<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="rapid-communication" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">C4yzhCxY6NMn7tBdsWGb9Jj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000200189</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of Iron Metabolism in Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8367-7089</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botoni</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Ot&#225;vio da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carla Paix&#227;o Miranda,</bold> Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 4&#176; Andar Sala 4070. Postal Code 30130-100, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>carlanutribio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, analysis and interpretation of the data, statistical analysis, writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Miranda CP, Botoni FA, Nunes MCP, Rocha MOC; acquisition of data: Miranda CP, Botoni FA, Rocha MOC; obtaining funding: Miranda CP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>189</fpage>
      <lpage>192</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Changes in iron metabolism in heart failure (HF) have been described as an important prognostic marker.</p>
        <p>To check if the markers of iron kinetics are related to the morbidity and etiology of chagasic cardiomyopathy.</p>
        <p>Patients with Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy (CCC, n = 40), with indeterminate form (IND, n = 40), besides non-chagasic cardiomyopathy (NCh, n = 40).</p>
        <p>The mean age was 50.98 &#177; 5.88 in CCC, 50% were male, 49.68 &#177; 5.28 in IND, 52.2% were male, and 49.20 &#177; 10.09 in NCh, 12.5% were male. Lower levels of iron (FeSe) were observed in the CCC groups (93.15 &#177; 36.53), when compared to IND (125.30 &#177; 22.79) and NCh (114.77 &#177; 18.90) (p = 0.0004), lower IST transferrin saturation index in CCC (29.48 &#177; 6.59), when compared to IND (30.95 &#177; 7.06) and in the NCh group (39.70 &#177; 7.54) p = 0.0001), total binding capacity of the lower CTLF iron in the CCC group (297.30 &#177; 36.46), when compared to the IND group (196.52 &#177; 56.95) and the NCh group (275.18 &#177; 33, 48) (p = 0.0001), lower ferritin in the CCC group (134.55, 1.56-42.36), when compared to the IND group (156,25, 1,72-42,20) and the NCh group (112.95, 2.88-42.66) (p = 0.0004). It was also observed that FeSe (95% CI 1.00-1.04, p = 0.0014), IST (95% CI 1.02-1.22) (p = 0.0012) and gender (95% CI 1.07-14.43 p = 0.0038) were independently associated with the degree of ventricular dysfunction in chagasic cardiomyopathy.</p>
        <p>CCC patients showed greater change in iron metabolism regarding the indeterminate form and other forms of cariomyopathies.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Iron Metabolism Disorders</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Anemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Functional iron deficiency (Fe) can be defined as the imbalance between the required amount of Fe for hemoglobin synthesis and its supply.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It occurs in the absence of Fe stock, a characteristic of iron deficiency anemia (FA), and in the presence of blockade of Fe homeostasis, as in anemia of inflammation. In AI, cytokines and reticuloendothelial system cells induce alterations that interfere in different pathways of erythropoiesis leading to anemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, derived from macrophages or T cells, as well as acute phase proteins, are believed to be involved in AI Fe homeostasis disorders. The demonstration of the importance of IL-1 and TNF-&#945; in Fe homeostasis occurred from experiments with rats, where the administration of these cytokines was associated with hypoferremia, and induction of ferritin synthesis by SRW. It is now known that IL-1 and IL-6 are able to modulate the translation of ferritin acting on the 5'-untranslated portion of the ferritin messenger RNA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>IL-6 appears to play a key role in the stimulation of HAMP transcription, although IL-1&#945; and IL-1&#946; also play a role in the transcription of this gene. IL-6 has the ability to bind to the cell membrane through specific receptors, and to activate the signal transducer and transcriptional activator 3 (<italic>Stat3</italic>), the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which acts on the gene promoter region by stimulating hepcidin transcription. Excessive production of hepcidin occurs in individuals with inflammatory and infectious diseases, particularly Chagas disease, and this excess explains the sequestration of Fe in macrophages, and the inhibition of intestinal absorption of Fe, two hallmarks of AI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The expression of ferroportin is decreased in SRE cells due to inflammation; it is not only due to the internalization and degradation of ferroportin by the action of hepcidin, but also by a negative regulation of its expression. Alterations in the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors (BFU-E and CFU-E): a blockade is observed due to the inhibitory effect of several cytokines, in particular: interferon-&#945;, &#946; e &#947;, &#945; tumoral necrosis factor (TNF-&#945;), and interleukin 1 (IL-1). The related mechanism appears to be the induction of apoptosis; however, cytokines also exert a direct toxic effect on progenitor cells by inducing the formation of free radicals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most severe manifestation of Chagas disease (Chd), in which intense and extensive inflammatory and fibrotic action is observed on the myocardium,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> causing structural and autonomic alterations that affect approximately 20% to 30% of the infected people.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In addition, CCC presents, as a fundamental morphological substrate, a chronic, progressive and fibrosing and, consequently, clinical myocarditis, ranging from silent to more severe forms, such as refractory heart failure (HF), complex arrhythmias, ventricular aneurysms, and sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The impairment of cardiac function, as well as the progression of neurohormonal and inflammatory compensation mechanisms, can either alter iron metabolism by simply reducing its intestinal absorption, or dynamically change its distribution in the reticuloendothelial and hematopoietic system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Anemia is known to be the last compensatory stage when there is iron bioavailability impairment for the erythropoietic processes from complex pathophysiological mechanisms. The objective of this study was to check if the iron kinetics markers correlate with the degree of ventricular dysfunction of Chagas cardiomyopathy compared to non-chagasic cardiomyopathy (NCh).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Forty patients with CCC, 40 chagasic patients with undetermined form (IND), and 40 patients with NCh were consecutively selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients with CCC and with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease showed confirmatory serology for T. cruzi. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of UFMG-COEP with identification number ETIC 359/04.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and procedure</title>
