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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">H9kjqKsR8NNvYkCXdGzZTSJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000100067</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005018102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sex-Related Effects of Prenatal Stress on Region-Specific Expression of Monoamine Oxidase A and &#946; Adrenergic Receptors in Rat Hearts</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jevdjovic</surname>
            <given-names>Tanja</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dakic</surname>
            <given-names>Tamara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kopanja</surname>
            <given-names>Sonja</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lakic</surname>
            <given-names>Iva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vujovic</surname>
            <given-names>Predrag</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jasnic</surname>
            <given-names>Nebojsa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Djordjevic</surname>
            <given-names>Jelena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Belgrade</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Biology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belgrado</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="RS">S&#233;rvia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculty of Biology - University of Belgrade, Belgrado - S&#233;rvia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Medical University of Vienna</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Viena</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AT">&#193;ustria</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine - Medical University of Vienna, Viena - &#193;ustria</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tanja Jevjdovic</bold>, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade - S&#233;rvia. E-mail: <email>tanja.jevdjovic@bio.bg.ac.rs</email>, <email>tanja.jevdjovic@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript: Jevjdovic T; acquisition of data: Dakic T, Kopanja S; analysis and interpretation of the data: Jevjdovic T, Dakic T, Kopanja S, Lakic I, Vujovic P; o btaining financing: Djordjevic J; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lakic I, Vujovic P, Jasnic N, Djordjevic J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>67</fpage>
      <lpage>75</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Prenatal stress may increase risk of developing cardiovascular disorders in adulthood. The cardiotoxic effects of catecholamines are mediated via prolonged adrenergic receptor stimulation and increased oxidative stress upon their degradation by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We investigated long-term effects of prenatal stress on &#946; (1, 2, 3) adrenergic receptors and MAO-A gene expression in the hearts of adult rat offspring.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Pregnant rats were exposed to unpredictable mild stress during the third week of gestation. RNA was isolated from left ventricular apex and base of adult offspring. Quantitative PCR was used to measure gene expression in collected ventricular tissue samples. The level of significance was set to p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>&#946;3 adrenergic receptor mRNA was undetectable in rat left ventricle. &#946;1 adrenergic receptor was the predominantly expressed subtype at the apical and basal left ventricular myocardium in the control females. Male offspring from unstressed mothers displayed higher apical cardiac &#946;1 than &#946;2 adrenergic receptor mRNA levels. However, &#946;1 and &#946;2 adrenergic receptor mRNAs were similarly expressed at the ventricular basal myocardium in males. Unlike males, prenatally stressed females exhibited decreased &#946;1 adrenergic receptor mRNA expression at the apical myocardium. Prenatal stress did not affect cardiac MAO-A gene expression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Collectively, our results show that prenatal stress may have exerted region- and sex-specific &#946;1 and &#946;2 adrenergic receptor expression patterns within the left ventricle.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pregnancy</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress, Physiological</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart</kwd>
        <kwd>Catecholamines</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Sex</kwd>
        <kwd>Female</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Adrenergic beta1 beta2 Receptor Antagonists</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia</funding-source>
          <award-id>173023</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by The Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (grant number: 173023).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Emerging data from epidemiological and experimental studies have pointed out that disturbed intrauterine environment is related to the increased risk of developing pathologies later in life. Increased susceptibility to adult hypertension has been observed in offspring prenatally exposed to unbalanced maternal nutrition,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> synthetic glucocorticoids,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> or maternal stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> It has long been recognized that exposure to prenatal stress results in enhanced hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The hallmark of cardiovascular disorders is dysregulated SNS activity. Hence, it is not surprising that the key pharmaceutical targets in the management of these disorders are mostly modulators of adrenergic receptor activity. Cardiotoxic effects of catecholamines are mainly mediated via persistent or acute over-stimulation of &#946; adrenergic receptors (ADRB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A healthy human heart expresses three ADRB subtypes, with ADRB1 being the most and ADRB3 the least abundant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Downregulation in the ADRB1 subpopulation is one of the molecular features of cardiac pathologies, such as human heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Furthermore, animal transgenic studies demonstrated that early effects of ADRB2 overexpression led to increased cardiac contractility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> However, later in life these transgenic animals developed ventricular dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Furthermore, another myocardial pathological condition triggered by high circulating catecholamines is defined by a region-specific, mostly apical, contractile dysfunction within the left ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Additionally, cardiotoxicity may result from the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS) upon catecholamine degradation by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) in the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Cardiac MAO-A expression and activity is increased in different animal models of heart failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and aging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Epidemiological studies showed that female and male patients suffering from cardiovascular disease exhibit differential responsiveness to diverse recommended treatments,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> emphasizing the necessity to include both sexes in cardiovascular research.</p>
      <p>In order to better understand molecular mechanisms by which prenatal stress may potentially contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood, the present study was designed to investigate region-specific gene expression of adrenergic receptor subtypes (ADRB1, ADRB2 and ADRB3) and MAO-A in the left ventricular myocardium of female and male offspring.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Three-month-old virgin female Wistar rats (266 &#177; 11.9 g) were housed with free access to food and water under constant light-dark cycle (12 h) in temperature-controlled conditions (22 &#177; 1&#176;C) in the animal facility of the Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade. Sample size was determined by convenience, and each of six pairs of female rats was caged with a sexually experienced male during a whole oestrus cycle. Day 0 of pregnancy was marked by appearance of sperm in vaginal smear. One female remained non-pregnant. To avoid selection bias, pregnant females who were mated with the same male were randomly assigned to control (n = 5) or stressed (n = 6) group and housed individually. All procedures were conducted according to the rules for animal care proposed by the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA), and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prenatal stress protocol</title>
        <p>During the third week of gestation (gestational day 13-20, GD13-GD20) pregnant rats were exposed to a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) protocol that included random and intermittent exposure to a variety of stressors. Detailed CUMS protocol is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Briefly, animals were exposed to the following stressors in random order twice a day for 1 h or overnight: damp bedding, restraint in a Plexiglas(r) tube, cold room (4&#176;C), cage displacement and noise, overnight illumination, and cage tilt. Control mothers were left undisturbed for the duration of their pregnancies with the exception of general handling. During the entire pregnancy, water and food intake were recorded.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Stress regime</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">10:00-11:00</th>
