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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xh6wkNSjbfxJGxfXzmHvh9r</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000200165</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cut-Point for Satisfactory Adherence of the Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire for Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Sanches Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barilli</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia Louise Santin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4374-4419</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eneida Rejane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Pampa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Itaqui</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Curso de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Eneida Rejane Rabelo da Silva,</bold> Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Rua S&#227;o Manoel, 963. Postal Code 90620-110, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>eneidarabelo@gmail.com</email>, <email>esilva@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, analysis and interpretation of the data, obtaining funding and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: d&#8217;Almeida KSM, Barilli SLS, Souza GC, Silva ERR; acquisition of data, statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript: d&#8217;Almeida KSM, Barilli SLS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>165</fpage>
      <lpage>170</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The low or non-adherence to reduction of sodium intake has been identified as one of the main precipitating factors of heart failure (HF). The Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire (DSRQ) identifies factors that can interfere with adherence to this recommendation. However, there is still no cut-point to define adherence for this questionnaire.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To identify the cut-point for satisfactory adherence to the Brazilian version of the DSRQ, (the Question&#225;rio de Restri&#231;&#227;o de S&#243;dio na Dieta, QRSD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Multicenter study. Patients with HF in outpatient treatment (compensated) and those treated in emergency departments due to acute HF (decompensated) were included. For the cut-point definition, the DSRQ scores were compared between groups. A ROC curve was constructed for each subscale to determine the best point of sensitivity and specificity regarding adherence. A 5% significance level was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 206 compensated patients and 225 decompensated were included. Compensated patients exhibited scores that showed higher adhesion in all subscales (all p &lt;0.05). Scores &#8805; 40 points of a total of 45 for the subscale of Attitude and Subjective Norm; scores &#8804; eight of a total of 20 for Perceived Behavioral Control; and &#8804; three of a total of 15 for Dependent Behavior Control were indicative of satisfactory adherence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Based on the evaluation of patients in these two scenarios, it was possible to determine the cut-point for satisfactory adherence to the reduction of sodium in the diet of patients with HF. Countries with similar culture could use this cut-point, as other researchers could also use the results as a reference for further studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Sodium,Dietary</kwd>
        <kwd>Surveys and Questionnaires</kwd>
        <kwd>Behavior Control</kwd>
        <kwd>Decision Making</kwd>
        <kwd>Muklticenter Study</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Reduction of sodium intake is usually part of the non-pharmacological treatment for patients with heart failure (HF), since the excessive consumption is associated with fluid retention and congestive situations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A poor or non-adherence to this recommendation has been identified among the main precipitating factors of HF decompensation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and has been linked to the need for hospitalization and worse outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To understand what factors could potentially interfere with the adherence to the reduction of sodium intake, researchers from the United States of America developed the Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire (DSRQ).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> This instrument is based on the Planned Behavior Theory and considers three constructs: attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. Recently, the DSRQ was adapted (transculturally) and validated for the Portuguese language in Brazil, with the name <italic>Question&#225;rio de Restri&#231;&#227;o de S&#243;dio na Dieta</italic> (QRSD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Although the DSRQ has already been the object of other studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> there is still no cut-point to define satisfactory adherence for the interviewed patients. Seeking to fill this gap, this study was designed to identify a cut-point for satisfactory adherence to sodium restriction when using the QRSD, both for stable patients on outpatient care, and for decompensated patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design and sample</title>
        <p>This is a case-control study, conducted in two institutions in southern Brazil from March 2010 to October 2014.</p>
        <p>Adult patients, with a diagnosis of HF - reduced or preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - were included. Patients in outpatient treatment (compensated) and those admitted to emergency rooms due to acute HF (decompensated) participated in this study. It was used a convenience sample, with a total of 431 HF patients (206 compensated and 225 decompensated).</p>
        <p>Patients with cognitive impairment or barrier (e.g., decreased hearing acuity, neurological sequelae) were excluded since these impairments could make it difficult for patients to fill out the questionnaire.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection</title>
        <p>Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected from medical records. The QRSDs were administered by the researchers in a private room, with a mean duration of 40 minutes.</p>
