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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KtyV9fm4NxPbTSJdY7s5Q7k</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000200130</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180256</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Outcomes of the Conversion of the Fontan-Kreutzer Operation to a Total Cavopulmonary Connection for the Failing Univentricular Circulation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2461-6320</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Carmona</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Viotto Rodrigues da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caneo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanamati</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turquetto</surname>
            <given-names>Aida Luiza Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gabriel Carmona Fernandes,</bold> Rua Pintassilgo, 516, apt. 98. Postal Code 04514-032, Vila Uberabinha, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>gcfcarmona@gmail.com</email>, <email>gumasmam@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fernandes GC, Silva GVR, Caneo LF; acquisition of data: Fernandes GC, Silva GVR, Caneo LF, Tanamati C, Turquetto AL; analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Fernandes GC, Silva GVR, Caneo LF, Tanamati C, Turquetto AL, Jatene MB; statistical analysis: Fernandes GC, Caneo LF, Turquetto AL; writing of the manuscript: Fernandes GC, Silva GVR, Caneo LF, Turquetto AL, Jatene MB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>130</fpage>
      <lpage>135</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The Fontan-Kreutzer procedure (FK) was widely performed in the past, but in the long-term generated many complications resulting in univentricular circulation failure. The conversion to total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) is one of the options for treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the results of conversion from FK to TCPC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A retrospective review of medical records for patients who underwent the conversion of FK to TCPC in the period of 1985 to 2016. Significance p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Fontan-type operations were performed in 420 patients during this period: TCPC was performed in 320, lateral tunnel technique in 82, and FK in 18. Ten cases from the FK group were elected to conversion to TCPC. All patients submitted to Fontan Conversion were included in this study. In nine patients the indication was due to uncontrolled arrhythmia and in one, due to protein-losing enteropathy. Death was observed in the first two cases. The average intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) was 13 days, and the average hospital LOS was 37 days. A functional class by New York Heart Association (NYHA) improvement was observed in 80% of the patients in NYHA I or II. Fifty-seven percent of conversions due to arrhythmias had improvement of arrhythmias; four cases are cured.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The conversion is a complex procedure and requires an experienced tertiary hospital to be performed. The conversion has improved the NYHA functional class despite an unsatisfactory resolution of the arrhythmia.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects Congenital/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrihythmias, Cardiac/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Fontan Procedure</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Fontan-Kreutzer Prodedure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The Fontan operation (FO) is an important landmark in the history of congenital heart diseases because it increased the life expectancy of children with single-ventricle hearts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> After the development of the superior cavopulmonary connection (Glenn operation), the survival rate in univentricular hearts increased leading to the development of FO. The first description by Fontan and Baudet,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> was depicted as a right-heart bypass in patients with tricuspid atresia to improve the basal saturation and consequently improve their quality of life and life expectancy while avoiding the complications of chronic hypoxia. These and other techniques that use atrial as a conduit are called atrium-pulmonary connections. Many other techniques and strategies for Fontan operation have been developed since it&#180;s description.</p>
      <p>A few years after the first description, in 1973, this technique was modified by Kreutzer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> where the right atrial appendage was connected directly to the trunk of the pulmonary artery with a shorter surgical time than Fontan's previous description. The Fontan-Kreutzer technique (FK) was widely performed and diffused at the beginning, but complications were observed in the long range, such as enlarged atrium, atrial arrhythmias, stasis intracavitary thrombosis and compression of pulmonary veins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> These complications are difficult to treat leading to worsening functional class by New York Heart Association (NYHA) and often evolving to ventricular dysfunction and failure of the univentricular circulation.</p>