                <th align="center">14:00-15:00</th>
                <th align="center">18:00-08:00</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GD14</td>
                <td align="center">Restraint</td>
                <td align="center">Damp bedding</td>
                <td align="center">Cage tilt</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GD15</td>
                <td align="center">Cold room (4&#186;C)</td>
                <td align="center">Displacement and noise</td>
                <td align="center">Continuous illumination</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GD16</td>
                <td align="center">Damp bedding</td>
                <td align="center">Restraint</td>
                <td align="center">Cage tilt</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GD17</td>
                <td align="center">Displacement and noise</td>
                <td align="center">Cold room (4&#186;C)</td>
                <td align="center">Continuous illumination</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GD18</td>
                <td align="center">Restraint</td>
                <td align="center">Damp bedding</td>
                <td align="center">Cage tilt</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GD19</td>
                <td align="center">Cold room (4&#186;C)</td>
                <td align="center">Displacement and noise</td>
                <td align="center">Continuous illumination</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GD20</td>
                <td align="center">Damp bedding</td>
                <td align="center">Restraint</td>
                <td align="center">Cage tilt</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>* GD: gestational day.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical assays</title>
        <p>Before first and after last exposure to the stressor, blood was collected from dam's tail vein in EDTA-containing tubes. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plasma levels were measured with a CLIA kit and glucose levels were measured with an Exac-tech glucose analyzer using Dextrostix reagent strips, both according to the manufacturers' instructions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Litters</title>
        <p>At birth pups were counted and weighed, and litters were adjusted to eight pups with an equal number of males and females to avoid effects of litter size and litter sex-distribution on development. All pups were raised by their biological mothers. The offspring were weaned at 28 days, separated by gender and housed in groups of two per cage, according to the experimental group (C- offspring from unstressed mothers, PS- offspring from stressed mothers). Offspring's body weight and water and food consumption were recorded during both pre- and post-weaning periods. The offspring were sacrificed by decapitation at two months of age. To avoid oestrus cycle dependent fluctuations, female offspring were sacrificed in dioestrus, as confirmed by vaginal smears.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>RNA isolation</title>
        <p>Total RNA from the basal and apical portions of the left ventricles was isolated using TRI Reagent (Sigma, Germany) according to manufacturer instructions. Total RNA concentrations were quantified by absorbance measurements at 260 and 280 nm using a spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 2000, Pharmacia Biotech, USA) according to manufacturer instructions. RNA quality was analyzed on 1.5% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide and visualized by UV transillumination (ChemiDoc-It imager, UVP, Germany).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>cDNA synthesis and quantitative real-time PCR</title>
        <p>RNA samples (2 &#181;g) were subjected to DNase I treatment, using rDNase I, according to manufacturer protocol (DNA-free kit, Ambion, USA). Ready-to-go You-Prime First-Strand beads transcription kit (GE Healthcare, USA) was used to generate cDNA for subsequent quantitative real-time PCR. Samples without reverse transcriptase were used to control for possible contamination of gDNA. All reactions were carried out in duplicate, using 1x TaqMan Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) and 1x TaqMan expression assays for each gene (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>: Adrb1, Adrb2, Adrb3, MaoA, ActB), with 2 &#181;g of cDNA template in a total volume of 20 &#181;l.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>TaqMan expression assays</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Gene</th>
                <th align="center">TaqMan assay ID</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta 1 adrenergic receptor (<italic>Adrb1</italic>)</td>
                <td align="center">Rn00824536_s1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta 2 adrenergic receptor (<italic>Adrb2</italic>)</td>
                <td align="center">Rn00560650_s1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta 3 adrenergic receptor (<italic>Adrb3</italic>)</td>
                <td align="center">Rn01478698_g1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Monoamine oxidase A (<italic>Maoa</italic>)</td>
                <td align="center">Rn01430955_A1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-actin (<italic>Actb</italic>)</td>
                <td align="center">Rn01412977_g1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Real-time PCR reactions were performed on an Applied Biosystem 7900 Real-Time PCR System with standard PCR conditions (50&#176;C for 2 min; 95&#176;C for 10 min; 95&#176;C for 15 s, and 60&#176;C for 1 min for 40 cycles). The relative gene expression levels were determined by comparative 2&#710;(- &#916;&#916;C<sub>T</sub>) quantification method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> using beta-actin as the reference gene.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism Software-version 6.01 (San Diego, USA). Parameters measured in mothers and offspring were expressed as means &#177; standard deviation (SD). Data were analyzed by unpaired Student's t-test, unless otherwise indicated. Offspring data obtained by real-time PCR analysis were expressed as median with interquartile range. Two-way ANOVA analysis with Bonferroni's multiple comparison test was used to examine the effect of prenatal stress and pregnancy on maternal serum ACTH levels as well as the effects of prenatal stress on ADRB genes expression patterns in examined regions of offspring's left ventricle. The statistical significance of differences among the real-time PCR data obtained from experimental groups was evaluated by nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test. The level of significance was set to p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of CUMS on maternal and offspring parameters</title>
        <p>In order to determine whether the stress protocol applied activated HPA axis in pregnant females, maternal plasma ACTH levels were evaluated. Prior to the start of the stress protocol (GD13), maternal plasma ACTH levels were not significantly different between experimental groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Following random and intermittent exposure of the pregnant female rats to a variety of stressors during the third week of gestation (GD13-21), maternal plasma ACTH levels increased compared to control pregnant females (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, p &lt; 0.001, 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's multiple comparison test). Additionally, in the group of stressed mothers, following exposure to diverse stressors, plasma ACTH levels increased compared to GD13 suggesting that HPA axis was activated in this experimental group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>, p &lt; 0.001, 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's multiple comparison test).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Maternal plasma ACTH concentrations before (GD13) and following (GD21) exposure to CUMS during pregnancy. Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD, control group (open bars, n =5), stressed group (black bars, n = 6). In the stressed group on GD21 two samples were excluded due to hemolysis. ***p &lt; 0.001, 2-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's multiple comparison test</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0067-90001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>CUMS did not affect maternal weight gain during the last week of pregnancy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>) or water and food intake throughout pregnancy (data not shown). Maternal blood glucose levels were similar in both experimental groups before and after application of the CUMS protocol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). There was no effect of prenatal stress on litter size or offspring sex ratio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Maternal stress during the last week of pregnancy did not affect offspring birth weight or weight gain during either pre- or post-weaning periods (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Maternal weight before treatment, maternal weight gain during last week of pregnancy (GD13-GD21), gestation length, maternal blood glucose level before and after stress exposure, litter size, and sex ratio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Control (n = 5)</th>
                <th align="center">Stressed (n = 5)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maternal weight before treatment (g)</td>
                <td align="center">347 &#177; 37.3</td>
