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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZC9zgHrzDpHNrDfhmRWxLHs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000100059</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005019102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180242</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association Between Non-Dipping and Fragmented QRS Complexes in Prehypertensive Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5754-9382</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eyuboglu</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akdeniz</surname>
            <given-names>Bahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Medical Park Izmir Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Karsiyaka</city>
          <state>Izmir</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Medical Park Izmir Hospital, Karsiyaka, Izmir - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dokuz Eylul University Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <state>Izmir</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Dokuz Eylul University Hospital, Izmir - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mehmet Eyuboglu,</bold> Department of Cardiology, Medical Park Izmir Hospital - Yeni Girne Bulvari, 1825 Sok. N&#176;: 12 Karsiyaka, Izmir -Turkey. E-mail: <email>mhmtybgl@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Eyuboglu M; acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Eyuboglu M, Akdeniz B; statistical analysis: Eyuboglu M; writing of the manuscript: Eyuboglu M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>59</fpage>
      <lpage>64</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Fragmented QRS (fQRS) is a sign of adverse cardiovascular events in various cardiovascular diseases. It is also associated with increased blood pressure and non-dipping in hypertensive patients. However, no study has investigated the importance of fQRS in prehypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The aim of our study is to investigate the relationship between fQRS and non-dipper status in prehypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Two hundred and sixteen eligible, newly diagnosed prehypertensive patients who underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) for further evaluation of blood pressure between June 2015 and July 2016 were included into the study. Patients were divided into three groups according to ABPM results: normotensives, dipper prehypertensives, and non-dipper prehypertensives. Groups were compared regarding presence of fQRS on electrocardiography. Additionally, multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between fQRS and blood pressure pattern in prehypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>According to ABPM recordings, 61 patients had normotensive blood pressure pattern (systolic blood pressure &lt; 120 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure &lt; 80 mmHg). Of the remaining 155 prehypertensive patients, 83 were dippers and 72 were non-dippers. Non-dipper prehypertensives had a significantly higher frequency of fQRS compared to normotensives (p = 0.048). Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that fQRS is an independent predictor of non-dipping blood pressure pattern in prehypertensive patients (p = 0.017, OR: 4.071, 95% CI: 1.281-12.936).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>We found that fQRS is a predictor of non-dipping in prehypertensives. As a marker of fibrosis and higher fibrotic burden within myocardium, fQRS may be useful in identifying high-risk prehypertensive patients before the development of hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Prehypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Fragmented QRS</kwd>
        <kwd>Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring</kwd>
        <kwd>Non-dipping</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Increased blood pressure is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality around the globe. Because of the difficulties involved in diagnosing prehypertension, the definition of prehypertension remains controversial. Prehypertension is not a benign condition; it indicates future hypertension and adverse cardiovascular events and is generally defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 120-139 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 80-89 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Normal blood pressure has a circadian variability with a morning surge and reduction during the rest of the day with a 10% to 20% decline at nighttime, and this phenomenon is known as dipping. Non-dipping pattern, which is defined as less than 10% decrease in blood pressure levels at nighttime, is associated with worse adverse cardiovascular events compared to dipping blood pressure pattern.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A narrow fragmented QRS complex (fQRS) on electrocardiography (ECG) is a sign of inhomogeneous and delayed ventricular conduction and is associated with myocardial scarring, fibrosis, and adverse cardiovascular events in various cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It is defined by the presence of notches in the R or S wave in two contiguous leads in one of the major coronary artery territories without a typical bundle branch block and with a QRS duration of &lt; 120 milliseconds.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Importantly, increased blood pressure is associated with presence of fQRS on ECG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Furthermore, non-dipper hypertensive patients have higher frequency of fQRS on ECG compared to dippers, thus indicating myocardial fibrosis and higher fibrotic burden in non-dippers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, the importance and usefulness of fQRS in prehypertensive patients is not clear. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between prehypertensive blood pressure patterns and the presence of fQRS on ECG to identify the myocardial fibrotic burden and risk assessment of prehypertensive subjects before the development of hypertension.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient selection</title>
        <p>A total of 283 consecutive patients who were defined as newly diagnosed prehypertensive patients after routine cardiac examination at our outpatient clinic between June 2015 and July 2016 were screened for the study. Prehypertension was defined as SBP of 120-139 mmHg and/or a DBP of 80-89 mmHg in accordance with the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> demonstrates the flow chart of our study design. Subsequently, all patients underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) for final blood pressure pattern diagnosis. Of the patients screened, 67 were excluded from the study: 37 who were diagnosed with hypertension after 24-hour ABPM recordings, fourteen with a history of coronary artery disease (CAD), seven with complete or incomplete bundle branch block and QRS duration &#8805; 120 ms, three with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), three with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 50%, two with moderate to severe valvular heart disease, and one with a permanent pacemaker. Consequently, 216 patients were included into the study. Data regarding patients&#8217; medical