      <p>The next technique, described by de Leval in 1988,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, was the cavopulmonary connection using intra-atrial lateral tunnel. In 1990, Marcelletti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> described the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) using extra-cardiac tube. In subsequent studies it was observed that the TCPC presented better results than the previous techniques.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nowadays the TCPC is the most used, however, many patients in whom the old techniques, such as FK, were performed survived and it was possible to observe long-term complications. A treatment option for these patients was to perform a conversion of the FK to TCPC. The removal of the atrium from the pulmonary circulation would decrease the volumetric overload reducing atrial dimensions and consequently lessening secondary outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objective</title>
      <p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of the conversion of FK to TCPC in patients with signs of univentricular circulation failure.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A retrospective review of medical records, in-hospital and outpatient notes, was performed for patients who underwent a Fontan conversion (FC). The inclusive criteria consisted of the conversion of FK to TCPC in the period of 1985 to 2016 regardless of their underlying pathology. This was a single center study performed in the Heart Institute (INCOR - HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. We reviewed all surgical records comprising age at procedure, ventricle morphology, indications for conversion, mortality, the presence of arrhythmias, functional class and the presence of comorbidities after correction.</p>
      <p>We excluded the patients in whom FC was indicated but the death occurred before the surgical procedure or intraoperatively, or in whom the procedure was not accepted by the patient or their surrogate decision maker.</p>
      <p>This study has been approved by the ethics committee of this Institution by the number CAAE 56617216.6.0000.0068. As the study is retrospective in nature, there was no need for the elaboration of a consent term.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statiscal analysis</title>
        <p>We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to compare and chooose the sample of the study. Descriptive analysis was performed, including clinical and surgical characteristics. Continuous numerical variables were presented as median and interquartile range (IQR; 25th-75th percentile). Categorical variables were presented as frequencies, absolute number and percentages. Variables with normal distribution were presented average and standard deviation. Estimated actuarial survival were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 23.0 for Windows (IBM Corp. Released 2015, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The total number and type of FO performed are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Of the 18 FK cases, 10 were elected for the conversion to the TCPC due to signs of Fontan circulation failure. All 10 patients previous FK were submitted to a FC procedure and all 10 were included in this study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fontan operation performed between years 1995-2016</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Fontan Type</th>
              <th align="center">Number of patients</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fontan-Kreutzer</td>
              <td align="center">18 (4.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lateral Tunnel</td>
              <td align="center">82 (19.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TCPC with extra cardiac tube</td>
              <td align="center">320 (76.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total</td>
              <td align="center">420 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>TCPC: total cavo-pulmonary connection.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The FK were conducted in the beginning of our experience, all were performed before the year 2004, most of them before the year 1999. Only 29 surgeries of lateral tunnels were performed after 2004 and after this year the most performed surgery was the TCPC with extra cardiac tube.</p>
      <p>A mortality of 11% (7,9% early deaths and 3,1% of late deaths) was observed for the FO procedure performed in this period. Regarding the ventricle morphology, we observed that 318 cases (75,7%) were classified as left ventricle, 57 (13,6%) as right ventricle, 40 (9,5%) had both ventricles and five (1,2%) had undefined ventricle.</p>
      <p>Analyzing the population of the converted, we observed that 40% of the patients were male and 60% female. The youngest patient who underwent conversion was 11 years old and the oldest patient was 42 years old, with the mean average of 23.2 years old.</p>
