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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tHX8tGGMs854jmDCfKr7y6d</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000200147</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005020107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180254</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dyslipidemia in Adolescents Seen in a University Hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro/Brazil: Prevalence and Association</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4558-5287</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vizentin</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalia Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Mendon&#231;a Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Aparecida Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Perez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aranha</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Lunardi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giannini</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de Estudos da Sa&#250;de do Adolescente</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de Estudos da Sa&#250;de do Adolescente do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Juiz de Fora</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Nathalia Pereira Vizentin &#8226;</bold> Estrada do Cabu&#231;u, 4601; casa 60. Postal Code 23017-250, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>nathalia.nut@hotmail.com</email>, <email>gabriell.aranha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Vizentin NP, Cardoso PMS, Maia CAG, Alves IP, Aranha GL, Giannini DT; statistical analysis: Vizentin NP, Giannini DT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>147</fpage>
      <lpage>151</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Early exposure to obesity favors greater risks of cardiovascular factors such as dyslipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To establish the prevalence of dyslipidemia, and to evaluate its association with nutritional status of the adolescents attended at the ambulatory of the Adolescent Health Studies Center of the University Hospital Pedro Ernesto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional, observational study, the sample of which was of convenience, consisting of adolescents from 12 to 18 years old of both genders. The lipid profile was evaluated, along with its association with the anthropometric indicators: body mass index and waist circumference. For statistical analysis, a significance level of 5% was used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 239 adolescents, 104 boys (43.5%) and 135 girls (56.5%) were evaluated and, of these, 52 (21.8%) were eutrophic, 60 (25.1%) overweight, and 127 (53.1%) obese. Obeseadolescents had significantly lower mean values of HDL-cholesterol (44.7 mg/dl vs 53.9 mg/dl; p &lt; 0.001) and higher triglycerides (109.6 mg/dl vs 87.3 mg/dl; p = 0.01). The changes with higher prevalence were low HDL-cholesterol (50.6%), hypercholesterolemia (35.1%), and hypertriglyceridemia (18.4%). A negative association of HDL-cholesterol with body mass index and a positive association of triglycerides with body mass index could be observed, even after adjustment for gender and skin color.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>This study demonstrated high prevalence of dyslipidemia among adolescents. In view of the significant association between lower levels of HDL-cholesterol and increased triglycerides with overweight, the control of these factors should receive attention, with the precocious diagnosis of the dyslipidemia being important, mainly if it is associated with another cardiovascular risk, to develop effective intervention strategies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hyperlipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentary Lifestyle</kwd>
        <kwd>Anthropometry</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Adolescence is a period of intense modification that takes place between childhood and adulthood, and is highlighted by explicit development, growth and body changes. During adolescence there is a physiological increase of the tissues, including adipose tissue, especially in girls, being a critical period to initiate or exacerbate obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the current scenario, low consumption of fruit and vegetables and high consumption of processed food,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> along with excessive use of electronic devices and low frequency of regular practice of physical activities were observed among adolescents. It is also observed that the omission of meals and the intake of fast food are also common habits in this age group. Such conditions favor weight gain and risk factors for chronic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) show a clear increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents in the last 34 years in Brazil, from 1974-1975 to 2008-2009, from 3.7% to 21.7% in boys and 7.6% to 19.4% in girls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This situation is a concern because obesity is a considerable risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases, being highlighted among dyslipidemias, which is even more pronounced when associated with a sedentary lifestyle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Early exposure to obesity favors a higher cardiovascular risk not only in childhood and adolescence, but also a high incidence of premature mortality in adults who were obese in these phases of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Overweight in childhood and adolescence is considered a more powerful predictor of these risks than overweight in adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Dyslipidemia is understood as changes in the lipid profile, which may occur by the elevation in total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), triglycerides (TG), or decrease in HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c), with these being primary (genetic factors) or secondary (environmental factors) causes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> These changes alone and mainly when accompanied of other risk factors may lead to the development of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study aimed to establish the prevalence of dyslipidemia and to evaluate its association with the nutritional status of adolescents seen at the secondary care clinic of the University Hospital Pedro Ernesto (HUPE) Center of Adolescent's Health Studies (NESA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is an observational, cross-sectional study, the sample of which was of convenience, consisting of adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years of age, of both genders, referred internally or through the National Regulation System (SISREG) to the Nutrition service with a diagnosis of overweight, dyslipidemia, glucose metabolism changes, or other comorbidity, being attended at the NESA outpatient clinic. Adolescents with a diagnosis of thinness according to body mass index (BMI)/Age; using drugs that may interfere with laboratory tests (statins, steroids, bile acid sequestrants); or who are followed due to genetic syndromes, nephrotic syndrome, familial hypercholesterolemia, rheumatic diseases, type 1 Diabetes Melittus, hypothyroidism, eating disorder, or disabsorption diseases were excluded.</p>
