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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BrnD9x9gWYccfGknDyWhCnk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000200171</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190017</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluating Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9891-676X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spineti</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Pimenta de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed-Rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro Pimenta de Mello Spineti,</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 77. Postal Code 20551-030, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pedrospineti@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>pedrospineti@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>171</fpage>
      <lpage>172</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article ext-link-type="doi" id="r01" page="165-170" related-article-type="commentary-article" vol="112" xlink:href="10.5935/abc.20190011"/>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet-Sodium- Restricted/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Treatment Adherence and Compliance</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Compliance</kwd>
        <kwd>Survey and Questionnaires</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Although salt and water retention plays a crucial role in heart failure (HF) pathophysiology, controversy still exists about dietary salt restriction in the treatment of HF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Small clinical studies have suggested that excessive sodium restriction (&lt; 5 g of salt per day), as compared with normal-sodium diet (approximately 7 g of salt per day), may be associated with deleterious effects in patients with chronic HF, including increased neurohormonal activation, and higher hospitalization and mortality rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>A recent meta-analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> of nine studies involving 479 HF patients undergoing dietary sodium restriction was inconclusive for the recommendation of this strategy in hospitalized patients. None of the studies analyzed in the meta-analysis included hard endpoints such as all-cause death or cardiovascular mortality. However, a modest tendency for improvement of functional class was observed in outpatients undergoing sodium restriction intake. The author reinforces the need for randomized, prospective studies including large sample sizes, evaluating the effect of different regimens of sodium intake on relevant outcomes to build evidence base for detailed recommendations.</p>
    <p>Restriction of sodium intake - &lt; 3 g/day or &lt; 7 g/sodium chloride (table salt) - is one of the non-pharmacological measures recommended by the Brazilian Guidelines on Heart Failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and by the American Heart Association<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> (AHA) guidelines. The AHA also recommends evaluating patient understanding and the level of water and sodium intake restriction, as well as educating patients to reduce sodium intake.</p>
    <p>However, compliance with this recommendation remains challenging. In 2009 Bentley et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> proposed the adoption of a new instrument, the Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire (DSRQ), aimed at measuring attitude, beliefs and barriers of symptomatic HF patients (NYHA II/III) in following a low-sodium diet. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the questionnaire assesses adherence through three subscales: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.</p>
    <p>D&#8217;Almeida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> adapted the DSRQ to the Brazilian population in 2012,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and showed its validity and reliability in 2013.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The Brazilian version of the DSRQ is composed of 27 items, 11 descriptive questions and 16 questions divided into three subscales: attitude and subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and dependent behavior.</p>
    <p>In this issue of Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, the same authors proposed the determination of a cut-off point to evaluate adherence to a low-sodium diet in Brazilian patients with HF. This was a case-control study that compared the scores of each subscale between 206 outpatients with compensated HF and 255 patients with uncompensated HF. Mean application time of the instrument was 40 minutes. The best area under the ROC curve was observed for the attitude and subjective norm scale (0.725). The cut-off for this subscale was 40 out of 45 points, with a 53.8% sensitivity and 82.5% specificity.</p>
    <p>Previous studies had already shown an association between subjective norm subscale and an increased sodium urinary excretion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and that the attitude subscale is the only associated with long-term adherence (six months),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> which corroborate the validity of their results. The proposed cut-off points to measure adherence to a low-sodium diet can be useful for future longitudinal studies aiming at elucidating the role of sodium restriction in the treatment of patients with HF.