      <p>In nine cases (90%) the surgery was indicated for uncontrolled arrhythmia and one case was indicated by protein-losing enteropathy. In three cases, surgical cryoablation was performed in the same operative time. Before conversion three patients were in functional class I, four in functional class II and three in functional class III.</p>
      <p>We observed two deaths in the period, an early death (on the second postoperative day) due to significant bleeding and coagulopathy, and a late death (38th postoperative day) due to multiple sepsis and stroke. Both occurred during hospitalization in a postoperative intensive care unit (ICU). The actuarial survival of 5 and 10 years was 80%, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Survival curve of patients submitted to FK conversion to TCPC.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0130-80256-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>After conversion, 80% of the patients who were in functional class II or higher evolved with functional class improvement. Currently, six patients are in functional class I (75%), one patient is in functional class II (12.5%) and one patient is in functional class III (12.5%).</p>
      <p>Regarding cardiac arrhythmias, 44% of conversions indicated by arrhythmias had improvements after conversion. Four cases were cured with no need of specialist follow-up and three cases had an arrhythmic condition that needed specialist flow-up.</p>
      <p>Before conversion, ventricular dysfunction was present in five patients. One of them evolved to death, and all the others had an improvement in their function in relation to the preoperative period, three of which currently have preserved function and one that had had moderate dysfunction previously, and now presents a slight dysfunction. These variables can be visualized on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical improvements after conversion to TCPC</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Before convertion (n = 10)</th>
              <th align="center">After convertion (n = 8)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Middly disfuction</td>
              <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate disfunction</td>
              <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arrhythmias</td>
              <td align="center">9 (90%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (44%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA Functional class I</td>
              <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (75%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA Functional class II</td>
              <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA Functional class III</td>
              <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>TCPC: total cavo-pulmonary connection; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>For three of the cases in which surgical cryoablation was performed, one evolved to death despite of the arrhythmia. The other two cases had episodes of arrhythmia after conversion, one of which evolved to bradyarrhythmia requiring a pacemaker, and currently this patient is being evaluated for heart transplantation.</p>
      <p>The mean ICU length of stay (LOS) was 13 days, the shortest time was 2 days and the highest 38 days. The average total hospital LOS was 37 days, the shortest being 17 days and the highest 59 days.</p>
      <p>As complications, two patients presented bleeding, one pericarditis, one ischemic stroke, one presented convulsive seizures, one presented ventricular dysfunction and one presented bradyarrhythmia. Currently, eight patients are undergoing an outpatient clinic and one patient is being evaluated for heart transplantation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Fontan-Kreutzer conversion to TCPC is not a simple procedure. Despite a small sample size, we observed a 20% mortality in our experience. The prolonged hospitalization time, average of 37 days, also demonstrates the problems in the management of these patients in the postoperative period. In 25% of the patients evaluated, some types of complications were observed in the postoperative period, where most of them were resolved clinically without the need for new surgical procedures. These facts indicate that ideally this type of surgery should be performed in specialized tertiary centers with the availability of a multidisciplinary team for the best care of the patients.</p>
      <p>Caneo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> showed a total mortality of 11% for all FO conducted in our Institution, the majority of the death cases were observed in the first period of the study (between years 1984-1994). All atriopulmonary Fontan were performed in the first and second periods (between years 1984-2004), 23,9% of them was elected for conversion years after, and all of these Fontan procedures were performed in the first period. A similar finding was observed in our study, where mortality occurred in the beginning of the experience by the years 1996 and 2000, our first two cases of conversion. It is possible that these two cases have evolved to an unfavorable outcome due to the unavailability of technological resources presented at that time.</p>
