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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KBCWbJPCw5ncLTHXzqXnNSw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000200121</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005020103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180250</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Study of Myocardial Perfusion in Obese Individuals without Known Ischemic Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2117-809X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dippe</surname>
            <given-names>Tufi</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stier</surname>
            <given-names>Arnaldo Lafitte</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>V&#237;tola</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Quanta Diagn&#243;stico e Terapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Quanta Diagn&#243;stico e Terapia, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tufi Dippe Jr.,</bold> Rua Rocha Pombo, 920 apto. 501. Postal Code 80530-290, Juvev&#234;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>tufidippejr@gmail.com</email>, <email>tufidippejr@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Dippe Jr. T, Cunha CLP, V&#237;tola JV; acquisition of data: Cerci RJ, Stier Jr. AL.; analysis and interpretation of the data: Dippe Jr. T, Cunha CLP, Cerci RJ, V&#237;tola JV; statistical analysis: Cerci RJ; writing of the manuscript: Dippe Jr. T; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Dippe Jr. T, Cunha CLP, Stier Jr. AL., V&#237;tola JV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There is no potential conflict of interest relevant to this article.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>121</fpage>
      <lpage>128</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Obesity is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cardiovascular mortality. Several studies have demonstrated the diagnostic and prognostic value of single photon computed tomography-myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (SPECT-MPI) in the evaluation of patients with suspected IHD, including in obese population. Data on clinical risk factors and their association with abnormal myocardial perfusion in obese patients are scarce in the Brazilian population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine the factors associated with abnormal myocardial perfusion in obese individuals without known IHD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We studied obese patients without known IHD who were referred for evaluation through SPECT-MPI between January 2011 and December 2016. Clinical variables and results of SPECT-MPI were obtained systematically. The distribution of continuous variables was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Shapiro-Francia tests. We used the unpaired Student t test to compare the means of continuous variables with normal distribution and the Chi Square test for binomial variables analysis. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The association of the clinical variables for the presence of factors associated with abnormal myocardial perfusion was determined by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, and respective odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The study sample consisted of 5,526 obese patients. Mean body mass index (BMI) of our patients was 33.9 &#177; 3.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 31% had DM, and myocardial perfusion abnormalities was observed in 23% of the total sample. The factors associated with abnormal myocardial perfusion on multivariate analysis were: age (OR: 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03, p &lt; 0.001), DM (OR: 1.57, 95% CI 1.31-1.88, p &lt; 0.001), typical angina before the test (OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.82-3.31, p &lt; 0.001), need for pharmacologic stress test (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.26-2.07, p &lt; 0.001), less physical effort evaluated in metabolic equivalents (METs) during the exercise treadmill test (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.85-0.94, p &lt; 0.001) and a lower post-stress left ventricular ejection fraction after stress (LVEF; OR: 0.989, 95% CI: 0.984-0.994, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The factors associated with abnormal myocardial perfusion in obese patients without known IHD were age, DM, presence of typical angina, ventricular dysfunction, and inability to undergo physical stress as clinical variables, in addition to functional capacity during physical stress.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion/radionuclide imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In 2016, more than 1.9 billion were overweight, 650 million of them obese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In Brazil, Vigitel 2016, a nationwide telephone survey of protective and risk factors for chronic diseases, sponsored by the Ministry of Health, revealed that 53.8% of Brazilian adults were above ideal body weight. The proportion of obese individuals older than 18 years was 18.9%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Besides, it increases the risk of traditional risk factors, such as systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and dyslipidemias, leading to an increased incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD), cardiovascular mortality and risk of sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Evidence from cohort studies have indicated that obesity is also an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Many studies have shown the diagnostic and prognostic value of single-photon emission computed tomography - myocardial perfusion imaging with (SPECT-MPI) in patients with suspected or confirmed IHD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> including obese patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nevertheless, information on the predictive role of SPECT-MPI among Brazilian obese subjects are scarce.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with abnormal SPECT-MPI in a large population of obese subjects without known IHD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>Obese patients without known IHD who had undergone SPECT-MPI were studied between January 2011 and December 2016.</p>
        <p>The following clinical data were prospective collected using a standardized questionnaire - age, sex, weight, height, BMI, symptoms before the SPECT-MPI test (typical, atypical or no pain, and tiredness), previous heart disease or procedures (coronary cineangiography, acute myocardial infarction, myocardial revascularization surgery and coronary angioplasty), SAH, DM, dyslipidemia, smoking, use of medications and family history of IHD).</p>
        <p>Regarding SPECT-MPI, we assessed the type of stress used during the test, treadmill test (TT) alone or combined with pharmacological stress test. Physical exertion during the tests was quantified by metabolic equivalents (METs). We also analyzed myocardial perfusion patterns (normal, ischemia alone or associated with fibrosis), and post-stress left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).</p>
        <p>All tests were performed using a CardioMD (Philips, Milpitas, CA, USA) or a Vertex (ADAC, Milpitas, CA - USA) gamma camera. All images were reviewed immediately after acquisition, and an additional prone imaging was always obtained when the presence of artifacts was suspected. Both images were considered to define the type of myocardial perfusion defect and the final report also.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All continuous variables are shown as mean and standard deviation, and all categorical variables as absolute values and percentages. Normal distribution of continuous variables was tested by Shapiro-Wilk and Shapiro-Francia tests.</p>
        <p>Unpaired Student&#8217;s t test was used to compare the means of continuous variables with normal distribution, and the chi-square test used for analysis of binominal variables. A p-value&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        <p>The association of clinical variables, type of the test stress, and left ventricular function with abnormal SPECT-MPI was analyzed by univariate logistic regression, followed by multivariate analysis. The respective odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were also calculated.</p>
        <p>All analyses were performed using a specific software, the Stata Statistical Software, Release 11 (College Station, TX: StataCorp LP).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Demographic characteristics of the patients</title>
        <p>From January 2011 to December 2016, a total of 5,526 obese patients were referred for SPECT-MPI. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows demographic characteristics of the patients.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic characteristics of the patients without known ischemic heart disease and body mass index (BMI) &#8805; 30kg/m<sup>2</sup> (n = 5,526)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center">Mean (standard deviation) or number (percentage)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">59.4 (12.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">33.9 (3.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">2.605 (47.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1,727 (31.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">4,106 (74.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history of IHD</td>