      <p>Demographic data such as age, gender, skin color, and anthropometric data such as weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were collected. The weight (kg) was measured using a Micheliti&#174; electronic digital scale, with an accuracy of 0.1 kg and a maximum of 200 kg, with the adolescent in his/her barefoot, wearing light clothes, and in an orthostatic position.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> For height (cm), a Sanny&#174; stadiometer fixed to the wall was used, with a precision of 0.1 cm, with the adolescent in his/her barefoot, and the body in anatomical position, head parallel to the ground according to Frankfurt plane.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Such measurements were used for the assessment of the adolescent&#8217;s nutritional status through the BMI for age in z-scores, and the proposal of the World Health Organization for children and adolescents from 5 to 19 years being adopted as reference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>WC measurements were performed using an anthropometric inelastic tape with a 0.1 centimeter scale at the midpoint between the last costal arch and the iliac crest at the end of normal expiration. They were classified according to the proposal by Fern&#225;ndez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> with the WC being elevated when &#8805; 75th percentile. The lipid profile evaluation consisted of the following laboratory tests: TC, TG, HDL-c, and LDL-c. To obtain the glucose and lipid profile data, the blood test was always performed with a previous fasting of 12 hours. TG, TC, and HDL-c were measured through the enzymatic colorimetric method, and LDL-c calculated with Friedewald&#8217;s formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The reference values used were those recommended by the I Guidelines for the prevention of atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The analyzes were performed using STATA 14 software. The continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation and the categorical variables as absolute frequency. The distribution of variables was assessed using the Kolgomorov-Sminorv test. The comparisons of the continuous variables with normal distribution were performed with the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test and for more than two independent groups, one way variance analysis (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test were used. For the comparisons of categorical variables, the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used. For the study of the association, correlation analyzes (Pearson or Spearman) and simple and multiple linear regression were performed. A significance level of 5% was considered in all analyzes. The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of HUPE/UERJ, registry CEP/HUPE: 3051/2011; CAAE: 0193.0.228.000-11.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 239 adolescents with a mean age of 14.4 &#177; 1.8 years was evaluated, with 104 boys (43.5%), and 135 girls (56.5%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> describes the anthropometric characteristics and the lipid profile mean of the population evaluated according to gender. The girls had statistically higher BMI mean values, and HDL-c, while THE mean height was higher in boys.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean and standard deviation of the anthropometric and lipid profiles of the total sample, stratified by gender</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Gender</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total (n = 239)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Female (n = 135)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Male (n = 104)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Mean </th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">76.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 22.4</td>
              <td align="center">74.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 22.2</td>
              <td align="center">77.9</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 22.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">162.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">159.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">167.6</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 7.4</td>
              <td align="center">29.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">27.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 6.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">89.9</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 15.1</td>
              <td align="center">92.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 15.9</td>
              <td align="center">88.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 14.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">160.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 34.1</td>
              <td align="center">163.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 34.9</td>
              <td align="center">156.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 32.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">93.9</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 29.2</td>
              <td align="center">95.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 29.3</td>
              <td align="center">92.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 29.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">47.6</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 14.0</td>
              <td align="center">49.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 15.4</td>
              <td align="center">45.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">99.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 53.7</td>
              <td align="center">99.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 53.8</td>
              <td align="center">99.9</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 53.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Statistical test: unpaired Student's t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.05); SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein; HDL-c: high density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> describes the anthropometric characteristics and the lipid profile of the population evaluated according to nutritional status. The nutritional status classification revealed that 53.1% of the adolescents were obese, 25.1% overweight, and 21.8% eutrophic. The eutrophic adolescents had mean values of HDL-c significantly higher than the obese ones. Regarding triglycerides, the obese adolescents had values that were significantly higher than the eutrophic ones.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean and standard deviation of anthropometric characteristics and lipid profile according to nutritional status</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Nutritional status according to BMI</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Eutrophy (n = 52)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Overweight (n = 60)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Obesity (n = 127)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
