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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YKnKHLnNN6B79CGdqPFwQqR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000300220</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180273</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Indicators of Abdominal Adiposity and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: Results from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brazil)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3625-2221</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eickemberg</surname>
            <given-names>Michaela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Leila Denise Alves Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Concei&#231;&#227;o Chagas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aquino</surname>
            <given-names>Estela Maria Le&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Jesus Mendes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chor</surname>
            <given-names>Dora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de F&#225;tima Sander</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila Maria Alvim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fiocruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Michaela Eickemberg,</bold> Rua Bas&#237;lio da Gama, 316. Postal Code 40110-040, Canela, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mieickemberg@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>mieickemberg@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, analysis and interpretation of the data, statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript: Eickemberg M, Amorim LDAF, Matos SMA; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Amorim LDAF, Almeida MCC, Aquino EML, Fonseca MJM, Santos IS, Diniz MFS, Barreto SM, Matos SMA</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>3</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>220</fpage>
      <lpage>227</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Abdominal adiposity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine the magnitude of the association between abdominal adiposity, according to five different indicators, and the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Data from 8,449 participants aged 35 to 74 years from the ELSA-Brazil study were used. The effect of waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), conicity index (C index), lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) on CIMT were evaluated. Data were stratified by gender and analyzed using multivariate linear and logistic regressions. A significance level of 5% was considered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Participants with CIMT &gt; P75 showed a higher frequency of abdominal adiposity (men &gt;72% and women &gt;66%) compared to those with CIMT &lt; P75. Abdominal adiposity was associated with the mean CIMT, mainly through WC in men (0.04; 95%CI: 0.033; 0.058). The abdominal adiposity identified by the WC, WHR, LAP, and VAI indicators in women showed an effect of 0.02 mm on the CIMT (WC: 0.025, 95%CI: 0.016, 0.035; WHR: 0.026, 95%CI: 0.016, 0.035; LAP: 0.024, 95%CI: 0.014; 0.034; VAI: 0.020, 95%CI: 0.010, 0.031). In the multiple logistic regression, the abdominal adiposity diagnosed by WC showed an important effect on the CIMT in both genders (men: OR = 1.47, 95%CI: 1.22-1.77, women: OR = 1.38; 95%CI: 1.17-1.64).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Abdominal adiposity, identified through WC, WHR, LAP, and VAI, was associated with CIMT in both genders, mainly for the traditional anthropometric indicator, WC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Abdominal Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Abdominal obesity is a traditional risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In Brazil, the prevalence of abdominal obesity, estimated by the National Health Survey <italic>(Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de),</italic> according to the cut-off points for waist circumference (WC) of the World Health Organization,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> was 52.1% for women and 21.8% for men in 2013.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several mechanisms have attempted to explain how abdominal adiposity becomes a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It is a consensus that abdominal adipose tissue has complex metabolic functions and produces numerous mediators that trigger specific, dynamic and inflammatory reactions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Atherosclerotic lesions increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases. The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis and a predictor of myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The association between abdominal adiposity and subclinical atherosclerosis has been documented in different populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, even though the CIMT is associated with abdominal adiposity, it is yet to be fully established how much this adiposity, measured by different clinical and other unusual indicators, is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>Studies have suggested that WC, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) may predict subclinical atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Most studies on this subject were performed in Europe, Asia and the United States, and use the WC and WHR to define abdominal adiposity and its association with cardiovascular diseases. Indicators that provide indirect information on lipid overaccumulation and visceral fat function associated with cardiovascular events, such as VAI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and the lipid accumulation product (LAP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, need to be further explored. The conicity index (C index) stands out as a discriminator of high coronary risk in Brazilian studies, especially when a black population is being investigated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> On the other hand, there are no studies that investigated the effect of adiposity diagnosed by this index on CIMT.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of the association between abdominal adiposity, according to different diagnostic indicators (WC, WHR, C Index), and between indexes that reflect visceral adipose tissue dysfunction (LAP and VAI) and CIMT among the participants of ELSA-Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and population</title>
        <p>The ELSA-Brasil study included in its baseline 15,105 civil servants, aged 35-74 years, connected to six teaching and research institutions in three Brazilian regions (South, Southeast and Northeast). More details on the study methodology can be found in an earlier publication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Interviews and collection of anthropometric and biochemical measurements were carried out by a trained and certified team. A more detailed publication is available on the standardization and quality assurance procedures and the quality of uniformization regarding the conducts adopted in the ELSA-Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion Criteria</title>
        <p>In order to keep a healthy sample and to avoid biases related to CIMT, of the 10,943 participants with a valid image for both common carotid arteries, we excluded 569 patients who declared having cardiovascular disease, 36 with serum triglycerides &gt; 800 mg/dL, 1,974 patients using lipid-lowering medication, 144 with BMI &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 120 who underwent bariatric surgery. To avoid biases related to abdominal fat measurement, 32 participants with body dystrophies and abdominal hernias were excluded. We also excluded the participants who self-declared as having Asian and Native Brazilian ethnicity/skin color due to the small number (297 and 136, respectively), 150 participants who did not declare ethnicity/ skin color and 15 without information on indicators of abdominal adiposity. The final sample consisted of 8,449 participants (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Some participants had more than one condition for exclusion.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study sample selection flowchart. Note: Percentage of exclusion (sample with valid images and final sample): 23%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0220-80273-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT)</title>
        <p>All the research centers collected the CIMT measurement using a standardized method, utilizing an Aplio XG(tm), Toshiba equipment, with a 7.5 MHz linear transducer. The technique used in the study has been published elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> For this article, CIMT was defined as the mean of the mean values of the right and left carotid arteries. The 75<sup>th</sup> percentile was used to dichotomize this variable according to gender (male: 0.69 mm, female: 0.64 mm). The 75<sup>th</sup> percentile was based on technical consensuses and previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indicators of abdominal adiposity</title>
        <p>Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standardized equipment and techniques. The WC was measured at midpoint between the inferior border of the costal arch and the iliac crest, at the median axillary line and at the hip circumference at the maximal protrusion of the gluteal muscles, over the trousers of the study clothing. These circumferences were used to calculate the WHR. The C index was calculated using the formula: <inline-formula><mml:math id="e01"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mi>WC</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">m</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mi>.</mml:mi><mml:mn>109</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>Weight</mml:mi></mml:msqrt><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">kg</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>Height</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">m</mml:mi></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The LAP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> was calculated using gender-specific equations: <inline-formula><mml:math id="e02"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mi>Men</mml:mi><mml:mi>:</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>WC</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi>cm</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>65</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>triglycerides</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mi>;</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Women</mml:mi><mml:mi>:</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>WC</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi>cm</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>58</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>triglycerides</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>, as well as the VAI:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<inline-formula><mml:math id="e03"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mi>Men</mml:mi><mml:mi>:</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>WC</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi>cm</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>39</mml:mn><mml:mi>.</mml:mi><mml:mn>68</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>.</mml:mi><mml:mn>88</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>body</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>mass</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>index</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>kg</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>triglycerides</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mi>.</mml:mi><mml:mn>81</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>.</mml:mi><mml:mn>31</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>HDL</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>cholesterol</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mi>;</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Women</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>WC</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi>cm</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>36</mml:mn><mml:mi>.</mml:mi><mml:mn>58</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>.</mml:mi><mml:mn>89</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>body</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>mass</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>index</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>kg</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>triglycerides</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mi>.</mml:mi><mml:mn>81</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>.</mml:mi><mml:mn>52</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>HDL</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>cholesterol</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>.</p>
