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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6dB9vJWS9L4pYD4yjP4RrTg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000200204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Correlation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 1/2019 - A 51-year-old Man with Arterial Hypertension, Aortic Dissection and Aortic Valve Regurgitation, in Addition to Heart Failure with Unchanged Clinical Course After Surgical Intervention</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4185-9423</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>204</fpage>
      <lpage>210</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Aneurysm/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurysm, Dissecting/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 51-year-old male, hypertensive patient, a former smoker, was transferred for treatment of thoracic aortic dissection and heart failure.</p>
    <p>After a three-week period with progressively more intense chest pain, accompanied by dyspnea, sweating and vomiting, he was admitted to the Hospital in the city where he lived.</p>
    <p>At hospital admission, he had high blood pressure and the diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection was made. He received antihypertensive and beta-blocker medications. On the fifth day, he was transferred to Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o for treatment. At that moment, he was asymptomatic.</p>
    <p>The physical examination (June 14, 2012) showed good general health status, paleness, ++ / 4+, increased jugular venous pressure, heart rate of 80 bpm, blood pressure 80 x 60 mmHg; clear lungs; cardiac auscultation disclosed rhythmic heart sounds and ++++ diastolic murmur on the left sternal border, no abdominal alterations, lower limbs without edema, besides palpable and symmetrical pulses.</p>
    <p>Laboratory tests (June 14, 2012) showed hemoglobin 15.9 g/dL; hematocrit, 49%; leukocytes, 10,080/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutrophils 64%, eosinophils 7%, lymphocytes 21%, and monocytes 8%); platelets 232,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; CKMB, 1.33 ng/mL; troponin I, 0.106 ng/mL; urea, 38 mg / dL; creatinine, 0.94 mg /dL; sodium, 137 mEq/L; potassium, 4.2 mEq/L; prpthrombin time (PT) (INR), 1.1; APTT time ratio, 0.78; AST, 30 U/L; ALT, 61 U/L; gamma-GT, 116 IU/L; alkaline phosphatase, 81 U/L; and negative serology for hepatitis B, C, and HIV.</p>
    <p>The electrocardiogram (ECG) performed on June 16, 2012 showed sinus rhythm, left atrial and left ventricular overload with strain pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG showing atrial and left ventricular overload, the latter with a strain pattern.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The echocardiogram performed on June 17, 2012, disclosed the following measurements: aorta, 37 mm; left atrium, 48 mm; septal thickness and posterior wall, 9 mm; left ventricle, 87/78 mm; ejection fraction, 22%. The patient showed eccentric hypertrophy with diffuse hypokinesis; moderate mitral regurgitation; marked aortic regurgitation; ascending aortic dissection was observed, with the original intimal tear 25 mm from the valve plane. The aortic measurements at the different levels were: aortic sinus, 37 mm, sinotubular junction, 46 mm, ascending aorta, 67 mm and aortic arch, 34 mm.</p>
    <p>The posteroanterior chest X-ray performed on June 18, 2012 showed normal lung fields, aorta with an image suggestive of aneurysm, and enlarged cardiac area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>)</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest x-ray: mediastinal enlargement, suggestive of aortic aneurysm and cardiomegaly.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The coronary angiography did not show any coronary lesions. The pressures were: aorta: (syst/diast/mean) 100/50/67 mmHg and left ventricular: (Syst/initial diast/end diast) 100/10/20 mmHg. The left ventricle showed diffuse hypokinesis. There was marked aortic regurgitation and an ascending aortic aneurysm, with an image suggestive of dissection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Aortography. Ascending aortic aneurysm with dissection and catheter in the true lumen.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The patient underwent surgery for repair of the ascending aortic dissection, with the interposition of a Dacron tube and aortic valve repair (June 19, 2012). The postoperative period was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the ninth postoperative day.</p>
    <p>Almost a month after hospital discharge (July 11, 2012), he sought emergency medical attention for worsening of dyspnea, attributed to non-adherence to the prescribed medication.</p>
    <p>The physical examination (July 11, 2012) disclosed a heart rate of 60 bpm, blood pressure 80 x 60 mmHg; clear lungs; normal cardiac auscultation, no abdominal alterations; lower limbs without edema and no signs of deep vein thrombosis, with normal pulses.</p>
    <p>The laboratory tests (July 18, 2012) showed hemoglobin 10.7 g/dL; hematocrit, 32%; leukocytes, 9,750/mm<sup>3</sup> (band cells 1%, segmented 69%, eosinophils 8%, basophils 3%, lymphocytes 14%, monocytes 5%), platelets, 443,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, C-reactive protein, 65.05 mg/L; urea 29 mg/dL; creatinine, 0.90 mg/dL, sodium, 130 mEq/L; potassium, 4.8 mEq/L; magnesium, 1.70 mEq/L, BNP, 1280 pp / mL, venous lactate 21 mg/dL; venous gasometry: pH 7.38, pCO<sub>2</sub>, 48 mmHg; pO<sub>2</sub>, 34.9 mmHg, O<sub>2</sub> saturation, 53.8%; bicarbonate, 26.5 mEq/L, base excess, 2 mEq/L. Blood, urine and catheter tip cultures were negative.</p>
    <p>One month after this episode he was again brought to emergency care (August 11, 2012) with dyspnea on minimal exertion, orthopnea and oliguria for two days. He denied coughing, fever, coryza or diarrhea; chest pain or palpitation. He reported correct use of medications and hydrosaline restriction.</p>