        <p>The Brazilian version of the DSRQ comprises 27 items, 11 descriptive questions and 16 questions divided into three subscales, which are scored using the 5-point Likert scale:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Attitude and subjective norm (nine items, with scores ranging from nine to 45) - assesses the patient&#8217;s beliefs regarding the results of performing a diet with reduced sodium and the importance of other people&#8217;s approval or disapproval of this practice;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Perceived behavioral control (four items with scores ranging from four to 20) - assesses the patient&#8217;s ability to identify facilitators and barriers related to the reduction of sodium in their diet;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dependent behavior (three items with scores ranging from three to 15) - assesses the presence or absence of resources and constraints for a patient to follow a sodium-reduced diet.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>In the first subscale - attitude and subjective norm - the lowest score indicates a &#8220;strong disagreement&#8221; and the highest, a &#8220;strong agreement&#8221;. In the second and third subscales - perceived behavioral control and dependent behavior - the minimum score indicates &#8220;not at all&#8221;, while the maximum indicates &#8220;a lot&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the institutions involved and all participants signed a written informed consent form before taking part in this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 18.0. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean and standard deviation and without normal distribution, as median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute numbers and relative frequency. To compare continuous variables, unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test or Mann-Whitney test were used, according to data distribution. Associations between categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. A 5% significance level was adopted.</p>
        <p>To define the cut-points, the QRSD scores were compared between compensated and decompensated patients. A ROC curve was constructed for each subscale, and an additional comparison of patients by functional class (I - II) and (III - IV) was performed to determine the best point of sensitivity and specificity regarding adherence to the diet. determine the best point of sensitivity and specificity regarding adherence to the diet.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 431 HF patients participate in the study. Of the total, 206 were in outpatient treatment (compensated) and 225 patients sought emergency care (decompensated). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the studied population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Mean age was 63 &#177; 13 years, and 59.2% of the participants were male; mean LVEF was 36.8 &#177; 14.0%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the participants</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">Compensated (n = 206)</th>
              <th align="center">Decompensated (n = 225)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sociodemographic</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">66 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">65.0</td>
              <td align="center">53.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ethnicity (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">85.4</td>
              <td align="center">57.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">9.7</td>
              <td align="center">16.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mixed-race</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">25.8</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Years of study (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.083</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Until 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">75.7</td>
              <td align="center">83.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">9 to 11 years</td>
              <td align="center">19.9</td>
              <td align="center">12.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">12 years or more</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">4.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Marital status (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lives with a companion</td>
              <td align="center">69.4</td>
              <td align="center">49.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lives alone</td>
              <td align="center">30.6</td>
              <td align="center">50.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">31.3 &#177; 9.1</td>
              <td align="center">42.0 &#177; 15.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Functional class NYHA (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">42.0</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">34.2</td>
              <td align="center">20.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">23.3</td>
              <td align="center">63.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IV</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">14.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Etiology (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.002</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">33.0</td>
              <td align="center">43.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">18.0</td>
              <td align="center">10.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others</td>
              <td align="center">49.0</td>
              <td align="center">45.9</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medications prior to admission (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">85.4</td>
              <td align="center">69.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anti-hypertensives</td>
              <td align="center">96.6</td>
              <td align="center">87.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">82.5</td>
              <td align="center">83.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.795</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Continuous variables described as mean &#177; standard deviation, unpaired Student's t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>categorical variables expressed as %, chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the QRSD scores, compared with decompensated patients, compensated patients had better scores, showing greater adherence in all subscales. Mean scores for compensated and decompensated groups, and for categories of functional classes are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Scores of the Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire subscales for compensated and decompensated patients and for categories of functional class</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Attitude and subjective norm</th>
              <th align="center">Perceived behavioral control</th>
              <th align="center">Dependent behavior</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Situation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Compensated</td>