                <td align="center">337 &#177; 40.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.6646</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maternal weight gain (g)</td>
                <td align="center">62.5 &#177; 4.43</td>
                <td align="center">50.5 &#177; 11.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.0872</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gestation length (days)</td>
                <td align="center">22.0 &#177; 0.71</td>
                <td align="center">22.2 &#177; 0.41</td>
                <td align="center">0.6355</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Blood glucose levels (mM) before stress (GD13)</td>
                <td align="center">5.44 &#177; 0.21</td>
                <td align="center">5.55 &#177; 1.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.8162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Blood glucose levels (mM) after stress (GD21)</td>
                <td align="center">5.30 &#177; 0.42</td>
                <td align="center">5.63 &#177; 0.69</td>
                <td align="center">0.3737</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Litter size</td>
                <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 2.77</td>
                <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 2.32</td>
                <td align="center">0.6891</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sex ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.38 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">1.18 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.3805</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>GD13: gestational day 13; GD21: gestational day 21; Data are expressed as means &#177; standard deviation (SD).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Offspring weight at birth, postnatal day 28 (PND28) and 60 (PND60)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">C</th>
                <th align="center">PS</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Birth weight (g)</td>
                <td align="center">Group</td>
                <td align="center">6.67 &#177; 0.904</td>
                <td align="center">6.39 &#177; 0.685</td>
                <td align="center">0.1562</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Weight at PND28 (g)</td>
                <td align="center">Group</td>
                <td align="center">94.5 &#177; 11.4</td>
                <td align="center">96.9 &#177; 13.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.6360</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Male</td>
                <td align="center">96.8 &#177; 12.3</td>
                <td align="center">94.5 &#177; 10.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.7286</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="center">Female</td>
                <td align="center">92.2 &#177; 11.1</td>
                <td align="center">99.3 &#177; 16.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.3924</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Weight at PND60 (g)</td>
                <td align="center">Group</td>
                <td align="center">316 &#177; 50.9</td>
                <td align="center">317 &#177; 70.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.9790</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Male</td>
                <td align="center">355 &#177; 29.7</td>
                <td align="center">377 &#177; 42.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.3354</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Female</td>
                <td align="center">277 &#177; 33.6</td>
                <td align="center">257 &#177; 21.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.2454</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>C: offspring from unstressed mothers; PS: offspring from stressed mothers; PND28: postnatal day 28; PND60: postnatal day 60; Number of animals (n): n = 5-8 per group. Data are expressed as means &#177; standard deviation (SD).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of prenatal stress on regional ADRB subtype gene expression in left ventricle of female and male</title>
        <p>Using quantitative PCR analysis, relative mRNA levels of ADRB1, ADRB2, and ADRB3 were examined at the apical and the basal region of left ventricle harvested from control (C) and prenatally stressed (PS) adult female and male offspring.</p>
        <p>ADRB3 mRNA was undetectable at the examined regions of the left ventricle in male and female offspring.</p>
        <p>We detected higher ADRB1 mRNA expression at the apex and the base of left ventricle from control female offspring, in comparison to ADRB2 mRNA levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2C</xref>, approx. ADRB1:ADRB2 = 73%:23%, p &lt; 0.01). Decreased apical ADRB1 mRNA levels were detected in PS females compared to control animals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>, p = 0.048). Additionally, in PS females, we observed a trend of increase in apical ADRB2 mRNA levels compared with control. Since these changes resulted in the loss of differential ADRB subtype expression levels at the apical myocardium of PS females, two-way ANOVA analysis was performed. ANOVA test revealed significant interaction between prenatal treatment and receptor subtype expression levels (F(1,20) = 6.817, p = 0.0167). Altogether, these results indicate that prenatal stress differently affected ADRB1 and ADRB2 at the apical myocardium of female animals. Furthermore, we observed a trend of decrease in basal ADRB1 mRNA levels of PS females compared with control (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2C</xref> p = 0.3434), such that basal myocardium of PS females did not display differential ADRB1 and ADRB2 mRNA expression pattern compared with control animals. One cannot exclude the effect of limited sample size to detect significant differences in ADRB gene expression between control and PS groups. Further research will be necessary to obtain a more detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms resulting in altered gene expression pattern of basal cardiac adrenergic receptors of PS females.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of prenatal stress on expression of beta 1 (ADRB1) and beta 2 (ADRB2) adrenergic receptors mRNA at the apex and base of the left ventricle in the offspring (LV). Results are presented for female (A and C) and male (B and D) offspring from unstressed (control-C) and stressed mothers (prenatal stress-PS). Data are expressed as median with interquartile range (number of animals per group, n = 5-8 per group). *p &lt; 0.05; **p &lt; 0.01, Mann-Whitney U-test</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0067-90001-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Male offspring from unstressed mothers, similar to female offspring, displayed higher ADRB1 than ADRB2 mRNA levels at the apex of left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>, p = 0.0087). However, differently from female offspring, prenatal stress did not affect the predominant apical ADRB1 mRNA expression pattern of left ventricle in male offspring (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>). On the other hand, we detected similar ADRB1 and ADRB2 mRNA expression levels at the base of the left ventricle in control and PS male offspring (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2D</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of prenatal stress on regional MAO-A gene expression in left ventricle of female and male offspring</title>
        <p>Prenatal stress did not significantly affect MAO-A mRNA expression at either apical or basal region of left ventricle in female and male offspring (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Based on our results we observed a trend toward higher relative expression of MAO-A at the basal myocardium compared to the apical region of the left ventricle in male offspring (approximately 35-fold in control and 17.5-fold in PS animals, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">D</xref>). Additionally, basal cardiac MAO-A demonstrated a trend toward higher expression in males than in females (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">D</xref>, approximately, 4.7-fold between control groups and 5.1-fold between PS groups).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of prenatal stress on monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) mRNA at the apex and base of the left ventricle (LV) in the offspring. Results are presented for female (A and C) and male (B and D) offspring from unstressed (control-C) and stressed mothers (prenatal stress-PS). Data are expressed as median with interquartile range (number of animals per group, n = 5-8).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0067-90001-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> It has been shown that various disturbances of fetal development may contribute to development of cardiovascular disorders in adulthood. Offspring from stressed mothers or mothers undergoing glucocorticoid therapy during pregnancy display various neuroendocrine and behavioral alterations during adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study examined expression of ADRB subtypes and MAO-A in different regions of the left ventricle in the offspring of both sexes prenatally exposed to maternal stress.</p>