              <th align="center">Mean </th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">52.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 10.5</td>
              <td align="center">66.9</td>
              <td align="center">11.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 90.3</td>
              <td align="center">19.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">162.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">162.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 163.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.62</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">19.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">25.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 33.7</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">77.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 10.1</td>
              <td align="center">82.6</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 96.5</td>
              <td align="center">14.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">158.6</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 34.8</td>
              <td align="center">159.1</td>
              <td align="center">35.6</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 161.6</td>
              <td align="center">33.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">87.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 26.2</td>
              <td align="center">94.8</td>
              <td align="center">29.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 96.3</td>
              <td align="center">30.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">53.9</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 16.2</td>
              <td align="center">48.2</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 44.7</td>
              <td align="center">12.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">87.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 45.1</td>
              <td align="center">88.5</td>
              <td align="center">46.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 109.6</td>
              <td align="center">58.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Statistical test: ANOVA (One Way) and Post Hoc test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.05); BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; CT: total cholesterol; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein; HDL-c : high density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The most prevalent changes were low HDL-c (50.6%), hypercholesterolemia (35.1%), and hypertriglyceridemia (18.4%). Regarding the prevalence of lipid profile changes, according to gender, it was observed that the girls showed higher prevalence of change, but with no statistically significant difference. The prevalence of lipid profile changes in girls and boys were respectively 64.3% and 35.7% (p = 0.07) for high TC, 73.1% and 26.9% (p = 0.07) in the LDL-c, 50.4% and 49.6% (p = 0.05) in HDL, and 59.1% and 40.6% (p = 0.07) in TG. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> presents the prevalence of changes in lipid profile according to the nutritional status by BMI. The prevalence of low HDL-c was significantly higher (p = 0.01) in obese patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of dyslipidemias according to nutritional status by BMI</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Lipids</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Nutritional diagnosis</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Total (n: 239)</th>
              <th align="center">Eutrophy (n: 52)</th>
              <th align="center">Overweight (n: 60)</th>
              <th align="center">Obesity (n: 127)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>TC (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">155(64.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (22.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (25.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">81 (52.3%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Changed</td>
              <td align="center">84(35.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (20.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (25%)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (54.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LDL-C (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">213 (89.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (23%)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (23.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">114 (53.5%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Changed</td>
              <td align="center">26 (10.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (11.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (38.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (50.0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HDL-C (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">118 (49.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (29.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (26.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (44.0%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Changed</td>
              <td align="center">121 (50.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (14.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (24.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">75 (62.0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>TG (mg/dl)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">195 (81.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (24.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (26.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">97 (49.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Changed</td>
              <td align="center">44 (18.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (11.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (20.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (68.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>Statistical test: Chi square;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.05); TC: total cholesterol; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein; HDL-c: high density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In this study, a negative correlation was observed between BMI and HDL-c (r = -0.23, p &lt; 0.01) and a positive correlation between BMI (r = 0.25, p &lt; 0.01) and WC (r = 0.20, p = 0.03) with TG. In the bivariate and multivariate linear regression analysis the negative association of BMI with HDL-c was maintained, as well as the positive association of BMI and WC with TG even after adjustment for gender and skin color (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Bivariate and multivariate linear regression analysis between lipid profile and anthropometric variables<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">**</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">BMI</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">WC</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Gross Coef(95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">Adjusted Coef (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">Gross Coef <break/> (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">Adjusted Coef (95% CI)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02 (-0.01 - 0.04)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.01 (-0.01 - 0.04)</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 (-0.02 - 0.13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.06 (-0.02 - 0.13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03 (-0.00 - 0.