history were recorded on admission. All biochemical analyses were conducted after an overnight fast. Hypertension was defined as 24-hour mean SBP of &#8805; 130 mmhg and/or DBP &#8805; 80 mmhg and/or daytime mean SBP &#8805; 135 mmhg and/or DBP &#8805; 85 mmhg on ABPM recordings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Diabetes mellitus was defined as at least two fasting plasma glucose levels of &#8805; 126 mg/dL, two-hour plasma glucose levels of &#8805;200 mg/dL, or treatment with antidiabetic drugs, and smoking was defined as the regular use of cigarettes. All patients underwent a detailed echocardiographic examination, and LVH was defined based on electrocardiographic modified Sokolow-Lyon index and/or an increased left ventricular mass index of &gt; 95 g/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> for women and &gt;115 g/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> for men, detected by echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flow chart of the study design. JNC7: Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, CAD: coronary artery disease; BBB: bundle branch block; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ABPM: 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0059-80242-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The study protocol complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics committee.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>24-h ABPM recordings</title>
        <p>Final diagnoses of blood pressure level and pattern were made based on ABPM recordings. All measurements were taken with an oscillometric device. The cuff was placed on the non-dominant arm and automated recordings were obtained every 30 minutes during 24-hours. Recordings were made on working days and patients were encouraged to undertake their normal daily activities. If &gt;20% of the ABPM recordings were invalid, the test was repeated. Sleep durations were evaluated based on the information obtained from the patients, and no patient reported a change in the daily sleeping and waking periods linked to the ABPM device. The 24-h mean and the daytime and nighttime blood pressure values were calculated for each patient from ABPM recordings. Dipper blood pressure pattern was described as more than 10% decline in SBP and DBP at nighttime and non-dipper pattern was defined as less than 10% decline in SBP and DBP at nighttime.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiography</title>
        <p>A standard 12-lead surface ECG was performed on all patients and blindly analyzed by two independent cardiologists. When there was a disagreement, the final decision on the presence of fQRS was reached by consensus. A narrow fQRS complex was defined as the presence of various RSR&#8217; patterns, or notching in R or S waves in the absence of typical bundle branch block in at least two contiguous leads in one of the major coronary artery territories in the original QRS complex<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An example of fragmented QRS in our study population.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0059-80242-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS (Inc, Chicago, Illinois) version 22.0. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation/median (25-75 percentiles) according to normality and distribution characteristics and were compared using one-way ANOVA, independent samples t-test, or Mann-Whitney U-test, according to group number and distribution characteristics. Categorical variables were expressed as number and percentage (%) and were compared using the &#967;2 test or the Fisher exact test. Multinomial logistic regression analysis (using normotensive patients as the reference category) was used to determine the relationship between fQRS and blood pressure pattern in prehypertensive patients. Impact significance was reported as odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant in all statistical analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The patients were divided into three groups based on 24-hour ABPM recordings. According to ABPM recordings, 61 patients had a normotensive blood pressure pattern (SBP &lt; 120 mmHg and DBP &lt; 80 mmHg), and we designated these patients as the control group. Of the remaining 155 prehypertensive patients, 83 had dipper blood pressure pattern and 72 had non-dipper pattern. The mean age of the study population was 50.5 years, with 45.8% being female. The frequency of fQRS was 13.9%. The groups were similar regarding cardiovascular risk factors, laboratory parameters, and clinical characteristics. The baseline characteristics, laboratory parameters, and blood pressure levels of the groups are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Statistical analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups regarding presence of fQRS (p = 0.028). This difference was mainly due to higher frequency of fQRS in non-dipper prehypertensives than in normotensives. Despite the higher frequency of fQRS in non-dippers than in dippers, there was no statistically significant difference regarding the presence of fQRS between non-dipper prehypertensives and dipper prehypertensives (p = 0.400). A similar condition was observed between dipper prehypertensives and the control group (p = 0.784). However, non-dipper prehypertensives had a significantly higher frequency of fQRS than normotensives (p = 0.048). Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of fQRS on ECG is an independent predictor of non-dipping blood pressure pattern in prehypertensive patients (p = 0.017, OR: 4.071, 95% CI: 1.281-12.936), (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population according to blood pressure pattern</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">All Patients (n:216)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Control (n:61)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Dippers (n:83)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Non-dippers (n:72)</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">50.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 4.3</td>
              <td align="center">50.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">50.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">50.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 3.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.651</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Female gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">99</td>