      <p>We applied stress protocol to pregnant rat females that could potentially mimic everyday life stress that pregnant females are exposed to. Our stress protocol involved chronic exposure to various mild stressors which prevents habituation, which can be observed after repeated exposure to the same stressor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Plasma ACTH level was increased in stressed mothers compared to pregnant unstressed rats, which indicated that HPA axis activity of pregnant females was increased by the CUMS protocol, which is consistent with previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> We did not observe any significant difference in metabolic parameters such as maternal weight gain during pregnancy, water and food consumption, or blood glucose level between stressed and unstressed mothers. Nor did maternal stress during the last week of pregnancy affect litter size or birth weight. Taken together, these results imply that our model of CUMS was potent enough to induce a stress response in pregnant rats but did not affect offspring weight, which is known to be one of the risk factors for development of adult cardiovascular disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report relative gene expression levels of beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes in two different regions within rat left ventricle. Our results show that ADRB1 is the predominantly expressed subtype of the cardiac ADRB population at apical and basal myocardium of left ventricle in female rat offspring from unstressed mothers. We also detected higher expression of ADRB1 compared to ADRB2 mRNA levels at the apical ventricular region in the control male offspring. Indeed, several human and other animal studies have demonstrated higher ADRB1 than ADRB2 density in left ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> However, our results are not in accordance with the findings reported by Paur et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> who used radioligand binding-displacement assays. They demonstrated increased ADRB2:ADRB1 ratio in the apical cardiomyocytes isolated from adult male Sprague Dawley rats. This discrepancy may be accounted for by different methods and model systems. Differently from in female offspring, ADRB1 and ADRB2 mRNA levels were similarly expressed in the left ventricular basal myocardium in male rat offspring. We did not detect ADRB3 mRNA in rat left ventricle.</p>
      <p>Our results suggest that there are sex- and region-specific gene expression representations of ADRB subpopulations within left ventricular rat myocardium. Additionally, data from our study indicate that prenatal stress may have affected ARB1 and ARB2 gene expression pattern at the apical region of the left ventricle in female offspring, but not in male offspring. Disturbed representation of cardiac adrenergic receptors subtypes has been described in cardiovascular pathologies. Heart failure is characterized by altered ADRB1:ADRB2 ratio, in part due to the decreased ADRB1 protein and mRNA within left ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> The nonselective reduction of beta-adrenergic receptor subpopulations was also observed in the heart of both aged animals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> and elderly patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Our results indicate that prenatal stress resulted in decreased apical ADRB1 mRNA expression suggesting that apical myocardial region of the female rat offspring might be sensitive to stress exposure during fetal life. Interestingly, higher sensitivity of the apical region within left ventricle to stress during adulthood has been described in Takotsubo (stress-induced) cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Moreover, this syndrome is predominantly diagnosed in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another protein that is involved in the sympathetic modulation of cardiac function is MAO-A. This enzyme catalyses the oxidation of monoamines during which ROS is produced and may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to investigate the effects of prenatal stress on cardiac MAO-A gene expression in the offspring. In the present study we did not detect significant changes in the MAO-A mRNA levels in the prenatally stressed heart of either sex.</p>
      <p>There are several limitations to this study. As mentioned above we cannot exclude the effect of limited sample size on detecting additional significant differences in region specific gene expression of myocardial beta-adrenergic receptor subpopulations. The mechanism for decreased apical myocardial ADRB1 mRNA expression in prenatally stressed female, but not male, offspring is unknown. We can only hypothesize based on available literature that sex hormones might have an effect. Thus, it would be of interest to investigate earlier developmental stages of prenatally stressed offspring. Furthermore, we did not compare cardiac expression levels of MAO-A between male and female offspring. However, based on the relative expression levels of MAO-A, we can hypothesize that our results suggest that cardiac MAO-A exhibits a sex dimorphic gene expression pattern, which is likely expressed more abundantly in the heart of male rats than in female rats. As MAO-A is a main source of hydrogen peroxide in the heart, our observation would be in agreement with the reported lower production of hydrogen peroxide in cardiac mitochondria of female, compared to male Wistar rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In summary, our data suggest that prenatal stress may exert, already at young adult age, sex-specific changes in apical and basal cardiac adrenergic receptor subpopulations in offspring. Whether these changes correlate with diminished cardiac performance and predispose organisms to develop cardiovascular diseases during their lifetime remains to be determined in future experiments.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by The Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (grant number: 173023).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Tanja Jevjdovic, from Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the FELASA), and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty under the Protocol number is EK-BF-2015/25.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Erratum</bold>
        </p>
        <p>In &#8220;Sex&#8211;Related Effects of Prenatal Stress on Region- Specific Expression of Monoamine Oxidase A and B Adrenergic Receptors in Rat Hearts&#8221;, consider Tanja Jevdjovic as the correct form for the name of the author Tanja Jevjdovic.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos Sexo-Espec&#237;ficos de Estresse Pr&#233;-Natal na Express&#227;o Regi&#227;o-Espec&#237;fica de Monoamina Oxidase A e Receptores Adren&#233;rgicos &#914; no Cora&#231;&#227;o de Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jevjdovic</surname>
            <given-names>Tanja</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dakic</surname>
            <given-names>Tamara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kopanja</surname>
            <given-names>Sonja</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lakic</surname>
            <given-names>Iva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vujovic</surname>
            <given-names>Predrag</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jasnic</surname>
            <given-names>Nebojsa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Djordjevic</surname>
            <given-names>Jelena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculty of Biology - University of Belgrade, Belgrado - S&#233;rvia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine - Medical University of Vienna, Viena - &#193;ustria</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tanja Jevjdovic</bold>, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrado - S&#233;rvia. E-mail: <email>tanja.jevdjovic@bio.bg.ac.rs</email>, <email>tanja.jevdjovic@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jevjdovic T; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Dakic T, Kopanja S; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jevjdovic T, Dakic T, Kopanja S, Lakic I, Vujovic P; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Djordjevic J; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lakic I, Vujovic P, Jasnic N, Djordjevic J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estresse pr&#233;-natal pode aumentar os riscos de desenvolver doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na idade adulta. Os efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos de catecolaminas s&#227;o mediados pela estimula&#231;&#227;o prolongada dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos e pelo aumento do estresse oxidativo ap&#243;s sua degrada&#231;&#227;o pela monoamina oxidase A (MAO-A).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Investigamos os efeitos a longo prazo de estresse pr&#233;-natal nos receptores &#946; (1, 2, 3) adren&#233;rgicos e na express&#227;o do gene MAO-A nos cora&#231;&#245;es da prole adulta de ratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Ratas prenhes foram expostas a estresse cr&#244;nico moderado imprevis&#237;vel durante a terceira semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o. O RNA foi isolado do &#225;pice e da base do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da prole adulta. Utilizou-se PCR quantitativa em tempo real para medir a express&#227;o g&#234;nica nas amostras de tecido ventricular coletadas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foi indetect&#225;vel o mRNA do receptor adren&#233;rgico &#946;3 no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dos ratos. O receptor adren&#233;rgico &#946;1 foi o subtipo mais expresso no mioc&#225;rdio ventricular esquerdo apical e basal nas f&#234;meas controle. A prole masculina das m&#227;es n&#227;o estressadas apresentou n&#237;veis card&#237;acos apicais de mRNA do receptor adren&#233;rgico &#946;1 mais altos do que os de &#946;2. Por&#233;m, mRNAs dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos &#946;1 e &#946;2 foram expressos de forma semelhante no mioc&#225;rdio basal ventricular na prole masculina em geral. Ao contr&#225;rio da prole masculina, a prole feminina exposta ao estresse pr&#233;-natal exibiu uma express&#227;o diminu&#237;da do mRNA do receptor adren&#233;rgico &#946;1 no mioc&#225;rdio apical. O estresse pr&#233;-natal n&#227;o afetou a express&#227;o g&#234;nica de MAO-A card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Coletivamente, nossos resultados mostram que estresse pr&#233;-natal pode ter exercido padr&#245;es de express&#227;o regi&#227;o- e sexo-espec&#237;fica dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos &#946;1 e &#946;2 no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Fisiol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Catecolaminas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Sexo</kwd>