                <td align="center">1,081 (19.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">466 (8.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2,996 (54.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Symptoms before SPECT-MPI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Asymptomatic</td>
                <td align="center">2,996 (55.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atypical angina</td>
                <td align="center">1,210 (22.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Typical angina</td>
                <td align="center">362 (6.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tiredness</td>
                <td align="center">878 (16.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Stress protocol</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Physical</td>
                <td align="center">3,576 (64.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pharmacological</td>
                <td align="center">1,950 (35.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Physical exertion, in METs</td>
                <td align="center">8.52 (2.37)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF</td>
                <td align="center">59.2 (17.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF &gt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">4,821 (92.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF 30 - 49%</td>
                <td align="center">330 (6.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF &lt; 30%</td>
                <td align="center">38 (0.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abnormal SPECT-MPI</td>
                <td align="center">1,288 (23.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemia alone</td>
                <td align="center">1,228 (22.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemia &gt; 10% of the LV</td>
                <td align="center">74 (1.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrosis alone</td>
                <td align="center">22 (0.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrosis and ischemia</td>
                <td align="center">38 (0.7%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; IHD: ischemic heart disease; METs: metabolic equivalents; LVEF: post-stress left ventricular ejection fraction; SPECT&#8209;MPI: myocardial perfusion imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography; LV: left ventricle.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Demographic characteristics of the patients by sex</title>
        <p>The total sample was composed of 2,921 women and 2,605 men. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows demographic characteristics of the patients by sex.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic characteristics of the patients by sex</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Men</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Women</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n = 2,605</th>
                <th align="center">n = 2,921</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age; mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">56.7(11.8)</td>
                <td align="center">61.7(12)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>); mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">33.6(4.1)</td>
                <td align="center">34.2(3.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">773 (29.7)</td>
                <td align="center">954 (32.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAH; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.843 (70.7)</td>
                <td align="center">2,263 (77.5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history of IHD; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">429 (16.5)</td>
                <td align="center">652 (22.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">270 (10.4)</td>
                <td align="center">196 (6.7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,369 (52.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,627 (55.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Symptoms before SPECT-MPI; n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Asymptomatic</td>
                <td align="center">1,701 (65.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1.295 (45.2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atypical angina</td>
                <td align="center">433 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">777 (27.2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Typical angina</td>
                <td align="center">108 (4.2)</td>
                <td align="center">254 (8.9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tiredness</td>
                <td align="center">343 (13.3)</td>
                <td align="center">535 (18.7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Stress protocol; n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Physical</td>
                <td align="center">1,895 (72.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,681 (57.5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pharmacological</td>
                <td align="center">710 (27.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,240 (42.5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Physical stress in METs; mean (SD)</td>
                <td align="center">8.7 (2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">6.8 (2.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">%LVEF; mean(DP)</td>
                <td align="center">54.1 (18.4)</td>
                <td align="center">63.9 (15.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LVEF; n(SD)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.0001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF &gt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">2,126 (89.4)</td>
                <td align="center">2,695 (95.9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF 30 - 49%</td>
                <td align="center">227 (9.5)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (3.7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF &lt; 30%</td>
                <td align="center">25 (1.0)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (0.5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abnormal SPECT-MPI abnormal; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">475 (18.2)</td>
                <td align="center">813 (27.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemia</td>
                <td align="center">436 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">792 (27.1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemia &gt; 10% of the LV</td>
                <td align="center">45(1.7)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (0.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrosis alone</td>
                <td align="center">13 (0.5)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (0.3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrosis and ischemia</td>
                <td align="center">26 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (0.4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; SAH; systemic arterial hypertension; IHD: ischemic heart disease METs: metabolic equivalents; LVEF: post-stress left ventricular ejection fraction; SPECT-MPI: myocardial perfusion imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography; LV: left ventricle</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Distribution of patients by BMI</title>
        <p>Most patients (70.2%) were class I obese. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the distribution of the patients by BMI.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of patients by body mass index</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">BMI Classification</th>
                <th align="center">30.0 - 34.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>Class I obesity<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">35.0 - 39.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>Class II obesity<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 40.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>Class III obesity<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Number (%) of patients</td>
                <td align="center">n = 3,880 (70.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">n = 1,207 (21.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">n = 439 (7.9%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>BMI: body mass index.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>World Health Organization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Percentage of abnormal perfusion according to the BMI</title>