    <p>The physical examination on admission showed blood pressure of 80x60 mmHg, heart rate of 102 bpm, fine pulses and decreased peripheral perfusion; jugular venous pulse was present; rhythmic heart sounds, presence of third heart sound, mitral systolic murmur +++ / 6+, tricuspid systolic murmur +++ / 6+ and aortic systolic murmur ++ / 6+; abdominal assessment - liver palpable at 5 cm from the right costal border; palpable and symmetrical lower-limb pulses.</p>
    <p>He was started on intravenous dobutamine, vasodilator and diuretic drugs, in addition to the antibiotics vancomycin and meropenem.</p>
    <p>Laboratory tests (August 11, 2012) showed hemoglobin: 9.2 g/dL, hematocrit: 31%, leukocytes: 12,980/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutrophils 74%, eosinophils 1%, basophils 1%, lymphocytes 19%, monocytes 5%), platelets: 395,000/mm&#179;, C-reactive protein: 79.58 mg/dL, urea: 55 mg/dL, creatinine: 1.26 mg/dL, sodium: 135 mEq/L, potassium: 5.1 mEq/L, prothrombin time: (INR) = 1.2, APTT:(rel) = 0.97, venous lactate: 55 mg/dL</p>
    <p>The chest x-ray showed pulmonary congestion and cardiomegaly.</p>
    <p>The echocardiogram (August 13, 2012) showed the following measurements: aorta, 41 mm; left atrium, 50 mm; right ventricle, 35 mm; septum, 9 mm; posterior wall, 10 mm; left ventricle, 86 mm; ejection fraction, 20%; hypertrophic left ventricle with diffuse hypokinesis; right ventricle with moderate hypokinesis; severe mitral regurgitation; normal aortic valve; pulmonary valve with indirect signs of pulmonary hypertension; estimated pressure of 43 mmHg and presence of Dacron tube in the aorta.</p>
    <p>The transesophageal echocardiogram (August 16, 2012) also showed the presence of marked tricuspid regurgitation and no images suggestive of thrombi or vegetations were observed.</p>
    <p>The laboratory tests performed on August 12 showed hemoglobin decrease to 7.7 g/dL and no evidence of bleeding and, therefore, an upper digestive endoscopy was requested, which did not show any alterations.</p>
    <p>A Doppler ultrasonography of the lower limbs carried out due to suspicion of pulmonary thromboembolism (recent RV dysfunction) showed no signs of thrombosis. The patient then underwent a chest tomography, which identified a small consolidation on the right side, with right pleural effusion.</p>
    <p>He developed refractory shock, despite the use of antibiotics. The right pleural effusion was punctured, and the presence of transudate was identified.</p>
    <p>All blood cultures and urine cultures were negative. He required orotracheal intubation for ventilatory support on August 29, 2012, developing an increasing need for noradrenaline, and the antibiotics were replaced by daptomycin, micafungin, and rifampicin.</p>
    <p>Laboratory reassessment (September 4, 2012) showed: hemoglobin: 10 g/dL; hematocrit: 33%; leukocytes: 5,450/mm&#179; (neutrophils 85%, lymphocytes 10% and monocytes 5%); platelets: 313,000/mm&#179;; C-reactive protein: 221.38 mg/L; urea: 44 mg/dL; creatinine: 2.21 mg/dL; phosphorus: 2.2 mg/dL; magnesium: 1.6 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>The patient remained in shock and died (September 4, 2012).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>This was a male patient, who presented with ascending aortic dissection, and who, even after surgery for dissection repair, developed a picture of severe heart failure and died.</p>
      <p>The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD) showed that patients with aortic dissection were older than our patient, 61 years; and a majority of males (63%). Regarding the diseases related to the dissection, they were: Marfan syndrome (6.7%), hypertension (69.3%), atherosclerosis (24.4%), previously known aortic aneurysm (12.4%), previous aortic dissection 3.9%) and diabetes mellitus (4.3%). Also, 15.9% had a history of previous cardiac surgery and iatrogenic cause in 4.8% (1.7% coronary angiography and 3.1% after cardiac surgery).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The 2015 update of the same registry, with a ten-fold higher number of patients, showed an increase in hypertension (75.5%) and a decrease in the presence of Marfan syndrome (4.5%), (75.5%), atherosclerosis (19.6%) and previous cardiac surgery (10.6%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Genetic tests can be performed in the presence of aortic aneurysm in younger patients. The syndromes related to the presence of aortic aneurysms are Marfan, Loeys-Dietz, Ehler-Danlos syndromes, the cutis laxa or elastolysis and that related to a defect in the transforming growth factor beta (TGF&#946;).</p>
      <p>Classically, the genetic alterations found in Marfan syndrome are related to the fibrillin-1 gene.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Changes in the physical examination involve ocular (myopia, ectopia lentis, and risk of retinal detachment), skeletal (exaggerated growth and joint laxity, exaggerated growth of the extremities) and cardiovascular alterations (dilation of the aorta at the level of the sinuses of Valsalva, predisposing to dissection). In the present case, we do not have a description of these phenotypic changes that might suggest such diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Loeys-Dietz syndrome includes several manifestations similar to those of Marfan Syndrome, but they also include hypertelorism, broad or bifid uvula, cleft palate and generalized arterial tortuosity, aneurysms, and arterial dissection. Generally no increase of extremities and ocular alterations are observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As well as for Marfan syndrome, we do not have evidence in the present case to suggest such a diagnosis.</p>
