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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YDSVCVtMy6h54wYZq7ZFvTm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000200154</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005019104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Effect of Garlic and Voluntary Exercise on Cardiac Angiogenesis in Diabetes: The Role of MiR-126 and MiR-210</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Naderi</surname>
            <given-names>Roya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohaddes</surname>
            <given-names>Gisou</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohammadi</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alihemmati</surname>
            <given-names>Alireza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Khamaneh</surname>
            <given-names>Amirmahdi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghyasi</surname>
            <given-names>Rafighe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghaznavi</surname>
            <given-names>Rana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Urmia University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Urmia</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center - Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Urmia University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Physiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Urmia</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Physiology, faculty of Medicine - Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Neuroscience Research Centre of Tabriz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Tabriz</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Neuroscience Research Centre of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Tabriz</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tabriz University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Histology and Embryology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>
					</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tabriz University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of advanced medical sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Tabriz</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">School of advanced medical sciences - Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Tehran University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Neuroscience institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Sports medicine research center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Tehran</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sports medicine research center, Neuroscience institute - Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Mustafa Mohammadi, Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz -Iran. E-mail: <email>m.mohammadin@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis: Naderi R, Mohaddes G, Mohammadi M; acquisition of data: Naderi R, Ghaznavi R, Ghyasi R; obtaining funding, writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Naderi R; Histological finding and interpretation of the data: Alihemmati A; Contribue to real time PCR protocol: Khamaneh A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>154</fpage>
      <lpage>162</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, leading to endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis impairment . MiR-126 and miR-210 support angiogenic response in endothelial cells.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The present study sought to explore the effect of garlic and voluntary exercise, alone or together, on miR-126 and miR-210 expressions and cardiac angiogenesis in rats with type 1 diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 7): Control, Diabetes, Diabetes+Garlic, Diabetes+Exercise, and Diabetes+Garlic+Exercise. Diabetes was induced in the animals by streptozotocin (ip, 50 mg/kg). The rats were then fed raw fresh garlic homogenate (250 mg/kg) or were subjected to voluntary exercise, or to combined garlic and voluntary exercise for 6 weeks. MiR-126 and miR-210 expressions in the myocardium were determined by real time PCR, and the serum lipid profile was measured by enzymatic kits. Angiogenesis was evaluated by immunostaining for PECAM-1/ CD31 in the myocardium.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Diabetes reduced both cardiac miR-126 expression and angiogenesis (p &lt; 0.05). On the other hand, there was a miR-210 expression increase in the myocardium of diabetic animals (p &lt; 0.001). However, those effects reversed either with garlic or voluntary exercise (p &lt; 0.01). Moreover, treating diabetic rats with garlic and voluntary exercise combined had an additional effect on the expressions of miR-126 and miR-210 (p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, both voluntary exercise and garlic significantly improved serum lipid profiles (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The induction of diabetes decreased angiogenesis in the myocardium, whereas our treatment using long-term voluntary exercise and garlic improved myocardial angiogenesis. These changes were possibly owing to the enhancement of myocardial miR-126 and miR-210 expressions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Garlic</kwd>
        <kwd>Allium Sativum</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>microRNAs</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiogenesis Inducing Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Neovascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Physologic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, leading to endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis impairment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The current trend on research and health care focuses on providing effective therapy with few side effects and low toxicity that can be regularly used to control diabetes complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Exercise is a powerful therapeutic strategy to improve overall cardiovascular health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, exhaustive exercise may be problematic as it can cause the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Therefore, voluntary exercise, in which the animal has free access to a running wheel, may be a model with more positive effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> There is evidence that aerobic training can promote cardiac angiogenesis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> in which the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has a critical role.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, the underlying mechanisms of exercise have yet to be fully elucidated.</p>
      <p>One of the most traditional plants in herbal medicine is <italic>Allium sativum L</italic>, which has been reported to have beneficial health effects. It is used as a therapeutic agent in various disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes through different mechanisms, including inhibition or stimulation of angiogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Considering the effects of garlic in protecting against cardiovascular disease, as well as its effects on angiogenesis in different tissues, it is interesting to examine the effects of garlic on both myocardial angiogenesis and its related mechanisms.</p>
      <p>MiRs are small non-coding RNAs that function in RNA silencing and the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> MiRs are essential intracellular mediators in many processes such as inflammation, mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, which can be adjusted through exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Therefore, miRs can be clinically useful in the treatment of several disorders. Moreover, miRs are released in urine and in the bloodstream following tissue injury, which makes them useful biomarkers for early detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of disorders. Recently, these molecules have been found to be involved in cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> This includes a high expression of miR-126 in the heart endothelium, as well as its involvement in angiogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Circulating levels of miR-126 are reduced in diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> suggesting that its deficiency may impair vascularisation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Moreover, Fasanaro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> reported that hypoxia-driven miR-210 supports angiogenic response in endothelial cells and that its blockade by anti-miR transfection inhibits the formation of capillary-like structures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Many diabetes complications are well-known to be associated with lipid disorders. Indeed, dyslipidemia impairs numerous organs and is recognized as an important factor of many diabetic complications, including vascular abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of voluntary exercise and garlic treatment alone or in combination on miR-126 and miR-210 expressions, serum lipid profile, as well as their relationship with cardiac angiogenesis in diabetes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals and Experimental Design</title>
