<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LVh5f3n3zw5sRJLv3nvpD9P</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000200173</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005020102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180248</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Effects of Trimetazidine on QT-interval Prolongation and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Diabetic Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramezani-Aliakbari</surname>
            <given-names>Fatemeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2290-8565</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Badavi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dianat</surname>
            <given-names>Mahin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mard</surname>
            <given-names>Seyed Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ahangarpour</surname>
            <given-names>Akram</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Physiology Research Center</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Ahvaz</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IR">Iran</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Iran</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mohammad Badavi</bold>, Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Iran. E-mail: <email>badavim@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Design and conception of the study: Ramezani-Aliakbari F, Badavi M; Acquisition of data: Dianat M, Mard SA, Ahangarpour A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Dianat M, Mard SA, Ahangarpour A; Statistical analysis: Ramezani-Aliakbari F, Badavi M; Obtaining financing: Badavi M; Writing of the manuscript: Ramezani-Aliakbari F, Badavi M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Badavi M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>173</fpage>
      <lpage>178</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Trimetazidine (TMZ) is an anti-ischemic drug. In spite of its protective effects on cardiovascular system, there is no scientific study on the usefulness of TMZ treatment for prolonged QT interval and cardiac hypertrophy induced by diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effects of TMZ on QT interval prolongation and cardiac hypertrophy in the diabetic rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 8) by simple random sampling method. Control (C), diabetic (D), and diabetic administrated with TMZ at 10 mg/kg (T10). TMZ was administrated for 8 weeks. The echocardiogram was recorded before isolating the hearts and transfer to a Langendorff apparatus. Hemodynamic parameters, QT and corrected QT interval (QTc) intervals, heart rate and antioxidant enzymes were measured. The hypertrophy index was calculated. The results were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and paired t-test using SPSS (version 16) and p &lt; 0.05 was regarded as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The diabetic rats significantly indicated increased hypertrophy, QT and QTc intervals and decreased Left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), rate pressure product (RPP), Max dp/dt, and min dp/dt (&#177;dp/dt max), heart rate, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase in the heart. Treatment with TMZ in the diabetic animals was significantly improved these parameters in comparison to the untreated diabetic group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>TMZ improves QTc interval prolongation and cardiac hypertrophy in diabetes. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Trimetadizine</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</funding-source>
          <award-id>APRC-94-25</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (grant No. APRC-94-25).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Diabetes is associated with cardiovascular disorders and increased mortality rate in diabetic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The statistic reveals that 30 million people were suffered from diabetes worldwide in 1985 and recently, it is predicted by WHO, there will be 300 million by the year 2025.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diabetic cardiomyopathy is known as the structural and functional alterations in the heart induced by diabetes that are associated with cardiac hypertrophy, diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction in the absence of hypertension, valvular and ischemic heart diseases and other cardiac disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>QT and QTc intervals are electrocardiographic parameters that regarded as critical predictors of mortality and stroke in diabetic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The pathological QT prolongation is known as a risk factor that increases ventricular arrhythmias and other heart diseases. Moreover, ventricular hypertrophy plays an important role in developing prolonged QT interval-related diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A previous study has confirmed the negative effects of hypertrophy and QT interval prolongation on the function of heart in diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The homeostasis of energy is effective in decreasing the hypertrophy in the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Trimetazidine (TMZ) is an anti-angina agent that is known to improve metabolism of energy in the heart subjected to ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Previous studies have indicated reduced fatty acid oxidation via reducing mitochondrial 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase (3-KAT) activity in beta-oxidation by TMZ treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Others also indicated that TMZ has protective effects on cardiac fibrosis resulted from pressure overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In addition, there are some other investigations showing that the treatment with TMZ has positive effects on cardiac function in diabetic individuals with cardiovascular disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Taken together, these results from related studies make evidence that TMZ has beneficial effects on cardiovascular system. However, the role of TMZ in QT interval prolongation and cardiac hypertrophy improvement in diabetes was still unknown. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of TMZ on QT interval prolongation and cardiac hypertrophy in the diabetic animals.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Chemical</title>
        <p>Trimetazidine (TMZ), heparin and alloxan were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) and Ketamine and xylazine purchased from Alfasan Co (Woderen- Holland).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Animal</title>
        <p>Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 &#177; 20 g) were housed under standard conditions (20 &#177; 5&#176;C, 12-hour light/dark cycle, and free available to water and food) during the study period. All the experimental protocols followed the Consensus Author Guidelines on Animal Ethics and Welfare and the national guidelines for conducting animal studies (Ethics Committee permission No. APRC-94-25 Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The sample size of each group was computed to be eight by the formula:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math id="e01">
            <mml:semantics>
              <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                <mml:mtable>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                      <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mfrac>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:msup>
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:mrow>
                                <mml:msub>
                                  <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi>
                                  <mml:mrow>
                                    <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                                    <mml:mo>&#945;</mml:mo>
                                    <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                                    <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                  </mml:mrow>
                                </mml:msub>
                                <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                                <mml:msub>
                                  <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi>
                                  <mml:mrow>
                                    <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                                    <mml:mo>&#946;</mml:mo>
                                  </mml:mrow>
                                </mml:msub>
                              </mml:mrow>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                            <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                          </mml:msup>
                          <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:msubsup>
                                <mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                              </mml:msubsup>
                              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                              <mml:msubsup>
                                <mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                              </mml:msubsup>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:mfenced>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:msup>
                          <mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        </mml:msup>
                      </mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                      <mml:mfrac>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:msup>
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:mrow>
                                <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mn>96</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                                <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                                <mml:mn>29</mml:mn>
                              </mml:mrow>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                            <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                          </mml:msup>
                          <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mn>13</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                              <mml:msup>
                                <mml:mn>52</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                              </mml:msup>
                              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>9</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                              <mml:msup>
                                <mml:mn>07</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                              </mml:msup>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:mfenced>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:msup>
                          <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mn>89</mml:mn>
                              <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                              <mml:mn>70</mml:mn>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:mfenced>
                          <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        </mml:msup>
                      </mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>75</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>&#8764;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>8</mml:mn>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                </mml:mtable>