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.02 (-0.01 - 0.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.07 (-0.01 - 0.16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.08 (-0.01 - 0.16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.12 (-0.18 - -0.05)</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.01 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.13 (-0.20 - -0.07)</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.01 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.22 (-0.47 - 0.02)</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
              <td align="center">-0.23 (-0.47 - 0.02)</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03 (0.02 - 0.06)</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.01 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.04 (0.02 - 0.05)</td>
              <td align="center">p &lt; 0.01 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.05 (0.00 - 0.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.06 (0.01 - 0.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>Statistical test: Bivariate and multivariate linear regression;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.05);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Adjusted for gender and skin color; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; COEF: coefficient; CI: confidence interval; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein; HDL-c: high density lipoprotein; TG: triglyceride.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study presented higher mean values of the lipid profile than others in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> HDL-c, a lipoprotein that acts as a protective factor against cardiovascular diseases, was the component with the highest change prevalence found among adolescents, as well as in the study by Ribas and da Silva, 2009.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Another population-based study with more than 30,000 participants also found similar results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This fact is extremely worrying, because dyslipidemia alone and mainly accompanied by other factors, either environmental or genetic, can condition the development of atherosclerosis and, consequently, increase the risk of cardiovascular events. It is fundamental to always consider the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemias, from childhood to adolescence, to reduce the risks of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The lipid profile may vary during adolescence, and the female gender usually has higher levels, a fact that may be justified by the menarche.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Although no significant difference between the lipid profile means within the genders was observed, it is possible to notice that the girls had higher values for all parameters, and this is commonly observed in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the study by Garcez MR et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> it was observed that overweight adolescents had higher mean values for TC, LDL-c and TG, as well as low HDL-c, as in this study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Similarly, Oliveira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> found such results when they assessed the lipid profile according to the nutritional status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The main changes that are usually associated with obesity in this age group, and which have been observed as the standard are changes in HDL-c and TG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> This study demonstrated an association between HDL-c/TG and WC/BMI, showing the relationship with adiposity. This same association was seen in other studies, such as in the one by Pav&#227;o et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> when they evaluated adolescents in a municipality of the state of Paran&#225; and observed a predisposition to dyslipidemia when abdominal obesity, seen through WC, was present. Another study in the city of Recife showed that adolescents with overweight or abdominal obesity had higher values of TG and lower levels of HDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> This study had as a limitation a convenience sample, which does not allow the generalization of results.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The present study demonstrated a high prevalence of dyslipidemia among adolescents seen at NESA outpatient clinic, mainly low HDL-c in obese adolescents. Considering the significant association between low levels of HDL-c and TG increased with adiposity, the control of these factors should receive attention, with the investigation and early diagnosis of the lipid change being important, especially if it is associated with another cardiovascular risk such as obesity, to develop effective intervention strategies. In addition, data presented show an alert to the multiprofessional team about the need for a greater incentive to healthy lifestyle measures in the above-mentioned population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of theCEP-HUPE under the protocol number 0193.0.228.000-11. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <given-names>AMTS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diniz</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Perfil lip&#237;dico em escolares de Recife - PE</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>606</fpage>
          <lpage>613</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Kavey RE. Combined dyslipidemia in childhood. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9(5 Suppl):S41-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kavey</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Combined dyslipidemia in childhood</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>5 Suppl</issue>
          <fpage>S41</fpage>