        <p>Among obese individuals (n = 5,526), there was no statistically significant difference in the number of patients with abnormal SPECT-MPI according to BMI. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the percentage of abnormal SPECT-MPI according to BMI.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Percentage of abnormal myocardial perfusion imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT-MPI) according to BMI in the study population (n = 5,526) *a p-value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0121-80250-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Factors associated with abnormal myocardial perfusion</title>
        <p>Univariate analysis revealed that the following factors were associated with abnormal myocardial perfusion - age (OR: 1.04; 95%CI: 1.04-1.05. p &lt; 0.001), female sex (OR: 1.18; 95%CI: 1.18-1.21; p &lt; 0.001), DM (OR: 1.96; 95%CI; 1.72-2.23. p &lt; 0.001); SAH (OR: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.53-2.10; p &lt; 0.001), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.19; 95%CI: 1.04-1.34. p &lt; 0.008), typical angina (OR: 1.96; 95%CI: 1.55-2.48; p &lt; 0.001) or tiredness (OR: 1.29. IC 95%: 1.08-1.54. p = 0.004) before SPECT-MPI, lower stress test duration (mean) (OR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.78-0.84; p &lt; 0.001) and lower (mean) LVEF (OR: 0.996, 95%CI: 0.993-0.999, <italic>p</italic> &lt;0.041).</p>
        <p>After multivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>), age, typical angina before SPECT-MPI, need of using the pharmacological stress protocol, less physical exertion (METs), and post-stress LVEF were found to be associated with abnormal myocardial perfusion.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Factors associated with abnormal prefusion after multivariate analysis in obese patients without known ischemic heart disease (n = 5,526)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">OR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age; years</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 (1.01 - 1.03)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Body mass index</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30.0 - 34.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Reference</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">35.0 - 39.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.91 (0.73 - 1.12)</td>
                <td align="center">0.38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 40.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.99 (0.68 - 1.45)</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">0.82 (0.67 - 1.01)</td>
                <td align="center">0.052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1.57 (1.31 - 1.88)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">1.21 (0.98 - 1.50)</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1.14 (0.96 - 1.36)</td>
                <td align="center">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Symptoms before the test</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Asymptomatic</td>
                <td align="center">Reference</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atypical angina</td>
                <td align="center">1.21 (0.97 - 1.49)</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Typical angina</td>
                <td align="center">2.45 (1.82 - 3.31)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tiredness</td>
                <td align="center">0.93 (0.72 - 1.20)</td>
                <td align="center">0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Stress protocol; n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Physical</td>
                <td align="center">Reference</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pharmacological</td>
                <td align="center">1.53 (1.18-1.98)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Physical exertion, in METs</td>
                <td align="center">0.89 (0.85-0.93)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LVEF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF &gt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">Reference</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF 30 - 49%</td>
                <td align="center">7.42 (5.3-10.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF &lt; 30%</td>
                <td align="center">10.2 (2.6-40.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>BMI: body mass index, IHD: ischemic heart disease, METs: metabolic equivalents, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. A p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our study reveals a strong association between obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors. Obesity is known to lead to insulin resistance, SAH, dyslipidemia, thromboembolism and sleep apnea and increase inflammatory markers, all known to be risk factors for CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Obesity is an important factor in the pathogenesis and progression of CAD, with an almost linear relationship between BMI above 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and the risk of CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Xingping et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> evaluated the relationship between BMI and the prognostic value of SPECT-MPI in 2,096 obese subjects without known CAD (mean age 62 &#177; 12 years). The authors reported a high prevalence of DM (22%), dyslipidemias (47%) and SAH (61%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> More recently, researchers of The Southern Community Cohort Study investigated the relationship between BMI and late mortality in young adults. At the end of the study, the total sample of obese individuals was 6,276 (mean age 50 &#177; 7.8 years). In this group, the authors also observed a high prevalence of risk factors - DM in 35.9%, dyslipidemias in 38.8% and SAH in 66.4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The World Health Organization (WHO) believes that overweight and obesity are responsible for 44% of the risk for DM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates a prevalence of 10-12% of DM among adults in Brazil, which corresponds to 14.5 million people. In addition, the IDF estimates a 60% increase of new cases of DM in Latin America in the next 15 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the DIAD (Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics) study, the authors assessed whether the screening for CAD could decrease the occurrence of cardiovascular events in symptomatic diabetic patients. A total of 1,123 patients were randomized to screening with SPECT-MPI or to no screening. After a mean follow-up of 4.8 years, the authors did not find any significant differences in cardiovascular event rate between the two groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The presence of DM significantly increases cardiovascular risk, and the need for diagnostic methods, including the rational use of nuclear medicine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A significant percentage of our study group (55%) were asymptomatic before the test, especially men. The high proportion of asymptomatic patients in our sample may be explained by several factors, including stratification of future events in patients at high cardiovascular risk, previous altered or inconclusive cardiologic tests, patients referred for preoperative assessment, and the presence of electrocardiographic abnormalities that limit the performance of TT (left branch bundle block, artificial pacemaker rhythm or ventricular preexcitation).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding preoperative assessment, the II Guidelines for Perioperative Assessment of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology suggests that indications for SPECT-MPI are similar to those of TT, <italic>i.e</italic>., patients at estimated intermediate risk of vascular surgery complications, without severe cardiovascular conditions in the perioperative period. Also, SPECT-MPI would be the best choice for patients with physical impairment, changes in the ST segment that affect electrocardiography analysis, and in case of possible false positive results in TT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The decision to screen for IHD among obese patients should be similar to that in the general population, based mainly on clinical symptoms, chest pain and tiredness, and/or the presence of other associated risk factors. Besides, patients&#8217; ability to exercise and the presence of an interpretable electrocardiogram guide us in making decisions about the methods to be used.</p>
      <p>Obese subjects are more likely to be screened for IHD, due to the higher presence of associated risk factors, tiredness, low functional capacity and musculoskeletal impairments.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 35% of our patients, a pharmacological stress was used, and this percentage was higher among women than men (42.5% versus 27.3%). This frequency was similar to that reported by Xingping et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> (38%).</p>