        <p>At the time of inclusion, all patients underwent clinical examination, laboratory examination, 12-lead ECG. Functionalcapacity was assessed by the <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) scales. The severity of cardiac involvement was determined by echocardiographic indices (ejection fraction [EF], and left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LV).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hematologic evaluation</title>
        <p>Serum iron dosage (FeSe), transferrin saturation index (TSI), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin were sent to the Central Laboratory of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas. Their quantifications were done through the following methods:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>- serum iron (two-point kinetics)</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- transferrin saturation index, ferritin (immunoturbidimetry), were quantified by the calculation (serum iron - total iron-binding capacity).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- total iron-binding fixation capacity (enzymatic kinetics).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- transferrin dosage (immunoturbidimetry).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample size calculation</title>
        <p>The work by Jankowska et al. (2012), in which functional classes III and IV HF patients were studied, was the basis for the sampling calculation, and showed alterations in iron metabolism and association with the degree of ventricular systolic dysfunction, and morbidity. Sample size was calculated by the BioStat 5.3 Software, for which the mean and standard deviation [&#177;] of each iron kinetic variable with minimum test power of 0.80 were used, assuming a significance of 0.05% (&gt; 5%) and beta error lower than 20% (test power); we decided to select 40 patients in each IND, CCC and NCh group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Software version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States). A descriptive analysis of continuous and categorical variables was performed. For the presence or absence of normal distribution of variables, the Shapiro-Wilk test was performed. For the multivariate analysis presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, the Cox regression model was used, and the association of variables that were related to death, hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI was evaluated, assuming a statistical significance of 0.05%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic, clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic characteristics of the IND, CCC and NCh groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center">IND (n = 40)</th>
                <th align="center">CCC (n = 40)</th>
                <th align="center">NCh (n = 40)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age*</td>
                <td align="center">49.68 &#177; 5.28</td>
                <td align="center">50.98 &#177; 5.88</td>
                <td align="center">49.20 &#177; 10.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.929</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">1.69 &#177; 0.065</td>
                <td align="center">1.97 &#177; 0.158</td>
                <td align="center">1.94 &#177; 0.123</td>
                <td align="center">0.889</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (kg)*</td>
                <td align="center">79.100 &#177; 8.58</td>
                <td align="center">73.75 &#177; 10.15</td>
                <td align="center">71.88 &#177; 11.47</td>
                <td align="center">0.621</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male [n(%)]</td>
                <td align="center">21/40 (52.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">20/40 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">5/40 (12.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.979</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA functional class</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">40/40 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">12/40 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">32/40 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.410</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">15/40 (37.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">6/40 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.510</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">8/40 (2.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.312</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5/40 (12.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1/40(2.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FeSe (&#181;g/dL)*</td>
                <td align="center">125.30 &#177; 22.79</td>
                <td align="center">93.15 &#177; 36.53</td>
                <td align="center">114.77 &#177; 18.90</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hb (g/dL)*</td>
                <td align="center">14.84 &#177; 1.56</td>
                <td align="center">13.62 &#177; 1.23</td>
                <td align="center">14.02 &#177; 1.25</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TSI (%)*</td>
                <td align="center">30.95 &#177; 7.06</td>
                <td align="center">29.48 &#177; 6.59</td>
                <td align="center">39.70 &#177; 8.54</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TIBC (&#181;g/dL )*</td>
                <td align="center">196.52 &#177; 56.95</td>
                <td align="center">297.30 &#177; 36.46</td>
                <td align="center">275.18 &#177; 33.48</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ferritin (ng/mL)**</td>
                <td align="center">156.25 (1.7-42.20)</td>
                <td align="center">134.5 (1.56-42.36)</td>