              </mml:mstyle>
            </mml:semantics>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>where S<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup> and S<sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup> are means.</p>
        <p>The animals were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8) by simple random sampling method. Control (C), diabetic (D) and diabetic administrated with TMZ at 10 mg/kg (T10).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> TMZ was treated orally by gavage once daily for 8 weeks.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diabetic model</title>
        <p>Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of alloxan at 120 mg/kg. After 6 h, the animals were orally treated with 10% glucose solution (10 mL). They were further kept for 24 h on 5% glucose solution to reduce fatal hypoglycemic resulted from alloxan. The rats, indicating fasting blood glucose &#8805; 250 mg/dL, reduced body weight, dyslipidemia, increased hepatic enzymes and clear signs of polyuria, polyphagia and polydipsia after 4 days were regarded as diabetic animals and used for the experiment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiography</title>
        <p>The animals were anesthetized by heparin, ketamine and xylazine (1000 U/kg, 50, and 5 mg/kg, respectively), lead II was recorded by Bio Amp and controlled using a Power Lab system (AD Instruments, Australia). QT interval and heart rate were measured. Corrected QT interval (QTc) was calculated by Bazett formula normalized as QTc = QT/(RR/<italic>f</italic>)<sup>1/2</sup>, where RR is R-R interval and <italic>f</italic> = 150 ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolation of hearts</title>
        <p>After echocardiogram (ECG) recording, the cannulation and ventilation of trachea were performed using an animal ventilator (UGO BASILE, model: 7025). The cannulation of aorta was carried out by a central incision in the aorta. The hearts were conveyed to the Langendorff system. The perfusion of heart was carried out by Krebs-Henseleit solution (5% carbon dioxide and 95% oxygen, 37&#176;C, pH = 7.4, 8 ml/min). A latex balloon was inserted in the left ventricle for the measurement of left ventricular pressure (LVP) by Power Lab system (AD Instruments, Australia). Left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was approximately regulated 5-10 mmHg by the alteration of balloon volume. Left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), Max dp/dt, and min dp/dt (&#177;dp/dt max) were measure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and rate pressure product (RPP) were calculated by following formula:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e2">
          <mml:math id="e02">
            <mml:semantics>
              <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                <mml:mtable>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd>
                      <mml:mi>LVDP</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>LVSP</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>LVEDP</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd>
                      <mml:mi>RPP</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>LVDP</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>heart</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                      <mml:mi>rate</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                </mml:mtable>
              </mml:mstyle>
            </mml:semantics>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of hypertrophy</title>
        <p>After assessment of hemodynamic parameters using the Langendorff system, the hearts were removed and put in saline, then on a paper for assessment of the heart weight. Cardiac hypertrophy index (mg/g) was calculated from the total heart weight (mg) relative to total body weight (g) of the rat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of antioxidant enzymes</title>
        <p>After measurement of hypertrophy, 100 mg of heart tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70&#176;C. The tissue samples were homogenized in phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 50 mM at pH of 7.4) using a Homogenizer (Heidolph Silenterosher M, Germany), and centrifuged at 14000 g for 15 minutes. The assessment of enzyme levels including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was performed on supernatant. GPx and SOD were measured using Randox kits (Randox Lab, UK) and CAT activity was evaluated using Zellbio kit (Zellbio Lab, Ulm, Germany).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The results were indicated as mean and standard deviation (SD). In the present study, the normal distribution of the results was carried out by Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis. One-way ANOVA and Least Significant Difference (LSD) test were used for comparison between the various groups. The comparison of pre and post metabolic in each group was performed by paired t-test using SPSS (version 16). A p &lt; 0.05 was regarded statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiographic parameters</title>
        <p>The QT and QTc intervals significantly increased in the diabetic animals in comparison with the control group (100 &#177; 13.80 vs. 70 &#177; 8.34, 82.52 &#177; 13.03 vs. 58.4 &#177; 7.33, p = 0.007 and p=0.009, respectively). TMZ treatment was associated with a significant reduction in the QT and QTc intervals in comparison with the untreated diabetic rats (80 &#177; 10.69 vs. 100 &#177; 13.80, 63.11 &#177; 7.05 vs. 82.52 &#177; 13.03, p = 0.043 and p = 0.040, respectively, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, the diabetic rats indicated a decrease in the heart rate compared to the control rats (198 &#177; 41.21 vs. 268 &#177; 27.99, p = 0.002). Obviously, the administration of diabetic group with TMZ significantly increased the heart rate compared to the untreated diabetic rats (263 &#177; 35.02 vs. 198 &#177; 41.21, p = 0.006).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>QT interval (a), QTc interval (b) values in control (C), diabetic (D) and diabetic treated with TMZ (10 mg/kg, T10) groups eight weeks after treatment in the rats. The results were presented as mean &#177; SD. <sup>##</sup> p &lt; 0.01 compared to the control group, * p &lt; 0.05 compared to the diabetic group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0173-80248-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamic parameters in the heart</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Groups</th>
                <th align="center">C</th>
                <th align="center">D</th>
                <th align="center">T10</th>
                <th align="center">P valueD VS. C</th>
                <th align="center">P valueT10 VS. D</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate (beats/min)</td>
                <td align="center">268 &#177; 27.99</td>
                <td align="center">198 &#177; 41.21</td>
                <td align="center">263 &#177; 35.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.002<sup>##</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.006**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVSP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 20.91</td>
                <td align="center">60.78 &#177; 16.76</td>
                <td align="center">79.75 &#177; 10.16</td>
                <td align="center">0.041<sup>#</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.028*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVDP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">74.37 &#177; 18.76</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 18.37</td>
                <td align="center">74.25 &#177; 9.93</td>
                <td align="center">0.030<sup>#</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.031*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RPP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">14965 &#177; 5582</td>
                <td align="center">10184 &#177; 4589</td>
                <td align="center">14099 &#177; 3859</td>
                <td align="center">0.041<sup>#</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.049*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Max +dp/dt(mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">2294 &#177; 255.27</td>
                <td align="center">1035 &#177; 370.33</td>
                <td align="center">1727 &#177; 410.60</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>###</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.001**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Min -dp/dt (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">-1220 &#177; 229.09</td>
                <td align="center">-594.77 &#177; 210</td>
                <td align="center">-962 &#177; 194</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>###</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.002**</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>(Mean &#177; SD, n = 8) in control (C), diabetic (D) and diabetic treated with TMZ (T10), (one-way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc test). LVSP: left ventricular systolic pressure; LVDP: left ventricular developed pressure; RPP: rate pressure product.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Markers of cardiac function</title>
        <p>At the end of the experiment, LVSP, LVDP, &#177;dp/dt max and RPP were observed significantly lower in the diabetic group than control group. However, TMZ administration for 8 weeks was associated with a significant increase in these parameters in comparison with the untreated diabetic rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of TMZ on myocardial hypertrophy</title>
        <p>As indicated, the hypertrophy index increased significantly in the diabetic rats on 8 weeks compared to the control group (56.62 &#177; 6.50 vs. 48.62 &#177; 7.90, p = 0.039). According to our findings, in the diabetic rats, administration with TMZ remarkably decreased the hypertrophy index when compared to the diabetic rats (41.87 &#177; 7.50 vs. 56.62 &#177; 6.50, p &lt; 0.001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Hypertrophy value in control (C), diabetic (D) and diabetic treated with TMZ (T10) groups eight weeks after treatment in the rats. The results were presented as mean &#177; SD. <sup>#</sup> p &lt; 0.05 compared with control group, ***p &lt; 0.001 compared to the untreated diabetic group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0173-80248-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of TMZ on antioxidant enzymes</title>
        <p>As indicated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, antioxidant enzymes, GPx, CAT and SOD significantly decreased in the heart of diabetic animals as compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively). However, oral administration with TMZ was significantly improved GPx, CAT and SOD (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.049, respectively).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Antioxidant enzymes activities</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Groups</th>
                <th align="center">C</th>
                <th align="center">D</th>
                <th align="center">T10</th>
                <th align="center">P value D vs. C</th>
                <th align="center">P valueT10 vs. D</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SOD (U/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">8.46 &#177; 1.51</td>
                <td align="center">5.86 &#177; 0.69</td>
                <td align="center">7 &#177; 1.54</td>
                <td align="center">0.002<sup>##</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.049*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAT (U/ dl)</td>
                <td align="center">10.52 &#177; 0.60</td>