        <p>The indicators were categorized in the presence and absence of abdominal adiposity, according to the cut-off points defined by Eickemberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Respectively, the following values were used for white, brown and black individuals: WC: men 89.9 cm; 90.2 cm and 91.7 cm; women 80.4 cm; 82.7 cm and 85.4 cm; WHR: men 0.92; 0.92 and 0.90; women 0.82; 0.83 and 0.84; C index: men 1.24; 1.24 and 1.24; women 1,20; 1.22 and 1.19; LAP: men 29.81; 32.39 and 33.08; women 22,64; 30.27 and 27.12; VAI: men 1.74; 2.08 and 1.68; women 1.44; 2.16 and 1.65. We chose to use the term "adiposity" instead of obesity for the five indicators, considering that LAP and VAI reflect the function of visceral fat, and not only the accumulation of abdominal fat, such as WC, WHR and C index.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Covariates</title>
        <p>Ethnicity/skin color was self-attributed and categorized as white, brown and black. The level of schooling was categorized as complete college/university education, complete high school and incomplete and complete elementary school. Smoking was stratified as nonsmokers, ex-smokers, and current smokers.</p>
        <p>Weight and height were measured with participants wearing the study clothing, without shoes and accessories. A Toledo scale and a Seca stadiometer were used for the measurements of weight and height, respectively. These variables were used to calculate adiposity indexes.</p>
        <p>Blood samples were collected by venipuncture after 12 hours of fasting. Triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol tests were performed by colorimetric enzymatic and homogeneous enzymatic colorimetric methods without precipitation, respectively. LDL-cholesterol levels were obtained using Friedewald's formula. Triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol were used to calculate the LAP and VAI.</p>
        <p>Arterial hypertension was defined with a mean systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mmHg and a mean diastolic &#8805; 90 mmHg; or if the individual was undergoing antihypertensive treatment. Blood pressure was measured three times, considering the mean of the last two measurements for calcualtion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>A data descriptive analysis was carried out to evaluate the distribution of participants according to the characteristics of interest. Due to the asymmetric distribution of some variables it was decided to show the continuous variables as median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
        <p>The frequency of high CIMT (&#8805;75<sup>th</sup> percentile) and abdominal adiposity through WC, WHR, C index, LAP and VAI indicators were estimated. Regression coefficients and odds ratios (OR), with their respective 95% confidence intervals, were calculated using linear regression and multivariate logistic analyses, respectively. Regression analyses were used to identify the magnitude of the effect of the abdominal adiposity presence, measured by the indicators in a categorical scale, on the mean of the CIMT in the linear model and on the diagnosis of high CIMT in the logistic analysis.</p>
        <p>Due to the asymmetric distribution, CIMT values were transformed into natural logarithm for linear regression. For the logistic regression, the dichotomized CIMT was used in the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile of the distribution. The main independent variables (abdominal adiposity indicators) were introduced separately in five models for each regression analysis (linear and logistic) by gender. All models were adjusted for age, ethnicity/skin color, level of schooling, smoking status, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and arterial hypertension, chosen for their proximity to the atherosclerosis condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>An effect modification analysis was performed to test the variables gender and ethnicity/skin color in all proposed models using the maximum likelihood ratio test. No effect modification was detected; however, we maintained the analyses stratified by gender based on theoretical references.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A diagnostic evaluation of the multiple linear regression models was carried out through graphic analysis of residues, evaluation of influential points and multicollinearity. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test, goodness-of-fit test using the Pearson's residuals and Deviance residues, McFadden's Adjusted R<sup>2</sup> and ROC curve, were used to diagnose logistic model adjustment. A significance level of 5% was established and the Stata 12 software (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA) was used for the analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The sample characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Men and women with high CIMT had an older median age (47 and 48 years <italic>versus</italic> 57 years) and a higher frequency of abdominal adiposity (men 71.9% to 78.4%; and women 66% to 73.1%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics, according to the carotid intima-media thickness and gender. ELSA-Brazil, 2008-2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="5%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Male</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CIMT &lt; P75</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CIMT &gt; P75</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CIMT &lt; P75</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CIMT &gt; P75</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">n = 2,779</th>
              <th align="center">n = 958</th>
              <th align="center">n = 3,503</th>
              <th align="center">n =1,209</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">48 (43-54)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (51-63)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (43-53)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (51-62)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ethnicity/skin color, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,562 (56.2)</td>
              <td align="center">545 (56.8)</td>
              <td align="center">2,010 (57.3)</td>
              <td align="center">705 (58.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brown</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">836 (30.0)</td>
              <td align="center">266 (27.7)</td>
              <td align="center">883 (25.2)</td>
              <td align="center">306 (25.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">381 (13.7)</td>
              <td align="center">147 (15.3)</td>
              <td align="center">610 (17.4)</td>
              <td align="center">198 (16.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Level of schooling, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete College/University</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,352 (48.6)</td>
              <td align="center">420 (43.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1,976 (56.4)</td>
              <td align="center">613 (50.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete High School</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,049 (37.7)</td>
              <td align="center">310 (32.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1,292 (36.8)</td>
              <td align="center">413 (34.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Incomplete + complete Elementary School</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">378 (13.6)</td>
              <td align="center">228 (23.8)</td>
              <td align="center">235 (6.7)</td>
              <td align="center">183 (15.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking status, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Never smoked</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,588 (57.1)</td>
              <td align="center">366 (38.2)</td>
              <td align="center">2,284 (65.2)</td>
              <td align="center">695 (57.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Former smoker</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">811 (29.1)</td>
              <td align="center">404 (42.2)</td>
              <td align="center">803 (22.9)</td>
              <td align="center">334 (27.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current smoker</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">380 (13.6)</td>
              <td align="center">187 (19.5)</td>
              <td align="center">416 (11.8)</td>
              <td align="center">180 (14.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol, median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">49 (43-57)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (43-57)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (52-71)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (51-70)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol, median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">130 (110-152)</td>
              <td align="center">138.5 (117-161)</td>
              <td align="center">127 (106-149)</td>
              <td align="center">140 (119-164)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">709 (25.5)</td>
              <td align="center">499 (52.1)</td>
              <td align="center">644 (18.3)</td>
              <td align="center">540 (44.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean BMI (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">26.0 (23.6-28.5)</td>
              <td align="center">27.2 (24.6-29.9)</td>
              <td align="center">25.3 (22.7-29.5)</td>
              <td align="center">27.3 (24.1-30.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Abdominal adiposity, median (IQR)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">92.3 (85.5-99.4)</td>
              <td align="center">96.6 (89.4-104.1)</td>
              <td align="center">83.2 (76.5-91.4)</td>