      <p>The Ehler-Danlos syndrome is characterized by fragility of the connective tissue and the manifestations occur in the skin (hyperelasticity, atrophic scars and easy ecchymosis), joints (hypermotility, frequent dislocations and arthralgias) and vessels (aneurysms and spontaneous vessel ruptures). The vascular form, in which dissection occurs most frequently, occurs through a mutation in the alpha-1 gene of type III collagen, with a silent substitution that leads to the replacement of glycine in the collagen chain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We also have no clinical evidence of such changes in the present case. A more recent study showed gene panel alterations in 25% of patients with aortic aneurysms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>What should be taken into account is that even today the criterion for the indication of surgical treatment for rupture prevention remains the diameter of the aneurysm, 50 mm.</p>
      <p>In the present case, the patient had arterial hypertension and it must have had an important role in the development of the thoracic aneurysm and its rupture. Biomechanical studies show that for hypertension to lead an aneurysm development, there must be concomitant failure in the composition and maintenance of the extracellular matrix and membrane receptors. Consequently, there is damage to the mechanical stress transduction in the cell-signaling response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the patient&#8217;s unfavorable evolution after the surgery, it is probably due to the long evolution of the aortic aneurysm with aortic valve regurgitation, leading to left ventricular dilation and severe dysfunction, which in the very late states do not undergo regression or relief despite valve replacement surgery and progress to progressive heart failure. The ECG disclosed left ventricular overload with strain and the echocardiogram showed large left ventricular dilation and marked dysfunction.</p>
      <p>The European Guidelines of Cardiology and Thoracic Surgery recommends valve replacement surgery in patients with aortic dilation or aortic regurgitation accentuated with symptoms. In asymptomatic patients, this recommendation appears if there is reduction in ejection fraction (&lt;50%) or ventricular dilation (diastolic diameter &gt;70 mm or diastolic &gt;50 mm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The patient had degrees of dilation (diastolic diameter, 87 mm and systolic diameter, 78 mm) and ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction of 22%) well beyond those recommended for the indication of valve replacement surgery.</p>
      <p>This is the most plausible explanation for the poor evolution. <bold>(Dr. Desiderio Favarato)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypotheses:</bold> Aneurysm in the thoracic aorta, chronic aortic valve regurgitation, aortic dissection. Etiology: arterial hypertension and extracellular matrix disease of the aorta. Final clinical picture: cardiogenic shock due to valvular heart disease. <bold>(Dr. Desiderio Favarato)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Necropsy</title>
      <p>The heart weighed 890g, with marked increase in volume and dilation of all chambers, predominantly the ventricles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). The atrioventricular valves showed no abnormalities. The aortic valve showed thickening of the free margins of the semilunar leaflets, with a central non-coaptation aspect, compatible with valve regurgitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). A corrugated tube replaced the ascending aorta and was sutured just above the aortic sinotubular junction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). Around the junction area between the ascending aorta and the ventricular mass, we noticed cavitation with irregular margins, partially filled by liquefied material, of a yellowish-brown color (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). There was also a concave circular lesion of the aortic intima, with 1.5 cm in diameter, just below the emergence of the renal arteries. The lungs showed areas of wine-colored parenchyma condensation, triangular in shape when sectioned. There were signs of generalized visceral congestion, as well as ascites (700 mL) and bilateral pleural effusion (200mL in each hemithorax).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Macroscopic aspect of the open left heart chambers, with marked left ventricular dilation (asterisk); Mi: mitral valve.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aortic valve seen from its arterial aspect. There is thickening of the free edge of the semilunar leaflets (arrows) and lack of central coaptation. A multiloculated cavitary lesion (asterisks) is seen around the aorta, from which a pasty material emerged.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Macroscopic aspect of the corrugated synthetic tube that replaced the ascending aorta. The aortic valve can be seen in the background (asterisk).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Histological examination showed accumulation of mucoid material in the tunica media throughout the aorta, as well as focal rupture of elastic fibers in the cavitary lesion described in the abdominal aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>). The anatomopathological study of the peri-aortic cavitary lesion showed mixed inflammation, with necrotic cellular and polymorphonuclear neutrophil debris, among sutures and other synthetic materials (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>). Bacterial and fungal tests were negative at this site. The aortic valve showed fibrous thickening of the margins. There was chronic passive visceral congestion, with hepatic centrolobular necrosis; the wine-colored lesions in the lungs corresponded to recent infarctions. <bold>(Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Photomicrography of the aortic wall at the level of the cavitary lesion described in the abdominal aorta. One can observe the rupture (between the arrows) of the elastic fibers (black bundles) of the tunica media, characterizing localized intramural dissection. Verhoeff staining for elastic fibers, objective magnification =5x.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Photomicrography of the cavitary lesion wall described in the aortic root. We can see accumulations of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (asterisks) amid the synthetic tissue and sutures (arrows). Hematoxylin-eosin staining, objective magnification =10x.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Anatomopathological diagnoses</title>
