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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kgBwF55LKyfJ9jB9yRxZ7hF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000200138</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005020104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180251</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Long Term Cardiovascular Outcome Based on Aspirin and Clopidogrel Responsiveness Status in Young ST-Elevated Myocardial Infarction Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Somuncu</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Umut</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Ali Riza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karakurt</surname>
            <given-names>Seda Tukenmez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karakurt</surname>
            <given-names>Huseyin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karabag</surname>
            <given-names>Turgut</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bulent Ecevit University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Zonguldak</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bulent Ecevit University - Faculty of Medicine -, Department of Cardiology, Zonguldak - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istanbul Mehmet Akif</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Istanbul</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istanbul University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Istanbul</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul University, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mustafa Umut Somuncu &#8226;</bold> Bulent Ecevit University - Tip Fakultesi Dekanl&#305;g&#305; &#304;bn-i Sina Kampusu 67600, Esenkoy/Kozlu, Zonguldak - Turkey E-mail: <email>usomuncu@gmail.com</email>, <email>umutsomuncu@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Somuncu MU, Demir AR, Karabag T; acquisition of data: Somuncu MU, Demir AR, Karakurt ST, Karakurt H; analysis and interpretation of the data: Somuncu MU, Karakurt ST, Karakurt H; statistical analysis: Karabag T; writing of the manuscript: Somuncu MU, Demir AR, Karakurt ST; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Somuncu MU, Karakurt H, Karabag T.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>138</fpage>
      <lpage>146</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>A subset of patients who take antiplatelet therapy continues to have recurrent cardiovascular events which may be due to antiplatelet resistance. The effect of low response to aspirin or clopidogrel on prognosis was examined in different patient populations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We aimed to investigate the prevalence of poor response to dual antiplatelet therapy and its relationship with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in young patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In our study, we included 123 patients under the age of 45 with STEMI who underwent primary percutaneous intervention. A screening procedure to determine both aspirin and clopidogrel responsiveness was performed on the fifth day of admission. We followed a 2x2 factorial design and patients were allocated to one of four groups, according to the presence of aspirin and/or clopidogrel resistance. Patients were followed for a three-year period. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We identified 48% of resistance against one or more antiplatelet in young patients with STEMI. More MACE was observed in patients with poor response to dual platelet therapy or to clopidogrel compared those with adequate response to the dual therapy (OR: 1.875, 1.144-3.073, p &lt; 0.001; OR: 1.198, 0.957-1.499, p = 0.036, respectively). After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that poor responders to dual therapy had 3.3 times increased odds for three-year MACE than those with adequate response to the dual therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Attention should be paid to dual antiplatelet therapy in terms of increased risk for cardiovascular adverse events especially in young patients with STEMI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirin/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Platelet Aggregation</kwd>
        <kwd>Young Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is considered to be the most important cause of death throughout the world, especially in western countries, despite technological improvements, new drugs and an increasing level of awareness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It has been found that aspirin therapy inhibits cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in approximately one out of every four patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In patients with coronary artery disease, antiplatelet therapy has been included as a Class 1 recommendation in European guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> ischemic events continue to occur in a significant proportion of patients on antiplatelet therapy. This can be related to increased platelet activity resulting from the use of these drugs, which is called antiplatelet resistance.</p>
      <p>Increasing evidence suggests that antiplatelet resistance occurs in varying rates in patients who are at risk for atherothrombotic complications. Moreover, the effect of biochemically detected antiplatelet resistance on cardiovascular adverse events has been found in different studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In a meta-analysis with 50-plus studies, the association of aspirin and clopidogrel resistance with cardiovascular events was clearly indicated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the use of more potent antiplatelets such as ticagrelor and prasugrel, clopidogrel continues to be used in a significant number of patients, sometimes due to financial constraints, and sometimes because of the risk of bleeding. Aspirin and clopidogrel resistance may lead to serious consequences especially in younger myocardial infarction (MI) patients because of the lifelong use. Low response to aspirin and clopidogrel has been studied separately in different groups of patients and its influencing factors have been investigated several times. However, there is insufficient data about both aspirin and clopidogrel response together. In addition, as far as we see, all studies evaluated the prevalence and prognostic effect of the dual antiplatelet resistance on young MI patients. Thus, in our study, the prevalence of aspirin and clopidogrel resistance and the relationship of low response to dual antiplatelet therapy with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was assessed in young ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Thus, we aimed to measure the prevalence of dual antiplatelet resistance in younger MI patients and to evaluate the effects of such poor response on their medical condition.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient population</title>
        <p>In this prospective observational study, 123 consecutive patients (&lt; 45 years old), who were admitted to a large-volume center with a diagnosis of STEMI and underwent primary PCI were included in the study. The exclusion criteria were: previous treatment with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, anticoagulant or non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs in the last ten days, active malignancy, chronic inflammatory conditions, hemorrhagic diathesis, thrombolytic treatment within the last month, severe renal or liver disease and platelet counts &lt; 100,000/mL, hematocrit count &lt; 30% and no indication or unsuccessful of PCI. STEMI patients were defined as patients with typical chest pain at rest lasting more than 30 minutes, and ST-segment elevation &#8805; 0.2 mV in 2 or more contiguous, precordial leads or adjacent limb leads on the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). All primary PCI procedures were performed by operators who perform more than 100 PCIs/year at a single center (&gt; 3000 PCIs/year). The minimum number of patients needed to be included for an effect size of 0.4 and 80% power was 156 for independent samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. During the follow-up 33 patients were excluded from the study due to suspected use of medications and finally, 123 patients were included in the study. The power for the final sample size was calculated at 70%. Sample size was calculated using the G-Power 3.9.1.2 package program and was also valid for other statistical tests used in the study. Initially, patients would be allocated into 2 groups - patients with drug resistance (n = 59) and drug responders (n = 64). However, to in order to make randomization between the groups more precise, 4 groups were formed according to the response to the drugs combined or alone.</p>
        <p>The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients who participated in the study and the study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of our university.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of patient data</title>
        <p>Patients&#8217; demographic data, past medical history, and previous medical therapies were collected. Risk factors were categorized as having or not having STEMI. Twelve-lead ECG was recorded for each patient immediately after hospital admission and the MI type was defined from the ECG. At 24-72 h after revascularization, a transthoracic echocardiography (Vivid S5 probe 3 S-RS/GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, USA) was performed to calculate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by using the biplane Simpson method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Primary angioplasty was performed only for infarct-related artery (IRA) occlusion (either total or partial). Intervention success was defined as reduction of IRA obstruction or stenosis to 30%, with TIMI 3 flow just after coronary intervention.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p> In this prospective observational study, we followed a 2x2 factorial design to create groups according to the presence of aspirin and clopidogrel resistance; poor responders to aspirin (n = 20, 39.7 &#177; 3.7 years old), poor responders to clopidogrel (n = 23, 39.6 &#177; 4.1 years old), dual poor responders (n = 16, 40.5 &#177; 4.1 years old), dual responders (n = 64, 38.7 &#177; 4.0 years old). All patients received dual antiplatelet therapy for 1 year after discharge. After one year, aspirin was prescribed with cardiac therapy. Patients were called for control at the first month after the procedure, and every six months thereafter, and the compliance was checked. Patients who did not use antiplatelet therapy in the follow-up period were excluded from the study. At the end of three years, patients were asked about the occurrence of cardiovascular events and the relationship between these events and the response to antiplatelet agents was evaluated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of antiplatelet resistance</title>
        <p>All participants received a chewable 300 mg or 100 mg aspirin (according to previous usage) and clopidogrel (600 mg loading dosage) before coronary angiography. Heparin (100 IU/kg) was administered after the decision to perform coronary intervention. After angioplasty, all patients were admitted to the coronary care unit, where routine antithrombotic therapy was given as daily dose 100 mg of aspirin, 75 mg of clopidogrel and subcutaneous administration of enoxaparin. The timing of platelet aggregation tests to identify hyporesponsiveness is also important. Thus, a screening procedure to determine aspirin and clopidogrel responsiveness was performed on the fifth day of admission to facilitate the steady state of drugs to be sure that platelet aggregation test was performed when maximal inhibition had been achieved. Whole blood aggregation was carried out with an impedance aggregometer, a Multiplate&#174; platelet function analyser that operates on the surface of activated platelets to activate receptors that allow them to bind to artificial surfaces (Multiplate&#174;; Dynabarte GmbH, Munich, Germany). Platelet aggregation was quantified as area under the curve, aggregation degree, and aggregation velocity. Platelet aggregation results were presented as aggregation unit (AU) &#215; min, and values over 500 AU &#215; min were defined as resistance to antiplatelet agents (used in combination or separately).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up</title>