                <td align="center">1.90 &#177; 4.08</td>
                <td align="center">10.71 &#177; 0.50</td>
                <td align="center">0.002<sup>##</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GPx (U/ dl)</td>
                <td align="center">28.50 &#177; 2.67</td>
                <td align="center">13.22 &#177; 0.95</td>
                <td align="center">24.03 &#177; 1.73</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup>###</sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001***</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>(Mean &#177; SD, n = 8) in control (C), diabetic (D) and diabetic treated with TMZ (T10), (one-way ANOVA followed by LSD post hoc test). SOD: superoxide dismutase. CAT: catalase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our results indicated that alloxan injection significantly increased QT and QTc intervals and decreased heart rate, LVSP, LVDP, RPP, &#177;dp/dt max, and cardiac hypertrophy, SOD, GPx and CAT in the heart of the diabetic rats when compared with control group. However, treatment with TMZ was able to improve QT and QTc intervals, heart rate, hemodynamic parameters, SOD, CAT and hypertrophy significantly. Previous studies have demonstrated that diabetes is associated with the alterations of electromechanical and prolonged QTc interval in the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diastolic and systolic dysfunctions are the earliest manifestations in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The &#177;dp/dt max, LVSP, LVDP, RPP, cardiac diastolic and systolic indexes, are widely used to evaluate cardiac function. The alloxan-induced diabetic rats progressed cardiac dysfunction as demonstrated by a significant decrease in &#177;dp/dt LVSP, LVDP, RPP. TMZ treatment in turn improved each of these parameters.</p>
      <p>In our model of type 1 diabetes, ECG indicated prolonged QTc, a finding that is consistent with previous studies. Treatment with TMZ significantly decreased these QT and QTc dispersions. This result is in agreement with previous reports which indicated that TMZ treatment improved QT prolongation in individuals with kidney disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, we also observed that diabetes led to bradycardia in the diabetic animals. It is revealed that in the diabetic rats heart rate tends to decrease after eight weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> On the other hand, diabetes increases vagal tone and decreases sympathetic tone in diabetic rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In addition, treatment with TMZ improves autonomic tone in individuals with acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Improved sympathetic and parasympathetic tone can partly explain the increased heart rate in the diabetic rats treated with TMZ.</p>
      <p>Diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. High blood glucose and oxidative stress maybe considered to be critical factors that involved in hypertrophy and dysfunction of the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In the present study, the diabetic rats showed cardiac hypertrophy demonstrated by the increased heart wieght/body wieght ratio. Similar results have been indicated in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> It is well established that, increased VLDL-c and decreased HDL-c levels can result in reduction in anti-oxidant defense system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In a previous study, it was indicated that the impairment of lipid profile levels in diabetic animals could be attributed to increased lipid breakdown and release of a large amount of free fatty acids.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The released free fatty acids are susceptible to oxidation which result in decreased anti-oxidant level and anti-oxidant defense system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Increased level of fatty acid oxidation in the diabetic heart leads to lipid accumulation and cardiac hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Reduction in fatty acid oxidation and oxidative stress by TMZ treatment can partly attribute to improvement of cardiac hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have indicated that SOD level reduced in type 1 diabetes and it is mostly demonstrated that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) negatively associated with the enzyme antioxidant values such as SOD and GPx.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> SOD quickly alters O<sub>2</sub> to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, which is further destroyed via GPx and CAT. The antioxidant enzyme levels are sensitive to the oxidative stress, and enhanced or reduced values have been indicated in various pathologies in which an increase of ROS is a cause or result of the disorder such as diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> In addition, superoxide anions and ROS have also been indicated to be contributed to cardiac hypertrophy resulted from various stimuli; therefore, SOD is a primary defense against oxidative stress that involves in the hypertrophy of the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Our findings indicated that SOD and CAT levels in hearts from TMZ treated diabetic rats was significantly higher than that in the untreated diabetic animals. GPx values was slightly but not significantly more in the hearts from TMZ treated diabetic animals compared to the diabetic rats.</p>
      <p>Taken together, these findings indicated that the diabetic rats showed hypertrophy and dysfunction in the heart as well as increased cardiac oxidative damage in comparison with the control animals, showing that these undesirable factors are connected. TMZ probably improved these factors by antioxidant effects. Based on the results of present study, more studies require to be carried out to assessment mechanisms involved in the improvement of hypertrophy and cardiovascular disorders resulted from diabetes using TMZ treatment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>All these observations show that TMZ treatment contributes to the improvement of impaired function and electrical activity as well as hypertrophy of the heart in diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. Improvements observed in TMZ treatment is associated with decrease oxidative stress.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (grant No. APRC-94-25).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Fatemeh Ramezani-Aliakbari, from Physiology Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences under the protocol number APRC-94-25.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Boudina S, Abel ED. Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited. Circulation. 2007;115(25):3213-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boudina</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abel</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>3213</fpage>
          <lpage>3223</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Gohari A, Noorafshan A, Akmali M, Zamani-Garmsiri, Seghatoleslam A. Urtica Dioica Distillate (Aragh Gazaneh) regenerates pancreatic beta cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Iran J Med Sci. 2018;43(2):174-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gohari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noorafshan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akmali</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zamani-Garmsiri</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seghatoleslam</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Urtica Dioica Distillate (Aragh Gazaneh) regenerates pancreatic beta cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat</article-title>
          <source>Iran J Med Sci</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>174</fpage>
          <lpage>183</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Aneja A, Tang WH, Bansilal S, Garcia MJ, Farkouh ME. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: insights into pathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic options. Am J Med. 2008;121(9):748-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aneja</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bansilal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farkouh</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetic cardiomyopathy: insights into pathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic options</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>748</fpage>
          <lpage>757</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Tarquini R, Lazzeri C, Pala L, Rotella CM, Gensini GF. The diabetic cardiomyopathy. Acta Diabetol. 2011;48(3):173-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tarquini</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lazzeri</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pala</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rotella</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gensini</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The diabetic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Acta Diabetol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>173</fpage>
          <lpage>181</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Cardoso CR, Salles GF, Deccache W. QTc interval prolongation is a predictor of future strokes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Stroke. 2003;34(9):2187-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salles</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deccache</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QTc interval prolongation is a predictor of future strokes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>2187</fpage>
          <lpage>2194</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Christensen PK, Gall MA, Major-Pedersen A, Sato A, Rossing P, Breum L, et al. QTc interval length and QT dispersion as predictors of mortality in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2000;60(4):323-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Christensen</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gall</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Major-Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sato</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossing</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Breum</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QTc interval length and QT dispersion as predictors of mortality in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Scand J Clin Lab Invest</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>323</fpage>
          <lpage>332</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Oikarinen L, Nieminen MS, Viitasalo M, Toivonen L, Wachtell K, Papademetriou V, et al. Relation of QT interval and QT dispersion to echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric pattern in hypertensive patients. The LIFE study. The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction. J Hypertens. 2001;19(10):1883-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oikarinen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieminen</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viitasalo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toivonen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wachtell</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papademetriou</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relation of QT interval and QT dispersion to echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric pattern in hypertensive patients The LIFE study. The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1883</fpage>