          <lpage>S56</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dislipidemia em Adolescentes Atendidos em um Hospital Universit&#225;rio no Rio de Janeiro/Brasil: Preval&#234;ncia e Associa&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4558-5287</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vizentin</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalia Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Mendon&#231;a Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Aparecida Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Perez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aranha</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Lunardi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giannini</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de Estudos da Sa&#250;de do Adolescente do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto,Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora,Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Nathalia Pereira Vizentin &#8226;</bold> Estrada do Cabu&#231;u, 4601; casa 60. CEP 23017-250, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>nathalia.nut@hotmail.com</email>, <email>gabriell.aranha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Vizentin NP, Cardoso PMS, Maia CAG, Alves IP, Aranha GL, Giannini DT; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Vizentin NP, Giannini DT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Exposi&#231;&#227;o precoce &#224; obesidade favorece maiores riscos de fatores cardiovasculares como dislipidemias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Estabelecer a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia e avaliar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o estado nutricional de adolescentes atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de aten&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria do N&#250;cleo de Estudos da Sa&#250;de do Adolescente do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal observacional, cuja amostra foi de conveni&#234;ncia e compreendeu adolescentes de 12 a 18 anos de ambos os sexos. Avaliado o perfil lip&#237;dico e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos: &#237;ndice de massa corporal e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura. Para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foi utilizado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 239 adolescentes, 104 meninos (43,5%) e 135 meninas (56,5%) e destes, 52 (21,8%) apresentaram eutrofia, 60 (25,1%) sobrepeso e 127 (53,1%) obesidade. Os adolescentes com obesidade apresentaram valores m&#233;dios de HDL-colesterol significativamente menores (44,7 mg/dl vs. 53,9 mg/dl; p &lt; 0,001) e triglicer&#237;deos maiores (109,6 mg/dl vs. 87,3 mg/dl; p = 0,01). As altera&#231;&#245;es com maior preval&#234;ncia foram HDL-colesterol baixo (50,6%), hipercolesterolemia (35,1%) e hipertrigliceridemia (18,4%). Foi poss&#237;vel observar associa&#231;&#227;o negativa do HDL-colesterol com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal e associa&#231;&#227;o positiva dos triglicer&#237;deos com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para g&#234;nero e cor da pele.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Este estudo demonstrou alta preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia entre os adolescentes. Tendo em vista a associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos aumentados com excesso de peso, o controle destes fatores deve receber aten&#231;&#227;o, sendo importante o diagn&#243;stico precoce da dislipidemia principalmente se associada a outro risco cardiovascular, para desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chaves:</title>
        <kwd>Hiperlipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentarismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Antropometria</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A adolesc&#234;ncia &#233; um per&#237;odo de intensas modifica&#231;&#245;es que ocorre entre a inf&#226;ncia e a vida adulta, destacado por um expresso desenvolvimento, crescimento e mudan&#231;as corporais. Durante a adolesc&#234;ncia h&#225; o aumento fisiol&#243;gico dos tecidos, incluindo o tecido adiposo, especialmente em meninas, sendo um per&#237;odo cr&#237;tico para dar in&#237;cio ou exacerbar a obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No cen&#225;rio atual, observamos baixo consumo de frutas e hortali&#231;as acompanhado por alto consumo de alimentos industrializados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>e associado ao uso excessivo de aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos e baixa frequ&#234;ncia de pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica entre os adolescentes. Observa-se tamb&#233;m que a omiss&#227;o de refei&#231;&#245;es e o consumo de <italic>fast-foods</italic> tamb&#233;m s&#227;o h&#225;bitos comuns nessa faixa et&#225;ria. Tais condi&#231;&#245;es favorecem o ganho de peso e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dados do IBGE mostram um evidente crescimento da preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e obesidade em adolescentes nos &#250;ltimos 34 anos no Brasil, decorridos de 1974-1975 a 2008-2009, de 3,7% para 21,7% em meninos e de 7,6% para 19,4% em meninas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Esta situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; preocupante, uma vez que a obesidade &#233; um fator de risco consider&#225;vel para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, destacando dentre as dislipidemias, acentuando-se ainda mais quando associado ao sedentarismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A exposi&#231;&#227;o precoce &#224; obesidade favorece maior risco cardiovascular n&#227;o apenas na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, mas tamb&#233;m de elevada incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade prematura em adultos que apresentaram obesidade nestas fases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Considera-se que excesso de peso na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia seja um preditor mais poderoso desses riscos do que o excesso de peso na idade adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A dislipidemia &#233; entendida como altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico, que podem ocorrer por eleva&#231;&#227;o de colesterol total (CT), LDL-colesterol (LDL-c), triglicer&#237;deos (TG) ou diminui&#231;&#227;o do HDL-colesterol (HDL-c) sendo essas decorrentes de causas prim&#225;rias (fatores gen&#233;ticos) ou secund&#225;rias (fatores ambientais).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es por si s&#243; e principalmente acompanhadas de outros fatores de risco podem levar ao desenvolvimento da aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia e avaliar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o estado nutricional dos adolescentes atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio de aten&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria do N&#250;cleo de Estudos da Sa&#250;de do Adolescente (NESA) do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto (HUPE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal observacional cuja amostra foi de conveni&#234;ncia, compreendendo adolescentes com idade entre 12 e 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, encaminhados internamente ou via SISREG para o servi&#231;o de Nutri&#231;&#227;o com diagn&#243;stico de excesso de peso, dislipidemia, altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo glic&#237;dico ou outra comorbidade, sendo atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio do NESA. Foram exclu&#237;dos os adolescentes com diagn&#243;stico de magreza segundo &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC)/Idade, em uso de medicamentos que possam interferir nos exames laboratoriais (estatinas, corticoides, sequestrantes de &#225;cido biliar), ou que fazem acompanhamento por s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas, s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica, hipercolesterolemia familiar, doen&#231;as reumatol&#243;gicas, Diabetes Melittus tipo 1, hipotireoidismo, transtorno alimentar, doen&#231;as disabsortivas.</p>