        <p>The Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments approved the study plan, and all experiments were conducted in accordance with the National Institute of Health&#8217;s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were provided by our university&#8217;s colony. All animals were housed in a temperature-controlled facility (21-23&#176;C) maintained on a 12:12-h light-dark cycle, with food and water provided ad libitum.</p>
        <p>In this study, thirty-five male rats were divided into five groups (n = 7): Control, Diabetes, Diabetes+Garlic, Diabetes+Exercise, and Diabetes+Garlic+Exercise. Control animals received 0.4 mL of sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5. Diabetes was induced using a single intraperitoneal dose (50 mg/kg) of Streptozotocin (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo, USA). Blood glucose level was measured 72 hours later using a glucometer (Elegance, Model: no: CT-X10 Germany), and induced diabetes was identified if blood glucose level was &gt; 300 mg/dL (16.67 mmol/L).</p>
        <p>In this study, sample size was determined based on our similar previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Voluntary exercise</title>
        <p>Rats in the voluntary exercise groups were housed individually in cages with stainless-steel running wheels (1.00 m circumference, TajhizGostar) and were allowed free access to the wheel 24 h per day for 6 weeks. Running distance was monitored daily. If the running distance was below 2000 m/day, that animal was excluded from the study. Sedentary rats were housed in standard holding cages without running wheels for the same period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preparing Garlic Homogenate</title>
        <p>Garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs were purchased from a local market. Cloves were peeled, sliced, ground into a paste and then dissolved in distilled water. The garlic homogenate was freshly prepared each day.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sampling</title>
        <p>At the end of the 6<sup>th</sup> week, the rats were deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (35 mg/kg, i.p.), blood samples were collected from the inferior vena cava to measure lipid profile.</p>
        <p>Then the heart <italic>was</italic> quickly <italic>removed</italic> through midsternal thoracotomy and the left ventricle was excised, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at deep freeze (-70&#176;C) for later measurements. The myocardium was used for miR extraction, real-time PCR study and angiogenesis determination.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>MiR Extraction and Real-Time PCR</title>
        <p>MiR was extracted from the myocardium using miRCURYTMRNA isolation kit (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Denmark) according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The procedure was performed based on the spin column using a proprietary resin as a matrix to separate RNA from other cell components. RNA content and purity were measured using the Nanodrop 1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo scientific, Wilmington, DE 19810 USA). MiR-126 expression profile was obtained for total RNA extracts using universal a cDNA synthesis kit. Briefly, total RNA containing microRNA was polyadenylated and cDNA was synthesized using a poly(T) primer with a 3&#8217; degenerate anchor and a 5&#8217; universal tag (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Denmark). Each cDNA was used as a template for microRNA quantitative real-time PCR by using the SYBR Green master mix (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Denmark). LNA (Locked Nucleic Acid) forward and reverse primer sets (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Denmark) for microRNA are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Real-time PCR reactions were performed with a Bio-Rad iQ5 detection System (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA, USA). The amount of PCR products was normalized with housekeeping rno-miR-191 for miR-126 and miR-210.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> We used the 2<sup>-(&#916;&#916;Ct)</sup> method to determine the relative quantitative levels of miR-126 and miR-210. Results were expressed as the fold-difference to the relevant controls.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Target sequence list for miRs</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Gene name</th>
                <th align="center">Accession number</th>
                <th align="center">Target sequence<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">rno-miR-191</td>
                <td align="center">MIMAT0000440</td>
                <td align="center">CAACGGAAUCCCAAAAGCAGCUG</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">hsa-miR-126</td>
                <td align="center">MIMAT0002957</td>
                <td align="center">UCGUACCGUGAGUAAUAAUGC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">dme-miR- 210</td>
                <td align="center">MIMAT0001233</td>
                <td align="center">UUGUGCGUGUGACAGCGGCUA</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Sequences were derived from miRBase (www.mirbase.org).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Immunostaining for PECAM-1/ CD31</title>
        <p>To investigate angiogenesis in the myocardium, transversal sections of the ventricles at their midportion were immediately isolated and fixed in 10% buffered-formalin solution, dehydrated in ascending grades of alcohol and embedded in paraffin. Then, serial 3 &#181;m-thick sections were cut from them and floated onto charged glass slides according to standard histological processing. Tissue pieces were deparaffinised in xylene and dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol. Slides were incubated sequentially in proteinase K and 0.3% hydrogen peroxide to block endogenous peroxidase activity. Sections were overlaid by primary antibody CD31 (Santa Cruz, USA) - an angiogenesis marker - and incubated at +4&#176;C overnight. Afterwards, the sections were washed and incubated with standard avidin-biotin complex (ABC; Santa Cruz) according to the protocol. Then the slides were incubated in DAB (Diamino-benzidine, Santa Cruz) as the chromagen, and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. Finally, the sections were cleared in xylene, mounted with Entellan and analyzed with a light microscope.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of immunostaining</title>
        <p>To evaluate immunostaining, 3 to 5 sections of 1 mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> were randomly selected at a magnification of 400&#215;, depending on the size of the sample section. Both staining intensity and number of positive cells were evaluated semi-quantitatively. Intensity scoring for CD31 staining was obtained within each area at a 400&#215; magnification. Each endothelial cell cluster of immunoreactivity expressing CD31 and forming lumen or vessels was counted as individual microvessels. Vascular structures positive for CD31 were counted for 5 to 6 slides per animal and 10 fields per slide.</p>
        <p>To assess immunostaining, we used the granulation tissue as a positive control, and the intensity of the staining was scored as follows: 0 (&lt;10%); 1 (10% to 25%); 2 (25% to 50%); 3 (50% to 75%) or 4 (75% to 100%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Lipid profile measurement</title>
        <p>Blood samples were obtained from the inferior vena cava, then centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 min at 4&#176;C, and serum was collected. Triglycerides serum level was determined by enzymatic kits (ZiestChem Diagnostic kits, Iran) using glycerol as the standard. Additionally, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were determined based on enzymatic methods by diagnostic kits, (ZiestChem, Iran) using cholesterol as the standard.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All results are expressed as mean &#177; SEM for seven animals, and analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software version 16. All parameters were tested for normality using the theone-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey&#8217;s test. The significant level was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of garlic and voluntary exercise on miR-126 in the myocardium</title>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, myocardial miR-126 expression level was significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05) in rats with diabetes than in the control group. Treatment with garlic (p &lt; 0.001), voluntary exercise (p &lt; 0.01), or both combined increased significantly (p &lt; 0.001) the myocardial miR-126 expression in diabetic rats compared to the diabetes group. Moreover, the Diabetes+Garlic+Exercise group had significantly higher level of miR-126 expression compared to the garlic treatment group (p &lt; 0.05) and the just voluntary exercise group (p &lt; 0.01) in diabetic animals.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of miR-126 in the heart tissue of experimental groups. The values represent means &#177; S.E.M for 7 animals. *p &lt; 0.05 vs control group, <sup>$$</sup>p &lt; 0.01 and<sup>$$$</sup> p &lt; 0.001 vs diabetes group, <sup>&amp;&amp;</sup> p &lt; 0.01 vs Diabetes+Exercise group, and <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0.05 vs Diabetes+Garlic group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0154-90002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of garlic and voluntary exercise on miR-210 in the myocardium</title>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>, the expression of miR-210 significantly increased (p &lt; 0.001) in animals with diabetes compared with the control group. Treatment with garlic (p &lt; 0.01), voluntary exercise (p &lt; 0.01), or both combined reduced significantly (p &lt; 0.001) the myocardial miR-210 expression in diabetic rats compared to the diabetes group. The combined Garlic+Voluntary Exercise group significantly lowered miR-210 expression compared to the Diabetes+Exercise (p &lt; 0.05) and Diabetes+Garlic (p &lt; 0.01) groups</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of miR-210 in the heart tissue of experimental groups. The values represent means &#177; S.E.M for 7 animals. ***p &lt; 0.001 vs control group, <sup>$$</sup>p &lt; 0.01 and <sup>$$$</sup>p &lt; 0.001 vs diabetes group, <sup>&amp;</sup>p &lt; 0.05 vs Diabetes + Exercise group, and <sup>##</sup>p &lt; 0.01 vs Diabetes + Garlic group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0154-90002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of garlic and voluntary exercise on angiogenesis in the myocardium</title>
