpha-lower">
        <list-item>
          <p>strength of association (magnitude of effect);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>consistency (or reproducibility);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>specificity (one disease, one variable);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>temporality (cause before effect);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>biological gradient (greater exposure, more disease);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>plausibility (known mechanism);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>coherence (between laboratory and clinical data);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>experiment (not always possible);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>analogy (comparison with similar situations).</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </p>
    <p>When applying these criteria to the study in question we have: a) the magnitude of effect of abdominal adiposity on C-IMT is a modest one (odds ratio around 1.4); b) there are other studies that prove this association; c) abdominal adiposity is not the only cause of atherosclerosis; d) it is probable that the adiposity precedes the intima-media thickening; e) we do not have definitive evidence of a biological gradient; f) there is biological plausibility for the assessed association; g) coherence between laboratory and clinical data is present; h) animal experiments have shown that a hyperlipidemic diet directly affects the arteries; i) in analogy with other risk factors, abdominal adiposity may indicate more arterial adiposity.</p>
    <p>Of all these criteria, only one is a prerequisite for causality: temporality, that is, the cause before the effect. As the present study has a cross-sectional design, temporality is, by definition, excluded. Therefore, we are discussing a non-causal association. The main conclusion of the study is that there is a statistically significant association between the different rates of abdominal adiposity and C-IMT, and the simplest of these (the abdominal circumference) showed the greatest association strength in the logistic model, adjusted for selected confounding variables.</p>
    <p>With these comments, we want to put into perspective the importance of the critical analysis of observational studies. This criticism is necessary, but we have to emphasize that without observational studies, medical science would not have developed so far. The knowledge of the diseases that affect the human being was based on data from careful observations analyzed in order to reduce the effect of statistical and systematic biases.</p>
    <p>The ELSA-Brazil study and its sub-studies, such as that of Eickemberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> fit this quality profile, which are so necessary to science. With careful data collection and a group of researchers committed to an excellent quality standard, ELSA-Brazil has brought valuable information about risk factors in a specific group of Brazilians, data that can guide future health policies.</p>
    <p>The causality of abdominal adiposity over atherosclerosis-related clinical events has been recently confirmed by mendelian randomization, an observational method of estimating causal effects using genetic variants, such as instrumental variables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial relate to the article: Indicators of Abdominal Adiposity and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: Results from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brazil)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adiposidade Abdominal e Espessura M&#233;dio-Intimal das Car&#243;tidas: Uma Associa&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8025-9084</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coutinho</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio S&#233;rgio Soares de Azeredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, SC - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mario Coutinho,</bold> Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Hospital Universit&#225;rio 3&#186; andar. CEP 88040-900, Campus Universit&#225;rio, Florianopolis, SC - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mcoutinho@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade Abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura Intima</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A aterosclerose &#233; a principal causa de morbimortalidade em adultos no Brasil e no mundo. Fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos mostraram sua rela&#231;&#227;o causal a partir de estudos experimentais randomizados como &#233; o caso do colesterol e da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Outros fatores de risco, entre eles a adiposidade abdominal, mostram associa&#231;&#245;es positivas com desfechos relacionados &#224; aterosclerose.</p>
      <p>O estudo observacional ELSA-Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> iniciou a coleta de dados em 2008 com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, epidemiol&#243;gicas e laboratoriais de 15.105 funcion&#225;rios p&#250;blicos com idade de 35 a 74 anos. V&#225;rios artigos sobre estes dados j&#225; foram publicados e trouxeram informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco e desfechos variados. Na presente publica&#231;&#227;o, Michaela Eickemberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> apresentam dados de um estudo transversal que explora diferentes medidas de adiposidade abdominal e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a medida da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal das car&#243;tidas (EMI-C).</p>