                <td align="center">112.95 (2.8-42.66)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVD (mm)*</td>
                <td align="center">46.38 &#177; 7.34</td>
                <td align="center">65.43 &#177; 7.70</td>
                <td align="center">46.38 &#177; 7.34</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e' ratio*</td>
                <td align="center">6.6 &#177; 2.82</td>
                <td align="center">14.9 &#177; 4.58</td>
                <td align="center">12.15 &#177; 12.06</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF**</td>
                <td align="center">65.85 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">35.92 &#177; 8.59</td>
                <td align="center">34.95 &#177; 8.12</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; FeSe: serum iron; Hb: hemoglobin; TSI: transferrin saturation index; TIBC: total iron binding capacity; LVD: diameter of the left ventricle in diastole; E/e: diastolic velocity; LVEF: ejection fraction of the left ventricle.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variables of iron kinetics markers independently associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction below 35% (multivariate Cox Hazard proportional hazard model)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">Univariate model</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">Multivariate model</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Variables</td>
                <td align="center">OR</td>
                <td align="center">95% CI</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">p</td>
                <td align="center">OR</td>
                <td align="center">95% CI</td>
                <td align="center">X<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">p</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TSI%</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
                <td align="center">0.816-0.979</td>
                <td align="center">5.86</td>
                <td align="center">0.015</td>
                <td align="center">1.12</td>
                <td align="center">1.02-1.22</td>
                <td align="center">6.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FeSe</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
                <td align="center">0.95-0.99</td>
                <td align="center">5.34</td>
                <td align="center">0.021</td>
                <td align="center">1.23</td>
                <td align="center">1.00-1.04</td>
                <td align="center">5.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FERRITIN</td>
                <td align="center">1.27</td>
                <td align="center">1.044-1.56</td>
                <td align="center">5.65</td>
                <td align="center">0.017</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
                <td align="center">1.01</td>
                <td align="center">7.54 &#177; 13.7</td>
                <td align="center">1.36</td>
                <td align="center">0.243</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GFR, mL/min/1.73 m</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.95-1.05</td>
                <td align="center">1.41</td>
                <td align="center">0.786</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hb</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">0.56-1.74</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anemia</td>
                <td align="center">8.97</td>
                <td align="center">1.01-7.90</td>
                <td align="center">3.90</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
                <td align="center">1.22</td>
                <td align="center">0.126-11.83</td>
                <td align="center">0.030</td>
                <td align="center">0.862</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of laboratory parameters. FeSe: serum iron; Hb: hemoglobin; TSI: transferrin saturation index; GFR: glomerular filtration rate.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Selection criteria applied to the multivariate model</title>
        <p>Presence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVEF &#8804; 35%). Left ventricular diameter (LVD) &lt; 55mm. FeSe serum iron &lt; 31<italic>&#181;</italic>g/dL. When the IST transferrin saturation index is less than 20%. TIBC &lt; 250 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/dL. Ferritin &lt; 200 mg/dL.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The demographic, clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic characteristics of the groups are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. There was a predominance of male patients, and most of the patients were NYHA I functional class, with mean left ventricular (LV) FE below 45%.</p>
      <p>In the univariate analysis, it was found that the variables that were associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction below 35% were TSI, (OR = 0.89, p = 0.05), iron (OR = 0.97, ferritin (OR = 1.27, p = 0.017), gender (OR = 0.26, p<italic>=</italic>0.05), HF etiology (OR = 2.40, p = 0.011), and anemia (OR = 8.97, p = 0.04). In the multivariate analysis, there was an independent association between low left ventricular dysfunction of 35% and TSI (OR = 1.12, p = 0.012), FeSe (OR = 1.02, p = 0.014), gender (OR = 3.94, p = 0.038), and the etiology of HF (OR = 2.6, p = 0.036); 35 individuals with left ventricular dysfunction (87.5%) were identified, who presented the outcome in the sample.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Iron kinetic markers were found to correlate with the degree of ventricular dysfunction of chagasic cardiomyopathy in relation to NCh; the following observations were obtained as main results: (a) CCC patients, when compared with IND and NCh patients, had lower serum levels of iron, ferritin, TSI and TIBC; (b) patients with CCC have lower serum levels of iron, TSI, TIBC, and ferritin than patients with Chagasic and non chagasic cardiomyopathy; (c) lower serum levels of iron, TSI, TIBC, and ferritin are associated with the level of systolic ventricular dysfunction; (d) low serum levels of iron, TSI, TIBC, and ferritin are associated with the degree of cardiac morbidity.</p>