        <p>Immunostaining with CD31 marker was performed for the assessment of angiogenesis in the transversal section of the ventricles at their midportion. Brown stained tissues show CD-31 immunostained endothelial cells. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> shows the scores for staining intensity, which are as follows: 0 (&lt;10%); 1 (10% to 25%); 2 (25% to 50%); 3 (50% to 75%) or 4 (75% to 100%). As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>, statistical analysis of our immunohistochemical study revealed that angiogenesis decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.01) in the diabetes group compared to the control group. Six weeks of garlic treatment, voluntary exercise, or a combination thereof in the diabetes groups increased significantly (p &lt; 0.001) the angiogenesis in their left ventricle compared to the diabetes group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>). Combined garlic consumption and exercise in diabetic animals induced more angiogenesis compared to garlic alone and exercise alone, though the difference was not significant.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Immunohistochemical detection of CD31 in myocardial vessels of different groups. Brown stained tissues show CD-31 immunostained endothelial cells in: (A) Control; (B) Diabetes; (C) Diabetes+Garlic; (D) Diabetes+Exercise; and (E) Diabetes+Garlic+Exercise. The intensity of immunostaining for CD31 (arrow head) decreased in the diabetes group compared to the control group. Garlic treatment and exercise alone or combined increased angiogenesis in diabetes compared to the diabetes group (Magnification was 400x).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0154-90002-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of garlic treatment and voluntary exercise on angiogenesis in different experimental groups. The intensity of the staining was scored as: 0 (&lt;10%); 1 (10-25%); 2 (25-50%); 3 (50-75%); and 4 (75-100%). The values represent means &#177; S.E.M for 7 animals. **p &lt; 0.01 vs control group and <sup>$$$</sup>p &lt; 0.001 vs diabetes group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0154-90002-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of garlic and voluntary exercise on serum lipid profile</title>
        <p>Lipid profile alterations in different groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. The induction of diabetes in the animals increased significantly (p &lt; 0.001) the serum TGs and LDL levels while lowering serum HDL and HDL/LDL compared to the control animals. Voluntary exercise reduced significantly (p &lt; 0.05) the serum triglycerides levels in the diabetes group compared with the control group. Six weeks of garlic treatment alone or with voluntary exercise decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.01) the triglycerides levels in the animals with diabetes. In these, serum LDL levels decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.001) after garlic alone and exercise alone or a combination thereof. However, serum HDL level was significantly increased (p &lt; 0.001) by garlic treatment, voluntary exercise, or a combination thereof in diabetic rats. Furthermore, the HDL:LDL ratio was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.001) in the Diabetes+Garlic, Diabetes+Exercise and Diabetes+Garlic+Exercise groups compared with diabetes group.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Serum lipid profile in different groups after 6 weeks (Mean &#177; SEM, n = 7)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variants</th>
                <th align="center">Control</th>
                <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
                <th align="center">Diabetes+ Garlic</th>
                <th align="center">Diabetes+ Exercise</th>
                <th align="center">Diabetes+Garlic +Exercise</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglyceride (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">21.3 &#177; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">87.8 &#177; 14.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">42 &#177; 2.9<sup>$$</sup></td>
                <td align="center">50.1 &#177; 9.3<sup>$</sup></td>
                <td align="center">44.8 &#177; 3.7<sup>$$</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL(mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 1.69</td>
                <td align="center">48.87 &#177; 1.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">38.66 &#177; 0.61<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 0.81<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">38.33 &#177; 0.76<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">$$$</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL(mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">28.8 &#177; 1.07</td>
                <td align="center">18.25 &#177; 0.83<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">28.16 &#177; 1.22<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">26.66 &#177; 1.47<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 1.46<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">$$$</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL/LDL</td>
                <td align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.36 &#177; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">***</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.72 &#177; 0.03<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.67 &#177; 0.03<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.04<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">$$$</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.001 vs control group and</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>$$$</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.001 vs diabetes group. Triglycerides (TG), High-density lipoprotein (HDL), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study has shown that the induction of diabetes impaired serum lipid profile, decreased myocardial angiogenesis and miR-126 expression, and increased myocardial expression of miR-210. However, the treatment with garlic alone, voluntary exercise alone or both combined ameliorated these effects in the myocardium of diabetic animals. Interestingly, treating diabetic rats simultaneously with garlic and voluntary exercise had an additional effect on the cardiac expression of miR-126 and miR-210. In line with our study, research has shown that diabetes leads to an impaired function of early endothelial progenitor cells, which results in a reduced capacity of neovascularisation and angiogenesis in the myocardium of diabetic rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> VEGF, as an inducer of angiogenesis, is a highly specific mitogen for endothelial cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> It is well-known that the expression of VEGF-A and its receptors decreases in the myocardium of diabetic rats and humans.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> However, the actual process of VEGF and angiogenesis reduction in the diabetic heart has not been fully elucidated.</p>