          <lpage>1891</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Tuomainen T, Tavi P. The role of cardiac energy metabolism in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Exp Cell Res. 2017;360(1):12-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tuomainen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The role of cardiac energy metabolism in cardiac hypertrophy and failure</article-title>
          <source>Exp Cell Res</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>360</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>12</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Rimbaud S, Sanchez H, Garnier A, Fortin D, Bigard X, Veksler V, et al. Stimulus specific changes of energy metabolism in hypertrophied heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2009;46(6):952-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rimbaud</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchez</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garnier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fortin</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bigard</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veksler</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stimulus specific changes of energy metabolism in hypertrophied heart</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Cell Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>952</fpage>
          <lpage>959</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Zhang L, Lu Y, Jiang H, Zhang L, Sun A, Zou Y, et al. Additional use of trimetazidine in patients with chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(10):913-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zou</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Additional use of trimetazidine in patients with chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>913</fpage>
          <lpage>922</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Tsioufis K, Andrikopoulos G, Manolis A. Trimetazidine and cardioprotection: facts and perspectives. Angiology. 2015;66(3):204-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsioufis</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrikopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manolis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trimetazidine and cardioprotection: facts and perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Angiology</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>204</fpage>
          <lpage>210</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Lopatin YM, Rosano GM, Fragasso G, Lopaschuk GD, Seferovic PM, Gowdak LH, et al. Rationale and benefits of trimetazidine by acting on cardiac metabolism in heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2016 Jan 15;203:909-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopatin</surname>
              <given-names>YM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosano</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fragasso</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopaschuk</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seferovic</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rationale and benefits of trimetazidine by acting on cardiac metabolism in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <month>01</month>
          <day>15</day>
          <volume>203</volume>
          <fpage>909</fpage>
          <lpage>915</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Liu X, Gai Y, Liu F, Gao W, Zhang Y, Xu M, et al. Trimetazidine inhibits pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis through NADPH oxidase-ROS-CTGF pathway. Cardiovasc Res. 2010;88(1):150-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trimetazidine inhibits pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis through NADPH oxidase-ROS-CTGF pathway</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>150</fpage>
          <lpage>158</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Rosano GM, Vitale C, Sposato B, Mercuro G, Fini M. Trimetazidine improves left ventricular function in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2003 Nov 28;2:16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosano</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vitale</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sposato</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mercuro</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trimetazidine improves left ventricular function in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled study</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Diabetol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <month>11</month>
          <day>28</day>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <fpage>16</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Olfert CB, McWilliam AA. . Guide to the care nd use of experimental animals. 2nd ed. Canada: McWilliam; 1998.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Olfert</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McWilliam</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Guide to the care nd use of experimental animals</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <edition>2nd ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Canada</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>McWilliam</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Rosner B. Fundamentals of biostatistics. 6th ed. Boston : Brooks/Cole; 2005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosner</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Fundamentals of biostatistics</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <edition>6th ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Boston</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Brooks/Cole</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Xiang YL, He L, Xiao J, Xia S, Deng SB, Xiu Y, et al. Effect of trimetazidine treatment on the transient outward potassium current of the left ventricular myocytes of rats with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012;45(3):205-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Xiang</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xiao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xia</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deng</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xiu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of trimetazidine treatment on the transient outward potassium current of the left ventricular myocytes of rats with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>205</fpage>
          <lpage>211</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Gargouri M, Magne C, El Feki A. Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, liver damage and dysfunction in alloxan-induced diabetic rat are prevented by Spirulina supplementation. Nutr Res. 2016;36(11):1255-68.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gargouri</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magne</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El Feki</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, liver damage and dysfunction in alloxan-induced diabetic rat are prevented by Spirulina supplementation</article-title>
          <source>Nutr Res</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1255</fpage>
          <lpage>1268</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Joukar S, Ghasemipour-Afshar E, Sheibani M, Naghsh N, Bashiri A. Protective effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) against lethal ventricular arrhythmias induced by heart reperfusion in rat: a potential anti-arrhythmic agent. Pharm Biol. 2013;51(7):836-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Joukar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghasemipour-Afshar</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sheibani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naghsh</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bashiri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Protective effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) against lethal ventricular arrhythmias induced by heart reperfusion in rat: a potential anti-arrhythmic agent</article-title>
          <source>Pharm Biol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>836</fpage>
          <lpage>843</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Joukar S, Zarisfi Z, Sepehri G, Bashiri A. Efficacy of Melissa officinalis in suppressing ventricular arrhythmias following ischemia-reperfusion of the heart: a comparison with amiodarone. Med Princ Pract. 2014;23(4):340-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Joukar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zarisfi</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sepehri</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bashiri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy of Melissa officinalis in suppressing ventricular arrhythmias following ischemia-reperfusion of the heart: a comparison with amiodarone</article-title>
          <source>Med Princ Pract</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>340</fpage>
          <lpage>345</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Radmanesh E, Dianat M, Badavi M, Goudarzi G, Mard SA. The cardioprotective effect of vanillic acid on hemodynamic parameters, malondialdehyde, and infarct size in ischemia-reperfusion isolated rat heart exposed to PM10. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2017;20(7):760-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Radmanesh</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dianat</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badavi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goudarzi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mard</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The cardioprotective effect of vanillic acid on hemodynamic parameters, malondialdehyde, and infarct size in ischemia-reperfusion isolated rat heart exposed to PM10</article-title>
          <source>Iran J Basic Med Sci</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>760</fpage>
          <lpage>768</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Dorri Mashhadi F, Zavvar Reza J, Jamhiri M, Hafizi Z, Zare Mehrjardi F, Safari F. The effect of resveratrol on angiotensin II levels and the rate of transcription of its receptors in the rat cardiac hypertrophy model. J Physiol Sci. 2017;67(2):303-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dorri Mashhadi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zavvar Reza</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jamhiri</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hafizi</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zare Mehrjardi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Safari</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effect of resveratrol on angiotensin II levels and the rate of transcription of its receptors in the rat cardiac hypertrophy model</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol Sci</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>303</fpage>
          <lpage>309</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Casis O, Echevarria E. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: electromechanical cellular alterations. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2004;2(3):237-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Casis</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Echevarria</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetic cardiomyopathy: electromechanical cellular alterations</article-title>
          <source>Curr Vasc Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>237</fpage>