        <p>Patients&#8217; data during follow-up were obtained from hospital records or by interviewing (in person or by telephone) the patients, their families, or their physicians. Primary clinical outcomes were composed of cardiovascular (CV) mortality, target vessel revascularization (TVR), non-fatal reinfarction, advanced heart failure and stroke. Secondary clinical outcomes were CV mortality, TVR, non-fatal reinfarction, stroke and advanced heart failure one by one.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software version 18.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Visual (histograms, probability plots) and analytical methods (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Shapiro-Wilk&#8217;s test) were used to assess the normal distribution of the variables. Descriptive analyses are presented as means and standard deviations for variables with normal distribution, as median and interquartile range for non-normal distribution. The categorical variables are expressed as numbers and percentages. Comparisons between the groups were performed using unpaired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic>-test or one-way ANOVA for continuous variables with normal distribution, and Kruskal-Wallis or Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test for continuous variables without normal distribution. Tukey and Tamhane&#8217;s T2 tests were used based on the equal variance assumption in binary comparisons in groups with normal distribution and more than two independent variables. Mann-Whitney U test was used for the binary comparison of multiple groups with non-normal distribution. A Bonferroni correction was employed to adjust for multiple comparisons. Categorical data were compared with the chi-square test. Because of the statistical difference in the total model, the chi-square test was applied in binary groups to compare 3-year MACE results. The cumulative survival curve for 3-year cardiac mortality was executed using the Kaplan-Meier method, with differences assessed by log-rank tests. Multivariate Cox regression backward stepwise, that included variables with p &lt; 0.01 on univariate analysis, was carried out to identify independent predictors of 3-year MACE. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Among the 123 patients included in the study, the prevalence of poor responders to aspirin was 16.2%, to clopidogrel 18.6%, and to dual therapy 13.0%. In other words, in young MI patients, 47.8% of resistance against one or more antiplatelet was detected. Among baseline characteristics, hyperlipidemia, presence of family history, platelet counts, and platelet aggregation were different between the groups; no other differences were detected (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population, mean &#177; standard deviation/median-interquartile range or n (%)&#960;</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Adequate response to dual therapy (n = 64)</th>
              <th align="center">Poor response to aspirin (n = 20)</th>
              <th align="center">Poor response to clopidogrel (n = 23)</th>
              <th align="center">Poor response to dual therapy (n = 16)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years <sup>&#946;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">38.7 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">39.7 &#177; 3.7</td>
              <td align="center">39.6 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">40.5 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.372</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (92.2)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (90.0)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (87)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.520</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">29.8 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">29.3 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.668</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (29.7)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (45)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (60.9)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (62.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (35.9)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (26.1)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (37.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.810</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (10.9)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.861</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (71.9)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (65.0)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (73.9)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (68.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.919</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (26.1)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (37.5) </td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total Chol. mg/dL <sup>&#946;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">185.8 &#177; 48.7</td>
              <td align="center">188.4 &#177; 40.0</td>
              <td align="center">200.5 &#177; 48.7</td>
              <td align="center">208.7 &#177; 42.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.277</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL, mg/dL<sup>&#946;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">37.0 &#177; 11.8</td>
              <td align="center">36.4 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">38.6 &#177; 7.9</td>
              <td align="center">34.3 &#177; 7.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.652</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL, mg/dL<sup>&#946;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">122.2 &#177; 34.1</td>
              <td align="center">126.0 &#177; 31.9</td>
              <td align="center">142.6 &#177; 42.1</td>
              <td align="center">137.3 &#177; 37.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.104</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides, mg/dL<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">121.5(69.7-202.2)</td>
              <td align="center">111.5(83.0-207.2)</td>
              <td align="center">101.0(62.0-194.0)</td>
              <td align="center">174.0(142.0-264.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.060</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dL<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.80(0.80-0.90)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80(0.70-0.90)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80(0.80-1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.90(0.80-0.97)</td>
              <td align="center">0.417</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hematocrit, %<sup>&#946;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">43.0 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">44.8 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">42.3 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">44.3 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.202</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Platelet, 10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><sup>&#946;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">256.5 &#177; 45.5</td>
              <td align="center">309.4 &#177; 71.2</td>
              <td align="center">300.2 &#177; 81.1</td>
              <td align="center">300.3 &#177; 77.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF, %<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">50.0(45.0-56.5)</td>
              <td align="center">50.0(42.7-55.0)</td>
              <td align="center">55.0(50.0-60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">51.5(41.2-58.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.244</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Culprit artery, %</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.449</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAD</td>
              <td align="center">33 (51.6) </td>
              <td align="center">11 (57.9) </td>
              <td align="center">11 (47.8) </td>
              <td align="center">9 (56.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CX</td>
              <td align="center">9 (14.1)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (31.6) </td>
              <td align="center">5 (21.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RCA</td>
              <td align="center">22 (34.4)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (30.4)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (25.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Syntax Score</td>
              <td align="center">17.6 &#177; 9.0</td>
              <td align="center">19.4 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">17.6 &#177; 7.4</td>
              <td align="center">16.3 &#177; 7.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.766</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin aggregation time <break/> (AU x min) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref>&#946;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">277.0 &#177; 98.9</td>
              <td align="center">789.1 &#177; 203.0</td>
              <td align="center">300.7 &#177; 133.7</td>
              <td align="center">738.0 &#177; 191.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clopidogrel aggregation time (AU x min) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#182;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">288.5 &#177; 234.0-376.0)</td>
              <td align="center">347.0(280.2-407.2)</td>
              <td align="center">608.0(523.0-728.0)</td>
              <td align="center">685.0(607.2-766.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body-mass index; Chol: cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: left vetricular ejection fraction; LAD: left anterior descending artery; CX: circumflex artery; RCA: right coronary artery; AU: aggregation unit; min: minute.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p values &lt; 0.05, dual therapy responders vs. other groups;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>p value &lt; 0.05, aspirin poor responders vs. adequate response to aspirin:</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p>p values &lt; 0.05, clopidogrel poor responders vs. adequate response to clopidogrel</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#165;</label>
            <p>Kruskal-Wallis test was used for multiple independent variables without normal distribution, and Mann-Whitney U test was used for binary comparisons;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>&#960; Categorical data were compared with a chi-square test. B One-way ANOVA test was used for multiple independent variables with normal distribution, and for post hoc analysis, Tamhane's T2 and Tukey test were used.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>At the 3-year follow-up, the difference in the primary outcome (composed of CV mortality, non-fatal reinfarction, TVR, advanced heart failure, and stroke) was statistically significant between the groups (p &lt; 0.001). When we analyzed secondary outcomes, cardiac mortality and TVR were statistically higher in the group of poor responders to dual therapy (p = 0.002, p = 0.010 respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). More MACE was observed in the group of poor responders to dual therapy and clopidogrel poor responders compared to the group of dual responders (OR: 1.875, 1.144-3.073, p &lt; 0.001; OR: 1.198, 0.957-1.499, p = 0.036, respectively) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Three-year outcomes of the study population, n (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8225;</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Dual therapy responders (n = 64)</th>
              <th align="center">Aspirin poor responders (n = 20)</th>
              <th align="center">Clopidogrel poor responders (n = 23)</th>
              <th align="center">Poor responders to dual therapy (n = 16)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Primary outcomes <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4 (6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (15.0)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (21.7)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Secondary outcomes</bold>
                <sup>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref>