      <p>There is a variety of miRs in the heart tissue, and these tiny regulators are recognized as novel targets/drugs in numerous fields, including cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> MiR-126 is known as an endothelial-specific miR that modulates angiogenesis in vivo. Several studies have shown miR-126 to support endothelial homeostasis and angiogenesis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> which is mediated by SPRED1 and PIK3R2 to promote VEGF signaling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In addition, miR-126 activates survival kinases such as ERK and Akt by downregulating its targets and promoting the action of VEGF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Osipova et al reported in their study that urinary miR-126 levels were reduced in the patients with diabetes; however, circulating miR-126 levels in plasma showed no significant difference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Little information is available about the expression of miR in the myocardium of diabetic rats in response to voluntary exercise. Interestingly, in the present study, we observed that garlic, voluntary exercise and a combination thereof increased the levels of miR-126 expression and angiogenesis in the myocardium. Cardioprotective effects of garlic have been reported in some studies related to improvement of antioxidant activities,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> AMPK-mediated AKT/GSK-3&#946;/HIF-1&#945; activation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and Akt-eNOS signaling pathways.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Moreover, in line with our results, da Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> showed that aerobic training in healthy rats increased cardiac miR-126 expression, which was possibly related to exercise-induced cardiac angiogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that exercise enhances angiogenesis in the heart both under healthy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> and pathological conditions,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> which highlights the positive effect of physical activity as a non-pharmacological tool in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Considering the increased expression of miR-126 following voluntary exercise, cardiac angiogenesis is possibly related to exercise-induced miR-126 expression and VEGF modulation, which upregulates angiogenic pathways such as MAPK and PI3K/Akt/eNOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>An important hypoxia-induced miR, miR-210 is stimulated following hypoxia and HIF activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> The elevation of miR-210 gene expression is evidence of hypoxic conditions in the cardiac muscle, in which hypoxia stimulates a number of physiological responses such as angiogenesis through HIF-1&#945;-induced miR-210 expression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> MiR-210 upregulation is a major element of endothelial cell response to hypoxia, which leads to angiogenesis via its target gene Ephrin-A3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The upregulation of miR-210 and VEGF has been shown to enhance myocardium angiogenesis in acute myocardial infarction in response to Huoxue Anxin Recipe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Greco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> described that, in addition to hypoxia, hyperglycemia is another stimulator that upregulates miR-210 expression, which is observed in diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Osipova et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> showed that miR-210 level was upregulated in plasma and urine of type 1 diabetic children,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> as well as in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells in diabetic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> In line with these studies, we showed that the induction of diabetes increased myocardial miR-210 level, which was reduced by both garlic, voluntary exercise and a combination of both. Similarly, a recent study demonstrated that plasma miR-210 levels decreased in chronic kidney disease after acute exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> On the contrary, some studies have shown that miR-210 was not responsive during acute, exhaustive exercise, sustained aerobic exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and swimming<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> in the heart tissue. Furthermore, both garlic and exercise have been shown to be involved in providing good glycemic control and prevention against long-term diabetic complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Therefore, in the present study, the decrease of miR-210 expression back to normal levels seems to stem from glycemic control. Additionally, garlic extract-mediated angiogenesis probably occurs through the upregulation of the neovasculogenic c-kit protein expression and the activation of the PI3-K/Akt/NF-&#954;B signaling pathways,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> which regulates e-NOS activation and NO production.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Hyperglycemia is currently considered to be primarily responsible for the alteration of lipid profile. In general, dyslipidemia is well confirmed in diabetes mellitus; it is known as a criterion for the diagnosis of type I diabetes and potential beta-cell lipotoxin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> It is worth noting that dyslipidemia is related to atherosclerosis and a risk of heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Dyslipidemia is possibly mediated by the alteration of LXR&#945; expression in the liver and intestine, the activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase pathways, and the consequent inhibition of eNOS activity, causing impaired angiogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> In addition, dyslipidemia is related to decreased levels of circulating miR-126.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Riedel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> showed that exercise in patients with chronic heart failure significantly improved HDL-induced miR-126 expression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> In this study, treatment with garlic and voluntary exercise alone and together ameliorated lipid profile in the serum of diabetic rats, which is in agreement with previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Therefore, garlic and exercise have possibly modulated angiogenesis in the myocardium of the diabetic animals by modulating serum lipid profile and the expression of pro-angiogenic miRs. With regard to the limitations of this study, we did not measure other factors involved in angiogenesis. Further studies are necessary to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of garlic and voluntary exercise in the treatment of diabetic complications.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study showed that garlic and voluntary exercise modulated serum lipid profile and the expression of miR-126, miR-210, thus increasing angiogenesis in myocardium of diabetic rats. These findings suggest that garlic and voluntary exercise alone and combined may hold benefits in the treatment of diabetes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by a grant from Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Roya Naderi, from Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences under the protocol number 91.4-2.4.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center - Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Physiology, faculty of Medicine - Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Neuroscience Research Centre of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - Iran</institution>
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      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - Iran</institution>
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      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">School of advanced medical sciences - Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - Iran</institution>
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        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sports medicine research center, Neuroscience institute - Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Iran</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mustafa Mohammadi,</bold> Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - Iran. E-mail: <email>m.mohammadin@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Naderi R, Mohaddes G, Mohammadi M; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Naderi R, Ghaznavi R, Ghyasi R; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Naderi R; Achado histol&#243;gico e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Alihemmati A; Contribuiu para o protocolo PCR em tempo real: Khamaneh A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O diabetes mellitus (DM) &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inibi&#231;&#227;o da angiog&#234;nese. O miRNA-126 e o miRNA-210 promovem a resposta angiog&#234;nica em c&#233;lulas endoteliais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo buscou explorar o efeito do alho e de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos volunt&#225;rios, isoladamente ou em conjunto, nas express&#245;es do miRNA-126 e do miR-210 e na angiog&#234;nese card&#237;aca em ratos com diabetes tipo 1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em cinco grupos (n = 7): Controle, Diabetes, Diabetes+Alho, Diabetes+Exerc&#237;cios e Diabetes+Alho+Exerc&#237;cios. Introduziu-se diabetes nos animais por estreptozotocina (ip, 50 mg/kg). Os ratos foram ent&#227;o alimentados com homogenato de alho fresco cru (250 mg/kg), ou foram submetidos a exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios, ou a uma combina&#231;&#227;o de alho e exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios, durante 6 semanas. As express&#245;es do miRNA-126 e do miRNA-210 no mioc&#225;rdio foram determinadas por PCR em tempo real, e o perfil lip&#237;dico s&#233;rico foi medido por kits enzim&#225;ticos. A angiog&#234;nese foi avaliada por imunocolora&#231;&#227;o por PECAM-1/CD31 no mioc&#225;rdio</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O diabetes reduziu a express&#227;o do miRNA-126 card&#237;aco e da angiog&#234;nese (p &lt; 0,05). Por outro lado, houve um aumento da express&#227;o do miRNA-210 no mioc&#225;rdio dos animais diab&#233;ticos (p &lt; 0,001). No entanto, tais efeitos foram revertidos com alho ou exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios (p &lt; 0,01). Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento de ratos diab&#233;ticos conjuntamente com alho e exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios teve um efeito adicional sobre as express&#245;es do miRNA-126 e do miRNA-210 (p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, tanto os exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios quanto o alho melhoraram significativamente os perfis lip&#237;dicos s&#233;ricos (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A indu&#231;&#227;o de diabetes diminuiu a angiog&#234;nese no mioc&#225;rdio, enquanto nosso tratamento com exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios de longa dura&#231;&#227;o e alho melhorou a angiog&#234;nese mioc&#225;rdica. Estas altera&#231;&#245;es devem-se, possivelmente, ao aumento das express&#245;es do miRNA-126 e do miRNA no mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Alho</kwd>