      <p>As demonstrated by the results presented, we observed that patients with CCC, when compared with chagasic patients in the indeterminate form (IND) and those with NCh, present lower serum levels of iron, TIBC, TSI and ferritin. Currently, there are no studies specifically related to CCC and iron metabolism; thus, we will base our pathophysiological hypotheses on studies performed with other causes of cardiomyopathy. Despite the peculiarities of CCC, there seems to be similarity in the genesis of changes in iron metabolism observed in other pathologies and CCC. As possible pathophysiological mechanisms for iron metabolism alterations in HF, some theories have been described, such as chronic inflammation, intestinal loop edema, and hypoperfusion of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A prospective case control study with 499 patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy reported the persistence of the parasitic element (DNA) through PCR analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> There was an association between parasite load and disease severity measured from clinical parameters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the analysis of the iron kinetics markers and the echocardiographic variables, we found that the higher the systolic ventricular dysfunction, the lower the serum FeSe, TSI, TIBC, and ferritin levels. This finding is interesting because it reinforces our hypothesis that low levels of iron kinetics markers correlate with the degree of ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>In the multivariate analysis, we found low levels of FeSe (p = 0.014) and TSI (p = 0.012), as well as statistically significant results for gender (p = 0.038) as independent markers for left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The fall of ten units of iron is associated with a 23% higher chance of occurrence of systolic ventricular dysfunction. The fall of ten units of TSI is associated with a 12% higher chance of occurrence of systolic ventricular dysfunction.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In the population studied, analyzes of iron metabolism in patients with CCC showed that there is an association with the degree of myocardial impairment, and the lower the iron serum levels, the total iron binding capacity, the transferrin saturation index and ferritin, the greater the degree of ventricular dysfunction. It is concluded that in chagasic cardiopathy there is a change in the iron metabolism, and it is more pronounced than in non-chagasic cardiopathies, thus evidencing its infectious nature.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Carla Paix&#227;o Miranda, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Thomas C, Kirschbaum, A, Boehm, D, Thomas L. The diagnostic plot :a concept for identifying different states of iron deficiency and monitoring the response to epoetin therapy. Med Oncol. 2006;23(1):23-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirschbaum</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boehm</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The diagnostic plot :a concept for identifying different states of iron deficiency and monitoring the response to epoetin therapy</article-title>
          <source>Med Oncol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>23</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Kluststein MW, Tzivoni D. Anaemia and heart failure: aetiology and treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant.2005;20(Suppl):7-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kluststein</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tzivoni</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anaemia and heart failure: aetiology and treatment</article-title>
          <source>Nephrol Dial Transplant</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Ludwig H, Osteerborg A. Pathogenesis and treatment of anemia. In: Berenson J (ed.). Biology and management of multiple myeloma. New York: Human Press; 2004. P.303-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ludwig</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Osteerborg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Pathogenesis and treatment of anemia</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Berenson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Biology and management of multiple myeloma</source>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Human Press</publisher-name>
          <year>2004</year>
          <fpage>303</fpage>
          <lpage>318</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Koike K, Matsuda K. Recent advances in the pathogenesis and management of juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2008;141(5):567-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koike</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsuda</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recent advances in the pathogenesis and management of juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia</article-title>
          <source>Br J Haematol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>567</fpage>
          <lpage>575</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Andrews N C. Forging a field: the golden age of iron biology." Blood. 2008;112(2):219-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrews</surname>
              <given-names>N C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Forging a field: the golden age of iron biology</article-title>
          <source>Blood</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>219</fpage>
          <lpage>230</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Deicher R., H&#246;rl WH. New insights into the regulation of iron homeostasis." Eur J Clin Invest.. 2006;36(5):301-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deicher</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>H&#246;rl</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>New insights into the regulation of iron homeostasis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Clin Invest</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>301</fpage>
          <lpage>309</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Nunes MC, Dones W, Morillo CA, Encina JJ, Ribeiro AL; Council on Chagas Disease of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology. Chagas disease: an overview of clinical and epidemiological aspects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(9):767-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dones</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morillo</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Encina</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Council on Chagas Disease of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chagas disease: an overview of clinical and epidemiological aspects</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>767</fpage>
          <lpage>776</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Rocha MO, Ribeiro AL, Teixeira MM. Clinical management of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Front Biosci. 2003 Jan 1;8:e44-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical management of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Front Biosci</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <month>01</month>