                </sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac mortality</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-fatal MI</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.283</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TVR</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5.0)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (13.0)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">---</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Advanced heart failure</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.7)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (8.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.671</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>TVR: target vessel revascularization; MI: myocardial infarction; Asp: aspirin; Clop: Clopidogrel.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Primary clinical outcomes were composed of cardiovascular (CV) mortality, non-fatal reinfarction, target vessel revascularization(TVR), advanced heart failure, stroke.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Secondary clinical outcomes were CV mortality, non-fatal reinfarction, TVR, stroke, and advanced heart failure separately;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>all data in the table were compared byt the chi-square test and expressed as percentages.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Bar graph showing major cardiovascular adverse events, in the four groups based on aspirin and clopidogrel response. (A) Patients with adequate response to dual antiplatelet therapy; (B) patients with low response to aspirin; (C) patients with low response to clopidogrel; (D) patients with low response to dual antiplatelet therapy. MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events. <sup>&#182;</sup> compared with poor responders to dual antiplatelet therapy (OR:1.875 1.144-3.073, p &lt; 0.001); <sup>&#8225;</sup> compared with patients with poor response to clopidogrel (OR: 1.198, 0.957-1.499, p = 0.036).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0138-80251-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In logistic regression analysis, family history, LVEF and clopidogrel aggregation time were identified as independent predictors of MACE in 3 years. Besides, we found that being a poor responder to dual therapy had 3.3 times increased odds for 3-year major adverse cardiovascular events than being in the dual responder group independent from family history and LVEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Moreover, the Kaplan-Meier survival plot for three-year CV mortality in dual poor responders and responders to one or both antiplatelet drugs is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate logistic regression analysis for potential predictors of major adverse carediovascular events at three-year follow-up</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Univariate analysis</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Multivariate analysis</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">OR (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">OR (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>First Model<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#182;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">1.079 (0.951- 1.225)</td>
              <td align="center">0.239</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">2.420 (0.569-10.292)</td>
              <td align="center">0.231</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history</td>
              <td align="center">5.056 (1.720-14.861)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">5.972 (1.449-24.615)</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hyperlipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">1.142 (0.435-2.994)</td>
              <td align="center">0.788</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">3.481 (1.026-11.810)</td>
              <td align="center">0.045</td>
              <td align="center">5.194 (0.884-30.540)</td>
              <td align="center">0.068</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension </td>
              <td align="center">2.323 (0.878-6.142)</td>
              <td align="center">0.089</td>
              <td align="center">3.271 (0.823-12.998)</td>
              <td align="center">0.092</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Culprit artery<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.583 (1.434-14.650)</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
              <td align="center">2.959 (0.604-14.498)</td>
              <td align="center">0.181</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
              <td align="center">0.878 (0.823-0.938)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.832 (0.761-0.909)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">0.828 (0.051-13.450)</td>
              <td align="center">0.894</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asp agg. time (AU x min)</td>
              <td align="center">1.002 (1.000-1.003)</td>
              <td align="center">0.078</td>
              <td align="center">1.000 (0.998-1.003)</td>
              <td align="center">0.838</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clop agg time (Au x min)</td>
              <td align="center">1.002 (1.000-1.004)</td>
              <td align="center">0.041</td>
              <td align="center">1.003 (1.000-1.006)</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Second Model<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Responder<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              <td align="center">Ref.</td>
              <td align="center">Ref.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asp res<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">2.647 (0.539-12.992)</td>
              <td align="center">0.230</td>
              <td align="center">2.075 (0.503-8.549)</td>
              <td align="center">0.312</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clop res<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">4.167 (1.011-17.175)</td>
              <td align="center">0.048</td>
              <td align="center">4.056 (0.618 -25.612)</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dual res<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">15.000 (3.666-61.366)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              <td align="center">3.334 (0.484-22.954)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <p>CI: confidence interval; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; Asp: aspirin; Clop: Clopidogrel; agg; aggregation; min: minute; AU: aggregation unit; res: resistant; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; OR: odds ratio.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Culprit artery was divided as left anterior descending artery (LAD) and non-LAD (circumflex artery and right coronary artery);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>These groups were included in a second model instead of aspirin and clopidogrel aggregation time;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p>Nagelkerke R square of the first model was 49.2%;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN15">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Nagelkerke R square of the second model was 59.4%.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier analysis showing 3-year cardiac mortality rate according to antiplatelet response. Patients with adequate response to aspirin and/or clopidogrel were considered &#8220;responders&#8221;. Patients with both aspirin and clopidogrel resistance were considered non-responders.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0138-80251-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We can summarize the findings of our study as follows: (a) among STEMI patients under the age of 45 years who underwent PCI, 47.8% have a poor response to aspirin and/or clopidogrel; (b) poor responders to both aspirin and clopidogrel had a significantly higher level of MACE at 3 years follow-up compared with dual responders. Furthermore, secondary outcome analysis showed a significant difference in cardiac mortality and TVR between these two groups; (c) after adjustment for potential confounders, it was found that being a dual poor responder was one of the independent predictors of MACE. Moreover, the Kaplan-Meier survival plot for three-year CV mortality showed poor prognosis of dual poor responder patients (log rank &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>Antiplatelet resistance is a multifactorial phenomenon that has been studied in many populations with different methods. Therefore, the presence of variable results in the literature makes it difficult to compare our results with those of other studies. However, the lack of previous studies in young STEMI patients and long-term results of the dual antiplatelet resistance in this group make this study unique and valuable.</p>
      <p>There is no single way to initiate thrombotic events; therefore, inhibition of a single pathway does not prevent all thrombotic complications. In addition, in some patients, the sensitivity of aspirin and clopidogrel is low, resulting in clinical complications. Therefore, several studies have been conducted to determine the clinical implications of being poor responders to aspirin and/or clopidogrel. In a meta-analysis of 1,813 patients with 12 studies examining the effect of aspirin resistance on prognosis, the mean biochemical aspirin resistance was 27% and the odds ratio for MACE was 3.8 (95% CI: 2.3-6.1) in patients with aspirin resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In another meta-analysis of 2,930 patients, aspirin resistance was detected in 28% of these patients, cardiovascular events in 41% (OR 3.85, 95% CI: 3.08-4.80), mortality in 5.7% (OR 5.99, 95% CI: 2.28-15.72) and acute coronary syndrome in 39.4% (OR 4.06, 95% CI: 2.96-5.56).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In another study with patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease, aspirin resistance was found as an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular events with 2.48 hazard ratio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In a study on non-STEMI patients, aspirin resistants were at significantly higher risk of cardiovascular death with hazard ratio of 2.6 (95% CI 1.6-4.3) than aspirin sensitives (23.1% versus 9.6%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Although all of the above studies showed an association of aspirin resistance with cardiovascular events, in our study, the increase in MACE in poor responders to aspirin did not reach statistical significance (15% versus 6%, p = 0.217). These differences may be explained by several factors. Firstly, the lack of statistical significance may have been caused by our smaller sample size. Secondly, these studies were carried out in different groups of patients using different methods. Besides, in these studies above mentioned, there was no analysis of a subgroup of young patients. We may speculate that aspirin resistance in this group of patients may not affect cardiovascular events due to different pathophysiological mechanisms. However, synergistic contribution to the increase in cardiovascular events with clopidogrel responsiveness was detected in our study. Larger studies need to clarify this conflict.</p>