        <kwd>Feminino</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Antagonistas dos Receptores B1 B2</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Educa&#231;&#227;o, Ci&#234;ncia e Desenvolvimento Tecnol&#243;gico, Rep&#250;blica da S&#233;rvia</funding-source>
          <award-id>173023</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Educa&#231;&#227;o, Ci&#234;ncia e Desenvolvimento Tecnol&#243;gico, Rep&#250;blica da S&#233;rvia (n&#250;mero da bolsa: 173023).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dados recentes de estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos e experimentais apontam que dist&#250;rbios no ambiente intrauterino est&#227;o relacionados ao aumento do risco de desenvolver patologias mais tarde na vida. Observou-se um aumento na suscetibilidade &#224; hipertens&#227;o adulta em prole prenatalmente exposta a nutri&#231;&#227;o materna desequilibrada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> glicocortic&#243;ides sint&#233;ticos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> ou estresse materno.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Reconhece-se h&#225; muito tempo que exposi&#231;&#227;o a estresse pr&#233;-natal resulta em aumento na atividade do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-pituit&#225;ria-adrenal (HPA) e do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico (SNS) na idade adulta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Atividade desregulada do SNS &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica marcante de dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares. Portanto, n&#227;o &#233; surpreendente que os principais alvos farmac&#234;uticos no manejo desses dist&#250;rbios sejam principalmente moduladores da atividade dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos. Os efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos das catecolaminas s&#227;o mediados principalmente por superestimula&#231;&#227;o persistente ou aguda dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos &#946; (ADRB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> S&#227;o presentes tr&#234;s subtipos de ADRB no cora&#231;&#227;o humano saud&#225;vel, sendo o ADRB1 o mais comum e ADRB3 o menos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Na subpopula&#231;&#227;o ADRB1, a regula&#231;&#227;o negativa &#233; uma das caracter&#237;sticas moleculares das patologias card&#237;acas, como a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca humana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Al&#233;m disso, estudos com animais transg&#234;nicos demonstram que os efeitos iniciais da superexpress&#227;o do ADRB2 levam ao aumento da contratilidade card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Por&#233;m, mais tarde na vida esses animais transg&#234;nicos desenvolveram disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Al&#233;m disso, outra condi&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica mioc&#225;rdica desencadeada por catecolaminas circulantes elevadas &#233; definida por uma disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til espec&#237;fica da regi&#227;o, principalmente apical, dentro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, a cardiotoxicidade pode resultar da produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas do oxig&#234;nio (ROS) na degrada&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas pela monoamina oxidase A (MAO-A) no cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Aumenta-se a express&#227;o e atividade de MAO-A card&#237;aca em v&#225;rios modelos animais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e envelhecimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos mostram que pacientes femininos e masculinos de doen&#231;a cardiovascular apresentam respostas diferenciais a diversos tratamentos recomendados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Este fato enfatiza a necessidade de incluir os dois sexos em pesquisa cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Para entender melhor os mecanismos moleculares pelos quais o estresse pr&#233;-natal pode contribuir ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na vida adulta, o presente estudo foi desenvolvido para investigar a express&#227;o g&#234;nica regi&#227;o-espec&#237;fica dos subtipos de receptores adren&#233;rgicos (ADRB1, ADRB2 e ADRB3) e do MAO-A no mioc&#225;rdio ventricular esquerdo de prole feminina e masculina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Ratas Wistar virgens (266 &#177; 11,9 g), com tr&#234;s meses de idade, foram alojadas no biot&#233;rio da Faculdade de Biologia da Universidade de Belgrado, com livre acesso a alimento e &#225;gua, sob ciclo claro-escuro constante (12/12 h) em condi&#231;&#245;es de temperatura controladas (22 &#177; 1&#176;C). O tamanho da amostra foi determinado por conveni&#234;ncia. Cada um dos seis pares de ratas foi enjaulado com um rato macho sexualmente experiente durante o ciclo do estro. Indicou-se o dia 0 da gesta&#231;&#227;o com o aparecimento de espermatoz&#243;ides no esfrega&#231;o vaginal. Uma rata n&#227;o emprenhou-se. Para evitar vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, as f&#234;meas prenhes que acasalaram com o mesmo macho foram aleatoriamente designadas para o grupo controle (n = 5) ou estressado (n = 6) e alojadas individualmente. Conduziram-se todos os procedimentos de acordo com as normas de cuidados com animais propostos pela Federa&#231;&#227;o Europeia das Associa&#231;&#245;es de Ci&#234;ncia em Animais de Laborat&#243;rio (FELASA) e aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Biologia da Universidade de Belgrado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de estresse pr&#233;-natal</title>
          <p>Durante a terceira semana da gesta&#231;&#227;o (dia gestacional 13-20, GD13-GD20), as ratas prenhes foram expostas a um protocolo de estresse cr&#244;nico moderado imprevis&#237;vel (ECMI) que incluiu exposi&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria e intermitente a uma variedade de estressores. O protocolo detalhado do ECMI &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>. Resumidamente, os animais foram expostos aos seguintes estressores em ordem aleat&#243;ria duas vezes ao dia durante 1 h ou durante a noite: cama &#250;mida, conten&#231;&#227;o dentro de um tubo de Plexiglas(r), ambiente frio (4&#176;C), deslocamento da gaiola e barulho, ilumina&#231;&#227;o durante a noite e inclina&#231;&#227;o da gaiola. M&#227;es de controle n&#227;o foram perturbadas durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o, com exce&#231;&#227;o do manejo geral. Durante toda a gesta&#231;&#227;o, a ingest&#227;o de &#225;gua e alimentos foi registrada.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Regime de estresse</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">10:00-11:00</th>
                  <th align="center">14:00-15:00</th>
                  <th align="center">18:00-08:00</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GD14</td>
                  <td align="center">Conten&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Cama &#250;mida</td>
                  <td align="center">Inclina&#231;&#227;o da gaiola</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GD15</td>
                  <td align="center">Ambiente frio (4&#176;C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Deslocamento e barulho</td>
                  <td align="center">Ilumina&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GD16</td>
                  <td align="center">Cama &#250;mida</td>
                  <td align="center">Conten&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Inclina&#231;&#227;o da gaiola</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GD17</td>
                  <td align="center">Deslocamento e barulho</td>
                  <td align="center">Ambiente frio (4&#176;C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Ilumina&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GD18</td>
                  <td align="center">Conten&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Cama &#250;mida</td>
                  <td align="center">Inclina&#231;&#227;o da gaiola</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GD19</td>
                  <td align="center">Ambiente frio (4&#176;C)</td>
                  <td align="center">Deslocamento e barulho</td>
                  <td align="center">Ilumina&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GD20</td>
                  <td align="center">Cama &#250;mida</td>
                  <td align="center">Conten&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Inclina&#231;&#227;o da gaiola</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>* GD: Dia da gesta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exames bioqu&#237;micos</title>