              <td align="center">42.6 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">5.2 &#177; 3.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Decompensated</td>
              <td align="center">38.5 &#177; 6.3</td>
              <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.5 &#177; 3.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p value</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.399</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Functional class</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I x II</td>
              <td align="center">41.6 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.0 &#177; 2.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III x III</td>
              <td align="center">39.3 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">10.6 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.6 &#177; 3.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p value</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.038</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>*Continuous variables described as mean &#177; standard deviation</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>According to the ROC curve analysis, the area under the curve was 0.725 (95%CI; 0.677 to 0.772) for the attitude and subjective norm subscales; 0.670 (95%CI; 0.620 to 0.721) for the perceived behavioral control subscale; and 0.544 (95%CI; 0.489 to 0.598) for the dependent behavior subscale (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curves for all three DSRQ subscales.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0165-90011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The results of the functional class analysis were 0.631 (95%CI; 0.578 to 0.685) for the attitude and subjective norm subscales; 0.628 (95%CI; 0.574 to 0.682) for the perceived behavioral control subscale; and 0.561 (95%CI; 0.506 to 0.617) for the dependent behavior subscale.</p>
      <p>Sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 53.8 and 83.5 for the attitude and subjective norm subscales; 68.0 and 58.3 for perceived behavioral control subscale; and 60.9 and 51.0 for dependent behavioral subscale. Cut-off points for adherence were scores greater than or equal to 40 points in the attitude and subjective norm subscale; lower than or equal to eight points for perceived behavioral control; and lower than or equal to three points for Dependent Behavior (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cut-point for adherence established to the Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire subscales</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Subscales</th>
              <th align="center">Scores (min - max)</th>
              <th align="center">Cut-point (adherence)</th>
              <th align="center">Sensitivity (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Specificity (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Attitude and subjective norm</td>
              <td align="center">9 - 45</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805;40</td>
              <td align="center">53.8</td>
              <td align="center">83.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Perceived behavior control</td>
              <td align="center">4 - 20</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804;8</td>
              <td align="center">68.0</td>
              <td align="center">58.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dependent behavior control</td>
              <td align="center">3 - 15</td>
              <td align="center">&#8804;3</td>
              <td align="center">60.9</td>
              <td align="center">51.0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This is the first study conducted in a clinical scenario that tried to establish cut-points for the DSRQ/QRSD regarding adherence. This instrument considers the knowledge, barriers and attitudes of patients with HF regarding sodium restriction in the diet. Adherence can be defined as the degree to which individuals comply with recommendations (related to pharmacological treatment of changes in lifestyle) from the health team.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In the context of HF, treatment adherence is considered an essential component to the success of self-care and prevention of complications, including hospitalizations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The sample was predominantly male patients older than 60 years, poorly educated, and with predominantly reduced LVEF, similar to other studies that addressed adherence in patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Compared with compensated patients, in decompensated patients&#8217; group, there were fewer men, fewer people with white ethnicity and a greater number of people living alone. These characteristics have already been related to lower adherence in previous studies. Lennie et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> investigated the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to adherence of a low-sodium diet in patients with HF, and also found similar sociodemographic characteristics, with mean age of 65 years and 32% of participants living alone. In fact, advanced age is among the main factors that contribute to high rehospitalization rates due to decompensation of HF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In addition to advanced age, many patients with HF have cognitive deficits, including memory loss.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Regarding ethnicity, a recent study demonstrated an association between non-white race and non-adherence in patients with HF after hospital discharge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The fact of living alone can interfere with adherence, since this behavior is largely influenced by the opinion of people whom patients consider important, including spouses and family members.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Lack of family support can make the patient feel alone. The inclusion of family members in the treatment of HF - mainly in relation to adherence to non-pharmacological measures - seems to be a crucial point and has been used as a strategy for self-care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The multifactorial causation and subjectivity related to adherence could explain the difficulty encountered by health professionals to measure patients&#8217; commitment to a particular behavior. In this context, instruments that can provide more reliable information on patient outcomes in terms of knowledge, barriers and attitudes, with cut-points for adequate and poor adherence could help to identify factors that potentially influence this outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to the researchers responsible for developing the QRSD, the instrument was built with the goal of being a self-administered tool.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, considering cultural differences between the studied populations, it is recommended that, in the Brazilian population, the QRSD be applied by means of interviews, by trained investigators. In addition, because each subscale relates to a particular construct, we sought to identify different cut-points for each of them.</p>
