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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WVJhGMDkDzVCjKw6q5h93Xg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000200119</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Physical Inactivity in Brazil and Sweden - Different Countries, Similar Problem</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>B&#246;rjesson</surname>
            <given-names>Mats</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">G&#246;teborg University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Center for Health and Performance</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Gothenburg</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="SE">Sweden</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departament of Neuroscience and Physiology, Center for Health and Performance, G&#246;teborg University &amp; Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Gothenburg - Sweden</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Stein</bold>, Jo&#227;o Caetano, 20/402. Postal Code 90470-260, Petr&#243;polis, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email>, <email>kuqui.r@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>119</fpage>
      <lpage>120</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Lifestyle</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Fitness</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Conditioning</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Physical inactivity is one of the major risk factors for noncommunicable disease, such as cardiovascular diseases, depression, breast and colon cancer, and type 2 diabetes. It is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> People who are insufficiently active have a 20% to 30% increased risk of death compared to active individuals. International recommendations on physical activity (PA) for the general population have been developed, including at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic exercise, preferably divided into 5 days per week for at least 30 minutes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Most scientists agree that physical inactivity has been increasing globally, but figures for fulfillment of PA recommendations vary between studies and countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The main reason for this is that in older studies, using self-reported activity, PA levels are overestimated. However, when PA measurements are validated by more objective methods, such as accelerometry,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> the number of sedentary individuals increases. In this regard, it is important to point out that current recommendations are built on self-reported PA.</p>
    <p>For example, in one study, 1 in 4 adults was not active enough, and more than 80% of the world's adolescent population was deemed insufficiently active. Interestingly, adolescent girls were less active than adolescent boys, with 84% vs. 78% not meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, only approximately 1/3 of adults and 1/5 of teenagers, fulfill the new Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, released in the 2018 American Heart Association meeting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Does Sweden and Brazil have the same problem?</title>
      <p>Low or decreasing PA levels often correspond with a high or rising gross national product. In high-income countries, 26% of men and 35% of women were insufficiently physically active, as compared to 12% of men and 24% of women in low-income countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> This drop is partly due to inactivity during leisure time and sedentary behavior at home or during work. Also, an increase in car, bus and train use has contributed to insufficient PA. Besides, fear of violence and crime in outdoor areas, pollution, high-density traffic, lack of parks, sidewalks and sports/recreation facilities discourage people from becoming more active.</p>
      <p>There is a known socioeconomic division regarding PA levels in Europe; the Eurobarometer (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ec.europa.eu/sport/news/2018/new-eurobarometer-sport-and-physicalactivity_en">https://ec.europa.eu/sport/news/2018/new-eurobarometer-sport-and-physicalactivity_en</ext-link>), a survey series based on self-reported activity levels and sports participation, shows that 91% of Swedes of all ages, but only 22% of Bulgarians report to exercise. Populations from highly industrialized countries from northern and western Europe tend to practice more exercise/sports activities, compared with southeastern European countries. This, somehow, illustrates the well-known socioeconomic difference, in which higher education is associated with more sitting time, but also more &#8220;gym-cards&#8221; and higher fitness, typical of northern Europe, in contrast with other European countries.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, since 2002, the rate of physical inactivity has grown more than 15% and data from 2016 indicate that more than 47% of Brazilians are sedentary.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Interestingly, in Sweden, the relationship between socioeconomic status and PA level can be seen within major cities. Populations living in low socioeconomic areas show more sitting, less PA level and less fitness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Thus, certain vulnerable populations, often outside the workforce, will have the worst PA patterns and be at high-risk population for an unhealthy future. Industrialized countries are already sitting much and are likely to be physically inactive in the future.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, sedentary time is expected to increase considerably in developing countries, such as India, which has remained active until now, but already showed a tendency of increasing sitting time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>What can we do?</title>