              <td align="center">88.9 (81-97.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist-to-hip ratio</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.93 (0.88-0.97)</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 (0.92-1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 (0.78-0.87)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 (0.81-0.91)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conicity index</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.26 (1.21-1.30)</td>
              <td align="center">1.29 (1.24-1.34)</td>
              <td align="center">1.19 (1.14-1.25)</td>
              <td align="center">1.23 (1.18-1.29)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipid accumulation product</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">38.8 (22.1-65.3)</td>
              <td align="center">51.2(30.4-82.2)</td>
              <td align="center">26.48 (15.3-44.4)</td>
              <td align="center">39.9 (23.4-63.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Visceral adiposity index</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.41 (1.47-3.95)</td>
              <td align="center">2.91 (1.74-4.66)</td>
              <td align="center">1.62(1.06-2.61)</td>
              <td align="center">2.15 (1.37-3.43)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Abdominal adiposity, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,599 (57.5)</td>
              <td align="center">690 (72.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1,939 (55.3)</td>
              <td align="center">884 (73.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist-to-hip ratio</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,628 (58.5)</td>
              <td align="center">751 (78.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1,744 (49.7)</td>
              <td align="center">847 (70.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conicity index</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,740 (62.6)</td>
              <td align="center">738 (77.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1,657 (47.3)</td>
              <td align="center">798 (66.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipid accumulation product</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,670 (60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">715 (74.6)</td>
              <td align="center">1,834 (52.3)</td>
              <td align="center">865 (71.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Visceral adiposity index</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,774 (63.8)</td>
              <td align="center">708 (73.9)</td>
              <td align="center">1,733 (49.4)</td>
              <td align="center">799 (66.0)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>
              <italic>The sum of observations may differ in some variables due to data loss; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; P75: 75th percentile; IQR: interquartile range; n (%): number of observations (frequency); BMI: body mass index.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The values of abdominal adiposity indicators were higher in men and in men and women with CIMT &gt; 75<sup>th</sup> percentile. The men had a median CIMT of 0.59 mm (0.52-0.69), and women of 0.56 mm (0.50-0.64) (data not shown).</p>
      <p>In both genders, the adiposity measured by the five indicators was associated with the mean log of CIMT. The C index showed the smallest effect (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate linear regression analysis between abdominal adiposity, measured by five indicators alone, and CIMT, according to gender. ELSA-Brazil 2008-2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="5%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Male</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">n = 3,737</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">n = 4,712</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">&#946; (SE)</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">&#946; (SE)</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.045 (0.006)</td>
              <td align="center">0.033;0.058</td>
              <td align="center">0.025 (0.004)</td>
              <td align="center">0.016;0.035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist-to-hip ratio</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.032 (0.006)</td>
              <td align="center">0.019;0.045</td>
              <td align="center">0.026 (0.004)</td>
              <td align="center">0.016;0.035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conicity index</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.016 (0.006)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003;0.029</td>
              <td align="center">0.011 (0.004)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002;0.020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipid accumulation product</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.030 (0.006)</td>
              <td align="center">0.016;0.043</td>
              <td align="center">0.024 (0.004)</td>
              <td align="center">0.014;0.034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Visceral adiposity index</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.022 (0.007)</td>
              <td align="center">0.007;0.037</td>
              <td align="center">0.020 (0.005)</td>
              <td align="center">0.010;0.031</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>
              <italic>The models were adjusted for age, ethnicity/skin color, level of schooling, smoking status, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and arterial hypertension.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>), there was an association between the diagnosis of adiposity by WC, WHR, LAP and VAI with CIMT in both genders. The adiposity diagnosed by WC showed a greater effect on CIMT in both genders. According to the diagnostic analyses of the models, there were no assumption violations, indicating the models' adequacy.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Odds ratio and respective 95% confidence intervals for the association between abdominal adiposity, diagnosed by five indicators alone, with CIMT, according to gender. ELSA-Brazil 2008-2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="2%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Male</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">n = 3,737</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">n = 4,712</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">OR (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">OR (95%CI)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.47 (1.22;1.77)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.38 (1.17;1.64)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist-to-hip ratio</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.37 (1.12;1.67)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.33 (1.13;1.57)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conicity index</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (0.83;1.24)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.12 (0.95;1.32)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipid accumulation product</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.39 (1.13;1.69)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.28 (1.08;1.53)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Visceral adiposity index</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.42 (1.13;1.77)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.31 (1.08;1.59)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>
              <italic>The models were adjusted for age, ethnicity/skin color, level of schooling, smoking status, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and arterial hypertension.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Using data from the ELSA-Brasil study, associations were observed between abdominal adiposity measurements and CIMT, a noninvasive marker of subclinical atherosclerosis capable of predicting cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> It has been documented, in a study carried out in Southeast Brazil, the definition of CIMT as the thickening of the intima-media complex starting from 1.0mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Considering this value, in our study, the presence of abdominal adiposity diagnosed by WC, WHR, LAP and VAI showed an important effect, with a variation of 0.02 mm to 0.04 mm in the log of CIMT in both genders. Polack et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> using data from the Framingham offspring cohort study, found that an annual change in CIMT &gt; 0.02 mm was associated with a more than two-fold risk of cerebrovascular accident.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Few studies have compared different indicators of adiposity with CIMT, and the present study is the first one that separately investigated the contribution of different indicators of abdominal adiposity. Previous studies also carried out with ELSA-Brazil data also evaluated the association between traditional risk factors and CIMT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> WC, WHR, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and neck circumference (NC) were included in the analysis. The latter indicator had the strongest association with CIMT. The authors suggest that the local effect produced by neck fat acts directly on the carotid arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Our study did not include neck circumference; however, the measures used in the study are relatively simple and reflect important information about the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, at individual and population levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most studies that evaluated the association between abdominal adiposity and CIMT used visceral fat measured by imaging tests. In these studies, visceral fat was strongly associated with CIMT,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> but the comparison with these findings is limited by the different methods used to identify abdominal and visceral fat. The association between abdominal adiposity and subclinical atherosclerosis is possibly related to the visceral component of abdominal fat. The indicators evaluated in the present study are indirect measures of this component, but they show good correlation with visceral fat and are accessible to the overall population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The WC was the indicator most strongly associated with CIMT. Similar to our data, other studies have also found an association between WC and CIMT in healthy 45- to 65-year-old Dutch adults, hospitalized Irish adults, and hospitalized subjects aged 21-83 years in China.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> WC is described as an indicator of abdominal adiposity with a greater capacity to predict metabolic alterations and cardiovascular diseases, being one of the measures that most closely approximates to visceral fat measured by imaging tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, WHR also showed an important association with CIMT between men and women. Large epidemiological studies have described the strongest associations not only between adiposity diagnosed by WHR and CIMT, but also with the prevalence of myocardial infarction, incidence of coronary artery disease, high coronary risk and coronary events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> However , evidence shows that the gluteofemural region consists mainly of subcutaneous adipose tissue. This tissue does not seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. By including hip measurement, WHR reflects the effect of total adiposity as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Thus, WHR can be useful as a simple and consistent indicator by reflecting the combination of total and abdominal adiposity.</p>