          <lpage>248</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Schannwell CM, Schneppenheim M, Perings S, Plehn G, Strauer BE. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as an early manifestation of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiology. 2002;98(1-2):33-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schannwell</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneppenheim</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perings</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plehn</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strauer</surname>
              <given-names>BE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as an early manifestation of diabetic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Suner A, Cetin M. The effect of trimetazidine on ventricular repolarization indexes and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with coronary slow flow. Coron Artery Dis. 2016;27(5):398-404.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Suner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cetin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effect of trimetazidine on ventricular repolarization indexes and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with coronary slow flow</article-title>
          <source>Coron Artery Dis</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>398</fpage>
          <lpage>404</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Balenovic D, Prkacin I, Cavric G, Horvat I, Pocanic D, Baotic I. [The effects of trimetazidine on QT-interval prolongation in patients with chronic kidney disease stage III-IV (predialysis CRD)]. Acta Med Croatica. 2012;66(3):153-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Balenovic</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prkacin</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavric</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horvat</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pocanic</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baotic</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effects of trimetazidine on QT-interval prolongation in patients with chronic kidney disease stage III-IV (predialysis CRD)</article-title>
          <source>Acta Med Croatica</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>153</fpage>
          <lpage>156</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Badavi M, Abedi HA, Dianat M, Sarkaki AR. Exercise Training and Grape Seed Extract Co-Administration Improves Lipid Profile, Weight Loss, Bradycardia, and Hypotension of STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats. Int Cardiovasc Res J. 2013;7(4):111-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Badavi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abedi</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dianat</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarkaki</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise Training and Grape Seed Extract Co-Administration Improves Lipid Profile, Weight Loss, Bradycardia, and Hypotension of STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats</article-title>
          <source>Int Cardiovasc Res J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>117</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Vinik AI, Erbas T. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;117:279-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vinik</surname>
              <given-names>AI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erbas</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetic autonomic neuropathy</article-title>
          <source>Handb Clin Neurol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <fpage>279</fpage>
          <lpage>294</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Zhang J, He S, Wang X, Wang D. Effect of trimetazidine on heart rate variability in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32(1):75-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of trimetazidine on heart rate variability in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Pak J Med Sci</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>75</fpage>
          <lpage>78</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Adebiyi AO, Adebiyi OO, Owira PM. Naringin Mitigates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inactivating c-Jun Nuclear Kinase-1 Protein in Type I Diabetes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2016;67(2):136-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Adebiyi</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adebiyi</surname>
              <given-names>OO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owira</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Naringin Mitigates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inactivating c-Jun Nuclear Kinase-1 Protein in Type I Diabetes</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>136</fpage>
          <lpage>144</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Al-Rasheed NM, Al-Rasheed NM, Hasan IH, Al-Amin MA, Al-Ajmi HN, Mahmoud AM. Sitagliptin attenuates cardiomyopathy by modulating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in experimental diabetic rats. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016 Jun 28;10:2095-107.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Rasheed</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Rasheed</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hasan</surname>
              <given-names>IH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Amin</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Ajmi</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahmoud</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sitagliptin attenuates cardiomyopathy by modulating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in experimental diabetic rats</article-title>
          <source>Drug Des Devel Ther</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <month>06</month>
          <day>28</day>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <fpage>2095</fpage>
          <lpage>2107</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Prisacaru AE. Effect of antioxidants on polyunsaturated fatty acids - review. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 2016;15(2):121-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prisacaru</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of antioxidants on polyunsaturated fatty acids - review</article-title>
          <source>Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>121</fpage>
          <lpage>129</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, Yamagishi S, Matsumura T, Kaneda Y, et al. Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature. 2000;404(6779):787-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nishikawa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edelstein</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Du</surname>
              <given-names>XL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamagishi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsumura</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaneda</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage</article-title>
          <source>Nature</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>404</volume>
          <issue>6779</issue>
          <fpage>787</fpage>
          <lpage>790</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Carillon J, Rugale C, Rouanet JM, Cristol JP, Lacan D, Jover B. Endogenous antioxidant defense induction by melon superoxide dismutase reduces cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014;65(5):602-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carillon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rugale</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rouanet</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cristol</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lacan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jover</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endogenous antioxidant defense induction by melon superoxide dismutase reduces cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats</article-title>
          <source>Int J Food Sci Nutr</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>602</fpage>
          <lpage>609</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Navarro-Arevalo A, Canavate C, Sanchez-del-Pino MJ. Myocardial and skeletal muscle aging and changes in oxidative stress in relationship to rigorous exercise training. Mech Ageing Dev. 1999;108(3):207-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Navarro-Arevalo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canavate</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchez-del-Pino</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial and skeletal muscle aging and changes in oxidative stress in relationship to rigorous exercise training</article-title>
          <source>Mech Ageing Dev</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>207</fpage>
          <lpage>217</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Ulker S, McMaster D, McKeown PP, Bayraktutan U. Impaired activities of antioxidant enzymes elicit endothelial dysfunction in spontaneous hypertensive rats despite enhanced vascular nitric oxide generation. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;59(2):488-500.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ulker</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMaster</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKeown</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayraktutan</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impaired activities of antioxidant enzymes elicit endothelial dysfunction in spontaneous hypertensive rats despite enhanced vascular nitric oxide generation</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>488</fpage>
          <lpage>500</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 Peixoto EB, Pessoa BS, Biswas SK, Lopes de Faria JB. Antioxidant SOD mimetic prevents NADPH oxidase-induced oxidative stress and renal damage in the early stage of experimental diabetes and hypertension. Am J Nephrol. 2009;29(4):309-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peixoto</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pessoa</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biswas</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes de Faria</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antioxidant SOD mimetic prevents NADPH oxidase-induced oxidative stress and renal damage in the early stage of experimental diabetes and hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Am J Nephrol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>309</fpage>
          <lpage>318</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os Efeitos da Trimetazidina no Prolongamento do Intervalo QT e na Hipertrofia Card&#237;aca em Ratos Diab&#233;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramezani-Aliakbari</surname>
            <given-names>Fatemeh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2290-8565</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Badavi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dianat</surname>
            <given-names>Mahin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mard</surname>
            <given-names>Seyed Ali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ahangarpour</surname>