      <p>High scores observed in the subscale of attitudes and subjective norm contributed to raising the cut-point (&#8805; 40, a total of 45 points) and indicated that patients are aware of the importance of adhering to sodium reduction, and can identify signs and symptoms associated with excessive intake, as well as benefits related to the reduction. However, as described in the literature,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> knowledge alone does not seem to be sufficient to ensure compliance, to which other skills are required, such as motivation and willpower.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Accordingly, incorporating this measure into the routine remains a major challenge for patients.</p>
      <p>On the same subscale, the last three questions that denote adherence are influenced by the opinion of people considered important by patients (spouse, family members, physicians and other health professionals). The inclusion of family members in the treatment of patients with HF appears to be a crucial point and is gaining more space as a strategy for self-care, with positive results in the reduction of sodium intake by these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the scores and the cut-point identified for the subscale perceived behavioral control (&#8804; 8, a total of 20 points), the main barriers - for both compensated and decompensated patients - are the palatability of foods with little salt, food preferences of patients, and less significantly, the willpower to change their diets, factors already described previously. Palatability of foods with low sodium content has been referred as one of the main barriers to adherence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Furthermore, when compared to healthy individuals, patients with HF have a preference for highly salted foods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> This can be explained largely by changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which promotes a higher desire for salt.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The low scores observed in the dependent behavior subscale influenced the determination of a low cut-point (&#8804; 3, of a total of 15 points). In a study conducted with a sample of 225 patients with decompensated HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> decision-making situations that occur outside the home - going to restaurants and the supermarket - did not influence significantly adherence in this population, possibly due to the limitations imposed by the severity of the disease. In addition, the trip to the supermarket and the choice of food is often performed by a family member or the person responsible for their care, which may explain the small impact caused by this factor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the comparative analysis of patients by functional class to determine the cutoff point for satisfactory adherence, it was observed that both sensitivity and specificity values were lower than those obtained in the comparison between compensated and decompensated patients. Thus, our findings indicated that adherence was higher in outpatients compared with patients hospitalized for decompensated HF.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Other factors other than sodium restriction may affect HF decompensation, which can lead to a small bias in the determination of the cut-point.</p>
        <p>Although it was a case-control study, matching was not sufficient to minimize discrepancies between the two groups (compensated and decompensated). Other studies with the same design may contribute to elucidate the findings of this study.</p>
        <p>Another limitation refers to the inexistence of national and international studies on specific cut-points in the evaluation of adherence using the QRSD, which makes comparisons with other investigations impossible.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Assessment of knowledge, barriers and attitudes towards dietary sodium among patients with HF in two different scenarios - outpatient and emergency services - allowed the determination of cut-points for satisfactory adherence to dietary sodium reduction. Countries with similar cultures may use this cut-point, as other researchers could also use it as reference in further studies.</p>
      <p>We suggest this cut-point to identify facilitators and barriers related to reduction of dietary sodium intake in HF patients in Brazil, and be used to guide strategies, seeking better results.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Fundo de incentivo &#224; pesquisa e eventos do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 130343 and Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o/Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o under the protocol number 13-049. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>28 de Souza JT, Matsubara LS, Menani JV, Matsubara BB, Johnson AK, De Gobbi JI. Higher salt preference in heart failure patients. Appetite. 2012;58(1):418-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Souza</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menani</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsubara</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Gobbi</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Higher salt preference in heart failure patients</article-title>
          <source>Appetite</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>418</fpage>
          <lpage>423</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Sanders PW. Dietary salt intake, salt sensitivity, and cardiovascular health. Hypertension. 2009;53(3):442-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanders</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dietary salt intake, salt sensitivity, and cardiovascular health</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>442</fpage>