          <p>Antes da primeira e depois da &#250;ltima exposi&#231;&#227;o aos estressores, coletou-se o sangue na veia caudal das ratas prenhes em tubos com EDTA. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos do horm&#244;nio adrenocorticotr&#243;fico (ACTH) foram medidos com CLIA e os n&#237;veis de glicose foram medidos com um analisador de glicose Exac-tech com tiras de reagente Dextrostix, de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es dos fabricantes em todos os casos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ninhadas</title>
          <p>Ao nascimento, os filhotes foram contados e pesados e as ninhadas foram ajustadas para oito filhotes com um n&#250;mero igual de machos e f&#234;meas para evitar os efeitos de tamanho e distribui&#231;&#227;o sexual da ninhada no desenvolvimento. Todos os filhotes foram criados por suas m&#227;es biol&#243;gicas. Os filhotes foram desmamados aos 28 dias, separados por sexo e alojados em grupos de dois por gaiola, de acordo com o grupo experimental (C- prole de m&#227;es n&#227;o-estressadas, PS- prole de m&#227;es estressadas). O peso corporal e o consumo de alimentos e de &#225;gua foram registrados durante os per&#237;odos pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-desmame. A prole foi sacrificada por decapita&#231;&#227;o aos dois meses de idade. Para evitar flutua&#231;&#245;es dependentes do ciclo estrog&#234;nico, a prole feminina foi sacrificada em diestro, que foi verificado por esfrega&#231;os vaginais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isola&#231;&#227;o de RNA</title>
          <p>O RNA total das por&#231;&#245;es basais e apicais dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdos foi isolado com o reagente TRI (Sigma, Alemanha) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. As concentra&#231;&#245;es totais de RNA foram quantificadas por medidas de absorv&#226;ncia a 260 e 280 nm utilizando um espectrofot&#244;metro (Ultrospec 2000, Pharmacia Biotech, EUA) de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. A qualidade de RNA foi analisada gel de agarose a 1,5 % com brometo de et&#237;dio e observada por transilumina&#231;&#227;o UV (ChemiDoc-It imager, UVP, Alemanha).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>S&#237;ntese do cDNA e PCR quantitativa em tempo real</title>
          <p>Amostras de RNA (2 &#181;g) foram submetidas ao tratamento de DNase I, utilizando rDNase I, de acordo com o protocolo do fabricante (DNA-free kit, Ambion, EUA). Esferas Ready-to-go You-Prime First-Strand (GE Healthcare, USA) foram utilizadas para gerar cDNA para subsequente PCR quantitativa em tempo real. Amostras sem transcriptase reversa foram utilizadas para controlar a poss&#237;vel contamina&#231;&#227;o com gDNA. Todas as rea&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em duplicado utilizando TaqMan Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) uma vez e TaqMan expression assays uma vez para cada gene (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>: Adrb1, Adrb2, Adrb3, MaoA, ActB), com 2 &#181;g de cDNA dentro de um volume total de 20 &#181;l. Rea&#231;&#245;es de PCR em tempo real foram realizadas no Applied Biosystem 7900 Real-Time PCR System, utilizando condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#245;es de PCR (50&#176;C durante 2 min; 95&#176;C durante 10 min; 95&#176;C durante 15 s e 60&#176;C durante 1 min para 40 ciclos). Os n&#237;veis relativos de express&#227;o g&#234;nica foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo 2&#710;(- &#916;&#916;C<sub>T</sub>) de quantifica&#231;&#227;o comparativa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> usando beta-actina como gene de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ensaios de express&#227;o TaqMan</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Gene</th>
                  <th align="center">TaqMan ID de ensaio</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Receptor adren&#233;rgico beta 1 (<italic>Adrb1</italic>)</td>
                  <td align="center">Rn00824536_s1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Receptor adren&#233;rgico beta 2 (<italic>Adrb2</italic>)</td>
                  <td align="center">Rn00560650_s1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Receptor adren&#233;rgico beta 3 (<italic>Adrb3</italic>)</td>
                  <td align="center">Rn01478698_g1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Monoamina oxidase A (<italic>Maoa</italic>)</td>
                  <td align="center">Rn01430955_A1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Beta-actina (<italic>Actb</italic>)</td>
                  <td align="center">Rn01412977_g1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Realizou-se an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizando GraphPad Prism Software-version 6.01 (San Diego, EUA). Os par&#226;metros medidos nas m&#227;es e na prole foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, a menos que indicado de outra forma. Os dados da prole obtidos por an&#225;lise de PCR em tempo real foram expressos como mediana com intervalo interquart&#237;lico. Utilizou-se an&#225;lise ANOVA two-way com teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Bonferroni para examinar os efeitos de estresse pr&#233;-natal e de gesta&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis ACTH no plasma materno e os efeitos do estresse pr&#233;-natal nos padr&#245;es de express&#227;o dos genes ADRB nas regi&#245;es examinadas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da prole. Avaliou-se a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica das diferen&#231;as entre os dados de PCR em tempo real obtidos dos grupos experimentais com o teste U de Mann-Whitney n&#227;o param&#233;trico. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos do ECMI nos par&#226;metros das m&#227;es e da prole</title>
          <p>Para determinar se o protocolo de estresse aplicado ativou o eixo HPA nas ratas prenhes, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos maternos de ACTH foram avaliados. Antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo de estresse (GD13), os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos maternos de ACTH n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos experimentais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria e intermitente a uma variedade de estressores durante a terceira semana da gesta&#231;&#227;o (GD13-21), os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos maternos de ACTH aumentaram em compara&#231;&#227;o com controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>, p &lt; 0,001, ANOVA two-way com teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Bonferroni). Adicionalmente, no grupo de m&#227;es estressadas, ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o a diversos estressores, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de ACTH aumentaram em compara&#231;&#227;o com GD13, sugerindo que o eixo HPA foi ativado neste grupo experimental (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>, p &lt; 0,001, ANOVA two-way com teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Bonferroni).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Concentra&#231;&#245;es de ACTH no plasmo materno antes (GD13) e depois (GD21) da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao ECMI durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o. Os dados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; SD, grupo controle (barras brancas, n = 5), grupo estressado (barras pretas, n = 6). No grupo estressado, no GD21, duas amostras foram exclu&#237;das devido &#224; hem&#243;lise. ***p &lt; 0,001, ANOVA two-way com teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Bonferroni.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0067-90001-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A ECMI n&#227;o afetou o ganho de peso materno na &#250;ltima semana da gesta&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>) ou o consumo de &#225;gua e de alimentos durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o (dados n&#227;o mostrados). Os n&#237;veis de glicose materna foram semelhantes nos dois grupos experimentais antes e depois da aplica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de ECMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). O estresse pr&#233;-natal n&#227;o acarretou um efeito no tamanho das ninhadas ou na rela&#231;&#227;o machos/f&#234;meas na prole (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). O estresse materno durante a &#250;ltima semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o afetou o peso ao nascimento ou o ganho de peso dos filhos durante os per&#237;odos pr&#233; ou p&#243;s-desmame (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Peso materno antes do tratamento, ganho de peso materno durante a &#250;ltima semana da gesta&#231;&#227;o (GD13-GD21), dura&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose antes e depois do estresse, tamanho da ninhada e rela&#231;&#227;o machos/f&#234;meas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Controle (n = 5)</th>
                  <th align="center">Estressado (n = 5)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso materno antes do tratamento (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">347 &#177; 37,3</td>
                  <td align="center">337 &#177; 40,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6646</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ganho de peso materno (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,5 &#177; 4,43</td>