      <p>Atrial arrhythmias were the main indications of conversion because the modifications performed by Kreutzer resulted in large atrial dilations generating many disorders of the atrial rhythm, which complicated ventricular dysfunction and worsened symptomatology. We obtained an unsatisfactory rate of resolution of these arrhythmias (only 57% of cases indicated by arrhythmia). In cases in which surgical cryoablation was performed (three cases), the outcomes were not favorable: one case evolved to death in the recent postoperative period (due to bleeding and coagulopathy), one arrhythmia was not resolved, and one case progressed with total atrioventricular block, needing definitive pacemaker implantation. This patient evolved with dysfunctions and is currently in line for cardiac transplantation due to significant worsening of functional class and ventricular function. Although most studies suggest a benefit performing cryoablation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> our findings suggest that surgical cryoablation should not be performed routinely in conversion to TCPC surgery, despite our small sample size.</p>
      <p>Studies from South Korea and Japan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> have reported security and improvement in clinical outcomes by implanting permanent pacemaker in Fontan conversion. However, our only case with pacemaker implantation had unfavorable outcome, and is now in line for heart transplantation. Takeuchi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> showed favorable outcomes combining FC with resynchronization, but none of our patients were elected for resynchronization.</p>
      <p>The presence of ventricular dysfunction before the FC procedure was found in five cases. All cases were elected to conversion by arrhythmia, one of them died and all the survivors had improved ventricular functions. Therefore, we conclude that the procedure presented a satisfactory result in improving the ventricular function. However, we observed no improvement of the arrhythmia in two cases of the survivors who presented preoperative dysfunction.</p>
      <p>There was a significant improvement in functional class and quality of life of these patients after conversion, and therefore, our results demonstrate the importance and necessity of converting selected cases. These findings motivated us to perform this surgery in more cases after our first two cases that evolved to death. Currently, we have only a few cases of FK alive being followed in our ambulatory.</p>
      <p>A review by Brida et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> analyzed 1182 patients from 37 studies and concluded that conversion had substantial mortality risk. However, the results vary between centers and lower early mortality was associated with earlier age and with treatment being performed at high experienced centers.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The conversion of atrial-pulmonary anastomosis (Fontan-Kreutezer) to TCPC is a complex procedure with high mortality and morbidity justifying a prolonged hospitalization time, so this surgery needs to be performed in experienced tertiary hospitals. The conversion of atrial-pulmonary anastomosis to TCPC has, in our experience, improved the functional class and consequently the patients' quality of life despite an unsatisfactory resolution of the arrhythmia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Caneo LF, Neirotti RA, Turquetto ALR, Jatene MB: A opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan n&#227;o &#233; o destino final. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;106(2):162-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caneo</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neirotti</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turquetto</surname>
              <given-names>ALR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jatene</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan n&#227;o &#233; o destino final</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>162</fpage>
          <lpage>165</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Caneo LF, Turquetto ALR, Neirotti RA, Binotto MA, Miana LA, Tanamati C, et al. Lessons Learned From a Critical Analysis of the Fontan Operation Over Three Decades in a Single Institution. World J Pediatr Cong Heart Surg. 2017; 8(3):376-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caneo</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turquetto</surname>
              <given-names>ALR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neirotti</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Binotto</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miana</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resultados da Convers&#227;o da Cirurgia de Fontan-Kreutzer para Cavo-Pulmonar Total Devido Fal&#234;ncia da Circula&#231;&#227;o Univentricular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2461-6320</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Carmona</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Viotto Rodrigues da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caneo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanamati</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turquetto</surname>