        <p>Foram coletados dados demogr&#225;ficos como idade, sexo, cor da pele e antropom&#233;tricos como peso, estatura e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC). O peso (Kg) foi aferido atrav&#233;s de uma balan&#231;a digital eletr&#244;nica da marca Micheliti&#174;, com precis&#227;o de 0,1 Kg e m&#225;ximo de 200 Kg, com o adolescente descal&#231;o, com roupas leves e em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Para estatura (cm) foi utilizado um estadi&#244;metro fixado &#224; parede da marca Sanny&#174;, com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm, com adolescente descal&#231;o e com o corpo em posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica e cabe&#231;a paralela ao solo de acordo com o plano de Frankfurt.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Tais medidas foram utilizadas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional do adolescente por meio do IMC para idade em escores-z, sendo adotada como refer&#234;ncia a proposta da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de para crian&#231;as e adolescentes de 5 a 19 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As medidas de CC foram realizadas com o uso de fita inel&#225;stica antropom&#233;trica com escala de 0,1 cent&#237;metros, no ponto m&#233;dio entre o &#250;ltimo arco costal e a crista il&#237;aca ao final de uma expira&#231;&#227;o normal. Foram classificados conforme a proposta de Fern&#225;ndez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> sendo a CC elevada &#8805; ao percentil 75. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico constou com os seguintes exames laboratoriais: CT, TG, HDL-c e LDL-c. Para obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados de perfil glic&#237;dico e lip&#237;dico, o exame de sangue foi sempre realizado com jejum pr&#233;vio de 12 horas. A dosagem de TG, CT e HDL-c foram realizadas pelo m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico e o LDL-c calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Os valores de refer&#234;ncia utilizados foram os recomendados pela I Diretriz de preven&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose na inf&#226;ncia e na adolesc&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando-se o software STATA 14. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e as categ&#243;ricas como frequ&#234;ncia absoluta. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do teste <italic>Kolgomorov-Sminorv</italic>. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram realizadas com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado e para mais de dois grupos independentes, utilizou-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) <italic>One Way</italic> e teste <italic>Post Hoc</italic>. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado ou o exato de <italic>Fisher</italic>. Para o estudo da associa&#231;&#227;o foram realizadas an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o (<italic>Pearson ou Spearman</italic>) e regress&#227;o linear simples e m&#250;ltipla. Em todas as an&#225;lises foi considerado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do HUPE/UERJ, registro CEP/HUPE: 3051/2011; CAAE: 0193.0.228.000-11.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados 239 adolescentes com m&#233;dia de idade 14,4 &#177; 1,8 anos, sendo 104 meninos (43,5%) e 135 meninas (56,5%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> descreve as caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e a m&#233;dia do perfil lip&#237;dico da popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada de acordo com o g&#234;nero. As meninas apresentaram valores m&#233;dios estatisticamente maiores de IMC e HDL-c, j&#225; a m&#233;dia da altura foi maior nos meninos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e do perfil lip&#237;dico da amostra total e estratificado por g&#234;nero</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Sexo</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total (n = 239)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Feminino (n = 135)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Masculino (n = 104)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">76,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 22,4</td>
                <td align="center">74,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 22,2</td>
                <td align="center">77,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 22,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">162,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">159,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">167,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 7,4</td>
                <td align="center">29,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">27,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">89,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 15,1</td>
                <td align="center">92,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 15,9</td>
                <td align="center">88,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 14,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">160,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 34,1</td>
                <td align="center">163,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 34,9</td>
                <td align="center">156,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 32,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">93,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 29,2</td>
                <td align="center">95,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 29,3</td>
                <td align="center">92,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 29,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">47,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 14,0</td>
                <td align="center">49,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 15,4</td>
                <td align="center">45.2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">99,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 53,7</td>
                <td align="center">99,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 53,8</td>