        <kwd>Allium Sativum</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>microRNAs</kwd>
        <kwd>Indutores da Angiog&#234;nese</kwd>
        <kwd>Neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o Fisiol&#243;gica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O diabetes mellitus (DM) &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o da angiog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A tend&#234;ncia atual em pesquisas e cuidados m&#233;dicos concentra-se em fornecer terapias eficazes, com poucos efeitos colaterais e baixa toxicidade, capazes de ser usadas regularmente para o controle das complica&#231;&#245;es do diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; uma poderosa estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica para melhorar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular em geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, exerc&#237;cios exaustivos podem ser problem&#225;ticos, uma vez que podem causar a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ROS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Portanto, exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios, em que o animal tem livre acesso a uma roda de corrida, podem ser um modelo com efeitos mais positivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o treinamento aer&#243;bico pode promover a angiog&#234;nese card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> na qual o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) desempenha um papel cr&#237;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Entretanto, os mecanismos subjacentes ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ainda n&#227;o foram completamente elucidados.</p>
        <p>Uma das plantas mais tradicionais da fitoterapia &#233; o <italic>Allium sativum L</italic>, sobre o qual j&#225; se tem relatado que possui efeitos ben&#233;ficos para a sa&#250;de. &#201; utilizado como agente terap&#234;utico em v&#225;rios dist&#250;rbios, como c&#226;ncer, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes, por meio de diferentes mecanismos, incluindo a inibi&#231;&#227;o ou a estimula&#231;&#227;o da angiog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Considerando os efeitos do alho na prote&#231;&#227;o contra as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, bem como a seus efeitos sobre a angiog&#234;nese em diferentes tecidos, &#233; interessante examinar os efeitos do alho sobre a angiog&#234;nese mioc&#225;rdica e os mecanismos a ela relacionados.</p>
        <p>Os miRNAs s&#227;o pequenos RNAs n&#227;o codificadores que funcionam no silenciamento do RNA e na regula&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transcricional da express&#227;o g&#234;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Os miRNAs s&#227;o mediadores intracelulares essenciais em muitos processos, como a inflama&#231;&#227;o, o metabolismo mitocondrial, a apoptose e a angiog&#234;nese, que podem ser ajustados por meio de exerc&#237;cios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Portanto, os miRNAs podem ser clinicamente &#250;teis no tratamento de v&#225;rios dist&#250;rbios. Al&#233;m disso, os miRNAs s&#227;o liberados na urina e na corrente sangu&#237;nea ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o tecidual, tornando-se biomarcadores &#250;teis &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o precoce, diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico de dist&#250;rbios. Recentemente, descobriu-se que essas mol&#233;culas est&#227;o envolvidas em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Isso inclui uma express&#227;o elevada de miRNA-126 no endot&#233;lio card&#237;aco, bem como seu envolvimento na angiog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Os n&#237;veis circulantes de miRNA-126 encontram-se reduzidos no diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> sugerindo que sua defici&#234;ncia pode prejudicar a vasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Al&#233;m disso, segundo Fasanaro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> o miRNA-210 induzido por hip&#243;xia contribui para a resposta angiog&#234;nica em c&#233;lulas endoteliais, e que seu bloqueio por transfec&#231;&#227;o de anti-miRNAs inibe a forma&#231;&#227;o de estruturas semelhantes a capilares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; bem sabido que muitas complica&#231;&#245;es do diabetes est&#227;o associadas a dist&#250;rbios lip&#237;dicos. De fato, a dislipidemia prejudica v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os e &#233; reconhecida como um importante fator de muitas complica&#231;&#245;es diab&#233;ticas, incluindo anormalidades vasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito dos exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios e do tratamento com alho, isolados ou conjuntamente, sobre as express&#245;es do miRNA-126 e miRNA-210, sobre o perfil lip&#237;dico s&#233;rico, e tamb&#233;m sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a angiog&#234;nese card&#237;aca no diabetes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Os animais e o desenho experimental</title>
          <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal aprovou o plano de estudo, e todos os experimentos foram conduzidos de acordo com o National Institute of Health&#8217;s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Ratos Wistar machos (200 - 250 g) foram fornecidos pela col&#244;nia da nossa universidade. Todos os animais foram alojados em uma instala&#231;&#227;o com temperatura controlada (21-23&#176;C), mantida em ciclo claro-escuro de 12:12h, com alimento e &#225;gua dispon&#237;veis <italic>ad libitum</italic>.</p>
          <p>Neste estudo, trinta e cinco ratos machos foram divididos em cinco grupos (n = 7): Controle, Diabetes, Diabetes+Alho, Diabetes+Exerc&#237;cios e Diabetes+Alho+Exerc&#237;cios. Os animais de controle receberam 0,4 mL de tamp&#227;o de citrato de s&#243;dio, pH 4,5. O diabetes foi induzido utilizando-se uma dose intraperitoneal &#250;nica (50 mg/kg) de Estreptozotocina (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo, EUA). O n&#237;vel de glicose no sangue foi medido 72 horas depois, utilizando um glicos&#237;metro (Elegance, Modelo No. CT-X10 Alemanha), e o diabetes induzido era identificado se o n&#237;vel de glicose no sangue fosse &gt; 300 mg/dL (16,67mmol/L).</p>
          <p>Neste estudo, o tamanho da amostra foi determinado com base em nossos estudos pr&#233;vios similares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios</title>
          <p>Os ratos dos grupos de exerc&#237;cio volunt&#225;rio foram alojados individualmente em gaiolas contendo rodas de corrida de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel (1,00m de circunfer&#234;ncia, TajhizGostar) e tiveram livre acesso &#224; roda 24h por dia, durante 6 semanas. A dist&#226;ncia de corrida foi monitorada diariamente. Se a dist&#226;ncia de corrida fosse inferior a 2.000 m/dia, o animal era exclu&#237;do do estudo. Ratos sedent&#225;rios foram alojados em gaiolas-padr&#227;o, sem rodas de corrida, durante o mesmo per&#237;odo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>O preparo do homogenato de alho</title>
          <p>Cabe&#231;as de alho (<italic>Allium sativum</italic>) foram compradas em um mercado local. Os dentes foram descascados, fatiados, mo&#237;dos e depois dissolvidos em &#225;gua destilada. O homogenato de alho foi preparado todos os dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostragem</title>
          <p>No final da 6a semana, os ratos foram profundamente anestesiados com pentobarbital s&#243;dico (35 mg/kg, i.p.), foram coletadas amostras de sangue da veia cava inferior para a medi&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico.</p>
          <p>Em seguida, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi rapidamente removido atrav&#233;s de toracotomia mediana, e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi excisado, congelado em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido e armazenado em congelamento (-70&#176;C) para medi&#231;&#245;es posteriores. O mioc&#225;rdio foi utilizado para extra&#231;&#227;o de miRNA, estudo de PCR em tempo real e determina&#231;&#227;o da angiog&#234;nese.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o do miRNA e PCR em tempo real</title>