      <p>When studies on clopidogrel response are reviewed, it can be seen that clopidogrel resistance is clinically expressed in different patient groups. In a meta-analysis investigating the ability of different platelet-function tests to reliably identify patients at risk of developing secondary cardiovascular events, Wisman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> evaluated high on-aspirin and high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity in 55 studies with 22,441 patients and in 59 studies with 34776 patients respectively. The high on-aspirin platelet reactivity rate was 22.2%, which was associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events (relative risk [RR] 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.77-2.47). They reported a high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity in 40.4% of patients, which was associated with increased cardiovascular event risk (RR 2.80; 95% CI 2.40-3.27). Moreover, ten studies identified an increased cardiovascular event risk in patients with high-on dual platelet reactivity (RR 2.77; 95% CI 1.87-4.12). In our study, although patients resistant to either aspirin or clopidogrel showed more cardiovascular events, this was not statistically significant. This may be explained by our relatively small sample size. However, similar to the meta-analysis, poor response to dual therapy was found to be an independent predictor of MACE (RR 3.33; 95% CI 0.484-22.954). Furthermore, according to this meta-analysis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> the Multiplate test, the same method used in our study, is one of the most reliable methods to identify cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>The effect of antiplatelet resistance on stent thrombosis as a clinical outcome was examined in some studies. Slottow et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> compared 26 patients who admitted with stent thrombosis under dual antiplatelet therapy with a control group to determine the relationship between stent thrombosis and antiplatelet resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In this study, aspirin and clopidogrel reaction units were significantly higher in patients with early drug-eluting stent thrombosis. Similar to these results, in two other studies evaluating clopidogrel resistance, stent thrombosis was seen more frequently after 6 months of follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In a study comparing clopidogrel response with phenotyping and genotyping, patients with poor response to clopidogrel detected by multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) had a higher risk of developing MACE or stent thrombosis than clopidogrel responders (12.5% vs. 0.3%, p &lt; 0.001, and 18.5% vs. 11.3%, p = 0.022, respectively).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Although we did not evaluate any stent thrombosis parameter, the frequency of cardiac mortality and TVR was significantly higher in patients with poor response to dual therapy than responders to dual therapy.</p>
      <p>In the literature, we identified only one study with a similar grouping design, i.e., considering the response (responders vs. poor responders) to dual platelet therapy. Campo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> evaluated the responsiveness status of aspirin and clopidogrel in 1,277 patients after elective PCI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In this study, at one-year follow-up they found that poor response to clopidogrel is an independent predictor of periprocedural MI and cardiovascular events whereas poor response to aspirin failed to predict a worse outcome. A distinctive feature of this study was that aspirin and clopidogrel response of 207 patients were evaluated together in subgroups and 25 patients were identified as the dual poor responder. In this subgroup analysis, the one-year composite endpoint of overall mortality, MI, and stroke was higher for dual poor responders compared with responders largely driven by a higher rate of MI (20% vs. 8.6%; p = 0.007). It may be expected lower cardiac mortality rates in our study group due to their younger age; however, our study had a longer follow-up than the above-mentioned study, which may have compensated for this. As a result, similar to the above study, we found a significant difference between the groups of nonresponders and the responders in terms of cardiac mortality (18.8% vs. 5.0%, p = 0.002).</p>
      <p>There are also studies showing that platelet function tests do not have a prognostic significance in contrast to our results. Reny et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> detected that neither specific nor aggregation-based assays of antiplatelet drug responsiveness have additional predictive contribution to the recurrence of ischemic events in stable cardiovascular patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> But in this study, patients who had acute ischemic events less than one month before inclusion were excluded from the study. Consequently, poor antiplatelet drug response may be less critical in a stable cardiovascular patient because of less endothelial thrombogenicity and less platelet activation in the stable patients shown in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> It may be assumed that platelet function tests may have more impact on clinical outcomes in our study group when considering that platelet activation is related to inflammatory processes, and that inflammation is one of the most important factors in acute coronary syndromes, especially in young STEMI patients.</p>
      <p>This study supports the view that standardized maintenance doses of antiplatelet drugs would not prevent MACE in some of the patients. Could it be possible to overcome platelet resistance by increasing the dose of medicine in our patient group? In some trials, increasing the dose of aspirin has allowed some reduction in aspirin resistance rates, but such effect is absent in 5-10% of patients. In addition, gastrointestinal hemorrhage and other side effects may increase when aspirin dose is increased in these patients. In addition, high doses of Aspirin can reduce the production of prostacyclin, an important endogenous vasodilator and antiplatelet agent, by inhibiting cyclooxygenase 2. Also, in our study, patients with only aspirin resistance did not differ in terms of MACE compared with patients with response to dual therapy, whereas patients with only clopidogrel resistance showed a significant difference. Geisler and colleagues have also shown that the response to clopidogrel may be reduced after acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> This suggests that high platelet activity following acute coronary syndrome may be present and the standard dose of clopidogrel may not be sufficient to inhibit platelets. In parallel to this, it was found that administration of a 600 mg loading dose of clopidogrel in patients already chronically treated with clopidogrel provide additional inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> This information may be reflected in clinical practice, especially in some risky situations. Thus, in cases of inadequate response to clopidogrel, dose escalation or more potent inhibitors (ticagrelor, prasugrel) may be considered. For these reasons, whether high dose of aspirin or clopidogrel is beneficial to young MI patients with antiplatelet resistance is open to investigation.</p>
      <p>There are some limitations in our study. First, this was a single-center study which may result in selection bias. Moreover, since we studied a specific population, the number of patients participating in the study was relatively small. This may have prevented the difference between some groups from reaching statistical significance. Second, antiplatelet sensitivity was only measured once, and some researchers have suggested that it should be measured more than once. Furthermore, when heterogeneous results of different studies are considered, the use of a single laboratory method constitutes one important limitation of the study. However, the multiple platelet function test reduces the risk of laboratory errors because it is faster, less troublesome, and does not require specific preparation than conventional optical aggregometry. Third, because of the study design, results of platelet sensitivity test cannot be generalized to different age groups with other forms of coronary artery disease. Fourth, clopidogrel was used as the second antiplatelet agent for STEMI, as the use of other P2Y12 inhibitors had not been included in the guidelines during the study period. Therefore, we do not know whether the use of more potent P2Y12 inhibitors would be associated with a lower prevalence of poor aspirin responders. Finally, aspirin and clopidogrel serum levels were not measured. However, the medical history of each patient was taken by one-to-one interview, and patients with irregular drug usage were excluded from the study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Although there are many studies in the literature on platelet response to different antiplatelet medications, many questions remain unanswered. In summary, we found that poor responsiveness to dual therapy is an essential predictor of MACE, including CV mortality and TVR in a three-year follow-up period in young patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI. Although more potent P2Y12 inhibitors have been shown to be useful after acute coronary syndrome according to guidelines, there is no clear study of their use after one year. Therefore, aspirin or clopidogrel should be used in the long term after acute coronary syndrome, particularly in young MI patients, who may be more likely to antiplatelet resistance in long-term. For this reason, although routine testing for antiplatelet resistance is not recommended in the general population, it should be considered for young MI patients and, if resistance is detected, more potent antiplatelet therapy may be used one year after acute coronary syndrome. More comprehensive investigations are required to clarify this.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital under the protocol number 07.03.2014. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desfecho Cardiovascular em Longo Prazo com Base na Capacidade de Resposta &#224; Aspirina e ao Clopidogrel em Pacientes Jovens com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Eleva&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Somuncu</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Umut</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Ali Riza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karakurt</surname>
            <given-names>Seda Tukenmez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karakurt</surname>
            <given-names>Huseyin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karabag</surname>
            <given-names>Turgut</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Bulent Ecevit University - Faculty of Medicine -, Department of Cardiology, Zonguldak - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul University, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mustafa Umut Somuncu &#8226;</bold> Bulent Ecevit University - Tip Fakultesi Dekanl&#305;g&#305; &#304;bn-i Sina Kampusu 67600, Esenkoy/Kozlu, Zonguldak - Turkey E-mail: <email>usomuncu@gmail.com</email>, <email>umutsomuncu@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Somuncu MU, Demir AR, Karabag T; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Somuncu MU, Demir AR, Karakurt ST, Karakurt H; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Somuncu MU, Karakurt ST, Karakurt H; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Karabag T; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Somuncu MU, Demir AR, Karakurt ST; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Somuncu MU, Karakurt H, Karabag T.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Um subgrupo de pacientes que recebem terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria continua a apresentar eventos cardiovasculares recorrentes, possivelmente por resist&#234;ncia aos medicamentos. O efeito da baixa resposta &#224; aspirina ou ao clopidogrel sobre o progn&#243;stico foi avaliado em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a preval&#234;ncia de baixa resposta &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com eventos adversos cardiovasculares em pacientes jovens com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCST).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Em nosso estudo, inclu&#237;mos 123 pacientes com IAMCST e idade inferior a 45 anos, submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria. No quinto dia ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o hospitalar, os pacientes foram rastreados quanto &#224; capacidade de resposta &#224; aspirina e ao clopidogrel. Seguimos um delineamento fatorial 2x2 e os pacientes foram alocados a um dos quatro grupos formados segundo presen&#231;a de resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina e/ou ao clopidogrel. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s anos. Um valor de P inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>N&#243;s identificamos 48% de resist&#234;ncia a um ou mais agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios em pacientes jovens com IAMCST. Houve maior ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE em pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla ou ao clopidogrel em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com resposta adequada &#224; terapia dupla (OR: 1,875; 1,144-3,073; p &lt; 0,001; OR: 1,198; 0,957-1,499; p = 0.036, respectivamente). Ap&#243;s ajuste quanto a poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o, pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; terapia dupla apresentaram risco 3,3 vezes maior para MACE em tr&#234;s anos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com resposta adequada a essa terapia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Aten&#231;&#227;o deve ser dada &#224; resist&#234;ncia &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla quanto ao risco aumentado de eventos adversos cardiovasculares, especialmente em pacientes jovens com IAMCST.