      <p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>- Post-surgical correction of acute dissection of the ascending aorta</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Peri-aortic cavitary lesion, with mixed inflammatory reaction, without the identification of infectious agents</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Intramural dissection located in the abdominal aorta</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Aortic valve regurgitation</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Recent pulmonary infarctions</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Cause of death</bold>: Congestive heart failure with terminal shock <bold>(Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>Aortic dissection is a serious disease, which is usually associated with systemic arterial hypertension and has as morphological finding the delamination of the vessel wall, with an intimal orifice called the "intimal tear" usually located in the ascending aorta, and the creation of a false lumen. This can extend to the tunica adventitia and undergo rupture, with massive bleeding into a cavity (pericardial, pleural or abdominal cavity).</p>
      <p>When the dissection does not rupture, there is usually an orifice called a re-entry, located more distally in the aortic lumen, usually in the descending aorta.</p>
      <p>Histologically, the presence of glycosaminoglycan accumulation in the tunica media, sometimes in the shape of the so-called "mucoid lakes",<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> in addition to the rarefaction and fragmentation of elastic fibers and decrease of collagen in the external third of the aortic wall can be observed, leading to the weakness of this part of the wall.</p>
      <p>In addition to the rupture, multiple organ ischemia due to the flow steal in the false lumen and aortic valve regurgitation are complications, due to collapse of its insertion when the dissection orifice is nearby.</p>
      <p>In our case, the dissection was limited to the ascending aorta, which was replaced by a synthetic tube. Although there was a reference to aortic valvuloplasty in the surgery, the patient developed congestive heart failure, probably as a result of the remaining valvular regurgitation, which was not detected on the echocardiogram, possibly due to hemodynamic changes (patient in shock). This situation was responsible for the poor postoperative evolution.</p>
      <p>The finding of a cavitary lesion in the aortic root, associated with the sutures, containing a purulent-like fluid, could mean local infection, but histological analysis did not detect the presence of microorganisms. <bold>(Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Section Editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dlcfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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          <article-title>The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD)</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
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          <volume>283</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 1/2019 - Homem de 51 Anos com Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Disse&#231;&#227;o de Aorta e Insufici&#234;ncia Valvar A&#243;rtica, Al&#233;m de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Curso n&#227;o Alterado ap&#243;s Interven&#231;&#227;o Cir&#250;rgica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4185-9423</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello,</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma A&#243;rtico/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma Dissecante/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Paciente masculino de 51 anos, hipertenso, ex-fumante, foi transferido para tratamento de dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta tor&#225;cica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s semanas de dor tor&#225;cica com intensidade progressivamente mais intensa e acompanhada de dispneia, sudorese e v&#244;mitos, foi internado em Hospital da sua cidade.</p>
      <p>Na interna&#231;&#227;o estava com press&#227;o arterial elevada e foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta tor&#225;cica. Recebeu medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva e betabloqueadora. No quinto dia foi transferido para o InCor para tratamento. Nesse momento estava assintom&#225;tico.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (14 junho de 2012) estava em bom estado geral, descorado ++/4+, aumento de press&#227;o venosa jugular, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 80 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 80 x 60 mmHg; pulm&#245;es livres; a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou bulhas r&#237;tmicas e sopro diast&#243;lico ++++ em borda esternal esquerda, abdome sem altera&#231;&#245;es, membros inferiores sem edema e pulsos palp&#225;veis e sim&#233;tricos.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (14 junho de 2012) revelaram - hemoglobina 15,9 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 49%, leuc&#243;citos 10.080/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutr&#243;filos 64%, eosin&#243;filos 7%, linf&#243;citos 21% e mon&#243;citos 8%), plaquetas 232.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; CKMB 1,33 ng/mL, troponina I 0,106 ng/mL, ureia 38 mg/dL, creatinina 0,94 mg/dL, s&#243;dio 137 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,2 mEq/L, TAP (INR) 1,1, rela&#231;&#227;o de tempos TTPA 0,78; AST 30 U/L; ALT 61 U/L; gama-GT 116 UI/L; fosfatase alcalina 81 U/l, sorologia para hepatites B e C e para HIV negativas.</p>