            <given-names>Akram</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas em Fisiologia e Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas Ahvaz Jundishapur, Ahvaz - Ir&#227;</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mohammad Badavi,</bold> Centro de Pesquisa em Fisiologia do Golfo P&#233;rsico, Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas Ahvaz Jundishapur, Ahvaz - Ir&#227;. E-mail: <email>badavim@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#245;es do autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e concep&#231;&#227;o do estudo: Ramezani-Aliakbari F, Badavi M; Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados: Dianat M, Mard SA, Ahangarpour A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Dianat M, Mard SA, Ahangarpour A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ramezani-Aliakbari F, Badavi M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Badavi M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ramezani-Aliakbari F, Badavi M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Badavi M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A trimetazidina (TMZ) &#233; uma droga anti-isqu&#234;mica. Apesar de seus efeitos protetores sobre o sistema cardiovascular, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos cient&#237;ficos sobre a utilidade do tratamento com TMZ para o intervalo QT prolongado e a hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzida pelo diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os efeitos da TMZ no prolongamento do intervalo QT e na hipertrofia card&#237;aca em ratos diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Vinte e quatro ratos machos Sprague-Dawley (200-250 g) foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em tr&#234;s grupos (n = 8) pelo m&#233;todo de amostragem aleat&#243;ria simples. Controle (C), diab&#233;tico (D) e diab&#233;tico administrado com TMZ a 10 mg/kg (T10). A TMZ foi administrada por 8 semanas. O ecocardiograma foi registrado antes de isolar os cora&#231;&#245;es e transferir para um aparelho de Langendorff. Foram medidos os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, intervalo QT e intervalo QT corrigido (QTc), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e enzimas antioxidantes. O &#237;ndice de hipertrofia foi calculado. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo <italic>one-way</italic> ANOVA e pelo teste <italic>t</italic> pareado pelo SPSS (vers&#227;o 16) e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os ratos diab&#233;ticos indicaram hipertrofia aumentada, intervalos QT e QTc e diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PSVE), press&#227;o desenvolvida no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDVE), duplo produto (DP), Max dp/dt e min dp/dt (&#177; dp/dt max), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e catalase no cora&#231;&#227;o. O tratamento com TMZ nos animais diab&#233;ticos melhorou significativamente esses par&#226;metros em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico n&#227;o tratado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A TMZ melhora o prolongamento do intervalo QTc e a hipertrofia card&#237;aca no diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Trimetazidina</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomegalia</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O diabetes est&#225; associado a dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares e aumento da mortalidade em pacientes diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A estat&#237;stica revela que 30 milh&#245;es de pessoas sofriam de diabetes em todo o mundo em 1985 e, recentemente, prev&#234;-se, pela OMS, que haver&#225; 300 milh&#245;es em 2025.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica &#233; conhecida como altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais do cora&#231;&#227;o induzidas por diabetes, associadas &#224; hipertrofia card&#237;aca, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e/ou sist&#243;lica na aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas valvares e isqu&#234;micas e outras altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os intervalos QT e QT corrigido (QTc) s&#227;o par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos considerados como preditores cr&#237;ticos de mortalidade e acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O prolongamento patol&#243;gico do intervalo QT &#233; conhecido como um fator de risco que aumenta as arritmias ventriculares e outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Al&#233;m disso, a hipertrofia ventricular desempenha um papel importante no desenvolvimento do diabetes relacionado ao intervalo do QT prolongado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Um estudo anterior confirmou os efeitos negativos da hipertrofia e do prolongamento do intervalo QT na fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o no diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A homeostase energ&#233;tica &#233; eficaz na diminui&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia no cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A trimetazidina (TMZ) &#233; um agente antianginoso que &#233; conhecido por melhorar o metabolismo de energia no cora&#231;&#227;o submetido &#224; isquemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Estudos anteriores indicaram oxida&#231;&#227;o reduzida de &#225;cidos graxos por meio da redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade 3-cetoacil-CoA tiolase mitocondrial (3-KAT) na beta-oxida&#231;&#227;o pelo tratamento com TMZ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Outros tamb&#233;m indicaram que a TMZ tem efeitos protetores na fibrose card&#237;aca resultante da sobrecarga de press&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; outras investiga&#231;&#245;es mostrando que o tratamento com TMZ tem efeitos positivos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em diab&#233;ticos com desordens cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Tomados em conjunto, estes resultados de estudos relacionados evidenciam que a TMZ tem efeitos ben&#233;ficos no sistema cardiovascular. No entanto, o papel da TMZ no prolongamento do intervalo QT e na melhora da hipertrofia card&#237;aca no diabetes ainda &#233; desconhecido. Portanto, o presente estudo foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da TMZ no prolongamento do intervalo QT e hipertrofia card&#237;aca nos animais diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Qu&#237;mico</title>
          <p>A TMZ, a heparina e a aloxana foram obtidas da Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, E.U.A.) e a cetamina e xilazina adquiridas &#224; Alfasan Co. (Woderen-Holland).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Animal</title>
          <p>Vinte e quatro ratos Sprague-Dawley machos adultos (250 &#177; 20 g) foram alojados sob condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o (20 &#177; 5&#176;C, ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas e com &#225;gua e comida dispon&#237;veis) durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Todos os protocolos experimentais seguiram as Diretrizes do Autor de Consenso sobre &#201;tica e Bem-Estar Animal e as diretrizes nacionais para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos com animais (Autoriza&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica No. APRC-94-25 da Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Ahvaz Jundishapur, Ahvaz, Ir&#227;).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O tamanho da amostra de cada grupo foi computado em oito pela f&#243;rmula:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <disp-formula id="e3">
            <mml:math id="e03">
              <mml:semantics>
                <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                  <mml:mtable>
                    <mml:mtr>
                      <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                        <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mfrac>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:msup>
                              <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                                <mml:mrow>
                                  <mml:msub>
                                    <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">Z</mml:mi>
                                    <mml:mrow>
                                      <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                                      <mml:mo>&#945;</mml:mo>
                                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                                      <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                    </mml:mrow>
                                  </mml:msub>
                                  <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                                  <mml:msub>
                                    <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi>
                                    <mml:mrow>
                                      <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                                      <mml:mo>&#946;</mml:mo>
                                    </mml:mrow>
                                  </mml:msub>
                                </mml:mrow>
                              </mml:mfenced>
                              <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                            </mml:msup>
                            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:mrow>
                                <mml:msubsup>
                                  <mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
                                  <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                </mml:msubsup>
                                <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                                <mml:msubsup>
                                  <mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
                                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                </mml:msubsup>
                              </mml:mrow>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                          </mml:mrow>
                          <mml:msup>
                            <mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                          </mml:msup>
                        </mml:mfrac>
                        <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mtd>
                    </mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtr>
                      <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                        <mml:mfrac>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:msup>
                              <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                                <mml:mrow>
                                  <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                                  <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                                  <mml:mn>96</mml:mn>
                                  <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                                  <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                                  <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                                  <mml:mn>29</mml:mn>
                                </mml:mrow>
                              </mml:mfenced>
                              <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                            </mml:msup>
                            <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:mrow>
                                <mml:mn>13</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                                <mml:msup>
                                  <mml:mn>52</mml:mn>
                                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                </mml:msup>
                                <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                                <mml:mn>9</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                                <mml:msup>
                                  <mml:mn>07</mml:mn>