          <p>O miRNA foi extra&#237;do do mioc&#225;rdio utilizando-se um kit de isolamento miRCURYTMRNA (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Dinamarca) conforme o protocolo do fabricante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> O procedimento foi realizado com base em coluna de spin, utilizando-se uma resina propriet&#225;ria como matriz para separar o RNA de outros componentes celulares. O conte&#250;do a pureza do RNA foram medidos com o espectrofot&#244;metro Nanodrop 1000 (Thermo scientific, Wilmington, DE 19810 EUA). O perfil de express&#227;o do MiRNA-126 foi obtido para os extratos de RNA total utilizando-se um kit universal de s&#237;ntese de cDNA. Resumidamente, o RNA total contendo microRNA foi poliadenilado, e o cDNA foi sintetizado utilizando-se um iniciador poli(T) com uma &#226;ncora 3&#8217; degenerada e um marcador universal 5&#8217; (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Dinamarca). Cada cDNA foi utilizado como matriz para PCR quantitativo em tempo real de microRNA, utilizando-se a mistura principal SYBR Green (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Dinamarca). Os conjuntos de iniciadores diretos e reversos de &#225;cido nucl&#233;ico bloqueado (LNA) (Exiqon, Vedbaek, Dinamarca) para microRNA est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. As rea&#231;&#245;es de PCR em tempo real foram realizadas com um sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o Bio-Rad iQ5 (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA, EUA). A quantidade de produtos de PCR foi normalizada com rno-miRNA-191 para o miRNA-126 e o miRNA-210.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Utilizamos o m&#233;todo 2<sup>-(&#916;&#916;Ct)</sup> para determinar os n&#237;veis quantitativos relativos de miRNA-126 e miRNA-210. Os resultados foram expressos como diferen&#231;a (raz&#227;o) em rela&#231;&#227;o os controles relevantes.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Lista de sequ&#234;ncias-alvo para os miRNAs</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Nome do gene</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#250;mero de acesso</th>
                  <th align="center">Sequ&#234;ncia-alvo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">rno-miRNA-191</td>
                  <td align="center">MIMAT0000440</td>
                  <td align="center">CAACGGAAUCCCAAAAGCAGCUG</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">hsa-miRNA-126</td>
                  <td align="center">MIMAT0002957</td>
                  <td align="center">UCGUACCGUGAGUAAUAAUGC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">dme-miRNA- 210</td>
                  <td align="center">MIMAT0001233</td>
                  <td align="center">UUGUGCGUGUGACAGCGGCUA</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>As sequ&#234;ncias foram obtidas no miRNABase (www.mirbase.org).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Imunocolora&#231;&#227;o para PECAM-1/CD31</title>
          <p>Para investigar a angiog&#234;nese no mioc&#225;rdio, sec&#231;&#245;es transversais dos ventr&#237;culos, realizadas em sua por&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria, foram imediatamente isoladas e fixadas em solu&#231;&#227;o de formalina tamponada a 10%, desidratadas em graus ascendentes de &#225;lcool e embebidas em parafina. Em seguida, cortes seriais de 3&#181;m de espessura foram cortados e flutuados em l&#226;minas de vidro carregadas conforme o processamento histol&#243;gico padr&#227;o. Os peda&#231;os de tecido foram desparafinados em xileno e desidratados em uma s&#233;rie graduada de etanol. As l&#226;minas foram incubadas sequencialmente em proteinase K e 0,3% de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio, para bloquear a atividade da peroxidase end&#243;gena. As sec&#231;&#245;es foram cobertas pelo anticorpo prim&#225;rio CD31 (Santa Cruz, EUA) - um marcador de angiog&#234;nese - e incubadas a +4 &#176;C durante a noite. Depois, as sec&#231;&#245;es foram lavadas e incubadas com complexo avidina-biotina padr&#227;o (ABC; Santa Cruz) conforme o protocolo. Em seguida, as l&#226;minas foram incubadas em DAB (Diamino-benzidina, Santa Cruz) como cromato, e contra-coradas com a hematoxilina de Mayer. Finalmente, as sec&#231;&#245;es foram limpas em xileno, montadas com Entellan e analisadas com um microsc&#243;pio de luz.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de imunocolora&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Para avaliar a imunocolora&#231;&#227;o, 3 a 5 sec&#231;&#245;es de 1 mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> foram selecionadas aleatoriamente em uma amplia&#231;&#227;o de 400&#215;, dependendo do tamanho da sec&#231;&#227;o da amostra. Tanto a intensidade da colora&#231;&#227;o quanto o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas positivas foram avaliados semi-quantitativamente. A classifica&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de colora&#231;&#227;o do CD31 foi obtida dentro de cada &#225;rea, em uma amplia&#231;&#227;o de 400x. Cada aglomerado de c&#233;lulas endoteliais com CD31 expressando imunorreatividade, bem como l&#250;men ou vasos em forma&#231;&#227;o, foram contados como microvasos individuais. Estruturas vasculares positivas para CD31 foram contadas para 5 a 6 l&#226;minas por animal e 10 campos por l&#226;mina.</p>
          <p>Para avaliar a imunocolora&#231;&#227;o, utilizou-se o tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o como controle positivo, e a intensidade da colora&#231;&#227;o foi classificada da seguinte forma: 0 (&lt; 10%); 1 (10% a 25%); 2 (25% a 50%); 3 (50% a 75%) ou 4 (75% a 100%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico</title>
          <p>Amostras de sangue foram obtidas da veia cava inferior, centrifugadas a 3500 rpm, por 10 minutos, a 4&#176;C, e o soro foi coletado. O n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de triglicer&#237;deos foi determinado por kits enzim&#225;ticos (ZiestChem Diagnostic kits, Ir&#227;), utilizando-se o glicerol como padr&#227;o. Adicionalmente, os n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) e lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) foram determinados com base em m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos atrav&#233;s de kits de diagn&#243;stico, (ZiestChem, Ir&#227;) utilizando-se o colesterol como padr&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM para sete animais, e as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o software estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 16. Todos os par&#226;metros foram testados para normalidade usando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov de uma amostra. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia unidirecional (ANOVA) seguida do teste de Tukey. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos do alho e dos exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rio sobre o miRNA-126 no mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>, o n&#237;vel de express&#227;o do miRNA-126 no mioc&#225;rdio foi significativamente mais baixo (p &lt; 0,05) em ratos com diabetes do que no grupo controle. O tratamento com alho (p &lt; 0,001), exerc&#237;cio volunt&#225;rio (p &lt; 0,01), ou ambos em conjunto aumentaram significativamente (p &lt; 0,001) a express&#227;o do miRNA-126 no mioc&#225;rdio em ratos diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico. Al&#233;m disso, o grupo Diabetes+Alho+Exerc&#237;cios apresentou um n&#237;vel significativamente maior de express&#227;o de miRNA-126 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo apenas de tratamento de alho (p &lt; 0,05) e o grupo apenas de exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios (p &lt; 0,01) em animais diab&#233;ticos.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise de PCR quantitativo em tempo real de miRNA-126 no tecido card&#237;aco dos grupos experimentais. Os valores representam m&#233;dias &#177; S.E.M para 7 animais. *p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo controle, <sup>$$</sup>p &lt; 0,01 e <sup>$$$</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. grupo diabetes, <sup>&amp;&amp;</sup> p &lt; 0,01 vs. grupo Diabetes+Exerc&#237;cios, e <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo Diabetes+Alho.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0154-90002-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos do alho e dos exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rio sobre o miRNA-210 no mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>, a express&#227;o do miRNA-210 aumentou significativamente (p &lt; 0,001) em animais com diabetes, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. O tratamento com alho (p &lt; 0,01), exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios (p &lt; 0,01) ou ambos combinados reduziram significativamente (p &lt; 0,001) a express&#227;o do miRNA-210 no mioc&#225;rdio em ratos diab&#233;ticos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico. O grupo combinado Alho+Exerc&#237;cios reduziu significativamente a express&#227;o do miRNA-210 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos Diabetes+Exerc&#237;cios (p &lt; 0,05) e Diabetes+Alho (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise de PCR quantitativo em tempo real de miRNA-210 no tecido card&#237;aco dos grupos experimentais. Os valores representam m&#233;dias &#177; S.E.M para 7 animais. ***p &lt; 0,001 vs. grupo controle, <sup>$$</sup>p &lt; 0,01 e <sup>$$$</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. grupo diabetes, <sup>&amp;</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo Diabetes+Exerc&#237;cios, e <sup>##</sup>p &lt; 0,01 vs. grupo Diabetes+Alho.