      <p>Eletrocardiograma (ECG) (16 junho de 2012): ritmo sinusal, sobrecarga de &#225;trio esquerdo e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com &#8220;strain&#8221;. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: sobrecarga atrial e de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, esta com &#8220;strain&#8221;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (17 junho de 2012) revelou - aorta 37 mm; &#225;trio esquerdo 48 mm; espessura de septo e parede posterior 9 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 87/78 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 22%; havia hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica com hipocinesia difusa; insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada; insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica acentuada; foi observada dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta ascendente com in&#237;cio de falsa luz a 25 mm do plano valvar. As medidas da aorta nos diferentes n&#237;veis foram: seio a&#243;rtico 37mm, jun&#231;&#227;o sinutubular 46 mm, aorta ascendente 67 mm e arco a&#243;rtico 34 mm.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax posteroanterior (PA) (18 junho de 2012) mostrou: campos pulmonares normais, aorta com imagem sugestiva de aneurisma, &#225;rea card&#237;aca aumentada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax: alargamento de mediastino, sugestivo de aneurisma de aorta e cardiomegalia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A cinecoronariografia n&#227;o revelou les&#245;es coron&#225;rias. As press&#245;es foram: aorta (sist/diast/m&#233;dia) 100/50/67 mmHg e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (Sist/diast inicial/diast final) 100/10/20 mmHg. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentava hipocinesia difusa. Havia insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica acentuada e aneurisma de aorta ascendente com imagem sugestiva de dissec&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aortografia. Aneurisma de aorta ascendente com dissec&#231;&#227;o e cateter na luz verdadeira.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O paciente foi submetido &#224; cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o de dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta ascendente com interposi&#231;&#227;o de tubo de Dacron e &#224; pl&#225;stica de valva a&#243;rtica (19 junho de 2012). O p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi sem complica&#231;&#245;es e o paciente recebeu alta no nono dia ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
      <p>Quase um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta (11 julho de 2012) procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de urg&#234;ncia por piora da dispneia, atribu&#237;da &#224; n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o prescrita.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (11 julho de 2012) revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 60 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 80 x 60 mmHg; pulm&#245;es livres; ausculta card&#237;aca normal, abdome sem altera&#231;&#245;es; membros inferiores sem edema e sem sinais de trombose venosa profunda, pulsos normais.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (18 julho de 2012) revelaram hemoglobina 10,7 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 32%, leuc&#243;citos 9.750/mm<sup>3</sup> (bast&#245;es 1%, segmentados 69%, eosin&#243;filos 8%, bas&#243;filos 3%, linf&#243;citos 14%, mon&#243;citos 5%), plaquetas 443.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, prote&#237;na C reativa 65,05 mg/L, ureia 29 mg/dL, creatinina 0,90 mg/dL, s&#243;dio 130 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,8 mEq/L, magn&#233;sio 1,70 mEq/L, BNP 1280 p&#225;g./mL, lactato venoso 21 mg/dL, gasimetria venosa: pH 7,38, pCO<sub>2</sub> 48 mmHg, pO<sub>2</sub> 34,9 mmHg, satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> 53,8%, bicarbonato 26,5 mEq/L, excesso de bases 2 mEq/L.</p>
      <p>Culturas de sangue, urina e pontas de cateter foram negativas.</p>
      <p>Um m&#234;s ap&#243;s esse epis&#243;dio novamente foi trazido &#224; emerg&#234;ncia (11 agosto de 2012) com dispneia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, ortopneia e olig&#250;ria por dois dias, negou tosse, febre, coriza ou diarreia; dor tor&#225;cica ou palpita&#231;&#227;o. Referiu uso correto das medica&#231;&#245;es e restri&#231;&#227;o hidrossalina.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico de entrada revelou press&#227;o arterial 80x60 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 102 bpm, pulsos finos e diminui&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica; pulso venoso jugular presente; bulhas r&#237;tmicas, presen&#231;a de terceira bulha, sopro sist&#243;lico mitral +++/6+, sopro sist&#243;lico tric&#250;spide +++/6+ e sopro sist&#243;lico a&#243;rtico ++/6+; abdome - f&#237;gado palpado a 5 cm do rebordo costal direito; pulsos de membros inferiores palp&#225;veis e sim&#233;tricos.</p>