      <p>The C index was the indicator that showed the lowest effect of abdominal adiposity on the CIMT in this study. No studies were found that investigated this indicator in relation to subclinical atherosclerosis. Previous publications have observed the association of this indicator with high coronary risk in Brazilians from the Northeast region<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> and metabolic alterations in Indian civil servants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Although the C index is not a new indicator, it remains little explored and there is no consensus on ideal cutoff points for the Brazilian population. As it considers weight and height, similar to the WHR, it may be useful to demonstrate the combination of total and abdominal adiposities on cardiovascular outcomes. One hypothesis for the absence of association in this study is the large percentage of participants of white ethnicity/skin color, since the performance of this indicator as a discriminator of coronary risk works better in black populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>VAI is an indicator originally proposed to identify the distribution and function of adipose tissue, indirectly expressing cardiovascular risk. Due to the inclusion of physical and metabolic parameters (anthropometric measures and biochemical tests), this indicator may reflect the altered production of adipocytokines, increase in lipolysis and free fatty acids in plasma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Evidence indicates that VAI was independently associated with cardiovascular (OR = 2.45, 95%CI: 1.52, 3.95) and cerebrovascular events (OR = 1.63, 95%CI: 1.06, 2.50) in healthy and non-obese Italians.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The only study found that evaluated the association between VAI and a subclinical measure of atherosclerosis - the CAC - coronary artery calcium score - was carried out with 33,468 Koreans with a mean age of 42 years. Similar to the present findings, but with a lower magnitude of association, the highest chance of having subclinical atherosclerosis (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.14, 1.38) was shown in individuals with the highest tertile of VAI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> It was found in the current study that the chance of men and women with abdominal adiposity assessed by VAI of having high CIMT was 42% and 31%, respectively. This difference between the studies was possibly observed due to the characteristics of the investigated populations (healthy participants <italic>versus</italic> patients from a Korean university hospital).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Similar to VAI, the LAP showed an association between the presence of abdominal adiposity and CIMT. No previous evidence was found on the association between LAP and subclinical atherosclerosis. The LAP was developed to reflect combined metabolic and physical alterations, using WC and triglycerides. Therefore, it measures lipid overaccumulation and stands out as a cardiovascular risk factor in adults. This indicator has been investigated in the context of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and mortality. An American cohort study with approximately 5,000 subjects treated at a cardiologic clinic between 1995-2006 showed an association between LAP and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 1.52 95%CI: 1.27, 1.82), adjusted for age, gender, smoking, diabetes, blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, more studies are needed, especially in Brazil, to broaden the knowledge of less popular indicators such as VAI and LAP. Evidence suggests that information not only on the fatty tissue accumulated in the abdominal region is provided through LAP and VAI, but also on fat deposition in areas such as the liver, muscle, heart and arteries. This lipid overaccumulation causes changes in intracellular metabolism and contributes to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, including atherogenesis and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study the associations between adiposity measures and CIMT were more significant for men than for women. Women have more total body fat (and subcutaneous), often in the legs and buttocks and, especially, before menopause. Men tend to accumulate fat in the abdominal region throughout life, so they are at higher risk for developing cardiovascular outcomes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> including atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>Evidence shows differences in the progression of CIMT and adiposity due to the ethnicity/ skin color.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> The cut-off points used in this study incorporated the differences between gender and ethnicity/skin color<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and, perhaps because of that, no effect modification was detected.</p>
      <p>Through the coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), the linear regression model variables, including each indicator alone, explained approximately 30% of the total CIMT variability. In our study, the models were adjusted for age, ethnicity/skin color, level of schooling, smoking, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and arterial hypertension. The study carried out by Santos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> using the ELSA-Brazil sample, found coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) close to 40% when investigating the association of risk factors with CIMT through the variables: blood pressure, glucose metabolism, lipid profile and adiposity (body mass index, WC, hip circumference, WHR, waist-to-height ratio, neck circumference). It is noteworthy that, in addition to adiposity patterns, geographic, genetic, environmental and behavioral characteristics are also associated with the occurrence of atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>The 75<sup>th</sup> percentile of the distribution was used to categorize CIMT in the logistic regression analysis. Other values for this classification might have yielded more consistent results. However, studies show subjects with CIMT values above the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile with a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> It is known that the atheroma plaques may be more representative of atherosclerosis than CIMT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> However, our population is relatively young, and when CIMT was dichotomized at 1.5 mm, a proposed classification for atheroma plaque according to the international consensus,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> it showed a low frequency of participants with this condition (4% in men and 2% in women) (data not shown).</p>
      <p>The use of a stringent protocol for image acquisition and quality control provided reliable and accurate data of CIMT measurements in this study. To reduce the influence of the evaluator, the reading of all images was centralized, and the automated measurements were performed by software. Although we did not adjust the models by body mass index, we excluded subjects with class III obesity and those who underwent bariatric surgery from the analysis, aiming to filter the effect of abdominal adiposity without influence of excessive total body fat.</p>
      <p>This study has limitations. Data on menopause were not considered. When women reach menopause they lose the protection provided by the hormone estrogen and, as they get older, there is a greater accumulation of abdominal fat, as well as an increase in the occurrence of cardiovascular problems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The literature is clear about the effect of age on atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Although the analyzes were adjusted for age in this article, it did not allow the observation of the effect of adiposity on CIMT at different age groups. It is not possible to affirm causality due to the cross-sectional design of this study; however, it seems unlikely that arterial thickening occurs before the high accumulation of abdominal fat. ELSA-Brazil is an occupational cohort and generalizations for the Brazilian population are limited, despite similarities in the prevalence indicators observed in ELSA-Brasil and VIGITEL studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The observed results reinforce the importance of abdominal adiposity for the condition of subclinical atherosclerosis. Abdominal adiposity, identified through WC, WHR, LAP and VAI, was associated with CIMT in both genders, with the traditional WC anthropometric indicator standing out. WC, when compared to the other indicators, and men, when compared to women, showed the most significant effects.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia and Tecnologia do Brasil.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Michaela Eickemberg, from Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the ISC/UFBA, da FIOCRUZ, do Hospital Universit&#225;rio-USP, da UFMG, do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias de Sa&#250;de da UFES, do Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 027/06, 343/06, 669/06, 186/06, 041/06, 194/06 respectively. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Michaela Eickemberg,</bold> Rua Bas&#237;lio da Gama, 316. CEP 40110-040, Canela, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mieickemberg@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>mieickemberg@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Eickemberg M, Amorim LDAF, Matos SMA; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Amorim LDAF, Almeida MCC, Aquino EML, Fonseca MJM, Santos IS, Diniz MFS, Barreto SM, Matos SMA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A adiposidade abdominal &#233; um fator de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a adiposidade abdominal, segundo cinco diferentes indicadores, e a espessura m&#233;dio-intimal de car&#243;tidas (EMI-C).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Usou-se dados de 8.449 participantes de 35 a 74 anos do ELSA-Brasil. Foi avaliado o efeito da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), raz&#227;o cintura quadril (RCQ), &#237;ndice de conicidade (&#205;ndice C), produto da acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica (LAP) e &#237;ndice de adiposidade visceral (IAV) sobre EMI-C. Os dados foram estratificados por sexo e analisados por meio de regress&#245;es linear e log&#237;stica multivariadas. Foi adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Participantes com EMI-C acima do P75 mostraram maior frequ&#234;ncia de adiposidade abdominal (homens acima de 72% e mulheres acima de 66%) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos participantes com EMI-C abaixo do P75. A adiposidade abdominal foi associada com a m&#233;dia da EMI-C, principalmente por meio da CC entre homens (0,04 IC95%: 0,033; 0,058). A adiposidade abdominal identificada pelos indicadores CC, RCQ, LAP e IAV entre as mulheres mostrou efeito de 0,02 mm sobre a EMI-C (CC: 0,025 IC95%: 0,016; 0,035; RCQ: 0,026 IC95%: 0,016; 0,035; LAP: 0,024 IC95%: 0,014; 0,034; IAV: 0,020 IC95%: 0,010; 0,031). Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla a adiposidade abdominal diagnosticada pela CC mostrou importante efeito sobre a EMI-C em ambos os sexos (homens: OR = 1,47; IC95%: 1,22-1,77; mulheres: OR = 1,38; IC95%: 1,17-1,64).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A adiposidade abdominal, identificada por meio da CC, RCQ, LAP e IAV, foi associada &#224; EMI-C em ambos os sexos, com destaque para o tradicional indicador antropom&#233;trico CC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura &#205;ntima-M&#233;dia Carot&#237;dea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A obesidade abdominal &#233; um tradicional fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No Brasil a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade abdominal estimada pela Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de, segundo os pontos de corte para circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> foi de 52,1% entre mulheres e 21,8% entre homens em 2013.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversos mecanismos tentam explicar como a adiposidade abdominal se torna um fator de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular. &#201; consensual que o tecido adiposo abdominal apresenta complexas fun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e produz in&#250;meros mediadores que desencadeiam rea&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, din&#226;micas e inflamat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas elevam o risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A espessura m&#233;dio-intimal de car&#243;tida (EMI-C) &#233; um marcador de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica e preditor de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre adiposidade abdominal e aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica foi documentada em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Contudo, apesar de a EMI-C ser associada &#224; adiposidade abdominal, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente estabelecido o quanto essa adiposidade, mensurada por distintos indicadores cl&#237;nicos e outros n&#227;o habituais, se associa com a aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Estudos sugerem que a CC, raz&#227;o cintura quadril (RCQ) e &#237;ndice de adiposidade visceral (IAV) podem predizer a aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A maioria dos estudos com essa tem&#225;tica foram realizados na Europa, &#193;sia e Estados Unidos e usam a CC e RCQ para definir adiposidade abdominal e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Indicadores que fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es indiretas da sobreacumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e fun&#231;&#227;o da gordura visceral associadas com eventos cardiovasculares, como o IAV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e o produto da acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica - (<italic>lipid accumulation product</italic> - LAP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> precisam ser mais explorados. O &#237;ndice de conicidade (&#237;ndice C) se destaca como discriminador de risco coronariano elevado em pesquisas brasileiras, especialmente quando h&#225; uma parcela de popula&#231;&#227;o negra sob investiga&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Por outro lado, ainda n&#227;o existem estudos que investigaram o efeito da adiposidade diagnosticada por este &#237;ndice sobre a EMI-C.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o entre a adiposidade abdominal, segundo diferentes indicadores diagn&#243;sticos (CC, RCQ, &#205;ndice C) e entre &#237;ndices que refletem disfun&#231;&#227;o de tecido adiposo visceral (LAP e IAV) e a EMI-C entre os participantes do ELSA-Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O ELSA-Brasil incluiu em sua linha de base 15.105 funcion&#225;rios p&#250;blicos, de 35 a 74 anos, vinculados a seis institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino e pesquisa em tr&#234;s regi&#245;es brasileiras (Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste). Mais detalhes sobre a metodologia do estudo encontram-se em publica&#231;&#227;o anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Por meio de equipe treinada e certificada foram realizadas entrevistas e coletas de medidas antropom&#233;tricas e bioqu&#237;micas. Est&#225; dispon&#237;vel publica&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada sobre os procedimentos de garantia da padroniza&#231;&#227;o e qualidade na uniformiza&#231;&#227;o das condutas adotadas no ELSA-Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Com intuito de manter uma amostra saud&#225;vel e afastar vieses relacionados &#224; EMI-C, dentre os 10.943 participantes com imagem v&#225;lida para ambas as art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns, excluiu-se 569 que declararam doen&#231;a cardiovascular, 36 com triglicer&#237;deos s&#233;rico &gt; 800 mg/dL, 1.974 em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante, 144 com IMC &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 120 que realizaram cirurgia bari&#225;trica. Para evitar vieses relacionados &#224; medida de gordura abdominal excluiu-se 32 participantes com distrofias corporais e h&#233;rnias abdominais. Excluiu-se os participantes que autodeclararam ra&#231;a/cor amarela e ind&#237;gena devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero (297 e 136, respectivamente), 150 participantes sem declara&#231;&#227;o de ra&#231;a/cor e 15 sem informa&#231;&#227;o sobre os indicadores de adiposidade abdominal. A amostra final conteve 8.449 participantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Alguns participantes apresentaram mais de uma condi&#231;&#227;o para exclus&#227;o.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra do estudo. Nota: Percentual de exclus&#227;o (amostra com imagens v&#225;lidas e amostra final): 23%.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-03-0220-80273-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Espessura m&#233;dio-intimal de car&#243;tida (EMI-C)</title>
          <p>Todos os centros de investiga&#231;&#227;o coletaram padronizadamente a EMI-C em equipamento (Aplio XG(tm), Toshiba) com transdutor linear de 7,5 MHz. A t&#233;cnica usada foi previamente publicada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Para este artigo, definiu-se a EMI-C como a m&#233;dia dos valores m&#233;dios das car&#243;tidas direita e esquerda. Usou-se o percentil 75 para dicotomizar essa vari&#225;vel segundo sexo (homem: 0,69mm; mulher: 0,64mm). A escolha do percentil 75 foi embasada em consensos t&#233;cnicos e estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indicadores de adiposidade abdominal</title>
          <p>As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram aferidas atrav&#233;s de equipamentos e t&#233;cnicas padronizadas. A CC foi medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre a borda inferior do arco costal e a crista il&#237;aca, na linha axilar m&#233;dia e na circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril na protrus&#227;o m&#225;xima dos m&#250;sculos gl&#250;teos, sobre a cal&#231;a da vestimenta do estudo. Essas circunfer&#234;ncias foram usadas para calcular a RCQ. O &#237;ndice C foi calculado atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula: <inline-formula><mml:math id="e04"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mi>CC</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mi>,</mml:mi><mml:mn>109</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:msqrt><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Peso</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi>kg</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>Altura</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:msqrt></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O LAP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> foi calculado atrav&#233;s de equa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas por sexo: <inline-formula><mml:math id="e05"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mi>Homens</mml:mi><mml:mi>:</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>CC</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi>cm</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>65</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>triglicer</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#237;</mml:mo><mml:mi>deos</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mi>;</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Mulheres</mml:mi><mml:mi>:</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>CC</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi>cm</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>58</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>triglicer</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#237;</mml:mo><mml:mi>deos</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>, bem como o IAV:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						<inline-formula><mml:math id="e06"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mi>Homens</mml:mi><mml:mi>:</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>CC</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi>cm</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>39</mml:mn><mml:mi>,</mml:mi><mml:mn>68</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>,</mml:mi><mml:mn>88</mml:mn><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mo>&#237;</mml:mo><mml:mi>ndice</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>de</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>massa</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>corporal</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>kg</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>triglicer</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#237;</mml:mo><mml:mi>deos</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mi>,</mml:mi><mml:mn>81</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>,</mml:mi><mml:mn>31</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>HDL</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>colesterol</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mi>;</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Mulheres</mml:mi><mml:mi>:</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>CC</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mi>cm</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>36</mml:mn><mml:mi>,</mml:mi><mml:mn>58</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>,</mml:mi><mml:mn>89</mml:mn><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mo>&#237;</mml:mo><mml:mi>ndice</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>de</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>massa</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>corporal</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>kg</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mn mathsize="50.0%">2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mi>)</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>triglicer</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#237;</mml:mo><mml:mi>deos</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mi>,</mml:mi><mml:mn>81</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi>,</mml:mi><mml:mn>52</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>HDL</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>colesterol</mml:mi><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mmol</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>.</p>