      <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos procuram encontrar associa&#231;&#245;es plaus&#237;veis entre fatores de risco e desfechos cl&#237;nicos ou &#8220;substitutos&#8221; (aqui representado pela EMI-C). Associa&#231;&#245;es podem, ou n&#227;o, ser causais. Para que uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis indique uma poss&#237;vel causalidade, &#233; necess&#225;rio que alguns crit&#233;rios, propostos pelo estat&#237;stico brit&#226;nico Austin Bradford Hill,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> sejam considerados. S&#227;o eles:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>for&#231;a da associa&#231;&#227;o (magnitude do efeito);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>consist&#234;ncia (ou reprodutibilidade);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>especificidade (uma doen&#231;a, uma vari&#225;vel);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>temporalidade (causa antes do efeito);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>gradiente biol&#243;gico (maior exposi&#231;&#227;o, mais doen&#231;a);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>plausibilidade (mecanismo conhecido);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>coer&#234;ncia (entre laborat&#243;rio e cl&#237;nica);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>experimento (nem sempre poss&#237;vel);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>analogia (compara&#231;&#227;o com situa&#231;&#245;es semelhantes).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>Aplicando estes crit&#233;rios ao estudo em quest&#227;o temos: a) a magnitude do efeito adiposidade abdominal sobre a EMI-C &#233; modesta (<italic>odds ratio</italic> em torno de 1,4); b) h&#225; outros estudos que comprovam esta associa&#231;&#227;o; c) adiposidade abdominal n&#227;o &#233; a &#250;nica causa da aterosclerose; d) &#233; prov&#225;vel que a adiposidade anteceda o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal; e) n&#227;o temos evid&#234;ncia definitiva de um gradiente biol&#243;gico; f) h&#225; plausibilidade biol&#243;gica para a associa&#231;&#227;o explorada; g) a coer&#234;ncia entre dados laboratoriais e a cl&#237;nica est&#225; presente; h) experimentos com animais mostram que dietas hiperlip&#234;micas afetam diretamente as art&#233;rias; i) em analogia com outros fatores de risco, a adiposidade abdominal pode significar mais adiposidade arterial.</p>
      <p>De todos estes crit&#233;rios, apenas um &#233; &#8220;<italic>sine qua non</italic>&#8221; para causalidade: a temporalidade, ou seja, a causa antes do efeito. Sendo o presente estudo de desenho transversal a temporalidade est&#225;, por defini&#231;&#227;o, exclu&#237;da. Portanto, estamos discutindo uma associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-causal. A conclus&#227;o principal do estudo &#233; de que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre os diferentes &#237;ndices de adiposidade abdominal e a EMI-C, sendo que, o mais singelo destes (a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal) mostrou a maior for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o no modelo log&#237;stico, ajustado para vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o selecionadas.</p>
      <p>Com estes coment&#225;rios queremos colocar em perspectiva a import&#226;ncia da an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica dos estudos observacionais. Esta cr&#237;tica &#233; necess&#225;ria, por&#233;m temos que enfatizar que, sem os estudos observacionais a ci&#234;ncia m&#233;dica n&#227;o teria evolu&#237;do at&#233; aqui. O conhecimento das doen&#231;as que acometem o ser humano teve como alicerce dados provenientes de observa&#231;&#245;es cuidadosas analisadas de forma a reduzir o efeito de vi&#233;ses estat&#237;sticos e sistem&#225;ticos.</p>
      <p>O estudo ELSA-Brasil e seus subestudos, como o de Eickemberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> se encaixam neste perfil de qualidade, t&#227;o necess&#225;ria &#224; Ci&#234;ncia. Com criteriosa coleta de dados e um grupo de pesquisadores comprometidos com um padr&#227;o de qualidade excelente, o ELSA-Brasil tem trazido informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre fatores de risco de um grupo espec&#237;fico de brasileiros, dados estes que podem orientar futuras pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>A causalidade da adiposidade abdominal sobre eventos cl&#237;nicos relacionados &#224; aterosclerose, tem sido confirmada recentemente pela randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana, -m&#233;todo observacional de estima&#231;&#227;o de efeitos causais utilizando variantes gen&#233;ticas como vari&#225;veis instrumentais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Indicadores de Adiposidade Abdominal e Espessura M&#233;dio-Intimal de Car&#243;tidas: Resultados do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto - ELSA-Brasil</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