            <given-names>Aida Luiza Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriel Carmona Fernandes,</bold> Rua Pintassilgo, 516, apt. 98. CEP 04514-032, Vila Uberabinha, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>gcfcarmona@gmail.com</email>, <email>gumasmam@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fernandes GC, Silva GVR, Caneo LF; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fernandes GC, Silva GVR, Caneo LF, Tanamati C, Turquetto AL; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fernandes GC, Silva GVR, Caneo LF, Tanamati C, Turquetto AL, Jatene MB; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fernandes GC, Caneo LF, Turquetto AL; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fernandes GC, Silva GVR, Caneo LF, Turquetto AL, Jatene MB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O procedimento de Fontan-Kreutzer (FK) foi amplamente realizado no passado, mas a longo prazo gerou muitas complica&#231;&#245;es, resultando em falha na circula&#231;&#227;o univentricular. A convers&#227;o para conex&#227;o cavopulmonar total (CCPT) &#233; uma das op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os resultados da convers&#227;o de FK para CCPT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Revis&#227;o retrospectiva de prontu&#225;rios de pacientes submetidos &#224; convers&#227;o de FK para CCPT no per&#237;odo de 1985 a 2016. Signific&#226;ncia p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Opera&#231;&#245;es do tipo Fontan foram realizadas em 420 pacientes durante este per&#237;odo: CCPT foi realizada em 320, t&#233;cnica de t&#250;nel lateral em 82 e FK em 18. Dez casos do grupo FK foram eleitos para convers&#227;o em CCPT. Todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; convers&#227;o de Fontan foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Em nove pacientes, a indica&#231;&#227;o deveu-se a arritmia n&#227;o controlada e em um devido &#224; enteropatia perdedora de prote&#237;nas. A morte foi observada nos dois primeiros casos. O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) foi de 13 dias e o tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi de 37 dias. Uma classe funcional pela melhora da New York Heart Association (NYHA) foi observada em 80% dos pacientes em NYHA I ou II. Cinquenta e sete por cento das convers&#245;es devido a arritmias tiveram melhora das arritmias; quatro casos foram curados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A convers&#227;o &#233; um procedimento complexo e requer que um hospital terci&#225;rio experiente seja realizado. A convers&#227;o melhorou a classe funcional da NYHA, apesar de uma resolu&#231;&#227;o insatisfat&#243;ria da arritmia.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnica de Fontan</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimento de Fontan-Kreutzer</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cirurgia de Fontan (CF) &#233; um marco importante na hist&#243;ria das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, pois aumentou a expectativa de vida de crian&#231;as com cora&#231;&#245;es de ventr&#237;culo &#250;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Ap&#243;s o desenvolvimento da conex&#227;o cavopulmonar superior (cirurgia de Glenn), a taxa de sobrevida nos cora&#231;&#245;es univentriculares aumentou levando ao desenvolvimento da CF. A primeira descri&#231;&#227;o de Fontan e Baudet,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> foi descrita como uma deriva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca direita em pacientes com atresia tric&#250;spide para melhorar a satura&#231;&#227;o basal e, consequentemente, melhorar sua qualidade de vida e expectativa de vida, evitando as complica&#231;&#245;es da hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica. Essas e outras t&#233;cnicas que usam o canal atrial s&#227;o chamadas de conex&#245;es &#225;trio-pulmonares. Muitas outras t&#233;cnicas e estrat&#233;gias para a opera&#231;&#227;o de Fontan foram desenvolvidas desde sua descri&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Poucos anos ap&#243;s a primeira descri&#231;&#227;o, em 1973, essa t&#233;cnica foi modificada por Kreutzer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> onde o ap&#234;ndice atrial direito foi conectado diretamente ao tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar com menor tempo cir&#250;rgico do que a descri&#231;&#227;o anterior de Fontan. A t&#233;cnica de Fontan-Kreutzer (FK) foi amplamente realizada e difundida no in&#237;cio, mas foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es em longo prazo, como aumento do &#225;trio, arritmias atriais, trombose intracavit&#225;ria por estase e compress&#227;o das veias pulmonares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Essas complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de tratar, levando a piora da classe funcional pela New York Heart Association (NYHA) e, muitas vezes, evoluindo para disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e insufici&#234;ncia da circula&#231;&#227;o univentricular.</p>