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Aspirina/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Agrega&#231;&#227;o Plaquet&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto Jovem</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>S&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA) &#233; considerada a principal causa de morte no mundo, especialmente em pa&#237;ses ocidentais, apesar do desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico, novos medicamentos e maior n&#237;vel de conhecimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Observou-se que a terapia com aspirina inibe doen&#231;a cardiovascular e cerebrovascular em aproximadamente um de cada quatro pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria foi inclu&#237;da nas diretrizes europeias como recomenda&#231;&#227;o classe 1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Eventos isqu&#234;micos continuam a ocorrer em uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de pacientes em terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria. Tal fato pode estar relacionado com atividade plaquet&#225;ria aumentada pelo uso dessas drogas, e &#233; conhecido como resist&#234;ncia aos antiplaquet&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias crescentes sugerem diferentes taxas de resist&#234;ncia a agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios em pacientes em risco de complica&#231;&#245;es aterotromb&#243;ticas. Al&#233;m disso, o efeito da resist&#234;ncia a agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, detectada bioquimicamente, sobre eventos adversos foi relatado em diferentes estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em uma metan&#225;lise com mais de 50 estudos, a associa&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina e ao clopridogrel com eventos cardiovasculares foi claramente demonstrada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios mais potentes, tais como ticagrelor e prasugrel, o clopidogrel ainda &#233; usado em um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes, ora por quest&#245;es financeiras, ora pelo risco de sangramento. A resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina e ao clopidogrel podem levar a s&#233;rias consequ&#234;ncias, especialmente em pacientes mais jovens que sofreram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, devido ao uso em longo prazo. A baixa resposta &#224; aspirina e ao clopidogrel foi investigada separadamente em diferentes grupos de pacientes, e os fatores contribuintes foram investigados em muitos estudos. Contudo, existem dados insuficientes sobre a resposta combinada &#224; aspirina e ao clopidogrel. Al&#233;m disso, em nosso conhecimento, todos os estudos avaliaram a preval&#234;ncia e o efeito progn&#243;stico da resist&#234;ncia a agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios em pacientes jovens com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Assim, em nosso estudo, a preval&#234;ncia da resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina e ao clopidogrel e a rela&#231;&#227;o da baixa resposta &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla com eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes (MACE, <italic>major adverse cardiovascular events</italic>) foi avaliada em pacientes jovens com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCST) submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) prim&#225;ria. Assim, nosso objetivo foi medir a preval&#234;ncia da resist&#234;ncia &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla em pacientes jovens com IAMCST, e avaliar o efeito dessa baixa resposta sobre suas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Neste estudo observacional prospectivo, 123 pacientes consecutivos (&lt; 45 anos de idade), internados em um centro com alto volume de atendimento, com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCST e submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria, foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: tratamento pr&#233;vio com inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, uso de anticoagulantes ou drogas anti-inflamat&#243;rias n&#227;o esteroides nos &#250;ltimos dez dias, doen&#231;a maligna em atividade, condi&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas, di&#225;tese hemorr&#225;gica, tratamento trombol&#237;tico no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s, doen&#231;a renal ou hep&#225;tica grave e contagem de plaquetas &lt; 100 000/mL, hemat&#243;crito &lt; 30%, e aus&#234;ncia de indica&#231;&#227;o ou ICP malsucedida. Pacientes com IAMCST foram definidos como pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica com dura&#231;&#227;o de mais de 30 minutos, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &#8805; 0,2 mV em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais cont&#237;guas, ou deriva&#231;&#245;es de membros adjacentes ao eletrocardiograma (ECG) padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Todos os procedimentos de ICP prim&#225;ria foram realizados por cirurgi&#245;es que realizam mais de 100 ICPs ao ano em um &#250;nico centro (&gt;3000 ICPs/ano). O n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de participantes a serem inclu&#237;dos para um tamanho do efeito de 0,4 e poder de 80% foi 156 (para teste t para amostras independentes e teste de Mann Whitney). Durante o acompanhamento dos participantes, 33 foram exclu&#237;dos por suspeita de uso de medicamentos, sendo ent&#227;o inclu&#237;dos 123 pacientes. O poder calculado para a amostra final foi de 70%. O tamanho da amostra foi calculado utilizando-se o programa G-Power 3.9.1.2. Inicialmente, os pacientes seriam alocados em dois grupos - pacientes com resist&#234;ncia aos medicamentos (n = 59) e pacientes que responderam ao tratamento (n = 64). Contudo, a fim de tornar a randomiza&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos mais precisa, foram formados quatro grupos de acordo com a resposta aos medicamentos usados combinados ou separadamente.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi realizado de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. Os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, e o estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da nossa universidade.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados dos pacientes</title>
          <p>Foram coletados dados demogr&#225;ficos, hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, e terapias pr&#233;vias dos pacientes. Os fatores de risco foram categorizados em apresentar ou n&#227;o IAMCST. Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizada logo ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, e o tipo de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foi definido a partir do ECG. Dentro de 24-72 horas ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, uma ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (Vivid S5 probe 3 S-RS/GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, EUA) foi realizada para c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) usando o m&#233;todo de Simpson.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A angioplastia prim&#225;ria foi realizada somente para obstru&#231;&#227;o (total ou parcial) da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto (ARI). O sucesso da interven&#231;&#227;o foi definido como redu&#231;&#227;o da oclus&#227;o ou estenose da ARI para 30%, com fluxo TIMI3 ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
          <p>Neste estudo observacional prospectivo, seguimos um delineamento fatorial 2x2 para forma&#231;&#227;o de grupos segundo a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina e ao clopidogrel - baixa resposta &#224; aspirina (n = 20; idade 39,7 &#177; 3,7 anos), baixa resposta ao clopidogrel (n = 23; idade 39,6 &#177; 4,1 anos), baixa resposta a ambas medica&#231;&#245;es (n = 16; idade 40,5 &#177; 4,1 anos), boa resposta para ambas (n = 64; idade 38,7 &#177; 4,0 anos). Todos os pacientes receberam terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla durante 1 anos ap&#243;s alta hospitalar. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, foi prescrita aspirina com terapia card&#237;aca. Os pacientes foram convocados para controle um m&#234;s e seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento depois, verificando-se a ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Pacientes que n&#227;o fizeram uso de agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios no per&#237;odo de acompanhamento foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Ao final de tr&#234;s anos, os pacientes foram consultados quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares e a rela&#231;&#227;o desses eventos com a resposta a agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios foi avaliada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia aos antiplaquet&#225;rios</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes receberam aspirina mastig&#225;vel de 300mg ou 100mg (de acordo com uso pr&#233;vio) e clopidogrel antes da angiografia coron&#225;ria. Ap&#243;s decidir-se pela interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana, administrou-se heparina (100 UI/kg) aos pacientes. Ap&#243;s a angioplastia, todos os pacientes foram internados na unidade coronariana, em que a terapia antitromb&#243;tica foi administrada a uma dose di&#225;ria de 100 mg de aspirina, 75 mg de clopidogrel e administra&#231;&#227;o subcut&#226;nea de enoxaparina. O momento de se realizar testes de agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria para identificar baixa resposta tamb&#233;m &#233; importante. Assim, realizou-se um rastreamento para determinar a capacidade de resposta &#224; aspirina e ao clopidogrel no quinto dia da interna&#231;&#227;o para facilitar o estado estacion&#225;rio das medica&#231;&#245;es e se assegurar que o teste de agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria fosse realizado quando se atingisse a m&#225;xima inibi&#231;&#227;o. A agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria no sangue total foi realizada por um agreg&#244;metro de plaquetas, um analisador Multiplate&#174; da fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria que opera sobre a superf&#237;cie de plaquetas ativadas para ativar receptores que permitem sua liga&#231;&#227;o a superf&#237;cies artificiais (Multiplate&#174;; Dynabarte GmbH, Munich, Germany). A agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria foi quantificada como &#225;rea sob a curva, grau de agrega&#231;&#227;o, e velocidade de agrega&#231;&#227;o. Resultados da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria foram expressos como unidade de agrega&#231;&#227;o (UA) x minuto, e valores acima de 500 UA x minutos foram definidos como resist&#234;ncia a agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios (usados combinados ou separadamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento</title>