      <p>Foram iniciados dobutamina, vasodilatodor e diur&#233;tico intravenosos, al&#233;m dos antibi&#243;ticos vancomicina e meropenem.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (11 agosto de 2012) revelaram: hemoglobina 9,2 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 31%, leuc&#243;citos 12.980/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutr&#243;filos 74%, eosin&#243;filos 1%, bas&#243;filos 1%, linf&#243;citos 19%, mon&#243;citos 5%), plaquetas 395.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, prote&#237;na C reativa 79,58 mg/dL, ureia 55 mg/dL, creatinina 1,26 mg/dL, s&#243;dio 135 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 5,1 mEq/L, TAP (INR) = 1,2, TTPA (rel) = 0,97, lactato venoso 55 mg/dL</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou congest&#227;o pulmonar e cardiomegalia.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (13 agosto de 2012) revelou as seguintes medidas: aorta 41 mm; &#225;trio esquerdo 50 mm; ventr&#237;culo direito 35 mm; septo 9 mm; parede posterior 10 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 86 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 20%; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo hipertr&#243;fico e com hipocinesia difusa; ventr&#237;culo direito com hipocinesia moderada; insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada; valva a&#243;rtica normal; valva pulmonar com sinais indiretos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; press&#227;o estimada de 43 mmHg e presen&#231;a de tubo de Dacron em aorta.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (16 agosto de 2012) acrescentou a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide acentuada e n&#227;o foram observadas imagens sugestivas de trombos ou vegeta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>O exame laboratorial do dia 12 de agosto revelou queda da hemoglobina para 7,7 g/dL e sem sangramento evidente, e foi solicitada endoscopia digestiva alta, a qual n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>A ultrassonografia com Doppler de membros inferiores por suspeita de tromboembolismo pulmonar (disfun&#231;&#227;o recente de VD), n&#227;o revelou sinais de trombose.</p>
      <p>Realizou tomografia de t&#243;rax que identificou consolida&#231;&#227;o pequena em base direita, com derrame pleural &#224; direita.</p>
      <p>Evoluiu com choque refrat&#225;rio, apesar do uso de antibi&#243;ticos. O derrame pleural &#224; direita foi puncionado sendo caracterizado transudato.</p>
      <p>Todas as hemoculturas e uroculaturas foram negativas. Necessitou de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte ventilat&#243;rio no dia 29 agosto de 2012, evoluindo com necessidade crescente de noradrenalina, e os antibi&#243;ticos foram substitu&#237;dos por daptomicina, micafungina, rifampicina.</p>
      <p>A reavalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial (04 setembro de 2012) revelou: hemoglobina 10g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 33%, leuc&#243;citos 5.450/mm&#179; (neutr&#243;filos 85%, linf&#243;citos 10% e mon&#243;citos 5%), plaquetas 313.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, Prote&#237;na C reativa 221,38 mg/L, ureia 44 mg/dL, creatinina 2,21 mg/dL, f&#243;sforo 2,2 mg/dL, magn&#233;sio 1,6 mEq/L,</p>
      <p>O paciente continuou em choque e faleceu (04 setembro de 2012).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de paciente masculino, que apresentou quadro de dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta ascendente, e que mesmo ap&#243;s cirurgia de corre&#231;&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o evoluiu com quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave e faleceu.</p>
        <p>O Registro Internacional da Dissec&#231;&#227;o Aguda de Aorta encontrou em pacientes de disse&#231;&#227;o de aorta ascendente idade superior ao do paciente, 61 anos; a maioria do sexo masculino (63%). Quanto &#224;s doen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o foram: s&#237;ndrome de Marfan (6,7%), hipertens&#227;o (69,3%), aterosclerose (24,4%), aneurisma de aorta previamente conhecido (12,4%), dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica pr&#233;via (3,9%) e <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> (4,3%). Ainda, 15,9% tinham hist&#243;ria de cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via e causa iatrog&#234;nica em 4,8% (1,7% cinecoronariografias e 3,1% ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A atualiza&#231;&#227;o de 2015 do mesmo registro com n&#250;mero dez vezes maior de pacientes, mostrou aumento da hipertens&#227;o arterial (75,5%) e queda da presen&#231;a de Marfan (4,5%), aterosclerose (19,6%) e cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via (10,6%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Testes gen&#233;ticos podem ser feitos na presen&#231;a de aneurisma de aorta em pacientes mais jovens. As s&#237;ndromes relacionadas ao aneurisma de aorta s&#227;o as s&#237;ndromes de Marfan, de Loeys-Dietz, Ehler-Danlos, da c&#250;tis laxa e aquela relacionada a defeito do fator de crescimento transformador beta (TGF&#946;).</p>
        <p>Classicamente as altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas encontradas na s&#237;ndrome de Marfan est&#227;o relacionadas ao gene da fibrilina-1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> As altera&#231;&#245;es ao exame f&#237;sico envolvem altera&#231;&#245;es oculares (miopia, ectopia lentis, e risco de descolamento de retina), esquel&#233;ticas (crescimento exagerado e frouxid&#227;o de articula&#231;&#245;es, crescimento exagerado das extremidades) e altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares (dilata&#231;&#227;o de aorta ao n&#237;vel dos seios de Valsalva, predispondo &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o). No caso atual n&#227;o temos descri&#231;&#227;o dessas altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas que possam sugerir tal diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Loeys-Dietz inclui v&#225;rias manifesta&#231;&#245;es semelhantes &#224;quelas da S&#237;ndrome de Marfan, contudo incluem-se hipertelorismo, &#250;vula larga ou b&#237;fida, fenda palatina e tortuosidade arterial generalizada, aneurismas