        <p>A t&#233;cnica seguinte, descrita por de Leval em 1988,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> foi a conex&#227;o cavopulmonar utilizando t&#250;nel lateral intra-atrial. Em 1990, Marcelletti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> descreveram a conex&#227;o cavopulmonar total (CCPT) utilizando tubo extra-card&#237;aco. Em estudos posteriores, observou-se que a CCPT apresentou melhores resultados que as t&#233;cnicas anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Atualmente a CCPT &#233; a mais utilizada, no entanto, foram realizadas t&#233;cnicas antigas, como a FK, em muitos pacientes que sobreviveram e foi poss&#237;vel observar complica&#231;&#245;es em longo prazo. Uma op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento para esses pacientes foi realizar uma convers&#227;o do FK para CCPT. A retirada do &#225;trio da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar diminuiria a sobrecarga volum&#233;trica, reduzindo as dimens&#245;es atriais e, consequentemente, diminuindo os desfechos secund&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivo</title>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar os resultados da convers&#227;o de FK em CCPT em pacientes com sinais de falha da circula&#231;&#227;o univentricular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Uma revis&#227;o retrospectiva de registros m&#233;dicos, intra-hospitalares e ambulatoriais, foi realizada em pacientes submetidos &#224; convers&#227;o de Fontan. O crit&#233;rio consistiu na convers&#227;o de FK para CCPT no per&#237;odo de 1985 a 2016, independentemente de sua patologia oculta. Este foi um estudo de um &#250;nico centro realizado no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR - HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Foram revisados todos os prontu&#225;rios cir&#250;rgicos, incluindo ano do procedimento, morfologia do ventr&#237;culo, indica&#231;&#245;es de convers&#227;o, mortalidade, presen&#231;a de arritmias, classe funcional e presen&#231;a de comorbidades ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Exclu&#237;mos os pacientes nos quais a convers&#227;o de Fontan estava indicada, mas a morte ocorreu antes do procedimento cir&#250;rgico ou no intraoperat&#243;rio, ou em quem o procedimento n&#227;o foi aceito pelo paciente ou por seu substituto.</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o pelo n&#250;mero CAAE 56617216.6.0000.0068. Como o estudo &#233; retrospectivo por natureza, n&#227;o houve necessidade de elabora&#231;&#227;o de termo de consentimento.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Utilizamos o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para comparar e escolher a amostra do estudo. Foi realizada an&#225;lise descritiva, incluindo caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas. Vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IQR; percentil 25-75). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias, n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagens. Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas com m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. A sobrevida atuarial estimada foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o SPSS 23.0 para Windows (IBM Corp. Lan&#231;ado em 2015, IBM SPSS Statistics para Windows, Vers&#227;o 22.0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O n&#250;mero total e o tipo de CF realizados s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. Dos 18 casos FK, 10 foram eleitos para a convers&#227;o para a CCPT devido a sinais de falha na circula&#231;&#227;o de Fontan. Todos os 10 pacientes com FK foram submetidos a um procedimento de convers&#227;o de Fontan e todos os 10 foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cirurgia de Fontan realizada entre os anos de 1995-2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Tipos de Fontan</th>
                <th align="center">N&#250;mero de pacientes</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fontan-Kreutzer</td>
                <td align="center">18 (4,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lateral Tunnel</td>
                <td align="center">82 (19,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CCPT com tubo card&#237;aco extra</td>
                <td align="center">320 (76,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">420 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>CCPT: conex&#227;o cavopulmonar total.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O FK foi realizado no in&#237;cio de nossa experi&#234;ncia, todos foram realizados antes de 2004, a maioria deles antes de 1999. Apenas 29 cirurgias de t&#250;neis laterais foram realizadas ap&#243;s 2004 e ap&#243;s este ano a cirurgia mais realizada foi o CCPT com extra tubo card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>Uma mortalidade de 11% (7,9% de &#243;bitos precoces e 3,1% de &#243;bitos tardios) foi observada para o procedimento de CF realizada neste per&#237;odo. Quanto &#224; morfologia do ventr&#237;culo, observamos que 318 casos (75,7%) foram classificados como ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 57 (13,6%) como ventr&#237;culo direito, 40 (9,5%) tinham ambos os ventr&#237;culos e cinco (1,2%) tinham ventr&#237;culo indefinido.</p>