      <p>Duvall et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> evaluating the prognostic and diagnostic value of SPECT-MPI in 433 morbidly obese patients, observed that 77.4% of the patients used the pharmacological stress protocol, indicating a decreased functional capacity with increase of BMI. The use of pharmacological stress protocols is associated with low functional capacity, non-cardiac physical limitations, low motivation to exercise, left ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary diseases, abnormal electrocardiographic findings at rest (above mentioned), and inappropriate discontinuation of medications prior to the test (e.g., beta-blockers).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>With respect to demographic differences by gender, most of our patients were women, who showed a more severe cardiovascular risk profile - higher mean BMI, and higher prevalence of associated risk factors (DM, SAH and dyslipidemias). In women, the rates of typical angina were lower, the use of pharmacological stress protocols was more common, and less physical effort during the test compared with men. The percentage of abnormal perfusion in SPECT-MPI was also higher in women than in men (27.8% versus 18.2%).</p>
      <p>Studies have shown that women with diagnosis of CAD tend to be older, and present diffuse disease and a worse prognosis than men, including higher acute myocardial infarction and myocardial revascularization surgery. The use of effective diagnostic and prognostic methods, including nuclear medicine, is essential to reduce IHD morbimortality in this group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> In a previous study of our group, Cerci et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> in a study with 2,250 women, reported a strong, independent association between abnormal SPECT-MPI and mortality among women in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our country, there is little information available about factors associated with abnormalities in myocardial perfusion in obese patients. Our data showed that age, DM, typical angina prior to the test, use of pharmacological stress, less physical effort in the test and lower mean post-stress LVEF were associated with perfusion abnormality. These findings corroborate previous studies on obese and non-obese subjects, with or without previous IHD. In the study by Xingping et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> predictive factors of cardiac mortality and abnormal SPECT-MPI in 2,096 obese subjects without known CAD were age, DM, use of pharmacological stress protocol and reduction of LVEF. Greater ability to exercise reduced mortality risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Korbee et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> showed that an abnormal SPECT-MPI, age, and previous heart failure were associated with major cardiovascular events and mortality in obese individuals during up to six years of follow-up following the test. These data have already been included in medical guidelines for appropriate indications of nuclear cardiology in patients with suspected CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>If on the one hand obese individuals are at higher risk for CAD, on the other hand, these patients, particularly severely obese subjects, represent a challenging population concerning eligibility to all kinds of cardiac imaging tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obesity may affect the quality of SPECT-MPI images, reducing the specificity of the method due to diaphragmatic attenuation or increased extracardiac radiotracer activity. The use of higher doses of radiotracers, attenuation correction techniques, acquisition of images in prone position, among other techniques, may reduce the number of false-positive results related to obesity. Male sex and the use of physical stress protocol by the TT are associated with better quality of the images in obese patients undergoing SPECT-MPI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Positron-emission tomography (PET) with rubidium-82 seems to be the non-invasive method of choice for diagnostic and prognostic assessment of obese individuals with suspected CAD. Sensitivity and specificity of PET with rubidium-82 and SPECT-MPI are estimated to be 91% and 89%, and 87% and 73%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Chow et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> in a large multicentric study, evaluated the prognostic value (risk of overall and cardiac mortality) in 6,037 patients, 2,016 of them obese. After a mean follow-up period of 2.2 years, the authors concluded that PET with rubidium-82 improved the prognostic estimates of patients of all weight ranges. A normal PET was associated with a very low annual mortality in normal weight (0.38%), overweight (0.43%) or obese (0.15%) subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although we do not have anatomic information of the patients referred for coronary angiography or coronary angiotomography following SPECT-MPI, we believe that the cases of abnormal SPECT-MPI encompass a wide pathophysiological range, including false-positive cases due to the presence of artifacts, IHD without an obstructive component (associated with endothelial dysfunction or coronary microcirculation impairment), and mostly obstructive CAD.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Our data were systematically collected using a standardized questionnaire administered by a nursing technician, nurses or physicians, and hence, some information regarding clinical variables were self-reported.</p>
        <p>Most of patients had not undergone attenuation correction techniques, which help to reduce the percentage of abnormal SPECT-MPI associated with artifacts (false-positive results).</p>
        <p>Our study was based on physiological variables and detection of ischemia; thus, we do not have anatomical information of patients that were referred for coronary angiography or coronary angiotomography based on SPECT-MPI results. For this reason, the actual percentage of false-positive cases and abnormal SPECT-MPI associated with obstructive CAD or other IHDs caused by endothelial dysfunction or impaired coronary microcirculation could not be determined.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Factors associated with abnormal myocardial perfusion in obese patients without known IHD, after adjustment for relevant variables (multivariate analysis) were - age (2% increased risk per year older), DM (57% increased risk in diabetic patients), typical angina (245% increased risk in patients with typical angina as compared with symptomatic patients), use of pharmacological stress during (61% increased risk as compared with physical stress by TT), less physical exertion (expressed in METs) (10% reduced risk for each additional MET during TT) and post-stress LVEF (1% reduced risk for each 1% increase in LVEF).</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no sources of funding for this work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Tufi Dippe J&#250;nior, from Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UFPR under the protocol number 3026. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica em Obesos sem Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Isqu&#234;mica Conhecida</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2117-809X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dippe</surname>
            <given-names>Tufi</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Leinig Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerci</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stier</surname>
            <given-names>Arnaldo Lafitte</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>V&#237;tola</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Quanta Diagn&#243;stico e Terapia, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tufi Dippe Jr.,</bold> Rua Rocha Pombo, 920 apto. 501. CEP 80530-290, Juvev&#234;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>tufidippejr@gmail.com</email>, <email>tufidippejr@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Dippe Jr. T, Cunha CLP, V&#237;tola JV; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cerci RJ, Stier Jr. AL.; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Dippe Jr. T, Cunha CLP, Cerci RJ, V&#237;tola JV; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cerci RJ; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dippe Jr. T; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Dippe Jr. T, Cunha CLP, Stier Jr. AL., V&#237;tola JV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A obesidade associa-se a um risco aumentado de diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> do tipo 2 (DM), doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica (DCI) e mortalidade cardiovascular. V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram o valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com tomografia computadorizada por f&#243;ton &#250;nico (CPM-SPECT) na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com suspeita de DCI, inclusive na popula&#231;&#227;o de obesos. Dados sobre fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos, e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anormal em obesos, s&#227;o escassos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar quais s&#227;o os fatores associados &#224; anormalidade de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em obesos sem DCI conhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudamos pacientes obesos sem DCI conhecida que foram encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o por CPM-SPECT entre janeiro de 2011 at&#233; dezembro de 2016. Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e resultados da CPM-SPECT foram obtidos de forma sistematizada. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada utilizando-se os testes de Shapiro-Wilk e Shapiro-Francia. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado para comparar as m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e o teste do Chi quadrado para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis binomiais. Considerou-se o valor de p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. A associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas para a presen&#231;a de anormalidade de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi determinada por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada, calculando-se e apresentando-se os respectivos odds ratios (OR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A amostra do estudo foi de 5.526 pacientes obesos. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal m&#233;dio dos nossos pacientes foi de 33,9 &#177; 3,7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 31% eram portadores de DM, e anormalidades de perfus&#227;o foram observadas em 23% do total da amostra. Os fatores associados &#224; anormalidade de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, foram: idade (OR: 1,02, IC 95%: 1,01-1,03, p &lt; 0,001), DM (OR: 1,57, IC 95%: 1,31-1,88, p &lt; 0,001), presen&#231;a de angina t&#237;pica antes do exame (OR: 2,45, IC 95%: 1,82-3,31, p &lt; 0,001), necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protocolo com estresse farmacol&#243;gico (OR: 1,61, IC 95%: 1,26-2,07, p &lt; 0,001), menor esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico avaliado em equivalentes metab&#243;licos durante o teste ergom&#233;trico (OR: 0,89, IC 95%: 0,85-0,94, p &lt; 0,001) e menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s estresse (OR: 0,989, IC 95%: 0,984-0,994, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os fatores associados &#224; anormalidade de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes obesos sem DCI conhecida foram idade, DM, presen&#231;a de angina t&#237;pica, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e incapacidade para o estresse f&#237;sico como vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, al&#233;m da capacidade funcional durante o estresse f&#237;sico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica/cintilografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) define obesidade como a presen&#231;a de um &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Em 2016, mais de 1,9 bilh&#245;es de pessoas apresentavam excesso de peso, sendo que mais de 650 milh&#245;es eram obesas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No Brasil, a pesquisa Vigitel (Vigil&#226;ncia de Fatores de Risco e Prote&#231;&#227;o para Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas por Inqu&#233;rito Telef&#244;nico) do Minist&#233;rio da sa&#250;de, realizada em 2016, revelou que 53,8% dos brasileiros adultos estavam acima do peso ideal. A propor&#231;&#227;o de pessoas obesas com mais de 18 anos de idade era de 18,9%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A obesidade &#233; um fator de risco independente de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, aumenta a incid&#234;ncia de fatores de risco tradicionais, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> do tipo 2 (DM) e dislipidemias, implicando em uma maior incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica (DCI), aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular, mortalidade total e risco de morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Estudos de coorte apontam que a obesidade tamb&#233;m &#233; um fator risco independente para o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram o valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com tomografia computadorizada por f&#243;ton &#250;nico (CPM-SPECT) em pacientes com suspeita ou DCI estabelecida,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> inclusive na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> No entanto, as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os fatores preditivos de CPM-SPECT anormal em obesos do nosso meio s&#227;o escassas.</p>
        <p>O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar quais s&#227;o os fatores associados &#224; CPM-SPECT anormal em uma grande popula&#231;&#227;o de obesos sem DCI conhecida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2011 at&#233; dezembro de 2016, estudamos pacientes obesos sem DCI conhecida submetidos &#224; CPM-SPECT.</p>
          <p>As seguintes informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram obtidas de forma prospectiva por meio de um question&#225;rio padr&#227;o: idade, sexo, peso, altura, IMC, sintomas antes do exame (dor t&#237;pica, dor at&#237;pica, aus&#234;ncia de dor e cansa&#231;o), hist&#243;ria cardiol&#243;gica pr&#233;via (cineangiocoronariografia, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e angioplastia coronariana), HAS, DM, dislipidemia, tabagismo, uso de medicamentos e hist&#243;ria familiar de DCI.</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; CPM-SPECT, analisamos a modalidade de estresse utilizado durante o exame: teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) isolado, estresse farmacol&#243;gico isolado ou protocolo combinado (TE e estresse farmacol&#243;gico). Nos casos de estresse f&#237;sico, o esfor&#231;o realizado foi quantificado por meio de equivalentes metab&#243;licos (METs). Os resultados dos padr&#245;es de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (normal, isquemia, fibrose ou fibrose e isquemia associada) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) ap&#243;s estresse tamb&#233;m foram analisados.</p>
          <p>Todos os exames foram adquiridos em gama-c&#226;mara CardioMD (Philips, Milpitas, CA, EUA) ou Vertex (ADAC, Milpitas, CA, EUA). As imagens foram revisadas logo ap&#243;s a aquisi&#231;&#227;o, e sempre foi realizada uma nova imagem na posi&#231;&#227;o prona quando havia d&#250;vida quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de artefato, principalmente diafragm&#225;tico. Tanto o laudo final como a modalidade do defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica levaram em conta ambas aquisi&#231;&#245;es das imagens.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es, e todas as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como valor absoluto e porcentagem. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, utilizamos os testes de Shapiro-Wilk e Shapiro-Francia para determinar a normalidade.</p>
          <p>Utilizamos o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado para comparar as m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste do Chi quadrado para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis binomiais. Considerou-se o valor de p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, tipo de estresse empregado e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda com a presen&#231;a de CPM-SPECT anormal, foi determinada por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, seguida de an&#225;lise multivariada. Calculou-se ent&#227;o os respectivos odds ratios (OR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o aux&#237;lio de software espec&#237;fico Stata Statistical Software, Release 11 (College Station, TX: StataCorp LP).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2016, um total de 5526 obesos foram encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o por meio de CPM-SPECT. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes estudados.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes com &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica conhecida</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o) ou n&#250;mero (porcentagem) </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,4 (12,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC em kg/m</td>
                  <td align="center">33,9 (3,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">2605 (47,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td align="center">1727 (31,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">4106 (74,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DCI</td>
                  <td align="center">1081 (19,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">466 (8,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">2996 (54,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sintomas antes do exame</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Assintom&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">2996 (55,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina at&#237;pica</td>
                  <td align="center">1210 (22,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina t&#237;pica</td>
                  <td align="center">362 (6,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cansa&#231;o</td>