              <td align="center">(45.8)</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">(49.2)</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">(47.0)</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">(41.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.664</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">(8.3)</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">(8.2)</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">(8.4)</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">(8.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">(17.6)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">(16.4)</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">(13.3)</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">(23.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.232</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Fragmented QRS, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">(13.9)</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">(6.6)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">(12.0)</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">(22.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.028</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of leads with fragmented</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">(90.0)</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">(100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">(90.0)</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">(87.5)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.765</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">QRS, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">(10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">(10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">(12.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">24h mean SBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">122.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">114.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">124.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">126.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">24h mean DBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">74.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">66.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">77.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">78.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Day SBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">128.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">116.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">128.9</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">128.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Day DBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">78.9</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">66.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">78.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">79.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.175</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Night SBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">117.6</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 3.4</td>
              <td align="center">113.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">114.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">120.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Night DBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">72.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 3.4</td>
              <td align="center">66.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">69.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">75.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">63.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">63.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">62.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 2.5</td>
              <td align="center">63.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.396</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">14.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">14.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">14.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">14.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.175</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">WBC (10<sup>3</sup>/ml)</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">7.9</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.688</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">LDL (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">108.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 19.7</td>
              <td align="center">109.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 18.3</td>
              <td align="center">106.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 20.7</td>
              <td align="center">110.6</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 19.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.359</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">HDL (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">43.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">43.4</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">43.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">41.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.074</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Triglycerides (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">135.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 23.1</td>
              <td align="center">133.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 21.7</td>
              <td align="center">135.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 23.7</td>
              <td align="center">137.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 23.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.582</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEDD, mm</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">45.2</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">45.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">45.3</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">45.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.429</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IVST, mm</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.613</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA diameter, mm</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">35.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">35.7</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 3.6</td>
              <td align="center">35.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">35.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.374</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; WBC: White blood cell count; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LVEDD: left ventricle end-diastolic diameter; IVST: interventricular septum thickness; LA: left atrium.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>One-way ANOVA was performed to study differences among the three groups.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multinomial logistic regression analysis shows fragmented QRS is a predictor of non dipping in prehypertensive patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Blood Pressure<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">a</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">Odds Ratio</th>
              <th align="center">95% Confidence Interval</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dipper Prehypertension</td>
              <td align="center">Fragmented QRS</td>
              <td align="center">0.279</td>
              <td align="center">1.952</td>
              <td align="center">0.582-6.547</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-dipper Prehypertension</td>
              <td align="center">Fragmented QRS</td>
              <td align="center">0.017</td>
              <td align="center">4.071</td>