      <p>Although Brazil and Sweden present very different statistics, these countries share a similar problem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Methods to increase PA in the general population, but also in health care need to be developed and implemented, which has been seen in recent years . The healthcare system must face the growing problem of lifestyle-related disease, both in Brazil and in Sweden. The traditional and simple doctor-patient advice, to be more physically active, has been shown to have limited effect. A program with a more complex design is the Swedish PA on prescription (PAP) program, which was recently shown, in a systematic review,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> to increase PA level in inactive patients. This method uses individualized exercise prescription, using the reference book FYSS (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.fyss.se">www.fyss.se</ext-link>), which lists the optimal and most evidence-based exercise prescriptions for around 40 major diseases. In the program, exercise prescription is followed in healthcare services, as any other medical treatment offered to the patient. The Swedish FYSS book was recently translated to English and also into Vietnamese, as part of a national Vietnamese campaign to introduce Swedish PAP. The European community has now supported a project to spread the Swedish PAP to nine other European Union-countries in the next three years. Similar initiatives are needed in both Sweden and Brazil, to overcome the future challenge of physical inactivity and increasing lifestyle-related diseases.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Non-communicable diseases are very prevalent and their frequency increases with population aging. In this scenario, urgent action is needed. In Brazil the barriers have not been broken and the price to be paid due to physical inactivity will be even higher in the coming years. In this context, Brazilians should learn from the Swedes, who already gave the first steps, although they are also still far from what is considered ideal.</p>
      <p>High-quality research is needed to promote good long-term cardiorespiratory fitness in long term. In parallel, sustainable and feasible programs to decrease physical inactivity are needed aiming to reduce different types of non-communicable diseases and improve global health.</p>
      <p>Finally, the government, policy makers and research community need to help build societies in which the choice of being physically active is not only healthy, but also enjoyable, affordable and safe.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sedentarismo no Brasil e na Su&#233;cia - Diferentes Pa&#237;ses, Problema Semelhante</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>B&#246;rjesson</surname>
            <given-names>Mats</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departament of Neuroscience and Physiology, Center for Health and Performance, G&#246;teborg University &amp; Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Gotenburgo - Su&#233;cia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Stein,</bold> Jo&#227;o Caetano, 20/402. CEP 90470-260, Petr&#243;polis, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email>, <email>kuqui.r@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O sedentarismo &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, tais como doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, depress&#227;o, c&#226;ncer de mama e de c&#243;lon, e diabetes tipo 2. &#201; a quarta principal causa de mortes no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Indiv&#237;duos pouco ativos apresentam um risco de 20% a 30% maior de morte em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos fisicamente ativos. Foram desenvolvidas recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais quanto &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica (AF), incluindo um m&#237;nimo de 150 minutos de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico de intensidade moderada, preferencialmente dividida em 5 dias por semana por no m&#237;nimo 30 minutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Apesar de a maioria dos pesquisadores concordarem que o sedentarismo esteja aumentando em todo o mundo, o cumprimento ou n&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre a pr&#225;tica da AF &#233; vari&#225;vel entre estudos e entre pa&#237;ses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A principal raz&#227;o para esse fato &#233; que em estudos mais antigos, o n&#237;vel de AF era relatado pelo pr&#243;prio indiv&#237;duo, o que levava &#224; sua superestima&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, quando a medida de AF &#233; validada por m&#233;todos mais objetivos, tais como a acelerometria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios aumenta. Vale ressaltar, no entanto, que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais s&#227;o elaboradas com base no n&#237;vel de AF relatado pelo indiv&#237;duo.</p>
      <p>Por exemplo, em um estudo, um em cada quatro indiv&#237;duos adultos n&#227;o era fisicamente ativo o suficiente, e mais de 80% dos adolescentes em todo o mundo foi considerado insuficientemente ativo. Um dado interessante foi que adolescentes do sexo feminino eram menos ativas que os do sexo masculino, sendo que 84% vs. 78% n&#227;o atingiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>De acordo com o Departamento de Sa&#250;de e Servi&#231;os Humanos dos Estados Unidos (<italic>US Department of Health and Human Services</italic>), somente cerca de um ter&#231;o dos adultos e um quinto dos adolescentes seguem as novas diretrizes de AF para a popula&#231;&#227;o americana, divulgada durante a confer&#234;ncia da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> de 2018.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>A Su&#233;cia e o Brasil apresentam o mesmo problema?</title>
        <p>N&#237;veis baixos ou decrescentes de AF normalmente correspondem a um produto interno bruto elevado ou em crescimento. Nos pa&#237;ses ricos, 26% dos homens e 35% das mulheres eram insuficientemente ativos, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 12% dos homens e 24% das mulheres em pa&#237;ses de baixa renda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Essa diferen&#231;a deve-se, em parte, &#224; falta de AF nos hor&#225;rios de lazer e comportamentos sedent&#225;rios em casa e no trabalho. O uso aumentado de carros, &#244;nibus e trens contribui para o sedentarismo e, ainda, o medo da viol&#234;ncia, a polui&#231;&#227;o, o tr&#225;fego intenso, e a falta de estacionamentos, cal&#231;adas e infraestrutura para esportes e recrea&#231;&#227;o desmotivam as pessoas a serem mais ativas fisicamente.</p>