                  <td align="center">878 (16,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Protocolo de estresse</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">F&#237;sico</td>
                  <td align="center">3576 (64,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">1950 (35,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em METs</td>
                  <td align="center">8,52 (2,37)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE em %</td>
                  <td align="center">59,2 (17,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE maior que 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">4821 (92,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE de 30 at&#233; 49%</td>
                  <td align="center">330 (6,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE menor que 30%</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (0,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CPM-SPECT anormal</td>
                  <td align="center">1288 (23,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isquemia isolada</td>
                  <td align="center">1228 (22,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isquemia maior que 10% do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (1,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrose isolada</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (0,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrose e isquemia associada</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (0,7%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DCI: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica; METs: equivalentes metab&#243;licos; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o; CPM-SPECT: cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica- single photon emission tomography; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes de acordo com o g&#234;nero</title>
          <p>A amostra total dos pacientes obesos era composta de 2921 mulheres e 2605 homens. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes de acordo com o g&#234;nero.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes de acordo com o g&#234;nero</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Homens</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mulheres</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">n = 2605</th>
                  <th align="center">n = 2921</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade; m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">56,7(11,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,7(12)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;MC em kg/m<sup>2</sup>; m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,6(4,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,2(3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">773 (29,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">954 (32,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HAS; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1843 (70,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2263 (77,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DCI; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">429 (16,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">652 (22,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">270 (10,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">196 (6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1369 (52,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1627 (55,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sintomas antes do exame; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Assintom&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">1701 (65,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1295 (45,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina at&#237;pica</td>
                  <td align="center">433 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">777 (27,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina t&#237;pica</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">254 (8,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cansa&#231;o</td>
                  <td align="center">343 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">535 (18,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Protocolo do estresse; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">F&#237;sico</td>
                  <td align="center">1895 (72,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1681 (57,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">710 (27,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1240 (42,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em METs; m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,8 (2,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE em %; m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,1 (18,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">63,9 (15,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>FEVE; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,0001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE maior que 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">2126 (89,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2695 (95,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE de 30 a 49%</td>
                  <td align="center">227 (9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE menor que 30%</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CPM-SPECT anormal; n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">475 (18,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">813 (27,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isquemia</td>
                  <td align="center">436 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">792 (27,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isquemia maior que 10% do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">45(1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrose</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrose e isquemia associada</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dias (DP), n&#250;meros absolutos ou percentagem de pacientes. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DCI: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica; METs: equivalentes metab&#243;licos; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s estresse; CPM&#8209;SPECT: cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica- single photon emission tomography; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com o IMC</title>
          <p>A maioria dos pacientes (70,2%) apresentavam obesidade grau I. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 3</xref> apresenta a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com o IMC.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">IMCClassifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">30 a 34,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>Obesidade grau I<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</th>
                  <th align="center">35 a 39,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>Obesidade grau II<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</th>
                  <th align="center">&#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>Obesidade grau III<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#250;mero (%) de pacientes</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 3.880 (70,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 1.207 (21,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 439 (7,9%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Percentual de anormalidade de perfus&#227;o de acordo com o IMC</title>
          <p>Entre os 5526 pacientes obesos, n&#227;o observamos uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao percentual de CPM-SPECT anormal de acordo com os n&#237;veis de IMC. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref> mostra o percentual de CPM-SPECT anormal de acordo com o IMC.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Percentual de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica - single photon emission tomography (CPM-SPECT) anormal de acordo com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal dos pacientes avaliados (n = 5526); p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-02-0121-80250-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores associados &#224; anormalidade de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise univariada, observamos que os fatores associados &#224; anormalidade de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foram a idade (OR: 1,04, IC 95%: 1,04-1,05, p &lt;0,001), sexo feminino (OR: 1,18, IC 95%: 1,18-1,21, p &lt; 0,001), DM (OR: 1,96, IC 95%: 1,72-2,23, p &lt; 0,001), HAS (OR: 1,79, IC 95%: 1,53-2,10, p &lt; 0,001), dislipidemia (OR: 1,19, IC 95%: 1,04-1,34, p &lt; 0,008), presen&#231;a de angina t&#237;pica (OR: 1,96, IC 95%: 1,55-2,48, p &lt; 0,001) ou cansa&#231;o (OR: 1,29, IC 95%: 1,08-1,54, p = 0,004) antes do exame, menor dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em minutos durante o TE (OR: 0,81, IC 95%: 0,78-0,84, p &lt; 0,001) e menor FEVE m&#233;dia (OR: 0,996, IC 95%: 0,993-0,999, p &lt; 0,041).