          <day>01</day>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <fpage>e44</fpage>
          <lpage>e54</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Horta AL, Leite AL, Costa P G, Figueiredo VP, Talvani A. Potential role of carvedilol in the cardiac immune response induced by experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:ID 9205062.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Horta</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>P G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>VP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Talvani</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Potential role of carvedilol in the cardiac immune response induced by experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi</article-title>
          <source>Biomed Res Int</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>2017</volume>
          <comment>ID 9205062</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Botoni FA, Ribeiro AL, Marinho CC, Lima MM, Nunes M C, Rocha MO. Treatment of Chagas Cardiomyopathy. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:ID 849504.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Botoni</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marinho</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>M C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Treatment of Chagas Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Biomed Res Int</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>2013</volume>
          <comment>ID 849504</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Anand IS. Anemia and chronic heart failure implications and treatment options. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(7):501-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anand</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anemia and chronic heart failure implications and treatment options</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>501</fpage>
          <lpage>511</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Higuchi ML.. Endomyocardial biopsy in Chagas&#180; heart disease: pathogenetic contributions. Sao Paulo Med J. 1995;113(2):821-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Higuchi</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endomyocardial biopsy in Chagas&#180; heart disease: pathogenetic contributions</article-title>
          <source>Sao Paulo Med J</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>821</fpage>
          <lpage>825</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise do Metabolismo do Ferro na Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8367-7089</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Botoni</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Ot&#225;vio da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carla Paix&#227;o Miranda,</bold> Avenida Alfredo Balena, 190, 4&#176; Andar Sala 4070. CEP 30130-100, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>carlanutribio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Miranda CP, Botoni FA, Nunes MCP, Rocha MOC; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Miranda CP, Botoni FA, Rocha MOC; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Miranda CP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A altera&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo do ferro na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) tem sido descrita como um importante marcador progn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Verificar se os marcadores da cin&#233;tica do ferro guardam rela&#231;&#227;o com a morbidade e a etiologia da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC, n = 40), com a forma indeterminada (IND, n = 40), al&#233;m de cardiomiopatia n&#227;o chag&#225;sica (NCh, n = 40).</p>
        <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 50,98 &#177; 5,88 no CCC, 50% eram do sexo masculino, 49,68 &#177; 5,28 no IND, 52,2% eram do sexo masculino e 49,20 &#177;10,09 no NCh, 12,5% eram do sexo masculino. Observaram-se n&#237;veis de ferro (FeSe) menores no grupos CCC (93,15 &#177; 36,53), quando comparados ao IND (125,30 &#177; 22,79) e NCh (114,77 &#177; 18,90) (p = 0,0004), &#237;ndice de satura&#231;&#227;o de transferrina (IST) menor no CCC (29,48 &#177; 6,59), quando comparado ao IND (30,95 &#177; 7,06) e no grupo NCh (39,70 &#177; 7,54) (p= 0,0001), capacidade total de liga&#231;&#227;o do ferro CTLF menor no grupo CCC (297,30 &#177; 36,46), quando comparado ao grupo IND (196,52 &#177; 56,95) e ao grupo NCh (275,18 &#177; 33,48) (p = 0,0001), ferritina menor no grupo CCC (134,55, 1,56-42,36), quando comparada ao grupo IND (156,25, 1,72 - 42,20) e ao grupo NCh (112,95, 2,88-42,66) (p = 0.0004). Verificou-se tamb&#233;m que o FeSe (IC% 95% 1,00-1,04; p = 0,0014), o IST (IC 95% 1,02-1,22) (p = 0,0012) e o sexo (IC 95% 1,07-14,43 p = 0,0038) associaram-se independentemente ao grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes com CCC demonstraram maior altera&#231;&#227;o no metabolismo do ferro em rela&#231;&#227;o a forma indeterminada e outras formas de miocardiopatias.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Dist&#250;rbio do Metabolismo do Ferro</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o, Anemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A defici&#234;ncia funcional do ferro (Fe) pode ser definida como o desbalan&#231;o entre a quantidade necess&#225;ria de Fe para a s&#237;ntese de hemoglobina e o seu suprimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Ela ocorre na aus&#234;ncia de estoque de Fe, caracter&#237;stica da anemia ferrop&#234;nica (AF), e na presen&#231;a de bloqueio da homeostasia do Fe, como na anemia da inflama&#231;&#227;o. Na AI, citocinas e c&#233;lulas do sistema ret&#237;culo-endotelial induzem altera&#231;&#245;es que interferem em diferentes vias da eritropoese levando &#224; anemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Acredita-se que citocinas pr&#243;- e anti-inflamat&#243;rias, derivadas de macr&#243;fagos ou de c&#233;lulas T, al&#233;m de prote&#237;nas de fase aguda, est&#227;o envolvidas nos dist&#250;rbios da homeostase do Fe da AI. A demonstra&#231;&#227;o da import&#226;ncia da IL-1 e do TNF-&#945; na homeostase do Fe ocorreu a partir de experimentos com ratos, onde a administra&#231;&#227;o destas citocinas era associada a hipoferremia e indu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de ferritina pelo SRW. Hoje se sabe que a IL-1 e a IL-6 s&#227;o capazes de modular a tradu&#231;&#227;o de ferritina