                                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                                </mml:msup>
                              </mml:mrow>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                          </mml:mrow>
                          <mml:msup>
                            <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                              <mml:mrow>
                                <mml:mn>89</mml:mn>
                                <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                                <mml:mn>70</mml:mn>
                              </mml:mrow>
                            </mml:mfenced>
                            <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                          </mml:msup>
                        </mml:mfrac>
                        <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mn>75</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>&#8764;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mn>8</mml:mn>
                      </mml:mtd>
                    </mml:mtr>
                  </mml:mtable>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>onde S<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup> e S<sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup> s&#227;o os meios.</p>
          <p>Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em tr&#234;s grupos (n = 8) pelo m&#233;todo de amostragem aleat&#243;ria simples. Controle (C), diab&#233;tico (D) e diab&#233;tico administrado com TMZ a 10 mg/kg (T10).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A TMZ foi tratada oralmente por gavagem uma vez ao dia por 8 semanas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelo diab&#233;tico</title>
          <p>O diabetes foi induzido por administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de aloxana a 120 mg/kg. Ap&#243;s 6 h, os animais foram tratados oralmente com solu&#231;&#227;o de glicose a 10% (10 ml). Eles foram mantidos por 24 h em solu&#231;&#227;o de glicose a 5% para reduzir os resultados hipoglic&#234;micos fatais de aloxana. Os ratos, indicando glicemia de jejum &#8805; 250 mg/dl, redu&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal, dislipidemia, aumento de enzimas hep&#225;ticas e sinais claros de poli&#250;ria, polifagia e polidipsia ap&#243;s 4 dias, foram considerados animais diab&#233;ticos e utilizados para o experimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletrocardiografia</title>
          <p>Os animais foram anestesiados por heparina, cetamina e xilazina (1000 U/kg, 50 e 5 mg/kg, respectivamente), o chumbo II foi registado por Bio Amp e controlado utilizando um sistema Power Lab (AD Instruments, Austr&#225;lia). O intervalo QT e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram medidos. Os intervalos QT e QTc foram calculados pela f&#243;rmula de Bazett normalizada como QTc = QT / (RR/<italic>f</italic>) 1/2, onde RR &#233; o intervalo R - R e <italic>f</italic> = 150 ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolamento dos cora&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o registro do ecocardiograma (ECG), a canula&#231;&#227;o e a ventila&#231;&#227;o da traqueia foram realizadas com um ventilador de animais (UGO BASILE, modelo: 7025). A canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta foi realizada por uma incis&#227;o central na aorta. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram transportados para o sistema Langendorff. A perfus&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit (5% de di&#243;xido de carbono e 95% de oxig&#234;nio, 37&#176;C, pH = 7,4, 8 ml/min). Um bal&#227;o de l&#225;tex foi inserido no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para a medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (PVE) pelo sistema Power Lab (AD Instruments, Austr&#225;lia). A press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDFVE) foi aproximadamente regulada em 5-10 mmHg pela altera&#231;&#227;o do volume do bal&#227;o. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PSVE), Max dp/dt e min dp/dt (&#177; dp/dt m&#225;x) foram medidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A press&#227;o desenvolvida no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDVE) e o duplo produto (DP) foram calculados pela seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e4">
            <mml:math id="e04">
              <mml:semantics>
                <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                  <mml:mtable>
                    <mml:mtr>
                      <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                        <mml:mi>PDVE</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>PSVE</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>PDFVE</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mtd>
                    </mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtr>
                      <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                        <mml:mi>DP</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>PDVE</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>frequ</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>&#234;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>ncia</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mspace width="0.33em"/>
                        <mml:mi>card</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>&#237;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>aca</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mtd>
                    </mml:mtr>
                  </mml:mtable>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos pelo sistema de Langendorff, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos e colocados em soro fisiol&#243;gico, em seguida, em papel para avalia&#231;&#227;o do peso do cora&#231;&#227;o. O &#237;ndice de hipertrofia card&#237;aca (mg/g) foi calculado a partir do peso total do cora&#231;&#227;o (mg) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso corporal total (g) do rato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de enzimas antioxidantes</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a medi&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia, 100 mg de tecido card&#237;aco foram congelados em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido e armazenados a -70&#176;C. As amostras de tecido foram homogeneizadas em solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS; 50 mM a pH de 7,4) utilizando um Homogeneizador (Heidolph Silenterosher M, Alemanha) e centrifugadas a 14000 g durante 15 minutos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de enzimas incluindo glutationa peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) e super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) foi realizada no sobrenadante. A GPx e a SOD foram medidas usando kits Randox (Randox Lab, UK) e a atividade da CAT foi avaliada usando o kit Zellbio (Zellbio Lab, Ulm, Alemanha).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados foram indicados como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP). No presente estudo, a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos resultados foi realizada pela an&#225;lise de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste <italic>one-way</italic> ANOVA e o teste <italic>Least Significant Difference</italic> (LSD) foram usados para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os v&#225;rios grupos. A compara&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233; e p&#243;s-metab&#243;licas em cada grupo foi realizada pelo teste <italic>t</italic> pareado usando o SPSS (vers&#227;o 16). P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>Os intervalos QT e QTc aumentaram significativamente nos animais diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (100 &#177; 13,80 vs. 70 &#177; 8,34, 82,52 &#177; 13,03 vs. 58,4 &#177; 7,33, p = 0,007 e p = 0,009, respectivamente). O tratamento com TMZ foi associado com uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos intervalos QT e QTc em compara&#231;&#227;o com os ratos diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o tratados (80 &#177; 10,69 vs. 100 &#177; 13,80, 63,11 &#177; 7,05 vs. 82,52 &#177; 13,03, p = 0,043 e p = 0,040, respectivamente, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>, os ratos diab&#233;ticos indicaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em compara&#231;&#227;o com os ratos de controlo (198 &#177; 41,21 vs. 268 &#177; 27,99, p = 0,002). Obviamente, a administra&#231;&#227;o do grupo diab&#233;tico com TMZ aumentou significativamente a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em compara&#231;&#227;o com os ratos diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o tratados (263 &#177; 35,02 vs. 198 &#177; 41,21, p = 0,006).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Valores do Intervalo QT (a) e do intervalo QTc (b) nos grupos controle (C), diab&#233;tico (D) e diab&#233;tico tratado com TMZ (10 mg/kg, (T10)) oito semanas ap&#243;s o tratamento nos ratos. Os resultados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. ## p &lt; 0,01 comparado ao grupo controle, * p &lt; 0,05 comparado ao grupo diab&#233;tico.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0173-80248-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos no cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupos</th>
                  <th align="center">C</th>
                  <th align="center">D</th>
                  <th align="center">T10</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p D <italic>vs</italic>. C</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p T10 <italic>vs</italic>. D</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batimentos/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">268 &#177; 27,99</td>
                  <td align="center">198 &#177; 41,21</td>
                  <td align="center">263 &#177; 35,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002<sup>##</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,006*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PSVE (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#177; 20,91</td>
                  <td align="center">60,78 &#177; 16,76</td>
                  <td align="center">79,75 &#177; 10,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,028*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PDVE (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,37 &#177; 18,76</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 18,37</td>
                  <td align="center">74,25 &#177; 9,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,031*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.965 &#177; 5.582</td>
                  <td align="center">10.184 &#177; 4.589</td>
                  <td align="center">14.099 &#177; 3.859</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041<sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,049*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Max +dp/dt(mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.294 &#177; 255,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.035 &#177; 370,33</td>
                  <td align="center">1.727 &#177; 410,60</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>###</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,001**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Min -dp/dt (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.220 &#177; 229,09</td>
                  <td align="center">-594,77 &#177; 210</td>