          <lpage>445</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ponto de Corte para Ades&#227;o Satisfat&#243;ria do Question&#225;rio de Restri&#231;&#227;o de S&#243;dio na Dieta em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Sanches Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barilli</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia Louise Santin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4374-4419</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eneida Rejane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Curso de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eneida Rejane Rabelo da Silva,</bold> Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Rua S&#227;o Manoel, 963. CEP 90620-110, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>eneidarabelo@gmail.com</email>, <email>esilva@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: d&#8217;Almeida KSM, Barilli SLS, Souza GC, Silva ERR; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: d&#8217;Almeida KSM, Barilli SLS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A baixa ou a n&#227;o ades&#227;o &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio na dieta foi identificada como um dos principais fatores causais da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). O Question&#225;rio de Restri&#231;&#227;o de S&#243;dio na Dieta (QRSD) do ingl&#234;s <italic>Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire</italic> (DSRQ) identifica fatores que possam interferir na ades&#227;o a essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, anda n&#227;o existe um ponto de corte que estabelece ades&#227;o segundo o QRSD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Identificar o ponto de corte para ades&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria ao QRSD, vers&#227;o brasileira do DSRQ.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo multic&#234;ntrico. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com IC em tratamento ambulatorial (compensados) e aqueles tratados em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia por IC aguda (descompensados). Para a defini&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte, os escores do QRSD foram comparados entre os grupos. A curva ROC foi constru&#237;da para cada subescala para determinar o melhor ponto de sensibilidade e especificidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ades&#227;o. Adotou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 206 pacientes compensados e 225 pacientes descompensados. Os pacientes compensados apresentaram escores que indicaram maior ades&#227;o em todas as subescalas (p &lt; 0,05). Escores &#8805; 40 pontos de um total de 45 para a subescala &#8220;atitude e norma subjetiva&#8221;; escores &#8804; 8 de um total de 20 para a subescala &#8220;controle comportamental percebido&#8221;; e escores 3 de um total de 15 para &#8220;comportamento dependente&#8221; foram indicativos de ades&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio ou na emerg&#234;ncia permitiu a determina&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte para ades&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica de s&#243;dio. Pa&#237;ses de culturas similares poderiam usar esse mesmo ponto de corte, bem como outros pesquisadores poderiam utiliz&#225;-lo como refer&#234;ncia para outros estudos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#243;dio na Dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>Inqu&#233;ritos e Question&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Controle Comportamental</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomada de Decis&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio faz parte do tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), uma vez que o consumo excessivo de s&#243;dio est&#225; associado &#224; reten&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quidos e condi&#231;&#245;es congestivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Uma baixa ou a falta de ades&#227;o a essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o foi identificada como um dos principais fatores predisponentes &#224; IC descompensada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e que est&#225; associada &#224; maior necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o e a piores desfechos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para compreender que fatores podem interferir na ades&#227;o &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio, pesquisadores americanos desenvolveram o question&#225;rio de restri&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica de s&#243;dio (DSQR, <italic>Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Esse instrumento baseia-se na Teoria de Comportamento Planejado e leva em considera&#231;&#227;o tr&#234;s construtos - atitude, norma subjetiva e controle comportamental percebido. Recentemente, realizou-se a adapta&#231;&#227;o cultural e valida&#231;&#227;o do DSQR para o portugu&#234;s do Brasil, com o nome &#8220;Question&#225;rio de Restri&#231;&#227;o de S&#243;dio na Dieta (QRSD).&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Apesar de o instrumento j&#225; ter sido objeto de outros estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> n&#227;o existe ainda um ponto de corte para se definir uma ades&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria para os pacientes entrevistados. A fim de preencher essa lacuna, este estudo foi delineado para identificar um ponto de corte que defina uma ades&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio utilizando o QRSD, tanto para pacientes est&#225;veis em tratamento ambulatorial, como para pacientes descompensados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento e amostra</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo caso-controle, conduzido em duas institui&#231;&#245;es no sul do Brasil entre mar&#231;o de 2010 e outubro de 2014.</p>
          <p>Pacientes adultos, com diagn&#243;stico de IC (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, FEVE, reduzido ou preservado)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> foram inclu&#237;dos. Pacientes em tratamento ambulatorial (IC compensada) e aqueles admitidos no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia por IC aguda (descompensada) participaram deste estudo. Utilizou-se amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, com total de 431 pacientes com IC (206 compensados e 225 descompensados).</p>
          <p>Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ou barreira cognitiva (p.ex. acuidade auditiva reduzida, sequelas neurol&#243;gicas) foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo, uma vez que essas condi&#231;&#245;es poderiam dificultar o preenchimento do question&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de dados</title>
          <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos e sociodemogr&#225;ficos foram coletados dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes. Os QRSDs foram administrados pelos pesquisadores em uma sala reservada, com dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 40 minutos.</p>