atuando na por&#231;&#227;o 5 n&#227;o traduzida do RNA mensageiro da ferritina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A IL-6 parece ter papel fundamental no est&#237;mulo da transcri&#231;&#227;o do <italic>HAMP,</italic> embora a IL-1&#945; e IL-1&#946; tamb&#233;m tenham a&#231;&#227;o na transcri&#231;&#227;o deste gene. A IL-6 tem a capacidade de se ligar &#224; membrana celular atrav&#233;s de receptores espec&#237;ficos e ativar o transdutor de sinal e ativador da transcri&#231;&#227;o 3 (<italic>Stat3</italic>), da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o JAK/STAT, que atua na regi&#227;o promotora do gene estimulando a transcri&#231;&#227;o de hepcidina. Produ&#231;&#227;o excessiva de hepcidina ocorre em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias e infecciosas, em particular a doen&#231;a de chagas, e &#233; esse excesso que explica o sequestro de Fe nos macr&#243;fagos e a inibi&#231;&#227;o da absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal de Fe, duas marcas caracter&#237;sticas da AI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A express&#227;o de ferroportina est&#225; diminu&#237;da nas c&#233;lulas do SRE devido a inflama&#231;&#227;o; n&#227;o se deve somente &#224; internaliza&#231;&#227;o e degrada&#231;&#227;o da ferroportina pela a&#231;&#227;o da hepcidina, mas tamb&#233;m por uma regula&#231;&#227;o negativa da sua express&#227;o. Altera&#231;&#245;es na diferencia&#231;&#227;o e prolifera&#231;&#227;o dos precursores eritroides (BFU-E e CFU-E): observa-se um bloqueio devido ao efeito inibit&#243;rio de diversas citocinas, em especial: interferon-&#945;, &#946; e &#947;, fator de necrose tumoral-&#945; TNF-&#945; e interleucina 1 (IL-1). O mecanismo relacionado parece ser a indu&#231;&#227;o de apoptose; entretanto, as citocinas tamb&#233;m exercem um efeito t&#243;xico direto nas c&#233;lulas progenitoras por induzirem a forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC) &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais grave da doen&#231;a de chagas (dCh), na qual se observa intensa e extensa a&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria e fibr&#243;tica sobre o mioc&#225;rdio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> provocando altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e auton&#244;micas que afetam cerca de 20% a 30% dos infectados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a CCC apresenta, como substrato morfol&#243;gico fundamental, uma miocardite cr&#244;nica progressiva e fibrosante e, consequentemente, cl&#237;nica, variando desde formas silenciosas at&#233; formas mais graves, como a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) refrat&#225;ria, arritmias complexas, aneurismas ventriculares e morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, bem como a progress&#227;o dos mecanismos de compensa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal e inflamat&#243;rios, podem tanto alterar o metabolismo do ferro por simplesmente reduzir sua absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal, como modificar dinamicamente sua distribui&#231;&#227;o no sistema reticuloendotelial e hematopoi&#233;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sabidamente, a anemia &#233; o &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio compensat&#243;rio quando ocorre comprometimento da biodisponibilidade do ferro para os processos eritropoi&#233;ticos em decorr&#234;ncia dos complexos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos. Objetivou-se nesse estudo verificar se os marcadores da cin&#233;tica do ferro guardam rela&#231;&#227;o com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cardiomiopatia n&#227;o chag&#225;sica (NCh).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados consecutivamente, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, 40 pacientes com CCC, 40 pacientes chag&#225;sicos com a forma indeterminada (IND) e 40 pacientes com NCh. Os pacientes com CCC e com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas apresentaram sorologia confirmat&#243;ria para <italic>T. cruzi.</italic> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFMG-COEP com n&#250;mero de identifica&#231;&#227;o ETIC 359/04.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo e procedimento</title>
          <p>No momento da inclus&#227;o, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame cl&#237;nico, exame laboratorial, ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, A capacidade funcional foi avaliada pelas escalas da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA). A gravidade do envolvimento card&#237;aco foi determinada pelos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o [FE], e volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, VE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o hematol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>Os soros para dosagens do ferro s&#233;rico (FeSe), &#237;ndice de satura&#231;&#227;o de transferrina (IST), capacidade total de fixa&#231;&#227;o do ferro (CTLF) e ferritina foram encaminhados ao Laborat&#243;rio Central do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas. As quantifica&#231;&#245;es dos mesmos foram feitas pelos seguintes m&#233;todos:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p>- ferro s&#233;rico (cin&#233;tico de dois pontos)</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- &#237;ndice de satura&#231;&#227;o da transferrina, ferritina (imunoturbidimetria), foram quantificados pelo c&#225;lculo (ferro s&#233;rico - capacidade total de liga&#231;&#227;o do ferro).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- capacidade total de fixa&#231;&#227;o de ferro (cin&#233;tico enzim&#225;tico).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- dosagem de transferrina (imunoturbidimetria).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral</title>
