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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TYjnLbbypVHXLLFyxwJVbNw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000200201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180270</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Early Diagnosis and Treatment in Infective Endocarditis: Challenges for a Better Prognosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniely Iadocico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6524-9614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siciliano</surname>
            <given-names>Rinaldo Focaccia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brazil</surname>
            <given-names>Calila Vieira Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Branco</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo de Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Sergio de Santis Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strabelli</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Mara Varej&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Cardiopatias Valvares do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Controle de Infec&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Roney Orismar Sampaio,</bold> Rua Comandante Garcia d`Avila, 412. Postal code 05654-040, Morumbi, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>orismar@cardiol.br</email>, <email>sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Sampaio RO; acquisition of data: Sobreiro DI, Brazil CVA; analysis and interpretation of the data: Sobreiro DI, Brazil CVA; writing of the manuscript: Sobreiro DI, Sampaio RO, Lopes ASSA, Branco CEB; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Sampaio RO, Tarasoutchi F, Strabelli TMV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>201</fpage>
      <lpage>203</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Endocarditis, Bacterial/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Prosthesis Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheters</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Infective endocarditis (IE), a microbial infection of the cardiac or adjacent vascular endothelium, remains a feared disease, although the modern diagnosis systematizations date back to 1885 by Osler.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Although relatively uncommon,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> with approximately 3-10 cases per 100,000 individuals/year,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> the mortality remains high: more than one-third of patients die in the first year after the diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Only early diagnosis and treatment, whether exclusively clinical or associated with cardiac surgery, may interfere to reduce this high mortality rate.</p>
    <p>IE used to be more frequent in young and middle-aged adults with rheumatic or congenital heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, recent studies have shown a significant reduction in the incidence of IE in these groups, especially in more developed countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>IE can be increasingly seen in patients with valve prostheses, vascular catheters, implantable electronic devices such as pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and new surgical devices, such as transcatheter valve implantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Moreover, due to the population aging, even in Brazil, an increased incidence has been observed in the elderly, especially when associated with comorbidities such as diabetes (20%), chronic kidney disease (14%) and anemia (10%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> with a 4.6-fold increase in IE, when compared to the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> At the same time, reflecting the change in the epidemiology, the incidence of endocardial infection by staphylococci has been steadily increasing, even predominating in relation to streptococci in many centers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The diagnosis of IE is based on the modified Duke Criteria for Infective Endocarditis: the association of clinical signs (such as fever and presence of murmur in patients with risk of heart disease), positive blood culture for frequent etiological agents and typical echocardiographic findings (vegetation, periannular abscess)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> show high sensitivity (&gt; 80%), mainly in native valve infections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, the criteria show lower diagnostic accuracy for an early diagnosis in clinical practice, mainly in the previously mentioned group of patients, in which the incidence has been increasing. The diagnosis is challenging, especially if the echocardiography is normal or inconclusive, as it occurs in up to 30% of cases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> or when blood cultures are negative.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In fact, negative blood cultures occur in approximately 2% to 20% of cases of endocarditis. Common causes are: concomitant or prior use of antibiotics and presence of slow-growing or difficult-to-detect microorganisms in routine cultures. The following microorganisms stand out: <italic>Coxiella burnetii</italic>, <italic>Bartonella</italic> species and fungi.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The incidence of negative blood cultures has been reduced<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> with automated blood culture techniques, specific serologies (<italic>Coxiella sp</italic>) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These methods<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> allow the direct identification of bacterial species, especially in difficult-to-recognize cases, helping to attain an early diagnosis in relation to routine culture methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>IE diagnosis flowchart. *Possible cases according to Duke&#8217;s criteria are all those that do not fit as definite or rejected cases.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0201-80270-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Imaging methods, mainly echocardiography, play a key role in the diagnosis and management of IE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Being the technique of choice for the initial investigation, it should be rapidly performed, and if the clinical suspicion persists in the transthoracic modality, the transesophageal assessment should be carried out, with an evident increase in the method accuracy.</p>
    <p>Individuals with prostheses and catheters or devices often require assessment by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), considering that the sensitivity and specificity rates are between 40-70% for transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and 85% for TEE in prosthetic valves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A negative result in the TEE does not exclude IE in patients with strong clinical suspicion. Therefore, the examination should be repeated within seven days for diagnostic clarification, whenever there is the possibility of IE.</p>