          <p>A vers&#227;o brasileira do DSRQ &#233; composta por 27 itens, 11 quest&#245;es descritivas e 16 quest&#245;es divididas em tr&#234;s subescalas, pontuadas pela escala Likert de cinco pontos:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="alpha-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>Atitude e norma subjetiva (nove itens, com escores variando entre nove e 45) - avalia a cren&#231;a dos pacientes sobre os resultados de se seguir uma dieta restrita em s&#243;dio e a import&#226;ncia da aprova&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o dessa conduta por outras pessoas;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Controle comportamental percebido (quatro itens com pontua&#231;&#227;o variando de quatro a 20) - avalia a capacidade do paciente de identificar facilitadores e barreiras relacionados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio da dieta;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Comportamento dependente (tr&#234;s itens com pontua&#231;&#227;o variando de tr&#234;s a 15) - avalia a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de recursos e limita&#231;&#245;es para um paciente em seguir uma dieta com restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Na primeira subescala - atitude e norma subjetiva - a pontua&#231;&#227;o mais baixa indica &#8220;forte discord&#226;ncia&#8221;, e a mais alta indica &#8220;forte concord&#226;ncia&#8221;. Na segunda e na terceira subescalas - controle comportamental percebido e comportamento dependente - a pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima indica &#8220;nenhum&#8221;, e a m&#225;xima indica &#8220;muito&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica das institui&#231;&#245;es envolvidas, e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento antes de participarem do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados usando o programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic>, vers&#227;o 18.0. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em mediana e intervalo interquartil. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado ou o teste de Mann-Whitney, segundo distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. Adotou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
          <p>Para se definir um ponto de corte, os escores do QRSD foram comparados entre os pacientes compensados e os pacientes descompensados. Uma curva ROC para cada subescala foi constru&#237;da e uma an&#225;lise adicional foi realizada comparando-se os pacientes segundo classe funcional (I-II) e (III-IV) para determinar o melhor ponto de sensibilidade e de especificidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ades&#227;o &#224; dieta.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 431 pacientes com IC participou do estudo. Do total, 206 estavam em tratamento ambulatorial (compensados) e 225 buscaram atendimento no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia (descompensados). Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 63 &#177; 13 anos, e 59,2% dos pacientes eram homens; a FEVE m&#233;dia foi 36,8 &#177; 14,0%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">Compensados (n = 206)</th>
                <th align="center">Descompensados (n = 225)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sociodemogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">65,0</td>
                <td align="center">53,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etnia (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">85,4</td>
                <td align="center">57,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negra</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">16,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;a mista</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">25,8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Anos de estudo (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,083</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">75,7</td>
                <td align="center">83,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9 - 11 anos</td>
                <td align="center">19,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 12 anos</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estado civil (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vive com um(a) companheiro(a)</td>
                <td align="center">69,4</td>
                <td align="center">49,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vive sozinho(a)</td>
                <td align="center">30,6</td>
                <td align="center">50,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">31,3 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">42,0 &#177; 15,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional NYHA (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">42,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">34,2</td>
                <td align="center">20,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">23,3</td>
                <td align="center">63,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">14,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,002</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">33,0</td>
                <td align="center">43,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">18,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros</td>
                <td align="center">49,0</td>
                <td align="center">45,9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medicamentos antes da admiss&#227;o (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">85,4</td>
                <td align="center">69,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anti-hipertensivos</td>
                <td align="center">96,6</td>
                <td align="center">87,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">82,5</td>
                <td align="center">83,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,795</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas expressas em %, teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos escores do QRSD, os pacientes compensados apresentaram melhores escores, apresentando maior ades&#227;o em todas as subescalas em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes descompensados. As m&#233;dias dos escores para grupos compensados e descompensados, e para categorias das classes funcionais s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escores das subescalas do Question&#225;rio de Restri&#231;&#227;o de S&#243;dio na Dieta para pacientes compensados e descompensados e para categorias de classe funcional</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Atitude e norma subjetiva</th>
                <th align="center">Controle comportamental percebido</th>
                <th align="center">Comportamento dependente</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Compensados</td>
                <td align="center">42,6 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 &#177; 3,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Descompensados</td>