</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>), idade, presen&#231;a de angina t&#237;pica antes do exame, necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protocolo com estresse farmacol&#243;gico, menor esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico avaliado em METs, e menor FEVE ap&#243;s estresse associaram-se &#224; anormalidade de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores associados &#224; anormalidade de perfus&#227;o ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada em pacientes obesos (&#237;ndice de massa corporal &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica conhecida (n = 5526)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">OR (IC95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>n = 5526</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade; anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (1,01 - 1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">30 a 34,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">35 a 39,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 (0,73 - 1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 (0,68 - 1,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 (0,67 - 1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">1,57 (1,31 - 1,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21 (0,98 - 1,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14 (0,96 - 1,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sintomas antes do exame</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Assintom&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina at&#237;pica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21 (0,97 - 1,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina t&#237;pica</td>
                  <td align="center">2,45 (1,82 - 3,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cansa&#231;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,72 - 1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Protocolo do estresse; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">F&#237;sico</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">1,53 (1,18-1,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em METs</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89 (0,85-0,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>FEVE; n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE maior que 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE de 30 a 49%</td>
                  <td align="center">7,42 (5,3-10,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE menor que 30%</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2 (2,6-40,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal, DCI: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica; METs: equivalentes metab&#243;licos; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s estresse. Considerou-se o valor de p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo revela uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e outros fatores de risco cardiovascular. Sabemos que obesidade leva &#224; resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, HAS, dislipidemia, aumento de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, tromboembolismo e apneia do sono, conhecidos fatores de risco para DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A obesidade &#233; um importante fator na patog&#234;nese e progress&#227;o da DAC, havendo uma rela&#231;&#227;o quase linear entre IMC e risco de DAC a partir de um valor acima de 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Xingping et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> avaliaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e o valor progn&#243;stico da CPM-SPECT em 2096 obesos sem DAC conhecida (idade m&#233;dia de 62 &#177; 12 anos). Os autores observaram uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de DM, dislipidemias e HAS: 22%, 47% e 61%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Mais recentemente, os investigadores do The Southern Community Cohort Study examinaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e mortalidade tardia em adultos jovens. A popula&#231;&#227;o de obesos ao final do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento foi de 6276 indiv&#237;duos (idade m&#233;dia de 50 &#177; 7,8 anos). Nesse grupo, os autores tamb&#233;m observaram uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco associados: DM em 35,9%, dislipidemias em 38,8%, e HAS em 66,4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) acredita que o sobrepeso e a obesidade sejam respons&#225;veis por 44% do risco de desenvolvimento de DM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A <italic>International Diabetes Federation</italic> (IDF) estima uma preval&#234;ncia de DM no Brasil entre 10 a 12% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, totalizando mais de 14,5 milh&#245;es de diab&#233;ticos em nosso pa&#237;s. Al&#233;m disso, a IDF projeta um aumento de 60% nos novos casos de DM na Am&#233;rica Latina nos pr&#243;ximos 15 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo DIAD (<italic>Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics</italic>) avaliou se a detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica silenciosa poderia reduzir eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com diabetes assintom&#225;ticos. Um total de 1123 pacientes foram randomizados para serem submetidos, ou n&#227;o, &#224; CPM-SPECT. Ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de 4,8 anos, os autores n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; taxa de eventos entre os dois grupos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A presen&#231;a de DM implica em significativo aumento do risco cardiovascular, bem como maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos, incluindo o uso racional da medicina nuclear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um percentual significativo de nossos pacientes (55%) era assintom&#225;tico antes do exame, sendo que esse percentual foi maior entre os homens. A elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de obesos assintom&#225;ticos em nossa amostra pode ser justificada por v&#225;rios motivos: estratifica&#231;&#227;o de eventos futuros em pacientes considerados de alto risco cardiovascular, exames cardiol&#243;gicos pr&#233;vios alterados ou inconclusivos, pacientes encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, ou ainda, a presen&#231;a de certas anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas que limitam a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE (bloqueio do ramo esquerdo, ritmo de marcapasso artificial ou pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No cen&#225;rio da avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, a III Diretriz de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Perioperat&#243;ria da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sugere que as indica&#231;&#245;es da CPM-SPECT seriam semelhantes &#224;s do TE, isto &#233;, pacientes com estimativa de risco intermedi&#225;rio de complica&#231;&#245;es submetidos &#224; cirurgia vascular, mas sem condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares graves no perioperat&#243;rio. Ainda, a CPM-SPECT seria a melhor op&#231;&#227;o nos casos de limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, impossibilidade de interpreta&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma por altera&#231;&#227;o basal do segmento ST e naquelas situa&#231;&#245;es onde o resultado do TE foi possivelmente falso positivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A decis&#227;o de investigar a presen&#231;a de DCI em pacientes obesos deve ser semelhante &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, e se baseia principalmente na presen&#231;a de sintomas cl&#237;nicos, como dor tor&#225;cica e cansa&#231;o, e/ou a presen&#231;a de outros fatores de risco associados. A capacidade de se exercitar, e a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de um eletrocardiograma interpret&#225;vel, nos orientam em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; escolha do m&#233;todo de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Obesos s&#227;o mais propensos a serem testados para a presen&#231;a de DCI, pois apresentam mais comumente fatores de risco associados, cansa&#231;o, baixa capacidade funcional e limita&#231;&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um total de 35% de nossos pacientes utilizou protocolos de estresse farmacol&#243;gico, sendo que esse percentual foi maior entre as mulheres do que entre os homens (42,5% versus 27,3%). Nosso achado foi semelhante aos 38% encontrados no estudo de Xingping et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> mencionado anteriormente.</p>