          <p>Os indicadores foram categorizados em presen&#231;a e aus&#234;ncia de adiposidade abdominal, segundo pontos de corte definidos por Eickemberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Respectivamente, usou-se os seguintes valores para brancos, pardos e pretos: CC: homens 89,9 cm; 90,2 cm e 91,7 cm; mulheres 80,4 cm; 82,7 cm e 85,4 cm; RCQ: homens 0,92; 0,92 e 0,90; mulheres 0,82; 0,83 e 0,84; &#237;ndice C: homens 1,24; 1,24 e 1,24; mulheres 1,20; 1,22 e 1,19; LAP: homens 29,81; 32,39 e 33,08; mulheres 22,64; 30,27 e 27,12; IAV: homens 1,74; 2,08 e 1,68; mulheres 1,44; 2,16 e 1,65. Optou-se por usar o termo adiposidade ao inv&#233;s de obesidade para os cinco indicadores considerando que o LAP e IAV refletem a fun&#231;&#227;o da gordura visceral, e n&#227;o apenas o ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal, como a CC, RCQ e &#237;ndice C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Covari&#225;veis</title>
          <p>Ra&#231;a/cor da pele foi auto-atribu&#237;da e categorizada em branca, parda e preta. Categorizou-se a escolaridade em superior completo, ensino m&#233;dio completo e ensino fundamental incompleto e completo. O tabagismo foi estratificado em n&#227;o fumantes, ex-fumantes e fumantes atuais.</p>
          <p>O peso e a altura foram aferidos com os participantes usando a vestimenta do estudo, sem sapatos e adere&#231;os. Utilizou-se para aferi&#231;&#227;o balan&#231;as da marca Toledo e estadi&#244;metro Seca. Usou-se essas vari&#225;veis para calcular &#237;ndices de adiposidade.</p>
          <p>Amostras sangu&#237;neas foram obtidas por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum. Os exames de triglicer&#237;deos e HDL-colesterol foram realizados por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico e enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico homog&#234;neo sem precipita&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente. Obteve-se o LDL-colesterol usando a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald. Usou-se o triglicer&#237;deos e HDL-colesterol para c&#225;lculo do LAP e IAV.</p>
          <p>Para identifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o arterial considerou-se press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia &#8805; 140 mmHg; diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia &#8805; 90 mmHg; ou se em tratamento com anti-hipertensivo. A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida tr&#234;s vezes, sendo considerada a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foi conduzida an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes segundo as caracter&#237;sticas de interesse. Devido a assimetria da distribui&#231;&#227;o de algumas vari&#225;veis optou-se por apresentar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em mediana e intervalo interquart&#237;lico. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
          <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de EMI-C elevada (&#8805; percentil 75) e da adiposidade abdominal pelos indicadores CC, RCQ, &#237;ndice C, LAP e IAV foram estimadas. Foram calculados os coeficientes de regress&#227;o e <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR), com respectivos intervalos de 95% de confian&#231;a, usando as an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear e log&#237;stica multivariadas, respectivamente. As an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o foram empregadas para identificar a magnitude do efeito da presen&#231;a de adiposidade abdominal, medida pelos indicadores em escala categ&#243;rica, sobre a m&#233;dia da EMI-C no modelo linear e sobre o diagn&#243;stico de EMI-C elevada no log&#237;stico.</p>
          <p>Devido a distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica, os valores da EMI-C foram transformados em logaritmo natural para a regress&#227;o linear. Para a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi usada a EMI-C dicotomizada no percentil 75 da distribui&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis independentes principais (indicadores de adiposidade abdominal) foram introduzidas separadamente em cinco modelos para cada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o (linear e log&#237;stica) por sexo. Todos os modelos foram ajustados por idade, ra&#231;a/cor, escolaridade, tabagismo, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e hipertens&#227;o arterial, elegidas pela proximidade com a condi&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise de modifica&#231;&#227;o de efeito para testar as vari&#225;veis sexo e ra&#231;a/cor em todos os modelos propostos atrav&#233;s do teste da raz&#227;o de m&#225;xima verosimilhan&#231;a. N&#227;o foi detectada modifica&#231;&#227;o de efeito, entretanto mantivemos as an&#225;lises estratificadas por sexo embasados em refer&#234;ncias te&#243;ricas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica dos modelos de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla por meio de an&#225;lises gr&#225;ficas dos res&#237;duos, avalia&#231;&#227;o de pontos influentes e de multicolinearidade. Para o diagn&#243;stico do ajuste dos modelos log&#237;sticos foi usado o teste Hosmer-Lemeshow, teste de bondade de ajuste por meio dos res&#237;duos de Pearson e res&#237;duos Deviance, McFadden's Adjusted R<sup>2</sup> e Curva ROC. Foi adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e utilizado o <italic>software</italic> Stata 12 (<italic>Stata Corporation, College Station</italic>, Texas, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. Homens e mulheres com EMI-C elevada apresentaram maior idade mediana (47 e 48 anos <italic>versus</italic> 57 anos) e maior frequ&#234;ncia de adiposidade abdominal (homens 71,9% a 78,4%; e mulheres 66% a 73,1%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da linha de base, de acordo com a espessura m&#233;dio-intimal das car&#243;tidas e sexo. ELSA-Brasil, 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="36%"/>
              <col width="5%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Homem</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mulher</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">EMI-C &lt; P75</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">EMI-C &gt; P75</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">EMI-C &lt; P75</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">EMI-C &gt; P75</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">n = 2.779</th>
                <th align="center">n = 958</th>
                <th align="center">n = 3.503</th>
                <th align="center">n = 1.209</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">48 (43-54)</td>
                <td align="center">57(51-63)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (43-53)</td>
                <td align="center">57(51-62)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a/cor da pele, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branco</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.562 (56,2)</td>
                <td align="center">545(56,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2.010 (57,3)</td>
                <td align="center">705 (58,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pardo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">836 (30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">266 (27,7)</td>
                <td align="center">883 (25,2)</td>
                <td align="center">306 (25,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Preto</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">381 (13,7)</td>
                <td align="center">147 (15,3)</td>
                <td align="center">610 (17,4)</td>
                <td align="center">198 (16,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Superior completo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.352 (48,6)</td>
                <td align="center">420 (43,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1.976 (56,4)</td>
                <td align="center">613 (50,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ensino m&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.049 (37,7)</td>
                <td align="center">310 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1.292 (36,8)</td>
                <td align="center">413 (34,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fundamental incompleto + completo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">378 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">228 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">235 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">183 (15,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagismo, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nunca fumou</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.588 (57,1)</td>
                <td align="center">366 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2.284 (65,2)</td>
                <td align="center">695 (57,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">811 (29,1)</td>
                <td align="center">404 (42,2)</td>
                <td align="center">803 (22,9)</td>
                <td align="center">334 (27,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumante atual</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">380 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">187 (19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">416 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">180 (14,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-colesterol, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">49 (43-57)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (43-57)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (52-71)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (51-70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-colesterol, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">130 (110-152)</td>
                <td align="center">138,5 (117-161)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (106-149)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (119-164)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">709 (25,5)</td>
                <td align="center">499 (52,1)</td>
                <td align="center">644 (18,3)</td>
                <td align="center">540 (44,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">26,0 (23,6-28,5)</td>
                <td align="center">27,2 (24,6-29,9)</td>
                <td align="center">25,3 (22,7-29,5)</td>
                <td align="center">27,3 (24,1-30,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Adiposidade abdominal, mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">92,3 (85,5-99,4)</td>
                <td align="center">96,6 (89,4-104,1)</td>
                <td align="center">83,2 (76,5-91,4)</td>
                <td align="center">88,9 (81-97,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o cintura quadril</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 (0,88-0,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,92-1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 (0,78-0,87)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,81-0,91)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de Conicidade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 (1,21-1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">1,29 (1,24-1,34)</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 (1,14-1,25)</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (1,18-1,29)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Produto da acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">38,8 (22,1-65,3)</td>
                <td align="center">51,2 (30,4-82,2)</td>