                <td align="center">38,5 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,5 &#177; 3,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valor-p</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,399</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classe funcional</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I x II</td>
                <td align="center">41,6 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,0 &#177; 2,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III x III</td>
                <td align="center">39,3 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,6 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,6 &#177; 3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valor p</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>*Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas descritas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Segundo an&#225;lise da curva ROC, a &#225;rea sob a curva foi 0,725 (IC95% 0,677 - 0,772) para subescala de atitude e norma subjetiva; 0,670 (IC95% 0,620 - 0,721) para subescala controle comportamental percebida; e 0,544 (IC95% 0,489 - 0,598) para a subescala comportamento dependente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas ROC para as tr&#234;s subescalas do Question&#225;rio de Restri&#231;&#227;o de S&#243;dio na Dieta.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0165-90011-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os resultados da an&#225;lise da classe funcional foram 0,631 (IC95% 0,578 - 0,685) para subescalas atitude e norma subjetiva; 0,628 (IC95% 0,574 - 0,682) para subescala controle comportamental percebido; e 0,561 (IC95% 0,506 - 0,617) para subescala comportamento dependente.</p>
        <p>A sensibilidade e a especificidade foram, respectivamente, 53,8 e 83,5 para subescalas atitude e norma subjetiva; 68,0 e 58,3 para subescala controle comportamental percebido; e 60,9 e 51,0 para subescala comportamento dependente. Os pontos de corte para ades&#227;o &#224; dieta restrita em s&#243;dio foram escores &#8805; 40 pontos para subescalas atitude e norma subjetiva; &#8804; 8 pontos para subescala controle comportamental percebido; e &#8804; 3 pontos para comportamento dependente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ponto de corte para ades&#227;o estabelecido para as subescalas do Question&#225;rio de Restri&#231;&#227;o de S&#243;dio na Dieta</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Subescalas</th>
                <th align="center">Escores (m&#237;n. - m&#225;x.)</th>
                <th align="center">Ponto de corte (ades&#227;o)</th>
                <th align="center">Sensibilidade (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Especificidade (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atitude e norma subjetiva</td>
                <td align="center">9 - 45</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 40</td>
                <td align="center">53,8</td>
                <td align="center">83,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Controle comportamental percebido</td>
                <td align="center">4 - 20</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 8</td>
                <td align="center">68,0</td>
                <td align="center">58,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comportamento dependente</td>
                <td align="center">3 - 15</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 3</td>
                <td align="center">60,9</td>
                <td align="center">51,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este foi o primeiro estudo conduzido no ambiente cl&#237;nico que objetivou estabelecer pontos de corte para o QRSD em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ades&#227;o. Esse instrumento leva em considera&#231;&#227;o o conhecimento, as barreiras e as atitudes dos pacientes com IC em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio na dieta. Ades&#227;o pode ser definida como o grau com que o paciente segue as recomenda&#231;&#245;es (relacionadas ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico ou mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida) da equipe de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> No contexto da IC, a ades&#227;o ao tratamento &#233; considerada um componente essencial para o sucesso do autocuidado e preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A amostra foi composta predominantemente por homens com idade maior que 60 anos, com baixo n&#237;vel de escolaridade, e predominantemente com FEVE reduzida, similar a outros estudos que abordaram ades&#227;o em pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com IC compensada, no grupo de pacientes com IC descompensada, os pacientes eram mais velhos, havia uma menor propor&#231;&#227;o de homens, menos pacientes da ra&#231;a branca e um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes vivendo sozinhos. Essas caracter&#237;sticas j&#225; haviam sido relacionadas com ades&#227;o mais baixa em estudos anteriores. Lennie et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> investigaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre conhecimento, atitudes, e barreiras para a ades&#227;o a uma dieta hiposs&#243;dica em pacientes com IC, e tamb&#233;m encontraram caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas semelhantes, com idade m&#233;dia de 65 anos e 32% dos participantes vivendo sozinhos. De fato, idade avan&#231;ada est&#225; entre os principais fatores que contribuem para as altas taxas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC descompensada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Al&#233;m da idade avan&#231;ada, muitos pacientes com IC apresentam d&#233;ficits cognitivos, incluindo a perda de mem&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; etnia, um estudo recente demonstrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre ra&#231;a n&#227;o branca e n&#227;o ades&#227;o em pacientes com IC ap&#243;s alta hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O fato de viver sozinho pode interferir na ades&#227;o, uma vez que esse comportamento &#233; muito influenciado pela opini&#227;o das pessoas que os pacientes consideram importantes, incluindo c&#244;njuges e familiares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A falta de apoio familiar pode fazer o paciente sentir-se isolado. A inclus&#227;o de familiares no tratamento da IC - principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ades&#227;o a medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas - parece ser um ponto crucial e tem sido usada como uma estrat&#233;gia de autocuidado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A causalidade multifatorial e a subjetividade relacionadas &#224; ades&#227;o podem explicar a dificuldade encontrada por profissionais de sa&#250;de em medir o comprometimento dos pacientes a um comportamento particular. Nesse contexto, instrumentos que possam fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es mais confi&#225;veis sobre os desfechos dos pacientes em termos de conhecimento, barreiras, e atitudes, com pontos de corte para (adequada e baixa) ades&#227;o poderiam ajudar a identificar fatores que potencialmente influenciariam esse desfecho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Segundo os pesquisadores respons&#225;veis pelo desenvolvimento do QRSD, o question&#225;rio foi constru&#237;do com o objetivo de ser uma ferramenta autoaplic&#225;vel. Contudo, considerando diferen&#231;as culturais, &#233; recomend&#225;vel que, na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, o QRSD seja administrado por meio de entrevistas, por investigadores treinados. Al&#233;m disso, uma vez que cada subescala se relaciona a um construto, procuramos identificar diferentes pontos de corte para cada uma delas.</p>