e dissec&#231;&#227;o arterial. Geralmente n&#227;o tem aumento de extremidades e altera&#231;&#245;es oculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Como para a s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, n&#227;o temos no presente caso evid&#234;ncias que sugiram tal diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Ehler-Danlos caracteriza-se por fragilidade do tecido conetivo e as manifesta&#231;&#245;es ocorrem na pele (hiperelasticidade, cicatrizes atr&#243;ficas e equimoses f&#225;ceis), articula&#231;&#245;es (hipermotilidade, luxa&#231;&#245;es frequentes e artralgias) e vasos (aneurismas e roturas espont&#226;neas de vasos). A forma vascular, na qual a dissec&#231;&#227;o ocorre mais frequentemente, se d&#225; por muta&#231;&#227;o no gene da cada alfa-1 do col&#225;geno tipo III, com substitui&#231;&#227;o silenciadora que leva &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o da glicina na cadeia do col&#225;geno.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o temos evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas de tais altera&#231;&#245;es no presente caso.</p>
        <p>Estudo mais recente revelou altera&#231;&#227;o de painel de genes em 25% dos pacientes com aneurismas de aorta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O que se deve levar em conta &#233; que ainda hoje o crit&#233;rio para indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico preventivo da rotura continua sendo o di&#226;metro do aneurisma, 50 mm.</p>
        <p>No caso atual a hipertens&#227;o arterial estava presente e deve ter tido importante papel no desenvolvimento de aneurisma tor&#225;cico e na sua rotura. Estudos de biomec&#226;nica revelam que para a hipertens&#227;o levar ao desenvolvimento de aneurisma deve haver concomitante falha na composi&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular e de receptores de membrana. Com isso h&#225; preju&#237;zo da transdu&#231;&#227;o das tens&#245;es mec&#226;nicas em resposta de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel do paciente ap&#243;s a cirurgia deve-se &#224; prov&#225;vel longa evolu&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta com insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica que levou &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o acentuada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, as quais em estados muito tardios n&#227;o sofrem regress&#227;o ou al&#237;vio a despeito da cirurgia de troca valvar e caminham para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva. O ECG revelou sobrecarga ventricular esquerda com &#8220;strain&#8221; e o ecocardiograma demonstrou grande dilata&#231;&#227;o e acentuada disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        <p>A diretriz Europeia de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica recomenda cirurgia de troca valvar em pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o de aorta ou insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica acentuada com sintomas. Nos pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, tal recomenda&#231;&#227;o aparece, se houver redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (&lt;50%) ou dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular (di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico &gt;70 mm ou diast&#243;lico &gt; 50 mm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O paciente apresentava graus de dilata&#231;&#227;o (di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico 87 mm e sist&#243;lico 78 mm) e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 22%) muito al&#233;m dos preconizados para indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de troca valvar.</p>
        <p>Essa &#233; a explica&#231;&#227;o mais plaus&#237;vel da m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o. <bold>(Dr. Desiderio Favarato)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas:</bold> Aneurisma de aorta tor&#225;cica, insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica cr&#244;nica, dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta. Etiologia: hipertens&#227;o arterial e doen&#231;a da matriz extracelular da aorta. Quadro final: choque cardiog&#234;nico por cardiopatia valvar. <bold>(Dr. Desiderio Favarato)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necr&#243;psia</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 890g, com aumento acentuado do volume e dilata&#231;&#227;o de todas as c&#226;maras, predominantemente dos ventr&#237;culos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 4</xref>). As valvas atrioventriculares n&#227;o mostravam anormalidades. A valva a&#243;rtica exibia espessamento da borda livre das semilunares, com aspecto de n&#227;o coapta&#231;&#227;o central, compat&#237;vel com insufici&#234;ncia valvar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 5</xref>). Um tubo corrugado substitu&#237;a a parte da aorta ascendente e estava suturado logo acima da jun&#231;&#227;o sinutubular a&#243;rtica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 6</xref>). Ao redor da &#225;rea de jun&#231;&#227;o entre aorta ascendente e a massa ventricular, notamos cavita&#231;&#227;o de limites irregulares preenchida parcialmente por material liquefeito, de colora&#231;&#227;o castanho-amarelada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 5</xref>). Havia ainda les&#227;o deprimida circular da &#237;ntima a&#243;rtica, com 1,5cm de di&#226;metro, logo abaixo da emerg&#234;ncia das art&#233;rias renais. Os pulm&#245;es mostravam &#225;reas vinhosas de condensa&#231;&#227;o do par&#234;nquima, de formato triangular aos cortes. Havia sinais de congest&#227;o visceral generalizada, al&#233;m de ascite (700 ml) e derrame pleural bilateral (200 ml em cada hemit&#243;rax).