          <p>Os dados dos pacientes durante o acompanhamento foram obtidos dos registros do hospital ou por entrevista (pessoalmente ou por contato telef&#244;nico) de pacientes, familiares ou m&#233;dicos. Desfechos cl&#237;nicos prim&#225;rios foram mortalidade cardiovascular, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo (RVA), reinfarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada e acidente vascular cerebral. Desfechos cl&#237;nicos secund&#225;rios foram mortalidade cardiovascular, RVA, reinfarto n&#227;o fatal, acidente vascular cerebral e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, considerados um a um.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o programa SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA). M&#233;todos visuais (histogramas, gr&#225;ficos de probabilidade) e m&#233;todos anal&#237;ticos (teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, teste de Shapiro-Wilk) foram usados para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis. An&#225;lises descritivas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvios padr&#245;es para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e como mediana e intervalo interquartil para vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas pelo teste t de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o pareado ou an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia simples (<italic>one-way</italic> ANOVA) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e teste de Kruskal-Wallis ou Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Teste de Tukey e teste T2 de Tamhane foram usados com base no pressuposto de igual vari&#226;ncia nas compara&#231;&#245;es bin&#225;rias entre grupos com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e mais de duas vari&#225;veis independentes. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi usado para compara&#231;&#227;o bin&#225;ria de m&#250;ltiplos grupos sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni foi usada para ajustar &#224;s compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. Dados categ&#243;ricos foram comparados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Dada a diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica no modelo total, o teste do qui-quadrado foi aplicado em grupos bin&#225;rios para compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados relacionados aos MACEs no per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s anos. A curva de sobrevida acumulada para mortalidade card&#237;aca em 3 anos foi constru&#237;da pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, com diferen&#231;as avaliadas pelos testes de <italic>log-rank</italic>. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo <italic>backward stepwise</italic>, incluindo as vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,01 na an&#225;lise univariada, para identificar preditores independentes de MACE em tr&#234;s anos. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre os 123 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; aspirina foi de 16,2%, ao clopidogrel 18,6%, a &#224; terapia dupla 13,0%. Em outras palavras, foi detectada uma preval&#234;ncia de 47,8% de resist&#234;ncia a um ou mais agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios em pacientes jovens com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Entre as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes, houve diferen&#231;a na porcentagem de pacientes com hiperlipidemia, presen&#231;a de hist&#243;ria familiar, contagem de plaquetas e agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria entre os grupos. Nenhuma outra diferen&#231;a foi detectada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o /mediana e intervalo interquartil ou n&#250;mero (%)&#960;</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Resposta adequada &#224; terapia dupla (n = 64)</th>
                <th align="center">Baixa resposta &#224; aspirina (n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">Baixa resposta ao clopidogrel (n = 23)</th>
                <th align="center">Baixa resposta &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla (n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos <sup>&#946;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">38,7 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">39,7 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">39,6 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">40,5 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,372</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (92,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (90,0)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (87)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,520</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">29,8 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">29,3 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,668</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (29,7)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (60,9)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (35,9)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (26,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,810</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (10,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,861</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (71,9)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (65,0)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (73,9)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (68,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,919</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20) </td>
                <td align="center">6 (26,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (37,5) </td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dL <sup>&#946;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">185,8 &#177; 48,7</td>
                <td align="center">188,4 &#177; 40,0</td>
                <td align="center">200,5 &#177; 48,7</td>
                <td align="center">208,7 &#177; 42,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,277</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL, mg/dL <sup>&#946;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">37,0 &#177; 11,8</td>
                <td align="center">36,4 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">38,6 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">34,3 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,652</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL, mg/dL<sup>&#946;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">122,2 &#177; 34,1</td>
                <td align="center">126,0 &#177; 31,9</td>
                <td align="center">142,6 &#177; 42,1</td>
                <td align="center">137,3 &#177; 37,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">121,5(69,7-202,2)</td>
                <td align="center">111,5(83,0-207,2)</td>
                <td align="center">101,0(62,0-194,0)</td>
                <td align="center">174,0(142,0-264,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,80(0,80-0,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80(0,70-0,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80(0,80-1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90(0,80-0,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,417</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemat&#243;crito, % <sup>&#946;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">43,0 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">44,8 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">42,3 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">44,3 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,202</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Plaquetas, 10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref><sup>&#946;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">256,5 &#177; 45,5</td>
                <td align="center">309,4 &#177; 71,2</td>
                <td align="center">300,2 &#177; 81,1</td>
                <td align="center">300,3 &#177; 77,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE, %<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">50,0(45,0-56,5)</td>
                <td align="center">50,0(42,7-55,0)</td>
                <td align="center">55,0(50,0-60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">51,5(41,2-58,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,244</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Art&#233;ria culpada, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,449</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ADAE</td>
                <td align="center">33 (51,6) </td>
                <td align="center">11 (57,9)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (47,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (56,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CX</td>
                <td align="center">9 (14,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (31,6) </td>
                <td align="center">5 (21,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACD</td>
                <td align="center">22 (34,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (30,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore Syntax</td>
                <td align="center">17,6 &#177; 9,0</td>
                <td align="center">19,4 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">17,6 &#177; 7,4</td>
                <td align="center">16,3 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,766</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de agrega&#231;&#227;o para aspirina (UA x min) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8225;</xref>&#946;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">277,0 &#177; 98,9</td>
                <td align="center">789,1 &#177; 203,0</td>
                <td align="center">300,7 &#177; 133,7</td>
                <td align="center">738,0 &#177; 191,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de agrega&#231;&#227;o para clopidogrel (UA x min) <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#182;</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">288,5 &#177; 234,0-376,0)</td>
                <td align="center">347,0(280,2-407,2)</td>
                <td align="center">608,0(523,0-728,0)</td>
                <td align="center">685,0(607,2-766,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ADAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; CX: art&#233;ria circunflexa; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; UA: unidade de agrega&#231;&#227;o; min: minute.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 para resposta adequada &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla vs. outros grupos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 para baixa resposta &#224; aspirina vs. resposta adequada &#224; aspirina;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 para baixa resposta ao clopidogrel vs. resposta adequada ao clopidogrel;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p>teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi usado para m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis independentes sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, a o teste de Mann-Whitney usado para compara&#231;&#245;es bin&#225;rias;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <p>&#960; dados categ&#243;ricos comparados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. B One-way ANOVA foi usado para vari&#225;veis independentes com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, com an&#225;lises post-hoc pelos testes de T2 de Tamhane ou teste de Tukey.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Aos tr&#234;s anos de acompanhamento, a diferen&#231;a no desfecho prim&#225;rio (composto por mortalidade cardiovascular, reinfarto n&#227;o fatal, RVA, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada e acidente vascular cerebral) foi estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (p &lt; 0.001). Quando analisamos desfechos secund&#225;rios, a mortalidade card&#237;aca e o RVA foram estatisticamente mais altos no grupo de pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; terapia dupla (p = 0,002; p = 0,010, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Maior ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE foi observada no grupo de pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; terapia dupla e ao clopidogrel em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com resposta adequada &#224; terapia dupla (OR:1,875; 1.144-3.073; p &lt; 0,001; OR: 1,198; 0,957-1,499; p = 0,036, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desfechos da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo em tr&#234;s anos, n (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#8225;</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Resposta adequada &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla (n = 64)</th>
                <th align="center">Baixa resposta &#224; aspirina (n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">Baixa resposta ao clopidogrel (n = 23)</th>