    <p>The echocardiographic diagnosis may be limited by acoustic shadowing, confusing images, especially in the postoperative period, very small vegetation or absence of vegetation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> These limitations led to a growing interest in the use of other imaging modalities that would complement the echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The use of transesophageal three-dimensional echocardiography has improved the evaluation of cardiac volumes and structures, mainly for better identification of paraprosthetic regurgitation. This technique has improved and will certainly be even more useful in the near future.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Other imaging methods have also shown to be promising in the early diagnosis of patients with suspected IE that is difficult to be confirmed, such as multislice computed tomography (MSCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron-emission computed tomography (PET/CT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>PET/CT has been shown to be particularly important in cases of patients with valve prostheses or cardiac devices with more than three months of implantation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), in addition to the relevant potential in detecting extracardiac infectious foci, malignancy, and other types of inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>When assessing prosthetic valve dysfunction, a recent study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> suggested that MSCT may be equivalent or superior to the echocardiography to identify prosthesis-related vegetation, abscesses, pseudoaneurysms and dehiscence. However, there have been few studies comparing the two techniques and, therefore, the echocardiogram persists as the first-choice method in the investigation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Thus, it is worth emphasizing that even the most modern imaging techniques are not always conclusive or unquestionably clarify the presence of endocarditis, particularly in these difficult-to-diagnose subgroups, such as the elderly and patients with implantable devices/catheters.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, the trinomial high clinical suspicion, microbiological and imaging methods remain essential for the early diagnosis in IE. The inclusion of new imaging and microbiological identification methods, associated to a multidisciplinary team consisting of cardiologists, infectologists, imaging specialists, microbiologists and other specialties, for specific cases, such as neurologists are crucial in this scenario.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>We emphasize that the change in the course of IE prognosis depends on the rapid establishment of targeted therapy, which in turn is only possible when an early diagnosis is attained.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> High-risk subgroups, such as the elderly and patients with implanted prosthetic material deserve special attention, as a delayed diagnosis has led to increased mortality. Thus, future guidelines should consider the inclusion of these new techniques in the diagnosis of IE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diagn&#243;stico Precoce da Endocardite Infecciosa: Desafios para um Progn&#243;stico Melhor</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniely Iadocico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6524-9614</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siciliano</surname>
            <given-names>Rinaldo Focaccia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brazil</surname>
            <given-names>Calila Vieira Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Branco</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo de Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Sergio de Santis Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strabelli</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Mara Varej&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Cardiopatias Valvares do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Controle de Infec&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roney Orismar Sampaio,</bold> Rua Comandante Garcia d`Avila, 412. CEP 05654-040, Morumbi, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil<bold>.</bold> E-mail: <email>orismar@cardiol.br</email>, <email>sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sampaio RO; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sobreiro DI, Brazil CVA; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sobreiro DI, Siciliano RF, Brazil CVA; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sobreiro DI, Sampaio RO, Siciliano RF, Lopes ASSA, Branco CEB; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sampaio RO, Tarasoutchi F, Strabelli TMV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Endocardite Bacteriana/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;teses</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateteres</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A endocardite infecciosa (EI), infec&#231;&#227;o microbiana do endot&#233;lio card&#237;aco ou vascular adjacente, continua sendo uma temida doen&#231;a, apesar de sistematiza&#231;&#245;es para o diagn&#243;stico moderno datarem de 1885, por Osler.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Ainda que relativamente infrequente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> com cerca de 3-10 casos por 100.000 pacientes/ano,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> a mortalidade persiste alta: mais de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes falecem no primeiro ano ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Somente o diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utica precoces, seja exclusivamente cl&#237;nico ou associado &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, podem interferir para reduzir essa elevada mortalidade.</p>
      <p>A EI era mais frequente em jovens e adultos de meia idade com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica ou cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Todavia, estudos recentes, demonstram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia da EI nestes grupos, sobretudo em na&#231;&#245;es mais desenvolvidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A EI est&#225; cada vez mais relacionada a portadores de pr&#243;tese valvares, cateteres vasculares, dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis, como marcapasso e cardiodesfibriladores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e novos dispositivos cir&#250;rgicos, como endoprot&#233;ses valvares implantadas por cateter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m disso, devido ao envelhecimento populacional, mesmo no Brasil, observamos aumento da incid&#234;ncia nos idosos, sobretudo quando associado &#224; comorbidades como diabetes (20%), insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (14%) e anemia (10%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> havendo risco 4,6 vezes maior de EI, do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Ao mesmo tempo, refletindo a mudan&#231;a na epidemiologia, a incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica por estafilococos vem aumentando progressivamente, inclusive, predominando em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estreptococos