<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kFJtgqnfNDVzPS5WhfvM68q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000100076</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180246</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prenatal Stress: Molecular Mechanisms and Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4829-9606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cezar</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Diarcadia Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Janini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damatto</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Itapeva</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva (FAIT), Itapeva, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Botucatu</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Marcelo Diarcadia Mariano Cezar, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva (FAIT) - Rodovia Francisco Alves Negr&#227;o, km 285. Postal Code 18412-000, Pil&#227;o D'&#225;gua, Itapeva, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>marcelocezar@fait.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>76</fpage>
      <lpage>77</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Stress, Psychological</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Concern of the researchers in finding the causes of cardiovascular disorders is evident. Recently, scientists are focusing in intrauterine environment investigations in order to seek early causes of these diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Studies indicates that prenatal stress increases risk of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Among the risks, susceptibility to adult hypertension is a concern, and the sympathetic nervous system is one of the targets of interest, specifically the activity of beta-adrenergic receptors, which has subtype &#946;1 cardiac predominance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> These receptors modulates cardiac changes and may lead to ventricular dysfunction as well as severe conditions of heart failure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> which increases mortality risk as showed in hypertensive rats studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Another factor associated with the occurrence of heart failure is monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). This enzyme has its activity increased in hypertension and is responsible for the degradation of catecholamine, which increases the reactive oxygen species generation leading to cardiotoxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Therefore, it is extremely important target the causes to prevent or attenuate the of alterations resulting from cardiovascular diseases.</p>
    <p>Jevjdovic et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> developed a study in order to investigate region-specific gene expression of adrenergic receptors subtypes (ADRB1, ADRB2 e ADRB3) and of the MAO-A in the female and male offspring myocardium. The mentioned study is one of the few studies that evaluated the difference between gender and regions of left ventricle (apex and base).</p>
    <p>The authors highlighted that the occurrence of a stressful situation increased the plasmatic level of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which characterizes maternal stress. However, prenatal stress did not cause changes in the gestational period on the evaluated parameters, such as maternal weight gain, water and food consumption, blood glucose, litter size, neonatal weight and offspring weight gain, with the latter as one of the main risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases in adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Adrenergic receptors evaluation has elucidated a decrease of ADRB1 expression in the left ventricle apical region in female offspring. The reduction of ADRB1 apical expression is characteristic of cardiac diseases. ADRB3 expression was undetectable in rats left ventricle. In addition, the authors did not found significant modifications in mRNA level of MAO-A in female or male prenatal heart. This was the very first study that reported gene expression level of the &#946; adrenergic receptor in different regions of rats left ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Jevjdovic et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> showed very relevant data regarding sex-related effects of prenatal stress on region-specific expression in heart rats. The results of gene expression suggests that prenatal stress may lead to cardiovascular diseases. However, protein expression evaluation would be important to corroborate and consolidate the statements of the mentioned article.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estresse Pr&#233;-Natal: Mecanismos Moleculares e Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4829-9606</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cezar</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Diarcadia Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Janini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damatto</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva (FAIT), Itapeva, SP - Brasil1</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil2</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcelo Diarcadia Mariano Cezar, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e Agr&#225;rias de Itapeva (FAIT) - Rodovia Francisco Alves Negr&#227;o, km 285. CEP 18412-000, Pil&#227;o D'&#225;gua, Itapeva, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>marcelocezar@fait.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Estresse Psicol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
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      <p>A preocupa&#231;&#227;o dos pesquisadores em encontrar as causas dos dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares &#233; evidente. Recentemente, cientistas est&#227;o se concentrando em investiga&#231;&#245;es no ambiente intrauterino para buscar causas precoces dessas doen&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estudos indicam que o estresse pr&#233;-natal aumenta o risco das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na idade adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Dentre os riscos, a suscetibilidade &#224; hipertens&#227;o no adulto &#233; preocupante, e o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico &#233; um dos alvos de interesse, especificamente a atividade dos receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos, que tem o subtipo &#946;1 de predom&#237;nio card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Esses receptores modulam as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e podem levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, bem como a condi&#231;&#245;es graves de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> o que aumenta o risco de mortalidade, como demonstrado em estudos com ratos hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
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      <p>Outro fator associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; a monoamina oxidase A (MAO-A). Essa enzima tem sua atividade aumentada na hipertens&#227;o e &#233; respons&#225;vel pela degrada&#231;&#227;o da catecolamina, o que aumenta a gera&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, levando &#224; cardiotoxicidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Portanto, &#233; extremamente importante direcionar as causas para prevenir ou atenuar as altera&#231;&#245;es decorrentes das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Jevjdovic et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> desenvolveram um estudo com o objetivo de investigar a express&#227;o g&#234;nica espec&#237;fica da regi&#227;o dos subtipos de receptores adren&#233;rgicos (ADRB1, ADRB2 e ADRB3) e da MAO-A no mioc&#225;rdio de descendentes do sexo feminino e masculino. O referido estudo &#233; um dos poucos estudos que avaliaram a diferen&#231;a entre sexo e regi&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (&#225;pex e base).</p>
      <p>Os autores destacaram que a ocorr&#234;ncia de uma situa&#231;&#227;o estressora aumentou o n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico do horm&#244;nio adrenocorticotr&#243;fico (ACTH), que caracteriza o estresse materno. No entanto, o estresse pr&#233;-natal n&#227;o causou altera&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo gestacional nos par&#226;metros avaliados, como ganho de peso materno, consumo de &#225;gua e alimentos, glicemia, tamanho da ninhada, peso neonatal e ganho de peso dos filhotes, sendo este &#250;ltimo um dos principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
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      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos esclareceu a diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de ADRB1 na regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em filhotes. A redu&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o apical de ADRB1 &#233; caracter&#237;stica das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. A express&#227;o de ADRB3 foi indetect&#225;vel no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de ratos. Al&#233;m disso, os autores n&#227;o encontraram modifica&#231;&#245;es significativas no n&#237;vel de mRNA da MAO-A no cora&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal f&#234;meo ou macho. Este foi o primeiro estudo que relatou o n&#237;vel de express&#227;o g&#234;nica do receptor &#946; adren&#233;rgico em diferentes regi&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
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      <p>Jevjdovic et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> mostraram dados muito relevantes sobre os efeitos do estresse pr&#233;-natal relacionados ao sexo na express&#227;o espec&#237;fica de regi&#227;o em ratos card&#237;acos. Os resultados da express&#227;o g&#234;nica sugerem que o estresse pr&#233;-natal pode levar a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Entretanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o proteica seria importante para corroborar e consolidar as afirma&#231;&#245;es do artigo citado.</p>
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