        <p>Duvall et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> estudando o valor progn&#243;stico e diagn&#243;stico da CPM-SPECT em 433 obesos m&#243;rbidos, observaram que 77,4% dos pacientes utilizaram protocolos de estresse farmacol&#243;gico, revelando diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional de acordo com a progress&#227;o do IMC. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protocolos de estresse farmacol&#243;gico associa-se &#224; baixa capacidade funcional, limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas n&#227;o card&#237;acas, falta de motiva&#231;&#227;o para exercitar-se, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, doen&#231;as pulmonares, anormalidades no eletrocardiograma de repouso mencionadas acima, e a suspens&#227;o incorreta de certos medicamentos entes do exame (betabloqueadores, por exemplo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferen&#231;as demogr&#225;ficas por g&#234;nero, as mulheres foram a maioria em nossa amostra, e apresentaram um perfil de risco cardiovascular mais grave: eram mais velhas, tinham um IMC m&#233;dio mais elevado, e apresentavam maior preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco associados (DM, HAS e dislipidemias). As mulheres apresentaram percentualmente menores taxas de angina t&#237;pica quando comparadas aos homens, utilizaram mais comumente protocolos de estresse farmacol&#243;gico e desempenharam menor esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico durante o TE. O percentual de anormalidade perfusional na CPM-SPECT tamb&#233;m foi maior nas mulheres do que nos homens (27,8% versus 18,2%).</p>
        <p>Estudos demonstram que mulheres com diagn&#243;stico de DAC &#233; estabelecida em mulheres, elas tendem a ser mais velhas, apresentam doen&#231;a mais difusa, e um pior progn&#243;stico quando comparadas aos homens, incluindo uma maior mortalidade ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos eficazes, incluindo a medicina nuclear, &#233; fundamental para reduzir a morbimortalidade por DCI nesse grupo populacional espec&#237;fico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Em um trabalho realizado previamente em nosso grupo, Cerci et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> estudando 2250 mulheres, observaram uma forte e independente associa&#231;&#227;o entre CPM-SPECT anormal e mortalidade em mulheres do Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso pa&#237;s, dispomos de poucas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre fatores associados &#224; anormalidade de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes obesos. Nossos dados revelaram que a idade, DM, angina t&#237;pica antes do exame, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protocolos com estresse farmacol&#243;gico, menor intensidade do esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico realizado durante o TE e menor FEVE m&#233;dia ap&#243;s estresse foram os fatores associados &#224; anormalidade perfusional. Esses achados corroboram os resultados de estudos pr&#233;vios realizados com pacientes obesos e n&#227;o obesos, com ou sem antecedentes de DCI. Citando novamente o estudo de Xingping et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> os fatores preditivos de mortalidade card&#237;aca e CPM-SPECT anormal em 2096 obesos sem DAC conhecida foram a idade, DM, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protocolos com estresse farmacol&#243;gico e redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE. A maior capacidade de exercitar-se conferiu um menor risco de morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Korbee et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> demonstraram que a presen&#231;a de CPM-SPECT anormal, idade, DM e antecedentes de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca associaram-se com eventos cardiovasculares maiores e mortalidade em obesos num per&#237;odo de at&#233; seis anos de acompanhamento ap&#243;s o exame. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es j&#225; foram incorporadas por diretrizes m&#233;dicas que abordam as indica&#231;&#245;es apropriadas para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da cardiologia nuclear em pacientes com suspeita de DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os obesos s&#227;o um grupo de maior risco para o desenvolvimento de DAC; por outro lado, tais pacientes, principalmente aqueles portadores de obesidade grave, representam um desafio para todas as formas de exames complementares que utilizam imagens do cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A obesidade pode afetar a qualidade das imagens da CPM-SPECT, reduzindo a especificidade do m&#233;todo pela presen&#231;a de atenua&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica ou aumento da atividade extracard&#237;aca do radiotra&#231;ador. O emprego de doses maiores dos radiotra&#231;adores, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas de corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o, a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens pronas, entre outras estrat&#233;gias, podem reduzir o n&#250;mero de exames falso-positivos relacionados &#224; obesidade. O sexo masculino e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protocolo de estresse f&#237;sico, por meio do emprego do TE, associam-se a melhor qualidade das imagens em pacientes obesos submetidos &#224; CPM-SPECT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (PET) com rub&#237;dio-82 parece ser o m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de escolha para a avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica de obesos com suspeita de DAC. Estima-se que a sensibilidade e especificidade da PET com rub&#237;dio-82 e da CPM-SPECT sejam de 91% e 89% e, 87% e 73%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Chow et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> em um grande estudo multic&#234;ntrico, avaliaram o valor progn&#243;stico (risco de mortalidade total e card&#237;aca) em 6037 pacientes, sendo 2016 obesos. Ap&#243;s um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 2,2 anos, os autores conclu&#237;ram que a PET com rub&#237;dio-82 melhorou a estimativa progn&#243;stica dos pacientes em todas as faixas de peso. A presen&#231;a de uma PET normal associou-se a uma mortalidade anual muito baixa nos indiv&#237;duos com peso normal, sobrepeso ou obesidade: 0,38%, 0,43% e 0,15%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o tenhamos informa&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas provenientes de cineangiocoronariografia ou angiotomografia coronariana dos pacientes encaminhados para esses exames ap&#243;s a CPM-SPECT, acreditamos que os casos de CPM-SPECT anormal englobem um amplo espectro fisiopatol&#243;gico, incluindo casos falso-positivos pela presen&#231;a de artefatos, casos de DCI sem componente obstrutivo (associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ou fal&#234;ncia da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana) e, em sua maioria, casos com a presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Os dados de nosso estudo foram coletados de forma sistem&#225;tica, utilizando um question&#225;rio padr&#227;o aplicado por t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem, enfermeiras ou m&#233;dicos. Logo, algumas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o provenientes de autorrelatos dos pacientes.</p>
          <p>A maioria dos pacientes obesos n&#227;o foram submetidos a t&#233;cnicas de corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o, estrat&#233;gia que ajuda a diminuir o percentual de casos de CPM-SPECT anormal associados &#224; presen&#231;a de artefatos (exames falso-positivos).</p>
          <p>Nosso estudo baseou-se em vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas e detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia, logo, n&#227;o temos informa&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas provenientes de cineangiocoronariografia ou angiotomografia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias dos pacientes que foram referendados para esses m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos ap&#243;s o resultado da CPM-SPECT. Desta forma, n&#227;o temos como avaliar o percentual real de casos de falso-positivos ou de CPM-SPECT anormal associados &#224; DAC obstrutiva ou de outras formas de DCI decorrente de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ou fal&#234;ncia da microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os fatores associados &#224; perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anormal em pacientes obesos sem DCI conhecida, ap&#243;s ajuste para as vari&#225;veis relevantes (an&#225;lise multivariada), foram: idade (2% de aumento no risco para cada um ano a mais de idade), DM (57% de aumento no risco em pacientes portadores de DM), angina t&#237;pica (245% de aumento no risco em pacientes com angina t&#237;pica quando comparado aos assintom&#225;ticos), utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estresse farmacol&#243;gico durante o exame (61% de aumento no risco quando comparado ao estresse f&#237;sico por meio de TE), menor intensidade do esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico avaliado em METs (10% de redu&#231;&#227;o no risco para cada MET adicional realizado durante o TE) e FEVE ap&#243;s estresse (1% de redu&#231;&#227;o no risco para cada 1% a mais na FEVE).</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com nenhuma fonte de financiamento.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Tufi Dippe J&#250;nior pela Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UFPR sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3026. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