                  <td align="center">-962 &#177; 194</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>###</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,002**</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>(m&#233;dia &#177; DP, n = 8) no controle (C), diab&#233;tico (D) e diab&#233;tico tratado com TMZ (T10), (one-way ANOVA seguido de teste post hoc de LSD). PSVE: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PDVE: press&#227;o desenvolvida do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDVE); DP: duplo produto press&#243;rico; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Marcadores da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>No final do experimento, PSVE, PDVE, &#177; dp/dt max e DP foram observados significativamente menores no grupo diab&#233;tico que no grupo controle. No entanto, a administra&#231;&#227;o da TMZ durante 8 semanas foi associada a um aumento significativo destes par&#226;metros em compara&#231;&#227;o com os ratos diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o tratados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito da TMZ na hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>Como indicado, o &#237;ndice de hipertrofia aumentou significativamente nos ratos diab&#233;ticos em 8 semanas em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (56,62 &#177; 6,50 vs. 48,62 &#177; 7,90, p = 0,039). De acordo com nossos achados, nos ratos diab&#233;ticos, a administra&#231;&#227;o com TMZ diminuiu notavelmente o &#237;ndice de hipertrofia quando comparado aos ratos diab&#233;ticos (41,87 &#177; 7,50 vs. 56,62 &#177; 6,50, p &lt; 0,001, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Valor da hipertrofia nos grupos controle (C), diab&#233;tico (D) e diab&#233;tico tratado com TMZ (T10) oito semanas ap&#243;s o tratamento nos ratos. Os resultados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. # p &lt; 0,05 comparado ao grupo controle, *** p &lt; 0,001 comparado ao grupo diab&#233;tico n&#227;o tratado.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0173-80248-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito da TMZ nas enzimas antioxidantes</title>
          <p>Como indicado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>, enzimas antioxidantes, GPx, CAT e SOD diminu&#237;ram significativamente no cora&#231;&#227;o de animais diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p &lt; 0,001, p = 0,002, respectivamente). No entanto, a administra&#231;&#227;o oral com TMZ foi significativamente melhorada GPx, CAT e SOD (p &lt; 0,001, p &lt; 0,049, respectivamente).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Atividades das enzimas antioxidantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupos</th>
                  <th align="center">C</th>
                  <th align="center">D</th>
                  <th align="center">T10</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p D vs. C</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p T10 vs. D</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SOD (U/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,46 &#177; 1,51</td>
                  <td align="center">5,86 &#177; 0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">7 &#177; 1,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002<sup>##</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,049*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CAT (U/ dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,52 &#177; 0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">1,90 &#177; 4,08</td>
                  <td align="center">10,71 &#177; 0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002<sup>##</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>***</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GPx (U/ dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,50 &#177; 2,67</td>
                  <td align="center">13,22 &#177; 0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">24,03 &#177; 1,73</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>###</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup>***</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>(M&#233;dia &#177; DP, n = 8) no controle (C), diab&#233;tico (D) e diab&#233;tico tratado com TMZ (T10), (one-way ANOVA seguido de teste post hoc de LSD). SOD: super&#243;xido dismutase; CAT: catalase; GPx: glutationa peroxidase.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados indicaram que a inje&#231;&#227;o de aloxana aumentou significativamente os intervalos QT e QTc e diminuiu a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, PSVE, PDVE, DP, &#177; dp/dt max e hipertrofia card&#237;aca, SOD, GPx e CAT no cora&#231;&#227;o dos ratos diab&#233;ticos quando comparado com o grupo controle. No entanto, o tratamento com TMZ foi capaz de melhorar significativamente os intervalos QT e QTc, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, SOD, CAT e hipertrofia. Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que o diabetes est&#225; associado &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es do intervalo QTc eletromec&#226;nico e prolongado no cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As disfun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica s&#227;o as manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais precoces no desenvolvimento da cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Os &#237;ndices &#177; dp/dt m&#225;x, PSVE, PDVE, DP, diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica card&#237;aca s&#227;o amplamente utilizados para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Os ratos diab&#233;ticos induzidos por aloxana progrediram disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca como demonstrado por uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa em &#177; dp/dt, PSVE, PDVE e DP. O tratamento com TMZ, por sua vez, melhorou cada um desses par&#226;metros.</p>
        <p>Em nosso modelo de diabetes tipo 1, o ECG indicou QTc prolongado, um achado que &#233; consistente com estudos anteriores. O tratamento com TMZ diminuiu significativamente essas dispers&#245;es de QT e QTc. Esse resultado est&#225; de acordo com relatos anteriores que indicam que o tratamento com TMZ melhora o prolongamento do intervalo QT em indiv&#237;duos com dist&#250;rbios renais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, tamb&#233;m observamos que o diabetes levou &#224; bradicardia nos animais diab&#233;ticos. &#201; revelado que nos ratos diab&#233;ticos a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tende a diminuir ap&#243;s oito semanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Por outro lado, o diabetes aumenta o t&#244;nus vagal e diminui o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico em ratos diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento com TMZ melhora o t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico em indiv&#237;duos com a SCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A melhora nos t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico pode explicar parcialmente o aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em ratos diab&#233;ticos tratados com TMZ.</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica est&#225; associada &#224; hipertrofia e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A glicemia elevada e o estresse oxidativo podem ser considerados fatores cr&#237;ticos que envolvem a hipertrofia e a disfun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> No presente estudo, os ratos diab&#233;ticos apresentaram hipertrofia card&#237;aca demonstrada pelo aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o-peso/peso corporal. Resultados semelhantes t&#234;m sido indicados em estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Est&#225; bem estabelecido que, o aumento do VLDL-c e a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de HDL-c podem resultar em redu&#231;&#227;o do sistema de defesa antioxidante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Em um estudo anterior, foi indicado que o comprometimento dos n&#237;veis do perfil lip&#237;dico em animais diab&#233;ticos podem ser atribu&#237;dos ao aumento da degrada&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e a libera&#231;&#227;o de grande quantidade de &#225;cidos graxos livres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os &#225;cidos graxos livres liberados s&#227;o suscet&#237;veis &#224; oxida&#231;&#227;o, resultando em diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de antioxidantes e do sistema de defesa antioxidante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> O aumento do n&#237;vel de oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos no cora&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tico leva ao ac&#250;mulo de lip&#237;dios e hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> A redu&#231;&#227;o na oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos e no estresse oxidativo pelo tratamento com TMZ pode parcialmente atribuir &#224; melhora da hipertrofia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores mostraram que o n&#237;vel de SOD reduziu no diabetes tipo 1 e foi demonstrado que o aumento das esp&#233;cias reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ERO) est&#225; negativamente associado com os valores das enzimas antioxidantes, como o SOD e GPx.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> O SOD altera rapidamente O<sub>2</sub> para H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, o que &#233; ainda mais destru&#237;do atrav&#233;s da GPx e CAT. Os n&#237;veis de enzimas antioxidantes s&#227;o sens&#237;veis ao stress oxidativo, e os valores melhorados ou reduzidos foram indicados em v&#225;rias patologias, em que um aumento das ERO &#233; uma causa ou resultado do dist&#250;rbio, tais como diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os &#226;nions super&#243;xidos e as ERO tamb&#233;m foram indicados para contribuir para hipertrofia card&#237;aca resultante de v&#225;rios est&#237;mulos; portanto o SOD &#233; uma defesa prim&#225;ria contra o estresse oxidativo que envolve a hipertrofia do cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Os nossos resultados indicaram que os n&#237;veis de SOD e CAT em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos diab&#233;ticos tratados com TMZ foi significativamente maior do que nos animais diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o tratados. Os valores de GPx foram ligeiramente, mas n&#227;o significativamente mais, nos cora&#231;&#245;es de animais diab&#233;ticos tratados com TMZ em compara&#231;&#227;o com os ratos diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        <p>Em conjunto, esses achados indicaram que os ratos diab&#233;ticos mostraram hipertrofia e disfun&#231;&#227;o no cora&#231;&#227;o, bem como aumento do dano oxidativo card&#237;aco em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais controle, mostrando que esses fatores indesej&#225;veis est&#227;o conectados. A TMZ provavelmente melhorou esses fatores pelos efeitos antioxidantes. Com base nos resultados do presente estudo, mais estudos precisam ser realizados para avaliar os mecanismos envolvidos na melhora da hipertrofia e dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares decorrentes da diabetes usando o tratamento com TMZ.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Todas estas observa&#231;&#245;es mostram que o tratamento com TMZ contribui para a melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o prejudicada e da atividade el&#233;trica, bem como hipertrofia do cora&#231;&#227;o na cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica em ratos. Melhorias observadas no tratamento com TMZ est&#227;o associadas &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Centro de Pesquisas em Fisiologia da Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Ahvaz Jundishapur (No. APRC-94-25).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Fatemeh Ramezani-Aliakbari pela Physiology Research Center of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo APRC-94-25.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