                  <td align="center">50,5 &#177; 11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0872</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,0 &#177; 0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">22,2 &#177; 0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6355</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose (mM) antes do estresse (GD13)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,44 &#177; 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">5,55 &#177; 1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8162</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose (mM) ap&#243;s estresse (GD21)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,30 &#177; 0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">5,63 &#177; 0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3737</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tamanho da ninhada</td>
                  <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 2,77</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 2,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6891</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o machos/f&#234;meas</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3805</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>GD13: dia 13 da gesta&#231;&#227;o; GD21: dia 21 da gesta&#231;&#227;o; os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP)</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Peso da prole ao nascimento, no 28&#176; dia p&#243;s-natal 28 (PND28) e no 60&#176; dia p&#243;s-natal (PND60)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">C</th>
                  <th align="center">PS</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="left">Peso ao nascimento (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">Grupo</td>
                  <td align="center">6,67 &#177; 0,904</td>
                  <td align="center">6,39 &#177; 0,685</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1562</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Peso no PND28 (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">Grupo</td>
                  <td align="center">94,5 &#177; 11,4</td>
                  <td align="center">96,9 &#177; 13,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6360</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Masculina</td>
                  <td align="center">96,8 &#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">94,5 &#177; 10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7286</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td align="center">Feminina</td>
                  <td align="center">92,2 &#177; 11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">99,3 &#177; 16,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3924</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Peso no PND60 (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">Grupo</td>
                  <td align="center">316 &#177; 50,9</td>
                  <td align="center">317 &#177; 70,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9790</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Masculina</td>
                  <td align="center">355 &#177; 29,7</td>
                  <td align="center">377 &#177; 42,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3354</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Feminina</td>
                  <td align="center">277 &#177; 33,6</td>
                  <td align="center">257 &#177; 21,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2454</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>C: prole de m&#227;es n&#227;o estressadas; PS: prole de m&#227;es estressadas; PND28: 28&#176; dia pos-natal; PND60: 60&#176; dia pos-natal; n&#250;mero de animais (n): n = 5-8 per grupo. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP)</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos do estresse pr&#233;-natal na express&#227;o g&#234;nica regional do subtipo ADRB no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da prole feminina e masculina</title>
          <p>Utilizou-se an&#225;lise de PCR quantitativo para examinar os n&#237;veis relativos de ADRB1, ADRB2 e ADRB3 nas regi&#245;es apicais e basais dos ventr&#237;culos coletados do controle (C) e da prole de adultos femininos e masculinos prenatalmente estressados (PS).</p>
          <p>Foi indetect&#225;vel o mRNA de ADRB3 nas regi&#245;es examinadas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da prole feminina e masculina.</p>
          <p>No &#225;pice e na base do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do controle feminino, detectou-se maior express&#227;o de mRNA de ADRB1 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de mRNA de ADRB2. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2C</xref>, aprox. ADRB1/ADRB2 = 73%/23%, p &lt; 0,01). N&#237;veis diminu&#237;dos de mRNA de ADRB1 apical foram detectados na prole feminina PS em compara&#231;&#227;o com animais controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2A</xref>, p = 0,048). Adicionalmente, na prole feminina PS, observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia de aumento nos n&#237;veis de mRNA de ADRB2 apical em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle. Visto que estas altera&#231;&#245;es resultaram na perda dos n&#237;veis de express&#227;o diferenciais do subtipo ADRB no mioc&#225;rdio apical da prole feminina PS, realizou-se a an&#225;lise ANOVA two-way. A an&#225;lise ANOVA revelou intera&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o tratamento pr&#233;-natal e os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o do subtipo de receptor (F(1,20) = 6,817, p = 0,0167). Vistos em conjunto, estes resultados indicam que o estresse pr&#233;-natal afetou ADRB1 e ADRB2 diferentemente no mioc&#225;rdio apical de animais femininos. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis basais de mRNA de ADRB1 da prole feminina PS em compara&#231;&#227;o com controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2C</xref> p = 0.3434), de tal forma que o mioc&#225;rdio basal da prole feminina PS n&#227;o exibiu padr&#227;o de express&#227;o diferencial de mRNA de ADRB1 e ADRB2 em compara&#231;&#227;o com animais de controle. N&#227;o se pode excluir o efeito do tamanho limitado da amostra para detectar diferen&#231;as significativas na express&#227;o g&#234;nica de ADRB entre os grupos controle e PS. Pesquisas futuras ser&#227;o necess&#225;rias para alcan&#231;ar uma compreens&#227;o mais detalhada dos mecanismos subjacentes que resultam em um padr&#227;o alterado de express&#227;o g&#234;nica de receptores adren&#233;rgicos card&#237;acos basais da prole feminina PS.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos do estresse pr&#233;-natal na express&#227;o do mRNA de receptores adren&#233;rgicos beta 1 (ADRB1) e beta 2 (ADRB2) no &#225;pice e na base do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) da prole. Apresentam-se resultados para prole feminina (A e C) e masculina (B e D) de m&#227;es n&#227;o estressadas (controle-C) e estressadas (estresse pr&#233;-natal-PS). Dados s&#227;o expressos como mediana com intervalo interquart&#237;lico (n&#250;mero de animais per grupo, n = 5-8). *p &lt; 0,05; **p &lt; 0,01, teste U de Mann-Whitney.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0067-90001-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A prole masculina das m&#227;es n&#227;o estressadas, de maneira semelhante &#224; prole feminina, apresentou n&#237;veis de mRNA de ADRB1 mais altos que de ADRB2 no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2B</xref>, p = 0,0087). Por&#233;m, diferentemente da prole feminina, na prole masculina o estresse pr&#233;-natal n&#227;o afetou o padr&#227;o de express&#227;o apical predominante de mRNA de ADRB1 no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2B</xref>). Por outro lado, detectaram-se n&#237;veis similares de express&#227;o de mRNAm de ADRB1 e ADRB2 na base do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na prole masculina prenatalmente estressada e controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2D</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos do estresse pr&#233;-natal na express&#227;o g&#234;nica regional de MAO-A no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da prole feminina e masculina</title>
          <p>O estresse pr&#233;-natal n&#227;o afetou significativamente a express&#227;o de mRNA de MAO-A na regi&#227;o apical ou basal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na prole feminina e masculina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). Com base nos nossos resultados, observa-se uma tend&#234;ncia de maior express&#227;o relativa de MAO-A no mioc&#225;rdio basal em compara&#231;&#227;o com a regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na prole masculina (aproximadamente 35 vezes no controle e 17,5 vezes nos animais do PS, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3D</xref>). Adicionalmente, a MAO-A card&#237;aca basal demonstrou uma tend&#234;ncia de maior express&#227;o na prole masculina que na feminina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3D</xref>, aprox. 4,7 vezes entres os grupos controle e 5,1 vezes entre grupos PS).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos do estresse pr&#233;-natal no mRNA de monoamina oxidase A (MAO-A) no &#225;pice e na base do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) da prole. Apresentam-se resultados para prole feminina (A e C) e masculina (B e D) de m&#227;es n&#227;o estressadas (controle-C) e estressadas (estresse pr&#233;-natal-PS). Dados s&#227;o expressos como mediana com intervalo interquart&#237;lico (n&#250;mero de animais per grupo, n = 5-8).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0067-90001-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Demonstrou-se que v&#225;rios dist&#250;rbios no desenvolvimento fetal podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares na vida adulta. Prole de m&#227;es que sofrem estresse ou m&#227;es submetidas a terapia com glicocortic&#243;ides durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o apresentam v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es neuroend&#243;crinas e comportamentais durante a vida adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> O presente estudo examinou a express&#227;o de subtipos de ADRB e MAO-A em diferentes regi&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de prole feminina e masculina prenatalmente exposta a estresse materno.</p>