em muitos centros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico da EI baseia-se fundamentamente nos crit&#233;rios modificados da Universidade de Duke: a associa&#231;&#227;o de sinais cl&#237;nicos (como febre e sopro em portador de cardiopatia de risco), positividade de hemoculturas por agentes etiol&#243;gicos frequentes e altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas t&#237;picas (vegeta&#231;&#227;o, abscesso perianular)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> apresentam alta sensibilidade (&gt; 80%), principalmente em infec&#231;&#245;es em valvas nativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, os crit&#233;rios mostram uma menor precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica para o diagn&#243;stico precoce na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, particularmente no grupo de pacientes, anteriormente relacionado, nos quais a incid&#234;ncia vem aumentando. O diagn&#243;stico &#233; desafiador, sobretudo, se a ecocardiografia &#233; normal ou inconclusiva, como ocorre em at&#233; 30% dos casos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> ou quando as hemoculturas s&#227;o negativas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ali&#225;s, hemoculturas negativas ocorrem em cerca de 2% a 20% dos casos de endocardite. Causas habituais s&#227;o: uso concomitante ou pr&#233;vio de antibi&#243;ticos e presen&#231;a de microorganismo com crescimento lento ou de dif&#237;cil detec&#231;&#227;o nas culturas de rotina. Destacam-se: <italic>Coxiella burnetti</italic>, esp&#233;cies de <italic>Bartonella</italic> e fungos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A incidencia de hemoculturas negativas tem sido reduzida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> com t&#233;cnicas automatizadas de hemocultivo, sorologias especificas (<italic>Coxiella sp</italic>) e rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). Esses m&#233;todos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> permitem a identifica&#231;&#227;o direta de esp&#233;cies bacterianas, especialmente em casos de dif&#237;cil reconhecimento, auxiliando na precocidade do diagn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o aos m&#233;todos de cultura rotineiros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Organograma para diagn&#243;stico de endocardite infecciosa (EI). *casos poss&#237;veis de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Duke s&#227;o todos aqueles que n&#227;o se encaixam como definitvos ou rejeitados.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0201-80270-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A imagem, particularmente a ecocardiografia, desempenha um papel fundamental no diagn&#243;stico e no gerenciamento da EI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> T&#233;cnica de escolha para investiga&#231;&#227;o inicial, deve ser realizada rapidamente e persistindo a suspeita cl&#237;nica na modalidade transtor&#225;cica, procede-se o estudo esof&#225;gico, com evidente aumento na acur&#225;cia do m&#233;todo.</p>
      <p>Portadores de pr&#243;teses e cateteres ou dispositivos necessitam frequentemente de avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) haja vista as taxas de sensibilidade e especificidade serem entre 40-70% para o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) e 85% para o ETE em valvas prot&#233;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A negatividade do ETE n&#227;o exclui EI em pacientes com forte suspeita cl&#237;nica. Assim, o exame dever&#225; ser repetido em sete dias para esclarecimento diagn&#243;stico, sempre que houver a possibilidade de EI.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico pode ser limitado por sombra ac&#250;stica, imagens confundidoras, sobretudo em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, vegeta&#231;&#227;o muito pequena ou aus&#234;ncia de vegeta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Essas limita&#231;&#245;es levaram a um crescente interesse no uso de outras modalidades de imagem que venham a complementar a ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma tridimensional transesof&#225;gico melhorou a avalia&#231;&#227;o de volumes e estruturas card&#237;acas, particularmente para melhor identifica&#231;&#227;o de refluxos paraprot&#233;ticos. Est&#225; t&#233;cnica tem se aprimorado e certamente ser&#225; ainda mais &#250;til em um futuro pr&#243;ximo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Outros m&#233;todos de imagem tem, igualmente, se mostrado promissores no aux&#237;lio de diagn&#243;stico precoce em pacientes suspeitos de EI de dificil conclus&#227;o como: a tomografia computadorizada multislice (TCMS), a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e a tomografia com emiss&#227;o de pos&#237;trons (PET/CT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A PET/CT, particularmente tem se mostrado importante, em casos de portadores de pr&#243;teses valvares ou dispositivos card&#237;acos com mais de tr&#234;s meses de implante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Al&#233;m do relevante potencial em detectar focos extracardiacos de infec&#231;&#227;o, malignidade, e outros tipos de inflama&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvular prot&#233;tica, um estudo recente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> sugeriu que o TCMS pode ser equivalente ou superior &#224; ecocardiografia para a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#245;es, abscessos, pseudoaneurismas e deisc&#234;ncia relacionados &#224; pr&#243;tese. Entretanto, h&#225; poucos estudos comparativos entre as duas t&#233;cnicas e, portanto, o ecocardiograma persiste eleito como exame inicial na investiga&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Assim, vale ressaltar, que mesmo as t&#233;cnicas de imagens mais modernas, nem sempre s&#227;o conclusivas ou esclarecem em definitivo a presen&#231;a da endocardite, particularmente nestes subgrupos de dificil diagn&#243;stico, como os idosos e portadores de dispositivos/cateteres implant&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, o trin&#244;mio alta suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, m&#233;todos microbiol&#243;gicos e de imagens mant&#233;m-se essenciais na precocidade diagn&#243;stica na EI. A inclus&#227;o de novos m&#233;todos de identifica&#231;&#227;o microbiol&#243;gica e de imagem, associadas a time multidisciplinar, envolvendo cardiologistas, infectologistas, especialistas em imagem, microbiologistas e outras especialidades, para casos espec&#237;ficos, como neurologistas s&#227;o fundamentais neste cen&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Refor&#231;amos que a mudan&#231;a no curso do progn&#243;stico da EI depende da r&#225;pida institui&#231;&#227;o de terap&#234;utica dirigida, que por sua vez s&#243; &#233; poss&#237;vel com a precocidade no diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Merecem especial aten&#231;&#227;o, subgrupos de alto risco como idosos e portadores de material prot&#233;tico implantado, cujo atraso diagn&#243;stico tem suscitado maior mortalidade. Assim, futuras diretrizes devem considerar a inclus&#227;o destas novas t&#233;cnicas no diagn&#243;stico da EI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