        <p>Analisando a popula&#231;&#227;o, observamos que 40% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 60% do feminino. O paciente mais jovem que realizou a convers&#227;o tinha 11 anos e o paciente mais idoso, 42 anos, com m&#233;dia de 23,2 anos.</p>
        <p>Em nove casos (90%) a cirurgia foi indicada para arritmia n&#227;o controlada e um caso foi indicado por enteropatia perdedora de prote&#237;na. Em tr&#234;s casos, a crioabla&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi realizada ao mesmo tempo. Antes da convers&#227;o, tr&#234;s pacientes encontravam-se em classe funcional I, quatro em classe funcional II e tr&#234;s em classe funcional III.</p>
        <p>Observamos dois &#243;bitos no per&#237;odo, um &#243;bito precoce (no segundo dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio) devido a sangramento e coagulopatia significativos, e um &#243;bito tardio (38&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio) devido &#224; sepse m&#250;ltipla e acidente vascular cerebral. Ambos ocorreram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o em uma unidade de terapia intensive (UTI) p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. A sobrevida atuarial de 5 e 10 anos foi de 80%, conforme mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva de sobrevida de pacientes submetidos &#224; convers&#227;o de Fontan-Kreutzer para conex&#227;o cardiopulmonar total.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0130-80256-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a convers&#227;o, 80% dos pacientes que estavam em classe funcional II ou superior evolu&#237;ram com melhora da classe funcional. Atualmente, seis pacientes est&#227;o em classe funcional I (75%), um paciente em classe funcional II (12,5%) e um paciente em classe funcional III (12,5%).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s arritmias card&#237;acas, 44% das convers&#245;es indicadas por arritmias tiveram melhora ap&#243;s a convers&#227;o. Quatro casos foram curados sem necessidade de acompanhamento especializado e tr&#234;s casos tiveram uma condi&#231;&#227;o arr&#237;tmica que precisou de especialistas.</p>
        <p>Antes da convers&#227;o, a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular estava presente em cinco pacientes. Um evoluiu para &#243;bito, e todos os demais tiveram melhora em sua fun&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, tr&#234;s dos quais atualmente possuem fun&#231;&#227;o preservada e um que j&#225; apresentava disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada, apresenta agora uma leve disfun&#231;&#227;o. Essas vari&#225;veis podem ser visualizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Melhorias cl&#237;nicas ap&#243;s a convers&#227;o para CCPT</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Antes da convers&#227;o (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">Depois da convers&#227;o (n = 8)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arritmias</td>
                <td align="center">9 (90%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA Classe funcional I</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (75%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA Classe funcional II</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA Classe funcional III</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>CCPT: conex&#227;o cavopulmonar total; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Para tr&#234;s dos casos em que a crioabla&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi realizada, um evoluiu para &#243;bito apesar da arritmia. Os outros dois casos tiveram epis&#243;dios de arritmia ap&#243;s a convers&#227;o, um dos quais evoluiu para bradiarritmia que requer marcapasso, e atualmente esse paciente est&#225; sendo avaliado para transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI foi de 13 dias, o menor tempo foi de 2 dias e o maior 38. O tempo m&#233;dio total de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi de 37 dias, sendo o mais curto de 17 dias e o maior 59 dias.</p>
        <p>Como complica&#231;&#245;es, dois pacientes apresentaram sangramento, uma pericardite, um acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, um apresentou convuls&#227;o, um apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e um apresentou bradiarritmia. Atualmente, oito pacientes est&#227;o em um ambulat&#243;rio e um paciente est&#225; sendo avaliado para transplante card&#237;aco</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A convers&#227;o do Fontan-Kreutzer para o CCPT n&#227;o &#233; um procedimento simples. Apesar do pequeno tamanho da amostra, observamos uma mortalidade de 20% em nossa experi&#234;ncia. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongado, em m&#233;dia de 37 dias, tamb&#233;m demonstra os problemas na administra&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Em 25% dos pacientes avaliados, algumas complica&#231;&#245;es foram observadas no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, onde a maioria delas foi resolvida clinicamente, sem a necessidade de novos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos. Esses fatos indicam que, idealmente, esse tipo de cirurgia deve ser realizada em centros terci&#225;rios especializados, com a disponibilidade de uma equipe multidisciplinar para o melhor atendimento dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Caneo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> mostraram uma mortalidade total de 11% para todas as CF realizadas em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, a maioria dos casos de &#243;bito foram observados no primeiro per&#237;odo do estudo (entre os anos de 1984-1994). Todas as Fontan atriopulmonares foram realizadas no primeiro e segundo per&#237;odos (entre os anos de 1984 a 2004), 23,9% delas foram eleitas para convers&#227;o anos depois, e todos esses procedimentos de Fontan foram realizados no primeiro per&#237;odo. Achado semelhante foi observado em nosso estudo, onde a mortalidade ocorreu no in&#237;cio da experi&#234;ncia nos anos de 1996 e 2000, nossos dois primeiros casos de convers&#227;o. &#201; poss&#237;vel que esses dois casos tenham evolu&#237;do para um desfecho desfavor&#225;vel devido &#224; indisponibilidade de recursos tecnol&#243;gicos apresentados na &#233;poca.</p>
        <p>Arritmias atriais foram as principais indica&#231;&#245;es de convers&#227;o, pois as modifica&#231;&#245;es realizadas por Kreutzer resultaram em grandes dilata&#231;&#245;es atriais gerando muitos dist&#250;rbios do ritmo atrial, o que complicou a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e piorou a sintomatologia. Obtivemos uma taxa insatisfat&#243;ria de resolu&#231;&#227;o dessas arritmias (apenas 57% dos casos indicados). Nos casos em que foi realizada crioabla&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (tr&#234;s casos), os desfechos n&#227;o foram favor&#225;veis: um caso evoluiu para &#243;bito no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (por sangramento e coagulopatia), uma arritmia n&#227;o foi resolvida e um caso evoluiu com bloqueio atrioventricular total, necessitando de implante definitivo de marcapasso. Esse paciente evoluiu com disfun&#231;&#245;es e atualmente est&#225; em linha de transplante card&#237;aco devido &#224; piora significativa da classe funcional e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Embora a maioria dos estudos sugira um benef&#237;cio na crioabla&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> nossos achados sugerem que a crioabla&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica n&#227;o deve ser realizada rotineiramente em convers&#227;o &#224; cirurgia de CCPT, apesar do pequeno tamanho da amostra.</p>
        <p>Estudos da Coreia do Sul e do Jap&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> relataram seguran&#231;a e melhoria nos resultados cl&#237;nicos implantando marcapasso permanente na convers&#227;o de Fontan. No entanto, nosso &#250;nico caso com implante de marcapasso teve resultado desfavor&#225;vel, e agora est&#225; na linha de transplante card&#237;aco. Takeuchi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> mostraram desfechos favor&#225;veis combinando convers&#227;o de Fontan com ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o, mas nenhum de nossos pacientes foi eleito para ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular antes do procedimento de convers&#227;o de Fontan foi encontrada em cinco casos. Todos os casos foram eleitos para convers&#227;o por arritmia, um deles morreu e todos os sobreviventes melhoraram as fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares. Portanto, conclu&#237;mos que o procedimento apresentou um resultado satisfat&#243;rio na melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. No entanto, n&#227;o observamos melhora da arritmia em dois casos de sobreviventes que apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>Houve melhora significativa da classe funcional e da qualidade de vida desses pacientes ap&#243;s a convers&#227;o e, portanto, nossos resultados demonstram a import&#226;ncia e a necessidade de convers&#227;o de casos selecionados. Esses achados nos motivaram a realizar essa cirurgia ap&#243;s nossos dois primeiros casos que evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito. Atualmente, temos apenas alguns casos de FK vivos sendo acompanhados em nosso ambulat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Uma revis&#227;o de Brida et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> analisou 1.182 pacientes de 37 estudos e concluiu que a convers&#227;o apresentava risco substancial de mortalidade. No entanto, os resultados variam entre os centros. A mortalidade precoce foi associada em pacientes mais jovens e com tratamento sendo realizado em centros de alta experi&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A convers&#227;o da anastomose &#225;trio-pulmonar (Fontan-Kreutezer) em CCPT &#233; um procedimento complexo, com alta mortalidade e morbidade, justificando um tempo prolongado de interna&#231;&#227;o, portanto, essa cirurgia precisa ser realizada em hospitais terci&#225;rios experientes. A convers&#227;o da anastomose &#225;trio-pulmonar em CCPT, em nossa experi&#234;ncia, melhorou a classe funcional e, consequentemente, a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, apesar de uma resolu&#231;&#227;o insatisfat&#243;ria da arritmia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