                <th align="center">Baixa resposta &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla (n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desfechos prim&#225;rios<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (21,7)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Desfechos secund&#225;rios</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,283</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVA</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">---</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,671</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; RVA: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de vaso alvo; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; RVA: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de vaso alvo;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Desfechos prim&#225;rios foram compostos de mortalidade cardiovascular, reinfarto n&#227;o fatal, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de vaso alvo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, acidente vascular cerebral;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Desfechos secund&#225;rios foram mortalidade cardiovascular, reinfarto n&#227;o fatal, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de vaso alvo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, acidente vascular cerebral separadamente;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>todos os dados na tabela foram comparados pelo teste do qui-quadrado e expressos em porcentagens.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de barra mostrando a preval&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes (MACE) nos quatro grupos com base na resposta &#224; aspirina e ao clopidogrel. (A) Pacientes com resposta adequada &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla; (B) pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; aspirina; (C) pacientes com baixa resposta ao clopidogrel; (D) pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla. MACE: eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes. &#182; em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla (OR:1,875 1,144-3,073; p &lt; 0,001); &#8225; em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com baixa resposta ao clopidogrel (OR: 1,198; 0,957-1,499; p = 0,036).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0138-80251-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, hist&#243;ria familiar, FEVE e tempo de agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria com clopidogrel foram identificados como preditores independentes para MACE em tr&#234;s anos. Al&#233;m disso, observamos que pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; terapia dupla apresentou uma chance 3,3 vezes maior para sofrer MACE em tr&#234;s anos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de pacientes com resposta adequada &#224; terapia dupla, independente da hist&#243;ria familiar e FEVE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Ainda, o gr&#225;fico de sobrevida (m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier) para mortalidade cardiovascular em tr&#234;s anos dos grupos est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para potenciais preditores de MACE em tr&#234;s anos de acompanhamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p valor</th>
                <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Primeiro modelo<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">&#182;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">1,079 (0,951- 1,225)</td>
                <td align="center">0,239</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">2,420 (0,569-10,292)</td>
                <td align="center">0,231</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar</td>
                <td align="center">5,056 (1,720-14,861)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">5,972 (1,449-24,615)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1,142 (0,435-2,994)</td>
                <td align="center">0,788</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">3,481 (1,026-11,810)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
                <td align="center">5,194 (0,884-30,540)</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o </td>
                <td align="center">2,323 (0,878-6,142)</td>
                <td align="center">0,089</td>
                <td align="center">3,271 (0,823-12,998)</td>
                <td align="center">0,092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Art&#233;ria culpada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,583 (1,434-14,650)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">2,959 (0,604-14,498)</td>
                <td align="center">0,181</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">0,878 (0,823-0,938)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,832 (0,761-0,909)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">0,828 (0,051-13,450)</td>
                <td align="center">0,894</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo agrega&#231;&#227;o (aspirina) (UA x min)</td>
                <td align="center">1,002 (1,000-1,003)</td>
                <td align="center">0,078</td>
                <td align="center">1,000 (0,998-1,003)</td>
                <td align="center">0,838</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo agrega&#231;&#227;o clopidogrel (UA x min)</td>
                <td align="center">1,002 (1,000-1,004)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
                <td align="center">1,003 (1,000-1,006)</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Segundo modelo<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resposta adequada<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">Ref,</td>
                <td align="center">Ref,</td>
                <td align="center">Ref,</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixa resposta &#224; aspirina<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,230</td>
                <td align="center">2,075 (0,503-8,549)</td>
                <td align="center">0,312</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixa resposta ao clopidogrel<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
                <td align="center">4,056 (0,618 -25,612)</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixa resposta &#224; terapia dupla<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">3,334 (0,484-22,954)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; min: minuto; MACE: eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes; UA: unidade de agrega&#231;&#227;o; OR: odds ratio;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Art&#233;ria culpada foi dividia em art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (ADAE) e n&#227;o-ADAE (art&#233;ria circunflexa e art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Esses grupos foram inclu&#237;dos no segundo modelo em vez do tempo de agrega&#231;&#227;o com aspirina e clopidogrel;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>Nagelkerke R2 do primeiro modelo foi 49,2;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN30">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Nagelkerke R2 do segundo modelo foi 59,4%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier mostrando taxa de mortalidade de tr&#234;s anos de acordo com resposta a agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios. Os pacientes com resposta adequada &#224; aspirina e/ou clopidogrel foram considerados como &#8220;resposta adequada&#8221;. Pacientes com resist&#234;ncia tanto &#224; aspirina como ao clopidogrel foram analisados como &#8220;baixa resposta&#8221;.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0138-80251-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os achados do presente estudo podem ser assim resumidos: (a) entre pacientes com IAMCST e idade inferior a 45 anos, submetidos &#224; ICP, 47,8% apresentam uma baixa resposta &#224; aspirina e/ou clopidogrel; (b) pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; terapia dupla apresentaram ocorr&#234;ncia significativamente maior de MACE aos tr&#234;s anos de acompanhamento em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes que responderam &#224; terapia dupla. A an&#225;lise de desfecho secund&#225;rio mostrou uma diferen&#231;a significativa em mortalidade card&#237;aca e RVA entre os grupos; (c) ap&#243;s ajuste para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, observou-se que apresentar baixa resposta &#224; terapia dupla foi um preditor independente de MACE. Ainda, o gr&#225;fico de Kaplan-Meier de sobrevida em tr&#234;s anos mostrou progn&#243;stico ruim em pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; terapia dupla (log-rank &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>A resist&#234;ncia aos agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios &#233; um fen&#244;meno multifatorial estudado em muitas popula&#231;&#245;es, por diferentes m&#233;todos. Assim, a presen&#231;a de resultados variados na literatura dificulta a compara&#231;&#227;o de nossos resultados com os apresentados em outros estudos. Contudo, a aus&#234;ncia de estudos em jovens com IAMCST e de resultados em longo prazo da resist&#234;ncia &#224; terapia dupla torna este estudo &#250;nico e valioso.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o existe uma maneira isolada de se iniciar eventos tromb&#243;ticos, de modo que a inibi&#231;&#227;o de um &#250;nico caminho n&#227;o previne todas as complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas. Al&#233;m disso, em alguns pacientes, a sensibilidade da aspirina e do clopidogrel &#233; baixa, resultando em complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Portanto, v&#225;rios estudos foram conduzidos para determinar as implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de se apresentar baixa resposta &#224; aspirina e/ou ao clopidogrel. Em uma meta-an&#225;lise com 1813 pacientes e 12 estudos avaliando o efeito da resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina sobre o progn&#243;stico, a m&#233;dia de resist&#234;ncia bioqu&#237;mica &#224; aspirina foi de 27% e o <italic>odds ratio</italic> para MACE foi 3,8 (intervalo de confian&#231;a, IC 95% 2,3-6,1) em pacientes com resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em outra meta-an&#225;lise com 2930 pacientes, a resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina foi detectada em 28% desses pacientes, eventos cardiovasculares em 41% (OR 3.85, IC 95% 3.08-4.80), mortalidade em 5,7% (OR 5,99; IC 95%: 2,28-15,72), e s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda em 39,4% (OR 4,06, IC 95% 2,96-5,56).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em outro estudo com pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e sintom&#225;ticos, a resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina foi identificada como preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares adversos, com raz&#227;o de chance (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>) de 2,48.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do ST (IAMSSTE), pacientes resistentes &#224; aspirina apresentaram risco significativamente maior para morte cardiovascular, com <italic>hazard ratio</italic> de 2,6 (IC 95% 1,6-4,3) que aqueles sens&#237;veis &#224; aspirina (23,1% vs. 9,6%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Apesar de todos esses estudos terem demonstrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina com eventos cardiovasculares, em nosso estudo, o aumento em MACE em pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; aspirina n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo (15% vs. 6%, 0 = 0,217). Primeiramente, a falta de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica pode ter sido causada pelo menor tamanho de nossa amostra. Segundo, esses estudos foram realizados em diferentes grupos de pacientes, usando diferentes m&#233;todos. Al&#233;m disso, nesses estudos citados, n&#227;o houve an&#225;lise por subgrupos levando em considera&#231;&#227;o os pacientes mais jovens. Podemos especular que a resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina nesse grupo de pacientes parece n&#227;o afetar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares devido a diferentes mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos. No entanto, observamos uma contribui&#231;&#227;o sinerg&#237;stica da capacidade de resposta ao clopidogrel ao aumento de eventos cardiovasculares. Estudos maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer esse dado conflitante.</p>