        <p>Existe uma divis&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de AF na Europa; o Eurobar&#244;metro (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ec.europa.eu/sport/news/2018/new-eurobarometer-sport-andphysicalactivity_en">https://ec.europa.eu/sport/news/2018/new-eurobarometer-sport-andphysicalactivity_en</ext-link>), uma s&#233;rie de pesquisas que se baseiam em n&#237;veis de AF e de pr&#225;tica de esportes relatados, mostra que 91% dos suecos de todas as idades, e apenas 22% dos b&#250;lgaros reportam fazer exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Popula&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses industrializados do norte e oeste da Europa tendem a praticar mais exerc&#237;cios e atividades esportivas em compara&#231;&#227;o a de pa&#237;ses do sudeste europeu. Tal fato, de certa forma, ilustra a conhecida diferen&#231;a socioecon&#244;mica, em que um maior n&#237;vel educacional est&#225; associado com mais tempo sentado, mas tamb&#233;m com maior assiduidade em academias e melhor condicionamento f&#237;sico, t&#237;pico do norte europeu, em contraste com outros pa&#237;ses daquele continente.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, desde 2002, a taxa de sedentarismo aumentou mais de 15%, e dados de 2016 indicam que mais de 47% dos brasileiros s&#227;o sedent&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Um dado interessante &#233; que, na Su&#233;cia, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o status socioecon&#244;mico e o n&#237;vel de AF pode ser observada nas principais cidades. Popula&#231;&#245;es vivendo em &#225;reas mais pobres apresentam mais tempo sentadas, menor n&#237;vel de AF e menor condicionamento f&#237;sico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Assim, algumas popula&#231;&#245;es mais vulner&#225;veis, muitas vezes fora da for&#231;a de trabalho, ter&#227;o os piores padr&#245;es de AF e estar&#227;o em grande risco de n&#227;o serem saud&#225;veis no futuro. Popula&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses industrializados j&#225; passam muito tempo sentadas e s&#227;o propensas a serem sedent&#225;rias no futuro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, espera-se que o tempo de sedentarismo aumente consideravelmente em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, tais como a &#205;ndia, a qual permaneceu fisicamente ativa at&#233; hoje, mas que j&#225; mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia de apresentar aumento no tempo sentado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O que podemos fazer?</title>
        <p>Apesar de o Brasil e a Su&#233;cia apresentarem estat&#237;sticas muito diferentes, esses pa&#237;ses t&#234;m um problema similar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> &#201; necess&#225;rio desenvolver e implementar m&#233;todos para aumentar a AF na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, o que tem sido realizado nos &#250;ltimos anos. O sistema de sa&#250;de precisa encarar o problema crescente das doen&#231;as relacionadas ao estilo de vida, tanto no Brasil quanto na Su&#233;cia. O tradicional e simples aconselhamento de m&#233;dico para paciente, orientando-o a ser mais ativo fisicamente, tem mostrado efeito limitado. Um programa com delineamento mais complexo &#233; o programa sueco de prescri&#231;&#227;o de AF, o <italic>Physical Activity on Prescription (PAP)</italic>. Uma recente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> mostrou que o PAP aumentou o n&#237;vel de AF em pacientes sedent&#225;rios. O programa consiste na prescri&#231;&#227;o individualizada de exerc&#237;cio, usando o livro FYSS (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.fyss.se">www.fyss.se</ext-link>) como refer&#234;ncia, o qual descreve as melhores prescri&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio, baseadas em evid&#234;ncia, para cerca de 40 doen&#231;as. No programa, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio &#233; seguida nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, assim como qualquer outro tratamento m&#233;dico oferecido ao paciente. O livro sueco FYSS foi recentemente traduzido para ingl&#234;s e vietnamita, como parte de uma campanha nacional vietnamita para implementar o PAP. A comunidade europeia apoia um projeto para expandir o PAP sueco para nove pa&#237;ses da Uni&#227;o Europeia nos pr&#243;ximos tr&#234;s anos. Iniciativas similares s&#227;o necess&#225;rias no Brasil e na Su&#233;cia, para superar o desafio futuro do sedentarismo e aumento de doen&#231;as relacionadas ao estilo de vida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis s&#227;o muito prevalentes e sua frequ&#234;ncia aumenta com o envelhecimento populacional. Nesse cen&#225;rio, uma a&#231;&#227;o urgente &#233; necess&#225;ria. No Brasil, as barreiras ainda n&#227;o foram quebradas e o pre&#231;o do sedentarismo a se pagar ser&#225; ainda maior nos pr&#243;ximos anos. Nesse contexto, os brasileiros deveriam aprender com os suecos, que j&#225; deram os primeiros passos, apesar de ainda estarem longe do ideal.</p>
        <p>Pesquisa de alta qualidade &#233; necess&#225;ria para promover bom condicionamento cardiorrespirat&#243;rio em longo prazo. Paralelamente, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios programas sustent&#225;veis e vi&#225;veis para reduzir os &#237;ndices de sedentarismo, objetivando assim diminuir a incid&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis e melhorar a sa&#250;de global.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, o governo, os representantes pol&#237;ticos e a comunidade cient&#237;fica precisam ajudar a construir sociedades em que a escolha de ser fisicamente ativo n&#227;o seja apenas saud&#225;vel, mas tamb&#233;m agrad&#225;vel, acess&#237;vel e segura.</p>
      </sec>
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