        <p>Aplicou-se um protocolo de estresse a ratas prenhes que pudesse imitar o estresse da vida cotidiana ao qual as mulheres gr&#225;vidas s&#227;o expostas. Nosso protocolo de estresse envolveu exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica a v&#225;rios estressores moderados. Isto impede a habitua&#231;&#227;o que pode ser observada ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o repetida ao mesmo estressor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ACTH s&#227;o elevados nas m&#227;es estressadas quando comparadas com ratas n&#227;o estressadas, o que indica que atividade no eixo HPA de f&#234;meas gestantes foi aumentada pelo protocolo ECMI e isto &#233; consistente com estudos anteriores.<sup>(28, 29)</sup> N&#227;o observaram-se diferen&#231;as significativas em par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, como ganho de peso materno durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o, consumo de &#225;gua e alimentos, ou n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de glicose entre m&#227;es estressadas e sem estresse. O estresse materno durante a &#250;ltima semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m n&#227;o afetou o tamanho da ninhada ou o peso ao nascimento. Vistos em conjunto, estes resultados sugerem que nosso modelo de ECMI foi potente o suficiente para induzir uma resposta de estresse em ratas prenhes, mas n&#227;o afetou o peso da prole, o qual &#233; conhecido como um dos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a relatar n&#237;veis relativos de express&#227;o g&#234;nica de subtipos de receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos em duas regi&#245;es diferentes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de ratos. Nossos resultados mostram que o ADRB1 &#233; o subtipo predominantemente expresso na popula&#231;&#227;o de ADRB card&#237;aco no mioc&#225;rdio apical e basal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da prole de ratas n&#227;o estressadas. Detectou-se tamb&#233;m maior express&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de mRNA de ADRB1 em compara&#231;&#227;o com os de ADRB2 na regi&#227;o ventricular apical na prole masculina controle. De fato, v&#225;rios estudos em humanos e em outros animais demonstraram maior ADRB1 que ADRB2 no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Por&#233;m, os nossos resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o consistentes com os achados relatados por Paur et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> que usou ensaios de liga&#231;&#227;o radioligante. Eles demonstraram um aumento na rela&#231;&#227;o ADRB2/ADRB1 nos cardiomi&#243;citos apicais isolados de ratos Sprague-Dawley machos adultos. Essas discrep&#226;ncias podem ser explicadas por diferen&#231;as de m&#233;todo e de sistemas de modelo. Diferentemente da prole feminina, na prole masculina os n&#237;veis de mRNA de ADRB1 e ADRB2 foram expressos de forma semelhante no mioc&#225;rdio basal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. N&#227;o detectou-se mRNA de ADRB3 no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dos ratos.</p>
        <p>Os nossos resultados sugerem que h&#225; representa&#231;&#245;es de express&#227;o g&#234;nica sexo- e regi&#227;o-espec&#237;ficas de subpopula&#231;&#245;es de ADRB no mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de ratos. Adicionalmente, os dados do nosso estudo indicam que o estresse pr&#233;-natal pode ter afetado o padr&#227;o da express&#227;o g&#234;nica de ADRB1 e ADRB2 na regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na prole feminina, mas n&#227;o na prole masculina. A representa&#231;&#227;o perturbada de subtipos de receptores adren&#233;rgicos card&#237;acos tem sido descrita em patologias cardiovasculares. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; caracterizada pela altera&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o ADRB1/ADRB2, em parte devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na ADRB1 e do mRNA no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> A redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seletiva de subpopula&#231;&#245;es de receptores beta-adren&#233;rgicos tamb&#233;m observou-se nos cora&#231;&#245;es de animais envelhecidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> e de pacientes idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Nossos resultados indicam que o estresse pr&#233;-natal resultou na diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o apical do mRNA de ADRB1, sugerindo que a regi&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio apical da prole feminina pode ser sens&#237;vel &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estresse durante a vida fetal. &#201; de interesse que, na cardiomiopatia induzida por estresse, tamb&#233;m conhecida por cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo, descreve-se uma maior sensibilidade na regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao estresse durante a vida adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Al&#233;m disso, essa s&#237;ndrome &#233; predominantemente diagnosticada em mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra prote&#237;na envolvida na modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; a MAO-A. Esta enzima catalisa a oxida&#231;&#227;o de monoaminas durante a qual esp&#233;cies reativas do oxig&#234;nio s&#227;o produzidas e pode contribuir para a patog&#234;nese das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a investigar os efeitos de estresse pr&#233;-natal na express&#227;o g&#234;nica de MAO-A card&#237;aca na prole. O presente estudo n&#227;o detectou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos n&#237;veis de mRNA da MAO-A no cora&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal feminino ou masculino.</p>
        <p>H&#225; v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es neste estudo. Como mencionado acima, n&#227;o podemos desconsiderar o efeito do tamanho de amostra limitado na detec&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as significativas adicionais na express&#227;o g&#234;nica regi&#227;o-espec&#237;fica de subpopula&#231;&#245;es de receptor beta-adren&#233;rgico mioc&#225;rdico. Desconhece-se o mecanismo respons&#225;vel pela express&#227;o diminu&#237;da de mRNA de ADRB1 no mioc&#225;rdio apical na prole feminina prenatalmente estressada, mas n&#227;o na masculina. Podemos apenas formar a hip&#243;tese, baseada na literatura, que horm&#244;nios sexuais possam exercitar um efeito. Seria, portanto, interessante investigar os est&#225;gios iniciais de desenvolvimento da prole prenatalmente estressada. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o comparamos os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o card&#237;aca de MAO-A entre a prole masculina e a feminina. Por&#233;m, com base nos n&#237;veis relativos de express&#227;o de MAO-A, podemos supor que nossos resultados sugerem que a MAO-A card&#237;aca exibe um padr&#227;o de express&#227;o g&#234;nica de maneira dim&#243;rfica, provavelmente sendo mais abundante no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos machos do que em f&#234;meas. Considerando que MAO-A &#233; a principal fonte de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio no cora&#231;&#227;o, a nossa observa&#231;&#227;o seria consistente com a produ&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio relatada em mitoc&#244;ndrias card&#237;acas de ratos Wistar f&#234;meas, em compara&#231;&#227;o com machos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em resumo, os nossos dados sugerem que estresse pr&#233;-natal pode exercer, j&#225; na idade adulta jovem, altera&#231;&#245;es sexo-espec&#237;ficas nas subpopula&#231;&#245;es de receptores adren&#233;rgicos card&#237;acos apicais e basais em prole. Pesquisas futuras ser&#227;o necess&#225;rias para determinar se essas mudan&#231;as s&#227;o correlacionadas com o desempenho card&#237;aco diminu&#237;do e se essas predisp&#245;em organismos a desenvolver doen&#231;as cardiovasculares durante a vida.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Educa&#231;&#227;o, Ci&#234;ncia e Desenvolvimento Tecnol&#243;gico, Rep&#250;blica da S&#233;rvia (n&#250;mero da bolsa: 173023).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Tanja Jevjdovic pela Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Faculdade de Biologia da Universidade de Belgrado sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo EK-BF-2015/25.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Errata</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No artigo &#8220;Efeitos Sexo-Espec&#237;ficos de Estresse Pr&#233;-Natal na Express&#227;o Regi&#227;o Espec&#237;fica de Monoamina Oxidase A e Receptores Adren&#233;rgicos B no Cora&#231;&#227;o de Ratos&#8221;, considerar como correta a grafia Tanja Jevdjovic para o nome da autora Tanja Jevjdovic.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