          <p>Tomou-se como base para o c&#225;lculo amostral o trabalho de Jankowska et al., (2012), no qual se estudaram pacientes com IC, classe funcional III e IV, verificando-se altera&#231;&#227;o no metabolismo do ferro e associa&#231;&#227;o com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica e a morbidade. Calculou-se o tamanho amostral pelo <italic>Software</italic> BioStat 5.3<italic>,</italic> para o qual foi usada a m&#233;dia e o desvio [&#177;] padr&#227;o de cada vari&#225;vel da cin&#233;tica do ferro com poder de teste m&#237;nimo de 0,80, presumindo-se signific&#226;ncia de 0,05% (&gt;5%) e erro beta menor 20% (poder do teste); decidiu-se pela sele&#231;&#227;o de 40 pacientes em cada grupo IND, CCC e NCh.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o <italic>Software</italic> SPSS vers&#227;o 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, Estados Unidos). Foi realizada an&#225;lise descritiva de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e categ&#243;ricas. Para presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis realizou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para an&#225;lise multivariada apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>, utilizou-se o modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox, sendo avaliada a associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis que se relacionaram em &#243;bito, hazard ratio (HR) e IC 95%, presumindo-se signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 0,05%.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos grupos IND, CCC e NCh</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracteristicas</th>
                  <th align="center">IND (n = 40)</th>
                  <th align="center">CCC (n = 40)</th>
                  <th align="center">NCh (n = 40)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade*</td>
                  <td align="center">49,68 &#177; 5,28</td>
                  <td align="center">50,98 &#177; 5,88</td>
                  <td align="center">49,20 &#177; 10,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,929</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,69 &#177; 0,065</td>
                  <td align="center">1,97 &#177; 0,158</td>
                  <td align="center">1,94 &#177; 0,123</td>
                  <td align="center">0,889</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)*</td>
                  <td align="center">79,100 &#177; 8,58</td>
                  <td align="center">73,75 &#177; 10,15</td>
                  <td align="center">71,88 &#177; 11,47</td>
                  <td align="center">0,621</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino [n(%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">21/40 (52,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20/40 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5/40 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,979</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NYHA Classe funcional</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I</td>
                  <td align="center">40/40 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12/40 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32/40 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,410</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">II</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">15/40 (37,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6/40 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,510</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">III</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">8/40 (2,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,312</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5/40 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/40(2,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FeSe (&#181;g/dL)*</td>
                  <td align="center">125,30 &#177; 22,79</td>
                  <td align="center">93,15 &#177; 36,53</td>
                  <td align="center">114,77 &#177; 18,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hb (g/dL)*</td>
                  <td align="center">14,84 &#177; 1,56</td>
                  <td align="center">13,62 &#177; 1,23</td>
                  <td align="center">14,02 &#177; 1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IST (%)*</td>
                  <td align="center">30,95 &#177; 7,06</td>
                  <td align="center">29,48 &#177; 6,59</td>
                  <td align="center">39,70 &#177; 8,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CTLF (&#181;g/dL )*</td>
                  <td align="center">196,52 &#177; 56,95</td>
                  <td align="center">297,30 &#177; 36,46</td>
                  <td align="center">275,18 &#177; 33,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ferritina (ng/mL)**</td>
                  <td align="center">156,25 (1,7-42,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">134,5 (1,56-42,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">112,95 (2,8-42,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VED (mm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">46,38 &#177; 7,34</td>
                  <td align="center">65,43 &#177; 7,70</td>
                  <td align="center">46,38 &#177; 7,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/e' ratio*</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6 &#177; 2,82</td>
                  <td align="center">14,9 &#177; 4,58</td>
                  <td align="center">12,15 &#177; 12,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE**</td>
                  <td align="center">65,85 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">35,92 &#177; 8,59</td>
                  <td align="center">34,95 &#177; 8,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NYHA: Classe funcional New York Heart Association; FeSe: ferro s&#233;rico; Hb: hemoglobina; IST: &#237;ndice de satura&#231;&#227;o de transferrina; CTLF: capacidade total de liga&#231;&#227;o do ferro; VED: di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em di&#225;stole; E/e: Velocidade diast&#243;lica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis dos marcadores da cin&#233;tica do ferro associados independentemente com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica esquerda abaixo de 35% (modelo de risco proporcional Cox Hazard multivariado)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
                <col width="11%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4">Modelo Univariado</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4">Modelo Multivariado</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>X<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>X<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IST%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,816-0,979</td>
                  <td align="center">5,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02-1,22</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FeSe</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95-0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">5,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00-1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ferritina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1,044-1,56</td>