        <p>Quando estudos sobre a resposta ao clopidogrel s&#227;o revisados, observa-se que a resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel &#233; clinicamente expressa em diferentes grupos de pacientes. Em uma meta-an&#225;lise investigando a capacidade de diferentes testes de fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria em identificar, com confian&#231;a, pacientes em risco de desenvolver eventos cardiovasculares secund&#225;rios, Wisman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> avaliaram a reatividade plaquet&#225;ria aumentada &#224; aspirina e ao clopidogrel em 55 estudos com um total de 22441 pacientes e em 59 estudos com 34776 pacientes, respectivamente. A taxa de reatividade plaquet&#225;ria aumentada &#224; aspirina foi de 22,2%, o que esteve associada com um risco aumentado para eventos cardiovasculares [risco relativo (RR) 2,09; IC 95% 1,77-2,47]. Os autores relataram reatividade plaquet&#225;ria aumentada ao clopidogrel em 40,4% dos pacientes, o que esteve associado com risco aumentado para eventos cardiovasculares (RR 2,80; IC 95% 2,40-3,27). Ainda, dez estudos identificaram risco aumentado para eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com elevada reatividade plaquet&#225;ria &#224; terapia dupla (RR 2,77; IC 95% 1,87-4,12). Em nosso estudo, apesar de os pacientes com resist&#234;ncia somente &#224; aspirina ou ao clopidogrel apresentarem mais eventos cardiovasculares, esse dado n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, similar &#224; meta-an&#225;lise, baixa resposta &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla foi um preditor independente de MACE (RR 3,33; IC 95% 0,484-22,954). Ainda, de acordo com essa meta-an&#225;lise,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> o m&#233;todo Multplate&#174;, o mesmo utilizado em nosso estudo, &#233; um dos mais confi&#225;veis para identificar eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>O efeito da resist&#234;ncia aos agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios sobre trombose de <italic>stent</italic> foi avaliado como desfecho cl&#237;nico em alguns estudos. Slottow et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> compararam 26 pacientes internados com trombose de <italic>stent</italic>, em terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla com terapia dupla com um grupo controle para determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre trombose de <italic>stent</italic> e resist&#234;ncia a agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Nesse estudo, rea&#231;&#227;o &#224; aspirina e ao clopidogrel foi significativamente maior em paciente com trombose precoce de <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico. Dois outros estudos em que se avaliou a resist&#234;ncia ao clopidogrel apresentaram resultados similares, a trombose de <italic>stent</italic> foi mais frequente ap&#243;s seis meses de acompanhamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Em outro estudo em que se comparou a resposta ao clopidogrel com fenotipagem e genotipagem, pacientes com baixa resposta ao clopidogrel, identificada por agregometria de m&#250;ltiplos eletrodos (MEA), apresentaram maior risco de desenvolverem MACE ou trombose de <italic>stent</italic> que aqueles com resposta adequada ao medicamento (12,5% vs. 0,3%, p &lt; 0,001, e 18,5% vs. 11,3%, p = 0,022, respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Apesar de n&#227;o termos avaliado nenhum par&#226;metro de trombose, a frequ&#234;ncia de mortalidade e RVA foi significativamente maior em pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; terapia dupla que naqueles que responderam &#224; terapia.</p>
        <p>Na literatura, identificamos somente um estudo com delineamento similar ao nosso estudo quanto aos grupos dos pacientes, isto &#233;, considerando a resposta (presen&#231;a ou baixa resposta) &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla. Campo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> avaliaram o status de resposta &#224; aspirina e ao clopidogrel em 1277 pacientes ap&#243;s ICP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Nesse estudo, os autores observaram que, ap&#243;s um ano de acompanhamento, a baixa resposta ao clopidogrel &#233; um preditor independente de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e eventos cardiovasculares, ao passo que uma baixa resposta &#224; aspirina n&#227;o foi preditora de pior desfecho. Uma diferen&#231;a nesse estudo foi o fato de que a resposta &#224; aspirina e a resposta ao clopidogrel de 207 pacientes foram avaliadas em conjunto em subgrupos, e 25 pacientes foram identificados como pacientes com baixa resposta &#224; terapia dupla. Nessa an&#225;lise por subgrupos, o desfecho composto (mortalidade global, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, e acidente vascular cerebral) em um ano foi maior no grupo de pacientes que responderam em compara&#231;&#227;o aos com baixa resposta &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla. Tal fato deveu-se, principalmente, &#224; alta taxa de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (20% vs. 8,6%; p = 0,007). Poderiam ser esperadas menores taxas de mortalidade em nosso estudo, devido ao fato de os pacientes serem mais jovens; contudo, nosso per&#237;odo de acompanhamento foi mais longo que no estudo de Campo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> o que pode ter compensado tal fato. Como resultado, similar a esse estudo, encontramos uma diferen&#231;a significativa em mortalidade card&#237;aca entre pacientes com resposta adequada e com baixa resposta (18.8% vs. 5.0%, p = 0,002).</p>
        <p>Ainda, h&#225; estudos demonstrando que testes de fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria n&#227;o t&#234;m import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica, diferente ao que n&#243;s apresentamos no presente estudo. Reny et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> detectaram que nem testes espec&#237;ficos da resposta aos medicamentos antiplaquet&#225;rios, tampouco aqueles baseados na agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria em resposta a esses compostos, agregam algum valor preditivo &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular est&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Contudo, nesse estudo, pacientes que tiveram eventos isqu&#234;micos em menos de um m&#234;s antes do estudo foram exclu&#237;dos. Consequentemente, uma baixa resposta &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria pode ser menos cr&#237;tica em pacientes est&#225;veis com doen&#231;a cardiovascular, conforme relatado em estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Pode-se presumir que testes de fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria possam ter maior impacto sobre desfechos cl&#237;nicos em nossos pacientes ao considerar que a ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria est&#225; relacionada a processos inflamat&#243;rios, e que a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um dos fatores mais importantes em s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas, especialmente em pacientes com IAMCST.</p>
        <p>Este estudo refor&#231;a a ideia de que doses padronizadas de manuten&#231;&#227;o de drogas antiplaquet&#225;rias n&#227;o preveniriam MACE em alguns pacientes. Seria poss&#237;vel superar a resist&#234;ncia plaquet&#225;ria aumentando a dose do medicamento em nosso grupo? Alguns ensaios mostraram que o aumento da dose de aspirina reduz taxas de resist&#234;ncia &#224; aspirina, mas esse efeito &#233; ausente em 5-10% dos pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, hemorragia gastrointestinal e outros efeitos colaterais podem aumentar quando a dose de aspirina &#233; aumentada nesses pacientes. Ainda, altas doses de aspirina podem reduzir a produ&#231;&#227;o de prostaciclina, um importante vasodilatador end&#243;geno e agente antiplaquet&#225;rio, inibindo a enzima cicloxigenase 2. Ainda, em nosso estudo, pacientes com resist&#234;ncia somente &#224; aspirina n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente diferente em termos de MACE em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com resposta &#224; terapia dupla, enquanto que pacientes com resist&#234;ncia somente ao clopidogrel mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa. Geisler et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> mostraram que a resposta ao clopidogrel pode ser reduzida ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Isso sugere que elevada atividade plaquet&#225;ria ap&#243;s a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda pode estar presente, e que a dose padr&#227;o de clopidogrel pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para inibir atividade plaquet&#225;ria. Paralelamente, mostrou-se que a adi&#231;&#227;o de uma dose de 600 mg de clopidogrel em pacientes j&#225; tratados cronicamente com a medica&#231;&#227;o leva &#224; maior inibi&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria induzida por ADP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Tal informa&#231;&#227;o pode ser refletida na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, principalmente em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es de risco. Assim, em caso de resposta inadequada ao clopidogrel, o escalonamento de dose ou o uso de inibidores mais potentes (ticagrelor, prasugrel) pode ser considerado. Por essas raz&#245;es, se altas doses de aspirina ou de clopidogrel beneficiam pacientes jovens com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ainda precisa ser investigado.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, este estudo foi conduzido em um &#250;nico centro, o que pode ter ocasionado vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, uma vez que n&#243;s estudamos uma popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, o n&#250;mero de pacientes participantes em nosso estudo foi relativamente pequeno, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre alguns grupos. Ainda, a sensibilidade a agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios foi medida somente uma vez, e alguns pesquisadores sugerem que essa medida seja realizada mais de uma vez. Ainda, ao considerar a heterogeneidade dos resultados de diferentes estudos, o uso de um &#250;nico m&#233;todo laboratorial constitui uma importante limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo. No entanto, o teste m&#250;ltiplo de fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (Multiplate&#174;) reduz o risco de erros laboratoriais, por ser mais r&#225;pido, causar menos problemas, e n&#227;o necessitar de preparo espec&#237;fico em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; agregometria &#243;tica convencional. Terceiro, devido ao delineamento do estudo, resultados do teste de sensibilidade plaquet&#225;ria n&#227;o podem ser generalizados para grupos de diferentes faixas et&#225;rias e outras formas de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Quarto, o clopidogrel foi usado como o segundo agente antiplaquet&#225;rio para IAMCST, uma vez que o uso de outros inibidores de P2Y12 n&#227;o tinha sido inclu&#237;do nas diretrizes para o manejo de IAMCST durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Finalmente, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de aspirina e de clopidogrel n&#227;o foram medidos; contudo, a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de cada paciente foi colhida por entrevista individual, e aqueles com uso irregular do medicamento foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar de existirem muitos estudos na literatura sobre a resposta plaquet&#225;ria a diferentes medicamentos antiplaquet&#225;rios, muitas quest&#245;es permanecem sem resposta. Em resumo, encontramos que a baixa resposta &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla &#233; um preditor essencial de MACE, incluindo mortalidade cardiovascular e RVA em um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de tr&#234;s anos em pacientes em pacientes jovens submetidos &#224; ICP para IAMCST. Apesar de as diretrizes apontarem que o uso de inibidores de P2Y12 mais potentes s&#227;o &#250;teis ap&#243;s a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda de acordo com diretrizes, n&#227;o existe um estudo esclarecendo seu uso ap&#243;s um ano. Assim, aspirina e clopidogrel devem ser usados em longo prazo ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Por isso, apesar de a avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira de resist&#234;ncia a antiplaquet&#225;rios n&#227;o ser recomendada para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral, deveria ser considerada em pacientes jovens com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e, caso seja detectada resist&#234;ncia, uma terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria mais potente poderia ser usada ap&#243;s um ano da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Estudos mais abrangentes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer essa possibilidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 07.03.2014. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