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0154-90002-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos do alho e dos exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rio sobre a angiog&#234;nese no mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>Realizou-se a imunocolora&#231;&#227;o com o marcador CD31 para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da angiog&#234;nese na sec&#231;&#227;o transversal da por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dos ventr&#237;culos. Os tecidos corados em marrom mostram c&#233;lulas endoteliais imunocoradas pelo CD-31. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>, os graus de intensidade de colora&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o classificados da seguinte forma: 0 (&lt;10%); 1 (10% a 25%); 2 (25% a 50%); 3 (50% a 75%) ou 4 (75% a 100%). Conforme mostrado nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">4</xref>, a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de nosso estudo imuno-histoqu&#237;mico revelou que a angiog&#234;nese diminuiu significativamente (p &lt; 0,01) no grupo diab&#233;tico em compara&#231;&#227;o com grupo controle. Seis semanas de tratamento com alho, com exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios ou com ambos em conjunto nos grupos com diabetes aumentaram significativamente (p &lt; 0,001) a angiog&#234;nese no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo com diabetes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">4</xref>). A combina&#231;&#227;o de consumo de alho e exerc&#237;cio em animais diab&#233;ticos induziu mais angiog&#234;nese em compara&#231;&#227;o com apenas alho e apenas exerc&#237;cios, embora a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o fosse significativa.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica de CD31 nos vasos mioc&#225;rdicos dos diferentes grupos. Tecidos corados em marrom mostram c&#233;lulas endoteliais CD-31 imunocoradas em: (A) Controle; (B) Diabetes; (C) Diabetes+Alho; (D) Diabetes+Exerc&#237;cios; e (E) Diabetes+Alho+Exerc&#237;cios. A intensidade da imunocolora&#231;&#227;o para o CD31 (pontas das setas) diminuiu no grupo Diabetes em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo Controle. O tratamento com alho e exerc&#237;cios, separadamente ou em conjunto, aumentaram a angiog&#234;nese no diabetes em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico (a amplia&#231;&#227;o foi de 400x).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0154-90002-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>
                <italic>Figura 4</italic>
              </label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos do tratamento com alho e exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios na angiog&#234;nese em diferentes grupos experimentais. A intensidade da colora&#231;&#227;o foi classificada como: 0 (&lt; 10%); 1 (10-25%); 2 (25-50%); 3 (50 a 75%); e 4 (75-100%). Os valores representam m&#233;dias &#177; S.E.M para 7 animais. **p &lt; 0,01 vs. grupo controle e <sup>$$$</sup>p &lt; 0,001 vs. grupo diabetes.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0154-90002-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos do alho e dos exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rio sobre o perfil de lip&#237;dio s&#233;rico</title>
          <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico dos diferentes grupos s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>. A indu&#231;&#227;o do diabetes nos animais aumentou significativamente (p &lt; 0,001) os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TGs e LDL, enquanto houve redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de HDL e HDL/LDL em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais controle. Exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios reduziram significativamente (p &lt; 0,05) os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglic&#233;rides no grupo diab&#233;tico, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Seis semanas de tratamento com apenas alho ou apenas exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios diminu&#237;ram significativamente (p &lt; 0,01) os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides nos animais com diabetes. Nestes, os n&#237;veis de LDL no soro diminu&#237;ram significativamente (p &lt; 0,001) ap&#243;s somente alho e somente exerc&#237;cios ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o dos ambos. No entanto, o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de HDL foi significativamente aumentado (p &lt; 0,001) pelo tratamento com alho, exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios ou a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos em ratos diab&#233;ticos. Al&#233;m disso, a raz&#227;o HDL:LDL foi significativamente maior (p &lt; 0,001) nos grupos Diabetes+Alho, Diabetes+Exerc&#237;cios e Diabetes+Alho+Exerc&#237;cios em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico. </p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Perfis lip&#237;dicos s&#233;ricos nos diferentes grupos ap&#243;s 6 semanas (M&#233;dia &#177; SEM, n = 7)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variantes</th>
                  <th align="center">Controle</th>
                  <th align="center">Diabetes</th>
                  <th align="center">Diabetes+ Alho</th>
                  <th align="center">Diabetes+ Exerc&#237;cios</th>
                  <th align="center">Diabetes+Alho +Exerc&#237;cios</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TG (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,3 &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">87,8 &#177; 14,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">***</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 2,9<sup>$$</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">50,1 &#177; 9,3<sup>$</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">44,8 &#177; 3,7<sup>$$</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 1,69</td>
                  <td align="center">48,87 &#177; 1,21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">***</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">38,66 &#177; 0,61<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">39 &#177; 0,81<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">38,33 &#177; 0,76<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,8 &#177; 1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">18,25 &#177; 0,83<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">***</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">28,16 &#177; 1,22<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26,66 &#177; 1,47<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; ,1,46<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL/LDL</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36 &#177; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">***</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 &#177; 0,03<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,03<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,04<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$$$</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <label>***</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,001 vs. grupo controle e</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>$$$</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,001 vs. grupo diabetes. TG: triglicer&#237;deos; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou que a indu&#231;&#227;o de diabetes prejudicou o perfil lip&#237;dico s&#233;rico, diminuiu a angiog&#234;nese mioc&#225;rdica e a express&#227;o do miRNA-126 e aumentou a express&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do miRNA-210. No entanto, o tratamento somente com alho, somente com exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios ou com ambos em conjunto melhoraram esses efeitos no mioc&#225;rdio de animais diab&#233;ticos. Curiosamente, tratar ratos diab&#233;ticos simultaneamente com alho e exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios teve um efeito adicional sobre a express&#227;o card&#237;aca do miRNA-126 e do miRNA-210. Em sintonia com o nosso estudo, pesquisas t&#234;m demonstrado que o diabetes leva a um preju&#237;zo da fun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais precoces, resultando em uma capacidade reduzida de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o e angiog&#234;nese no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O VEGF, como indutor de angiog&#234;nese, &#233; um mit&#243;geno altamente espec&#237;fico para c&#233;lulas endoteliais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Sabe-se que a express&#227;o do VEGF-A e de seus receptores diminui no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos e humanos diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Entretanto, o processo propriamente dito do VEGF e redu&#231;&#227;o de angiog&#234;nese no cora&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tico ainda n&#227;o foi totalmente elucidado.</p>