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Cut-Point for Satisfactory Adherence of the Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire for Patients with Heart Failure</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avaliando a Ades&#227;o &#224; Restri&#231;&#227;o de S&#243;dio na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9891-676X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spineti</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Pimenta de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Pimenta de Mello Spineti,</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 77. CEP 20551-030, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pedrospineti@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>pedrospineti@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta Hiposs&#243;dica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dietoterapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Coopera&#231;&#227;o e Ades&#227;o ao Tratamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Coopera&#231;&#227;o do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Inqueritos e Question&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Embora a reten&#231;&#227;o de sal e &#225;gua desempenhe papel fundamental na fisiopatologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) a restri&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica de s&#243;dio ainda &#233; um tema controverso no tratamento destes pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estudos cl&#237;nicos de pequeno porte t&#234;m sugerido que a restri&#231;&#227;o excessiva de s&#243;dio (&lt; 5 g de sal por dia), em compara&#231;&#227;o com dieta com teor normal de s&#243;dio (~ 7 g de sal por dia), pode associar-se a efeitos delet&#233;rios nos pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica, incluindo exacerba&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal, maior n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e maior mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Meta-an&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> recente de nove estudos envolvendo 479 pacientes com IC submetidos &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio foi inconclusiva para recomenda&#231;&#227;o dessa interven&#231;&#227;o em pacientes internados. Nenhum trabalho incluiu desfechos duros como morte por todas as causas ou morte cardiovascular. J&#225; para pacientes ambulatoriais, foi observada uma tend&#234;ncia modesta de melhora de classe funcional nos pacientes submetidos &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio. O autor refor&#231;a a necessidade de estudos prospectivos randomizados com amplo n&#250;mero de pacientes, testando diferentes regimes de ingesta de s&#243;dio, avaliando desfechos relevantes para embasar recomenda&#231;&#245;es detalhadas.</p>
      <p>A restri&#231;&#227;o do consumo de s&#243;dio - &lt; 3 g/dia ou &lt; 7 g/dia de cloreto de s&#243;dio (sal de cozinha) - faz parte das medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) recomendadas pela Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e pela diretriz da American Heart Association<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> (AHA). A AHA recomenda ainda que seja avaliado o grau de consci&#234;ncia e de restri&#231;&#227;o hidrossalina na anamnese dos pacientes com IC e que todos sejam educados a restringir seu consumo de s&#243;dio.</p>
      <p>No entanto, a ades&#227;o a essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o permanece um desafio. Em 2009, Bentley et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> propuseram a ado&#231;&#227;o de um instrumento denominado Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire (DSRQ) com o objetivo de medir as atitudes, cren&#231;as e barreiras dos pacientes com IC sintom&#225;tica (NYHA II/III) em seguir uma dieta hiposs&#243;dica. O question&#225;rio segue as premissas da Teoria do Comportamento Planejado e avalia a ades&#227;o por meio de tr&#234;s subescalas: atitude, norma subjetiva e controle comportamental percebido.</p>
      <p>D&#8217;Almeida et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> adaptaram o DSRQ para o Brasil em 2012 e demonstraram sua validade e confiabilidade em 2013.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A vers&#227;o brasileira do DSRQ &#233; composta por 27 itens, 11 quest&#245;es descritivas e 16 quest&#245;es divididas em tr&#234;s subescalas: atitude e norma subjetiva, controle comportamental percebido e comportamento dependente.</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da revista Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> os mesmos autores propuseram a cria&#231;&#227;o de um ponto de corte para avaliar a ades&#227;o &#224; dieta hiposs&#243;dica em pacientes brasileiros com IC. Trata-se de um estudo de caso controle que comparou os escores em cada subescala de 206 pacientes ambulatoriais compensados e 255 pacientes descompensados. O tempo m&#233;dio para aplica&#231;&#227;o do instrumento foi de 40 minutos. A escala atitude e norma subjetiva foi a que apresentou a melhor &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (0,725). O ponto de corte para esta subescala foi definido em 40 pontos de um total de 45, com uma sensibilidade de 53,8% e especificidade de 83,5%.</p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios j&#225; haviam demostrado que a subescala norma subjetiva est&#225; associada &#224; maior excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de s&#243;dio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e que a subescala atitude foi a &#250;nica associada &#224; ades&#227;o em longo prazo (6 meses),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> o que refor&#231;a a validade dos resultados encontrados. O ponto de corte sugerido para aferir a ades&#227;o &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio na dieta poder&#225; ser &#250;til em novos estudos longitudinais que procurem elucidar o real papel da restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio no tratamento dos pacientes com IC.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Ponto de Corte para Ades&#227;o Satisfat&#243;ria do Question&#225;rio de Restri&#231;&#227;o de S&#243;dio na Dieta em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