                  <td align="center">5,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">7,54 &#177; 13,7</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,243</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TFG, mL/min/1.73m</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95-1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,786</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hb</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56-1,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anemia</td>
                  <td align="center">8,97</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01-7,90</td>
                  <td align="center">3,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,126-11,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                  <td align="center">0,862</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada dos par&#226;metros laboratoriais. FeSe: ferro s&#233;rico; Hb: hemoglobina; IST: &#237;ndice de satura&#231;&#227;o de transferrina; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o aplicado ao modelo multivariado</title>
          <p>Presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica esquerda (FEVE &#8804; 35%). Di&#226;metro ventricular esquerdo (VED) &lt; 55 mm. Ferro s&#233;rico FeSe &lt; 31 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/dL. Quando o IST for menor que 20%. CTLF &lt; 250 <italic>&#181;</italic>g/dL. Ferritina &lt; 200 mg/dL.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Nas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> observa-se: predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino, e a maioria dos pacientes apresentou-se em classe funcional NYHA I, com FE m&#233;dia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) abaixo de 45%.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, encontrou-se que as vari&#225;veis que se associaram com a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica esquerda abaixo de 35% foram IST, (OR = 0,89, p = 0,05), ferro, (OR = 0,97, p = 0,02), ferritina (OR = 1,27, p = 0,017), sexo (OR = 0,26, p = 0,05), etiologia da IC (OR = 2,40, p = 0,011) e anemia (OR = 8,97, p = 0,04). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, verificou-se associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda baixa de 35% e o IST (OR = 1,12, p = 0,012), FeSe (OR = 1,02, p = 0,014), sexo (OR = 3,94, p = 0,038) e a etiologia da IC (OR = 2,6, p = 0,036); foram identificados 35 indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (87,5%), que apresentaram o desfecho na amostra.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Verificou-se que os marcadores da cin&#233;tica do ferro guardam rela&#231;&#227;o com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica em rela&#231;&#227;o a NCh; alcan&#231;ou-se como principais resultados as seguintes observa&#231;&#245;es: (<italic>a</italic>) pacientes CCC, quando comparados com pacientes IND e NCh, apresentam menores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ferro, ferritina, IST e CTLF; (<italic>b</italic>) pacientes com CCC apresentam menores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ferro, IST, CTLF e ferritina em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica e n&#227;o Chag&#225;sica; (<italic>c</italic>) menores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ferro, IST, CTLF e ferritina associam-se com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica; (<italic>d</italic>) baixos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ferro, IST, CTLF e ferritina associam-se com o grau de morbidade card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Como demonstrado pelos resultados apresentados, observamos que pacientes com CCC, quando comparados com pacientes chag&#225;sicos na forma indeterminada (IND) e com aqueles com NCh, apresentam menores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ferro, CTLF, IST e ferritina. Nos estudos especificamente relacionados a CCC e o metabolismo do ferro s&#227;o at&#233; ent&#227;o inexistentes; assim, basearemos nossas hip&#243;teses fisiopatol&#243;gicas em estudos realizados com outras causas de cardiomiopatia. Apesar das peculiaridades da CCC, parece-nos haver similaridade na g&#234;nese das altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo do ferro observada em outras patologias e a CCC. Como poss&#237;veis mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo do ferro na IC, algumas teorias v&#234;m sendo descritas, como inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, edema de al&#231;as intestinais, hipoperfus&#227;o do trato grastrointestinal (TGI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Estudo caso controle prospectivo acompanhando 499 pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica relatou a persist&#234;ncia do elemento parasit&#225;rio (DNA) por meio de an&#225;lise por PCR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a carga parasit&#225;ria e a gravidade da doen&#231;a medidas a partir dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s an&#225;lises feitas dos marcadores da cin&#233;tica do ferro e &#224;s vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas verificamos que, quanto maior o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica, menores os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de FeSe, IST, CTLF e ferritina. Este achado &#233; interessante, pois refor&#231;a nossa hip&#243;tese de que os baixos n&#237;veis dos marcadores da cin&#233;tica do ferro guardam rela&#231;&#227;o com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, encontraram-se baixos n&#237;veis de FeSe (p = 0,14) e de IST (p = 0,12), al&#233;m de resultados estatisticamente significativos para sexo (p = 0,038) como marcadores independentes para disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica esquerda. A queda de dez unidades de ferro associa-se com 23% maior chance de ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica. Queda de 10 unidades no IST associa-se com 12% mais chance de ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, as an&#225;lises do metabolismo do ferro nos pacientes com CCC evidenciaram que h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o com o grau de comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico, sendo que quanto menores os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ferro, capacidade total de liga&#231;&#227;o do ferro, IST e ferritina, maior o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Conclui-se que na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica h&#225; altera&#231;&#227;o no metabolismo do ferro e esta encontra-se mais pronunciada do que nas cardiopatias n&#227;o chag&#225;sicas evidenciando, portanto, a sua natureza infecciosa.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Carla Paix&#227;o Miranda pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