                <td align="center">26,48 (15,3-44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">39,9 (23,4-63,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de adiposidade visceral</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,41 (1,47-3,95)</td>
                <td align="center">2,91 (1,74-4,66)</td>
                <td align="center">1,62(1,06-2,61)</td>
                <td align="center">2,15 (1,37-3,43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Adiposidade abdominal, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.599 (57,5)</td>
                <td align="center">690 (72,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1.939 (55,3)</td>
                <td align="center">884 (73,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o cintura quadril</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.628 (58,5)</td>
                <td align="center">751 (78,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1.744 (49,7)</td>
                <td align="center">847 (70,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de conicidade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.740 (62,6)</td>
                <td align="center">738 (77,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1.657 (47,3)</td>
                <td align="center">798 (66,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Produto da acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.670 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">715 (74,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1.834 (52,3)</td>
                <td align="center">865 (71,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de adiposidade visceral</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.774 (63,8)</td>
                <td align="center">708 (73,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1.733 (49,4)</td>
                <td align="center">799 (66,0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>
                <italic>A soma das observa&#231;&#245;es pode diferir em algumas vari&#225;veis devido &#224; perda de dados; EMI-C: espessura m&#233;dio-intimal das car&#243;tidas; P75: percentil 75; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; n (%): n&#250;mero de observa&#231;&#245;es (frequ&#234;ncia); IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os valores dos indicadores de adiposidade abdominal foram maiores entre homens e entre homens e mulheres com EMI-C acima do percentil 75. Os homens apresentaram EMI-C mediana de 0,59 mm (0,52-0,69), as mulheres de 0,56 mm (0,50-0,64) (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
        <p>Em ambos os sexos, a adiposidade medida pelos cinco indicadores foi associada com a m&#233;dia do logaritmo da EMI-C. O &#237;ndice C mostrou o menor efeito (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada entre a adiposidade abdominal, medida por cinco indicadores isolados, e a EMI-C, segundo sexo. ELSA-Brasil 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="5%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Homens</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mulheres</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">n = 3.737</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">n = 4.712</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">&#946; (SE)</th>
                <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center">&#946; (SE)</th>
                <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,045 (0,006)</td>
                <td align="center">0,033;0,058</td>
                <td align="center">0,025 (0,004)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016;0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o cintura quadril</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,032 (0,006)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019;0,045</td>
                <td align="center">0,026 (0,004)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016;0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de conicidade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,016 (0,006)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003;0,029</td>
                <td align="center">0,011 (0,004)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002;0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Produto da acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,030 (0,006)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016;0,043</td>
                <td align="center">0,024 (0,004)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014;0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de adiposidade visceral</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,022 (0,007)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007;0,037</td>
                <td align="center">0,020 (0,005)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010;0,031</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>
                <italic>Os modelos foram ajustados por idade, ra&#231;a/cor da pele, escolaridade, tabagismo, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e hipertens&#227;o arterial.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Segundo a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>), houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o diagn&#243;stico de adiposidade pela CC, RCQ, LAP e IAV, com a EMI-C em ambos os sexos. A adiposidade diagnosticada pela CC mostrou maior efeito sobre a EMI-C em ambos os sexos. De acordo com as an&#225;lises de diagn&#243;stico dos modelos n&#227;o foram detectadas viola&#231;&#245;es dos pressupostos, indicando adequa&#231;&#227;o dos modelos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Odds ratio e respectivos intervalos de 95% de confian&#231;a para associa&#231;&#227;o entre adiposidade abdominal, diagnosticada por cinco indicadores isolados, com a EMI-C, segundo sexo. ELSA-Brasil 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="2%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Homem</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mulher</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>n = 3.737</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <bold>n = 4.712</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,47 (1,22;1,77)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,38 (1,17; 1,64)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o cintura quadril</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 (1,12;1,67)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (1,13; 1,57)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de conicidade</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,83;1,24)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">LO <sub>,</sub>9 <sub>(0</sub><sup>,</sup> 2; 1,32)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Produto da acumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,39 (1,13;1,69)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">8 <sub>,</sub>0 8 <sub>,</sub>2; 1,53)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de adiposidade visceral</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 (1,13;1,77)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,31 (1,08; 1,59)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>
                <italic>Os modelos foram ajustados por idade, ra&#231;a/cor da pele, escolaridade, tabagismo, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e hipertens&#227;o arterial.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Usando os dados do ELSA-Brasil foram observadas associa&#231;&#245;es entre medidas de adiposidade abdominal e EMI-C, um marcador n&#227;o invasivo de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica capaz de predizer doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> &#201; documentado, em estudo realizado no Sudeste do Brasil, a defini&#231;&#227;o de EMI-C elevada como o espessamento do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal a partir de 1,0 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Tendo em vista esse valor, em nosso estudo, a presen&#231;a de adiposidade abdominal diagnosticada pela CC, RCQ, LAP e IAV mostrou importante efeito, com varia&#231;&#227;o de 0,02 mm a 0,04 mm no logaritmo da EMI-C em ambos os sexos. Polack et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> usando dados do estudo de coorte dos descendentes de Framingham, observaram que uma altera&#231;&#227;o anual na EMI-C superior a 0,02 mm foi associada ao risco de mais de duas vezes de acidente vascular cerebral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Poucos estudos compararam diferentes indicadores de adiposidade com a EMI-C, sendo este o primeiro trabalho que investigou isoladamente a contribui&#231;&#227;o de diferentes indicadores de adiposidade abdominal. Estudos pr&#233;vios tamb&#233;m realizados com os dados do ELSA-Brasil avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco tradicionais e a EMI-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise os indicadores CC, RCQ, raz&#227;o cintura altura e circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o. Esse &#250;ltimo indicador apresentou a mais forte associa&#231;&#227;o com EMI-C. Os autores sugerem que o efeito local produzido pela gordura do pesco&#231;o atua diretamente nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Nosso estudo n&#227;o incluiu a circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o, entretanto as medidas usadas s&#227;o relativamente simples e refletem importante informa&#231;&#227;o sobre o risco de desenvolver doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, em n&#237;vel individual e populacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maioria dos trabalhos que avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a adiposidade abdominal e a EMI-C usou a gordura visceral medida por imagem. Nesses trabalhos a gordura visceral foi fortemente associada com a EMI-C,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> mas a compara&#231;&#227;o com esses achados torna-se limitada pelos diferentes m&#233;todos usados para identificar gordura abdominal e visceral. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a adiposidade abdominal e a aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica est&#225; possivelmente vinculada ao componente visceral da gordura abdominal. Os indicadores avaliados no presente estudo s&#227;o medidas indiretas deste componente, contudo apresentam boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a gordura visceral e s&#227;o acess&#237;veis &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A CC foi o indicador mais fortemente associado &#224; EMI-C. Semelhante aos nossos dados, outras pesquisas tamb&#233;m observaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre CC e EMI-C em holandeses saud&#225;veis de 45 a 65 anos, irlandeses adultos hospitalizados e sujeitos hospitalizados de 21 a 83 anos na China.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A CC &#233; descrita como o indicador de adiposidade abdominal com maior capacidade de predizer altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sendo uma das medidas que mais se aproxima da gordura visceral medida por imagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste estudo a RCQ tamb&#233;m mostrou importante associa&#231;&#227;o com a EMI-C entre homens e mulheres. Grandes estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos descreveram as mais fortes associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o somente entre a adiposidade diagnosticada pela RCQ e a EMI-C, mas com a preval&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, risco coronariano elevado e eventos coronarianos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Entretanto, evid&#234;ncias mostram que a regi&#227;o gluteofemural &#233; composta, principalmente, por tecido adiposo subcut&#226;neo. Este tecido parece n&#227;o desempenhar importante papel na patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Ao incluir a medida do quadril, a RCQ reflete o efeito da adiposidade total como fator de risco para aterosclerose e outros desfechos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Assim, a RCQ pode ser &#250;til como um indicador simples e consistente em refletir a combina&#231;&#227;o das adiposidades total e abdominal.</p>