                <td align="center">99,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 53,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Teste estat&#237;stico: t student n&#227;o pareado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,05); DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; CT: colesterol total; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein (Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade); HDL-c: high density lipoprotein (Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade); TG: triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> descreve as caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e o perfil lip&#237;dico da popula&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o estado nutricional. A classifica&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional revelou que 53,1% dos adolescentes apresentavam obesidade, 25,1% sobrepeso e 21,8% eutrofia. Os adolescentes eutr&#243;ficos apresentaram valores m&#233;dios de HDL-c significativamente maiores do que os obesos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao triglicer&#237;deo os adolescentes obesos apresentaram valores significativamente maiores do que os eutr&#243;ficos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas e perfil lip&#237;dico de acordo com o estado nutricional</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Estado nutricional de acordo com o IMC</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Eutrofia (n = 52)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Sobrepeso (n = 60)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Obesidade (n = 127)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">52,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 10,5</td>
                <td align="center">66,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 90,3</td>
                <td align="center">19,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">162,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">162,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 163,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">19,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">25,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 33,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">77,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">82,6</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 96,5</td>
                <td align="center">14,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">158,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 34,8</td>
                <td align="center">159,1</td>
                <td align="center">35,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 161,6</td>
                <td align="center">33,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">87,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 26,2</td>
                <td align="center">94,8</td>
                <td align="center">29,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 96,3</td>
                <td align="center">30,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">53,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 16,2</td>
                <td align="center">48,2</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 44,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">87,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 45,1</td>
                <td align="center">88,5</td>
                <td align="center">46,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 109,6</td>
                <td align="center">58,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>Teste estat&#237;stico: ANOVA (One Way) e teste Post Hoc;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,05); IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; CT: colesterol total; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein (Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade); HDL-c: high density lipoprotein (Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade); TG: triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es com maior preval&#234;ncia encontradas foram HDL-c baixo (50,6%), hipercolesterolemia (35,1%) e hipertrigliceridemia (18,4%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico, de acordo com o g&#234;nero foi observado que as meninas apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o, mas, sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. As preval&#234;ncias de altera&#231;&#227;o no perfil lip&#237;dico de meninas e meninos foram respectivamente 64,3% e 35,7% (p = 0,07) para CT elevado, 73,1% e 26,9% (p = 0,07) no LDL-c, 50,4% e 49,6% (p = 0,05) no HDL e 59,1% e 40,6% (p = 0,07) no TG. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 3</xref> apresenta a preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico de acordo com o estado nutricional pelo IMC. A preval&#234;ncia de HDL-c baixo foi significativamente maior (p = 0,01) nos pacientes obesos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemias de acordo com o estado nutricional pelo IMC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Lip&#237;deos</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Diagn&#243;stico nutricional</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Total (n:239)</th>
                <th align="center">Eutrofia (n:52)</th>
                <th align="center">Sobrepeso (n:60)</th>
                <th align="center">Obesidade (n:127)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CT (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">155(64,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (22,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (25,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (52,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">84(35,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (20,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (54,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LDL-c (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">213 (89,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (23,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (53,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">26 (10,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (38,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (50,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HDL-c (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">118 (49,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (29,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (26,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (44,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">121 (50,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (14,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (24,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (62,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>TG (mg/dl)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">195 (81,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (24,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (26,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (49,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">44 (18,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (20,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (68,2%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>Teste estat&#237;stico: Qui quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,05); CT: colesterol total; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein (Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade); HDL-c: high density lipoprotein (Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade); TG: triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nesse estudo foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre IMC e o HDL-c (r = -0,23; p &lt; 0,01) e uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva do IMC (r = 0,25; p &lt; 0,01) e da CC (r = 0,20; p = 0,03) com o TG. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear bivariada e multivariada a associa&#231;&#227;o negativa do IMC com o HDL-c foi mantida assim como a associa&#231;&#227;o positiva do IMC e da CC com o TG mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para sexo e cor da pele (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear bivariada e multivariada entre perfil lip&#237;dico e vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">**</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">IMC</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CC</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Coef bruto <break/> (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">Coef ajustado (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">Coef bruto (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">Coef ajustado (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02 (-0,01 - 0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 (-0,01 - 0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (-0,02 - 0,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 (-0,02 - 0,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03 (-0,00 - 0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,02 (-0,01 - 0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,07 (-0,01 - 0,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,08 (-0,01 - 0,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,12 (-0,18 - -0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,13 (-0,20 - -0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,22 (-0,47 - 0,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">-0,23 (-0,47 - 0,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03 (0,02 - 0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,04 (0,02 - 0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">p &lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,05 (0,00 - 0,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 (0,01 - 0,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>Teste Estat&#237;stico: Regress&#227;o linear bivariada e multivariada;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,05);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Ajustado pelo sexo e cor da pele; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; COEF: coeficiente; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; CT: colesterol total; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein (Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade); HDL-c: high density lipoprotein (Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade); TG: triglicer&#237;deo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esse estudo apresentou valores m&#233;dios maiores do perfil lip&#237;dico que outros da literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> O HDL-c, lipoprote&#237;na que atua como fator protetor contra doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, foi o componente com a maior preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o encontrada entre os adolescentes, assim como no estudo de Ribas e da Silva, 2009.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Outro estudo de base populacional, com mais de 30 mil participantes, tamb&#233;m encontrou resultados semelhantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este fato &#233; extremamente preocupante, pois a dislipidemia sozinha e principalmente acompanhada de outros fatores, sejam eles ambientais ou gen&#233;ticos, pode condicionar o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose e consequentemente, aumentar o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares. &#201; fundamental sempre considerar a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento de dislipidemias desde a inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia com o intuito de diminuir os riscos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O perfil lip&#237;dico pode sofrer varia&#231;&#245;es durante a adolesc&#234;ncia e o sexo feminino geralmente apresenta n&#237;veis mais elevados, fato este que pode ser justificado pela menarca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Apesar de n&#227;o ter sido observada nesse estudo diferen&#231;a significativa entre as m&#233;dias do perfil lip&#237;dico entre os sexos, foi poss&#237;vel notar que as meninas apresentaram valores mais elevados para todos os par&#226;metros e isso &#233; comumente observado na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No estudo de Garcez MR et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> foi observado que os adolescentes com excesso de peso apresentaram valores m&#233;dios maiores para CT, LDL-c e TG, al&#233;m de HDL-c baixo assim como neste trabalho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Da mesma forma, Oliveira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> encontraram tais resultados quando avaliaram o perfil lip&#237;dico de acordo com o estado nutricional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> As principais altera&#231;&#245;es que costumam estar associadas &#224; obesidade nessa faixa et&#225;ria e que v&#234;m sendo observadas como padr&#227;o s&#227;o as altera&#231;&#245;es do HDL-c e TG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Este estudo demonstrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o HDL-c e o TG com CC e com o IMC, mostrando a rela&#231;&#227;o com adiposidade. Esta mesma associa&#231;&#227;o foi vista em outros estudos, como por Pav&#227;o et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> quando avaliaram adolescentes em um munic&#237;pio do Paran&#225; e observaram uma predisposi&#231;&#227;o a dislipidemia quando a obesidade abdominal, vista atrav&#233;s da CC, estava presente. Outro estudo em Recife demonstrou que adolescentes com excesso de peso ou com obesidade abdominal apresentaram valores mais elevados de TG e mais baixos de HDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>Este estudo teve como limita&#231;&#227;o uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia o que n&#227;o permite a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstrou alta preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia entre os adolescentes atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio do NESA, principalmente HDL-c baixo nos adolescentes com obesidade. Tendo em vista a associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre baixos n&#237;veis de HDL-c e TG aumentado com adiposidade, o controle destes fatores deve receber aten&#231;&#227;o, sendo importante a investiga&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico precoce da altera&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica principalmente se esta estiver associada a outro risco cardiovascular como a obesidade, para que se desenvolvam estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o eficazes. Al&#233;m disso, os dados apresentados mostram um alerta para a equipe multiprofissional sobre a necessidade de um maior incentivo a medidas de estilo de vida saud&#225;vel na referida popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do CEP&#8209;HUPE sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 0193.0.228.000-11. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