        <p>Existe uma variedade de miRNAs no tecido card&#237;aco, e esses min&#250;sculos reguladores s&#227;o reconhecidos como novos alvos/medicamentos em v&#225;rios campos, incluindo a cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O MiRNA-126 &#233; conhecido como um miRNA espec&#237;fico do endot&#233;lio, modulador da angiog&#234;nese <italic>in vivo</italic>. V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que o miRNA-126 contribui para a homeostase endotelial e a angiog&#234;nese,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> a qual &#233; mediada por SPRED1 e PIK3R2 na promo&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do VEGF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o miRNA-126 ativa quinases de sobreviv&#234;ncia, tais como a ERK e a Akt, por meio da regula&#231;&#227;o negativa de seus alvos e pela promo&#231;&#227;o da a&#231;&#227;o do VEGF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Osipova e colaboradores relataram em seu estudo que os n&#237;veis de miRNA-126 na urina encontravam-se reduzidos nos pacientes com diabetes; entretanto, os n&#237;veis circulantes de miRNA-126 no plasma n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel sobre a express&#227;o do miRNA no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos diab&#233;ticos em resposta a exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios. Curiosamente, no presente estudo, observamos que o alho, os exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios e a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos aumentaram os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o do miRNA-126 e a angiog&#234;nese no mioc&#225;rdio. Efeitos cardioprotetores do alho t&#234;m sido relatados em alguns estudos relacionados &#224; melhora das atividades antioxidantes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> ativa&#231;&#227;o de AKT/GSK-3&#946;/HIF-1&#945; mediada por AMPK,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Akt-eNOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Al&#233;m disso, em sintonia com nossos resultados, Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> mostraram que exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos em ratos saud&#225;veis aumentaram a express&#227;o do miRNA-126 no mioc&#225;rdio, possivelmente relacionada &#224; angiog&#234;nese card&#237;aca induzida por exerc&#237;cios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Ademais, estudos demonstraram que exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos aumentam a angiog&#234;nese no cora&#231;&#227;o, tanto em condi&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> como patol&#243;gicas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> o que destaca o efeito positivo da atividade f&#237;sica como ferramenta n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica no tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Considerando-se o aumento da express&#227;o do miRNA-126 ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios, a angiog&#234;nese card&#237;aca possivelmente est&#225; relacionada &#224; express&#227;o do miRNA-126 induzida por exerc&#237;cios e &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o do VEGF, que regula positivamente vias angiog&#234;nicas como o MAPK e PI3K/Akt/eNOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Importante miRNA induzido por hip&#243;xia, o miRNA-210 &#233; estimulado ap&#243;s a hip&#243;xia e a ativa&#231;&#227;o do HIF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> A eleva&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do miRNA-210 &#233; evid&#234;ncia de condi&#231;&#245;es hip&#243;xicas no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, no qual a hip&#243;xia estimula uma s&#233;rie de respostas fisiol&#243;gicas, como a angiog&#234;nese atrav&#233;s da express&#227;o aumentada do miRNA-210 induzida por HIF-1&#945;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A express&#227;o positiva do MiRNA-210 &#233; um elemento importante da resposta das c&#233;lulas endoteliais &#224; hip&#243;xia, o que leva &#224; angiog&#234;nese por meio de seu gene-alvo, Efrina-A3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> J&#225; foi demonstrado que a regula&#231;&#227;o positiva do miRNA-210 e do VEGF aumenta a angiog&#234;nese do mioc&#225;rdio no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em resposta a Receita de Anoxina Huoxue (HAR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Greco et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> descreveram que, al&#233;m da hip&#243;xia, a hiperglicemia &#233; outro estimulador que regula positivamente a express&#227;o do miRNA-210, o que se observa no diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Osipova et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> mostraram que o n&#237;vel de miRNA-210 encontrava-se elevado no plasma e na urina de crian&#231;as diab&#233;ticas do tipo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> bem como nos cardiomi&#243;citos e c&#233;lulas endoteliais de pacientes diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Em sintonia com esses estudos, mostramos que a indu&#231;&#227;o de diabetes aumentou o n&#237;vel de miRNA-210 no mioc&#225;rdio, e que esse n&#237;vel foi reduzido tanto por alho quanto por exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios e pela combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos. Da mesma forma, um estudo recente demonstrou que os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de miRNA-210 diminu&#237;ram na doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cios agudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Em contraste, alguns estudos mostraram que o miRNA-210 n&#227;o se mostrava responsivo no tecido card&#237;aco durante exerc&#237;cios agudos e exaustivos e durante exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos sustentados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e nata&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Al&#233;m disso, tanto o alho quanto os exerc&#237;cios demonstraram estar envolvidos na obten&#231;&#227;o de um bom controle glic&#234;mico e na preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es diab&#233;ticas no longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Portanto, no presente estudo, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do miRNA-210 de volta aos n&#237;veis normais parece dever-se ao controle glic&#234;mico. Al&#233;m disso, a angiog&#234;nese mediada pelo extrato de alho ocorre provavelmente atrav&#233;s da regula&#231;&#227;o positiva da express&#227;o da prote&#237;na c-kit neovasculog&#234;nica e da ativa&#231;&#227;o das vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o PI3-K / K/Akt/NF-&#954;B,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> que regulam a ativa&#231;&#227;o da e-NOS e produ&#231;&#227;o de NO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A hiperglicemia &#233; atualmente considerada a principal respons&#225;vel pela altera&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico. Em geral, a dislipidemia est&#225; bem confirmada no diabetes mellitus; ela &#233; conhecida como crit&#233;rio para o diagn&#243;stico de diabetes tipo I e potencial lipotoxina de c&#233;lulas beta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Vale ressaltar que a dislipidemia est&#225; relacionada &#224; aterosclerose e ao risco de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> A dislipidemia &#233; possivelmente mediada pela altera&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o da LXR&#945; no f&#237;gado e intestino, ativa&#231;&#227;o das vias da nicotinamida adenina dinucleot&#237;deo fosfato (NADPH) oxidase e pela consequente inibi&#231;&#227;o da atividade da eNOS, causando comprometimento da angiog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a dislipidemia est&#225; relacionada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de miRNA-126 circulante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Riedel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> demonstraram que os exerc&#237;cios em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica melhoraram significativamente a express&#227;o de miRNA-126 induzida por HDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Neste estudo, o tratamento com alho e exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios, separadamente ou em conjunto, melhoraram o perfil lip&#237;dico no soro de ratos diab&#233;ticos, o que est&#225; de acordo com estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Portanto, o alho e os exerc&#237;cios possivelmente modularam a angiog&#234;nese no mioc&#225;rdio dos animais diab&#233;ticos, modulando o perfil lip&#237;dico s&#233;rico e a express&#227;o de miRNAs pr&#243;-angiog&#234;nicos. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo, n&#227;o mensuramos outros fatores envolvidos na angiog&#234;nese. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos do alho e dos exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios no tratamento de complica&#231;&#245;es diab&#233;ticas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo mostrou que o alho e os exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rios modularam o perfil lip&#237;dico s&#233;rico e a express&#227;o do miRNA-126, miRNA-210, aumentando assim a angiog&#234;nese no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos diab&#233;ticos. Esses achados sugerem que o alho e os exerc&#237;cios volunt&#225;rio, separadamente ou em conjunto, podem trazer benef&#237;cios no tratamento do diabetes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por uma bolsa do Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Roya Naderi pela Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do Tabriz University of Medical Sciences sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 91.4-2.4.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