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aspecto macrosc&#243;pico das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas abertas, com dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (asterisco); Mi: valva mitral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valva a&#243;rtica vista por sua face arterial. Nota-se espessamento da borda livre dos folhetos semilunares (setas) e falta de coapta&#231;&#227;o central. Ao redor da aorta h&#225; les&#227;o cavitada multiloculada (asteriscos), de onde saiu material pastoso.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aspecto macrosc&#243;pico do tubo sint&#233;tico corrugado que substituui a aorta ascendente. Ao fundo, a valva a&#243;rtica (asterisco).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O exame histol&#243;gico demonstrou ac&#250;mulo de material muc&#243;ide na t&#250;nica m&#233;dia em toda a aorta, al&#233;m de ruptura focal de fibras el&#225;sticas na les&#227;o deprimida descrita na aorta abdominal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 7</xref>). O estudo anatomopatol&#243;gico da les&#227;o cavitada peri-a&#243;rtica revelou inflama&#231;&#227;o mista, com restos celulares necr&#243;ticos e polimorfonuclares neutr&#243;filos, em meio a fios de sutura e outros materiais sint&#233;ticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 8</xref>). A pesquisa de bact&#233;rias e de fungos foi negativa neste local. A valva a&#243;rtica mostrava espessamento fibroso de sua borda. Havia congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica visceral, com necrose centrolobular hep&#225;tica; as les&#245;es vinhosas pulmonares correspondiam a infartos recentes. <bold>(Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografia da parede a&#243;rtica ao n&#237;vel da les&#227;o deprimida descrita na aorta abdominal. Nota-se ruptura (entre setas) das fibras el&#225;sticas (feixes de cor preta) da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia, caracterizando dissec&#231;&#227;o intramural localizada. Colora&#231;&#227;o de Verhoeff para fibras el&#225;sticas, aumento da objetiva 5X.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f16">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografia da parede da les&#227;o cavitada descrita na raiz da aorta. H&#225; ac&#250;mulos de polimorfonuleares neutr&#243;filos (asterisco), em meio a tecido sint&#233;tico e fios de sutura (setas). Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina-eosina, aumento da objetiva 10X.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0204-90013-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</title>
        <p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>- Estado p&#243;s-corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda da aorta ascendente</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Les&#227;o cavitada peri-a&#243;rtica com rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria mista, sem identifica&#231;&#227;o de agentes infecciosos</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Dissec&#231;&#227;o intramural localizada em aorta abdominal</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Infartos pulmonares recentes</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Causa mortis</bold>: Insufici&#234;ncia c&#225;rdica congestiva com choque terminal <bold>(Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica &#233; uma doen&#231;a grave, que costuma estar associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e tem como achado morfol&#243;gico a delamina&#231;&#227;o da parede do vaso, com orif&#237;cio intimal dito &#8220;de entrada&#8221; localizado em geral na aorta ascendente, e cria&#231;&#227;o de uma falsa luz. Esta pode estender-se at&#233; a t&#250;nica advent&#237;cia e chegar &#224; ruptura, com sangramento maci&#231;o para uma cavidade (peric&#225;rdica, pleural ou abdominal). Quando a dissec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se rompe, em geral existe um orif&#237;cio chamado de &#8220;re-entrada&#8221;, localizado mais distalmente na luz a&#243;rtica, em geral na aorta descendente.</p>
        <p>Histologicamente nota-se a presen&#231;a de ac&#250;mulos de glicosaminoglicanos na t&#250;nica m&#233;dia, por vezes sob forma dos chamados &#8220;lagos muc&#243;ides&#8221;,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> al&#233;m da rarefa&#231;&#227;o e fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de fibras el&#225;sticas e diminui&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno no ter&#231;o externo da parede a&#243;rtica, levando &#224; fraqueza desta parte da parede.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da ruptura, s&#227;o complica&#231;&#245;es a isquemia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os pelo roubo de fluxo na falsa luz e a insufici&#234;ncia da valva a&#243;rtica, por desabamento de sua inser&#231;&#227;o quando o orif&#237;cio de dissec&#231;&#227;o est&#225; nas proximidades.</p>
        <p>No caso em quest&#227;o, a dissec&#231;&#227;o se limitava &#224; aorta ascendente, que foi substitu&#237;da por tubo sint&#233;tico. Apesar de existir refer&#234;ncia a valvoplastia a&#243;rtica na cirurgia, o paciente evoluiu com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, provavelmente em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia valvar remanescente, esta n&#227;o detectada ao ecocardiograma possivelmente por altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas (paciente em choque). Este quadro foi o respons&#225;vel pela m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria tardia.</p>
        <p>O achado de les&#227;o cavitada na raiz da aorta, relacionada &#224;s suturas e com conte&#250;do l&#237;quido de aspecto purulento, poderia significar infec&#231;&#227;o local, por&#233;m n&#227;o detectamos microorganismos histologicamente. <bold>(Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dlcfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
          <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