        <p>O &#237;ndice C foi o indicador que apresentou o menor efeito da adiposidade abdominal sobre a EMI-C neste estudo. N&#227;o foram encontrados estudos que investigaram este indicador em rela&#231;&#227;o a aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores observaram associa&#231;&#227;o deste indicador com risco coronariano elevado em brasileiros da regi&#227;o Nordeste<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> e altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas em funcion&#225;rios p&#250;blicos indianos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Apesar de n&#227;o ser um indicador novo, o &#237;ndice C ainda &#233; pouco explorado e n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre pontos de corte ideais para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Como considera o peso e a altura, semelhantemente a RCQ, pode ser &#250;til para refletir a combina&#231;&#227;o das adiposidades total e abdominal sobre os desfechos cardiovasculares. Uma hip&#243;tese para a aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o neste estudo &#233; o grande percentual de participantes de ra&#231;a/cor branca, uma vez que &#233; melhor o desempenho deste indicador como discriminador de risco coronariano em popula&#231;&#245;es negras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O IAV &#233; um indicador originalmente proposto para identificar a distribui&#231;&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo, expressando indiretamente o risco cardiovascular. Devido a inclus&#227;o de par&#226;metros f&#237;sicos e metab&#243;licos (medidas antropom&#233;tricas e exames bioqu&#237;micos) este indicador pode refletir a produ&#231;&#227;o alterada de adipocitocinas, aumento de lip&#243;lise e &#225;cidos graxos livres no plasma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias apontam que o IAV foi independentemente associado a eventos cardiovasculares (OR = 2,45 IC95%: 1,52;3,95) e cerebrovasculares (OR = 1,63 IC95%: 1,06;2,50) em italianos saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O &#250;nico estudo encontrado que avaliou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre IAV e uma medida subcl&#237;nica de aterosclerose - o CAC - c<italic>oronary artery calcium score</italic> - foi realizado com 33.468 coreanos com idade m&#233;dia de 42 anos. Na mesma dire&#231;&#227;o dos presentes achados, por&#233;m com menor magnitude de associa&#231;&#227;o, mostrou-se em participantes com o mais alto tercil de IAV a maior chance de apresentar aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica (OR = 1,26, IC95%: 1,14;1,38).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Foi encontrado no atual estudo que a chance de homens e mulheres com adiposidade abdominal avaliada pelo IAV apresentarem EMI-C elevada foi de 42% e 31%, respectivamente. Essa diferen&#231;a entre os estudos, possivelmente, foi observada pelas caracter&#237;sticas das popula&#231;&#245;es investigadas (participantes saud&#225;veis <italic>versus</italic> pacientes de um hospital universit&#225;rio da Coreia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Semelhante ao IAV, o LAP apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de adiposidade abdominal e a EMI-C. N&#227;o se encontrou nenhuma evid&#234;ncia anterior sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o LAP e a aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. O LAP foi desenvolvido para refletir altera&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e metab&#243;licas combinadas, usando a CC e triglicer&#237;deos. Portanto, mede a sobreacumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e destaca-se como fator de risco cardiovascular em adultos. Este indicador tem sido investigado no contexto de doen&#231;as e mortalidade metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares. Um estudo de coorte americano com aproximadamente 5.000 sujeitos atendidos em cl&#237;nica cardiol&#243;gica, entre 1995-2006, mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre o LAP e a mortalidade cardiovascular (HR:1,52 IC 95%:1,27;1,82), ajustando por idade, sexo, tabagismo, diabetes, press&#227;o arterial, LDL-colesterol e HDL-colesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Todavia, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, especialmente no Brasil, para ampliar a compreens&#227;o a respeito de indicadores menos populares, como o IAV e LAP. Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que informa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o apenas sobre o tecido gorduroso acumulado na regi&#227;o abdominal s&#227;o fornecidas por meio do LAP e IAV, mas sobre o dep&#243;sito de gordura em &#225;reas como f&#237;gado, m&#250;sculo, cora&#231;&#227;o e art&#233;rias. Essa sobreacumula&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica gera altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo intracelular e contribui para a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, incluindo a aterog&#234;nese, e morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo as associa&#231;&#245;es entre medidas de adiposidade e EMI-C foram mais expressivas para os homens que para as mulheres. Mulheres possuem mais gordura corporal total (e subcut&#226;nea), frequentemente nas pernas e gl&#250;teos e, especialmente, antes da menopausa. Homens tendem a acumular gordura na regi&#227;o abdominal ao longo da vida, por isso apresentam maior risco para desenvolver desfechos cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> inclusive aterosclerose.</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias mostram diferen&#231;as na progress&#227;o da EMI-C e adiposidade por ra&#231;a/cor da pele.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Os pontos de corte adotados neste estudo incorporaram as diferen&#231;as entre sexo e ra&#231;a/cor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e, talvez, por isso n&#227;o se detectou modifica&#231;&#227;o de efeito.</p>
        <p>Por meio dos coeficientes de determina&#231;&#227;o (R<sup>2</sup>), as vari&#225;veis dos modelos de regress&#227;o linear, incluindo cada indicador isoladamente, explicaram aproximadamente 30% do total da variabilidade da EMI-C. Em nosso estudo os modelos foram ajustados por idade, ra&#231;a/cor, escolaridade, tabagismo, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e hipertens&#227;o arterial. O estudo realizado por Santos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> usando a amostra ELSA-Brasil, encontrou coeficientes de determina&#231;&#227;o (R<sup>2</sup>) pr&#243;ximos a 40% ao investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco com a EMI-C atrav&#233;s das vari&#225;veis press&#227;o arterial, metabolismo da glicose, perfil lip&#237;dico e adiposidade (&#237;ndice de massa corporal, CC, circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril, RCQ, raz&#227;o cintura altura, circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o). Destaca-se que, al&#233;m dos padr&#245;es de adiposidade, caracter&#237;sticas geogr&#225;ficas, gen&#233;ticas, ambientais e comportamentais s&#227;o tamb&#233;m associadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia da aterosclerose.</p>
        <p>Foi adotado o percentil 75 da distribui&#231;&#227;o para categorizar a EMI-C na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Talvez, outros valores para esta classifica&#231;&#227;o poderiam capturar resultados mais consistentes. Contudo, estudos apontam sujeitos com valores da EMI-C acima do percentil 75 com mais alto risco de desenvolver altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Sabe-se que a placa de ateroma pode ser mais representativa da aterosclerose do que a EMI-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Entretanto, nossa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; relativamente jovem e, quando a EMI-C foi dicotomizada em 1,5 mm, classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta para placa de ateroma segundo consensos internacionais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> apresentou baixa frequ&#234;ncia de participantes com tal condi&#231;&#227;o (4% entre homens e 2% entre mulheres) (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
        <p>A ado&#231;&#227;o de protocolo rigoroso para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens e controle de qualidade forneceu dados confi&#225;veis e precisos das medidas de EMI-C deste estudo. Para reduzir a influ&#234;ncia do avaliador, a leitura de todas as imagens foi centralizada e as medi&#231;&#245;es automatizadas por software. Embora n&#227;o tenhamos ajustado os modelos pelo &#237;ndice de massa corporal, n&#243;s exclu&#237;mos das an&#225;lises sujeitos com obesidade grau III e aqueles que realizaram cirurgia bari&#225;trica, buscando filtrar o efeito da adiposidade abdominal sem influ&#234;ncia da gordura corporal total excessiva.</p>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es. Dados sobre menopausa n&#227;o foram inseridos. Quando a mulher atinge a menopausa perde a prote&#231;&#227;o sustentada pelo horm&#244;nio estrog&#234;nio e, ao envelhecer, h&#225; maior ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal, bem como o aumento da ocorr&#234;ncia de problemas cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A literatura &#233; clara sobre o efeito da idade na aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Embora as an&#225;lises tenham sido ajustadas por idade neste artigo, n&#227;o permitiu observar o efeito da adiposidade na EMI-C em diferentes grupos et&#225;rios. N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel afirmar causalidade devido a natureza transversal deste estudo, contudo parece improv&#225;vel que a instala&#231;&#227;o do espessamento das art&#233;rias ocorra antes do elevado ac&#250;mulo de gordura abdominal. O ELSA-Brasil &#233; uma coorte ocupacional e generaliza&#231;&#245;es para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira s&#227;o limitadas, apesar das similaridades nos indicadores de preval&#234;ncia observados no ELSA-Brasil e VIGITEL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados observados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia da adiposidade abdominal na condi&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. A adiposidade abdominal, identificada por meio da CC, RCQ, LAP e IAV se associou com a EMI-C em ambos os sexos, destacando-se o tradicional indicador antropom&#233;trico CC. A CC, comparada aos demais indicadores, e os homens, comparados &#224;s mulheres, exibiram os efeitos mais expressivos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Michaela Eickemberg pela Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do ISC/UFBA, da FIOCRUZ, do Hospital Universit&#225;rio-USP, da UFMG, do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias de Sa&#250;de da UFES, do Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 027/06, 343/06, 669/06, 186/06, 041/06, 194/06 respectivamente. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