        <p>Os escores elevados observados na subescala de atitudes e norma subjetiva contribu&#237;ram para aumentar o ponto de corte (&#8805; 40, um total de 45 pontos), indicando que os pacientes sabem da import&#226;ncia de aderirem &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio, e s&#227;o capazes de identificar sinais e sintomas associados &#224; ingest&#227;o excessiva, assim como os benef&#237;cios relacionados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o. Contudo, conforme descrito na literatura,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> somente conhecimento n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para assegurar ades&#227;o, para a qual exigem-se outras habilidades, tais como motiva&#231;&#227;o e for&#231;a de vontade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> De fato, incorporar essa pr&#225;tica &#224; rotina ainda &#233; um desafio importante para os pacientes.</p>
        <p>Na mesma subescala, as tr&#234;s &#250;ltimas quest&#245;es que denotam ader&#234;ncia s&#227;o influenciadas pela opini&#227;o de pessoas consideradas importantes pelos pacientes (c&#244;njuges, familiares, m&#233;dicos e outros profissionais). A inclus&#227;o de familiares no tratamento dos pacientes com IC parece ser crucial e est&#225; ganhando mais espa&#231;o como uma estrat&#233;gia de autocuidado, com resultados positivos na redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio por esses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao escores e os pontos de corte identificados para a escala controle comportamental percebido (&#8804; 8, total de 20 pontos), as principais barreiras, tanto para os pacientes compensados como os pacientes descompensados, foram a palatabilidade dos alimentos com pouca adi&#231;&#227;o de sal, prefer&#234;ncias alimentares dos pacientes e, de maneira menos significativa, a for&#231;a de vontade de mudar suas dietas, fatores j&#225; descritos anteriormente. A palatabilidade dos alimentos com baixo teor de s&#243;dio foi descrita como uma das principais barreiras para ades&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Ainda, quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos sadios, os pacientes com IC t&#234;m prefer&#234;ncia por alimentos ricos em s&#243;dio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Tal fato pode ser explicado pelas mudan&#231;as no sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, que promove um maior desejo por sal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os baixos escores observados na subescala comportamento dependente influenciaram a defini&#231;&#227;o de um baixo ponto de corte (&#8804; 3, total de 15 pontos). Em um estudo conduzido com uma amostra de 225 pacientes com IC descompensada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> situa&#231;&#245;es que envolvem tomadas de decis&#245;es fora de casa - restaurantes e supermercado - n&#227;o influenciaram significativamente a ades&#227;o nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, possivelmente devido a limita&#231;&#245;es impostas pela gravidade da doen&#231;a. Ainda, a ida ao supermercado e a escolha de alimentos s&#227;o frequentemente realizadas por um membro da fam&#237;lia ou cuidador, o que pode explicar o baixo impacto causado por esse fator.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise comparativa dos pacientes por classe funcional para determinar o ponto de corte para ades&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria, observou-se que a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram mais baixas que aquelas obtidas na compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes compensados e descompensados. Assim, nossos achados indicam que a ades&#227;o foi maior nos pacientes tratados ambulatorialmente em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes hospitalizados por IC descompensada.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Outros fatores al&#233;m da restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio podem afetar a IC descompensada, o que podem levar a um pequeno vi&#233;s na determina&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte.</p>
          <p>Apesar de ter sido um estudo caso-controle, o pareamento n&#227;o foi suficiente para minimizar discrep&#226;ncias entre os dois grupos (compensados e descompensados). Outros estudos com o mesmo delineamento podem contribuir para elucidar os achados deste estudo.</p>
          <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o refere-se &#224; inexist&#234;ncia de estudos nacionais e internacionais sobre pontos de corte espec&#237;ficos para avalia&#231;&#227;o de ades&#227;o usando o QRSD, o que impossibilita a compara&#231;&#227;o entre estudos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento, barreiras, e atitudes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio na dieta em pacientes com IC em dois diferentes cen&#225;rios - pacientes atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio e na emerg&#234;ncia - permitiu a determina&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte para ades&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica de s&#243;dio. Pa&#237;ses de culturas similares poderiam utilizar esse mesmo ponto de corte, bem como outros pesquisadores poderiam utiliz&#225;-lo como refer&#234;ncia em outros estudos.</p>
        <p>Sugerimos a ado&#231;&#227;o desse ponto de corte para identificar facilitadores e barreiras relacionados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio na dieta em pacientes com IC no Brasil, e para orientar estrat&#233;gias em busca de melhores resultados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Fundo de incentivo &#224; pesquisa e eventos do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 130343 e do Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o/Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o, sob n&#250;mero 13-049. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