              <td align="center">1.281-12.936</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>The reference category is: Control.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main finding of our study was that the frequency of fQRS was significantly higher in patients with non-dipper prehypertension compared to normotensives. Furthermore, the presence of fQRS on ECG was found to be a predictor of non-dipping in prehypertensive patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the importance of fQRS in prehypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>Prehypertension confers a high risk of progression to hypertension, and it may be associated with increased adverse cardiovascular events, inflammation, and target organ damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Similarly to hypertension, prehypertension consists of non-homogeneous patients. Therefore, early identification of high-risk prehypertensives could lead to adequate prevention. Previous studies reported that deteriorated circadian blood pressure variability in prehypertensive patients may be associated with repolarization abnormalities detected by ECG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> However, as a marker of depolarization abnormality, the importance of fQRS in prehypertensive patients is not clear. fQRS is a sign of inhomogenous ventricular conduction caused by myocardial scar, ischemia, or fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> It has been shown that fQRS is a predictor of mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in various cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Additionally, fQRS is a well described fibrotic factor in hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> It has been demonstrated that the frequency of fQRS is significantly higher in hypertensive patients than in normotensives,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and non-dipper hypertensive patients have higher frequency of fQRS on ECG compared to hypertensive dippers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> These studies revealed that increased blood pressure levels and elevated nighttime blood pressure levels are associated with the presence of fQRS on ECG in hypertensive patients, which indicates the higher fibrotic burden within myocardium in these patients.</p>
      <p>Our study demonstrated that non-dipping blood pressure patterns are significantly associated with the presence of fQRS on ECG in prehypertensive patients, similarly to in hypertensive patients. Since the presence of fQRS on ECG is an important predictor of fibrosis and fibrotic burden within myocardium, the results of our study indicate a higher fibrotic burden in prehypertensive non-dippers compared to normotensives. The possible underlying mechanism for the association between fQRS and non-dipper blood pressure pattern in prehypertensives might be similar in hypertensive patients. Autonomic dysfunction-related increased sympathetic activity during nighttime, and chronic-continuous pressure overload related collagen fibers and connective tissue matrix accumulation within the myocardium might play the key roles for higher fibrotic burden and fibrosis in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Non-dipping hypertension is a prognostic factor, and increased nighttime blood pressure levels indicate worse adverse cardiovascular outcomes compared to dipper patterns.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Hence, definition of non-dippers is clinically important. In addition to being the precursor of hypertension, prehypertension includes a variety of patients who are at high risk for adverse cardiovascular events. Therefore, our results suggest that fQRS may be useful in defining the deteriorated circadian blood pressure variability which indicates high-risk prehypertensives.</p>
      <p>Another aspect of our study is the importance of using 24-hour ABPM for detailed evaluation of blood pressure and final blood pressure pattern diagnosis. It is known that blood pressure patterns vary between ABPM and office records.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Similarly, our study revealed that an important proportion of prehypertensive patients were not prehypertensive after 24-hour ABPM results. Since 24-hour ABPM is the gold standard for evaluation and diagnosis of hypertension, our study includes real prehypertensives.</p>
      <p>Our study has some limitations. First, the study sample size is relatively small; however, the detection of prehypertensive patients is not an easy procedure in clinical practice. Second, our study included only newly diagnosed prehypertensive patients. Third, definition of prehypertension based on ABPM records is not clear. Hence, we designated patients with non-hypertensive elevated blood pressure as prehypertensives. Finally, lack of data regarding confirmation of fibrosis within myocardium by magnetic resonance imaging is another limitation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Fibrosis within myocardium is an important predictor of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with elevated blood pressure. fQRS is a simple and easily detectable ECG finding that indicates fibrosis within myocardium. This study revealed an important relationship between fQRS and non-dipper status in prehypertensive patients. We found that non-dipper prehypertensives have significantly higher frequency of fQRS compared to normotensives, and fQRS is an independent predictor of non-dipping in prehypertension. Our results suggest that fQRS may be useful in identifying high-risk prehypertensive patients before the development of hypertension. This identification may be helpful in terms of adequate prevention for future cardiovascular events. Future studies are necessary to demonstrate the prognostic value of fQRS in prehypertensive patients and to understand whether a more aggressive prehypertension treatment could normalize the ECG findings.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Aus&#234;ncia de Descenso da Press&#227;o Arterial Durante o Sono e a Fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do Complexo QRS em Pacientes Pr&#233;-Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5754-9382</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eyuboglu</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akdeniz</surname>
            <given-names>Bahri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Medical Park Izmir Hospital, Karsiyaka, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Dokuz Eylul University Hospital, Izmir - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mehmet Eyuboglu,</bold> Department of Cardiology, Medical Park Izmir Hospital - Yeni Girne Bulvari, 1825 Sok. N&#176;:12 Karsiyaka,Izmir -Turquia. E-mail: <email>mhmtybgl@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Eyuboglu M; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Eyuboglu M, Akdeniz B; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Eyuboglu M; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Eyuboglu M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS (fQRS) &#233; um sinal de eventos cardiovasculares adversos em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. &#201; associado tamb&#233;m &#224; press&#227;o arterial elevada e &#224; aus&#234;ncia de descenso da press&#227;o arterial durante o sono (<italic>non-dipping</italic>) em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo do estudo presente &#233; investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre fQRS e aus&#234;ncia de descenso da press&#227;o arterial durante o sono em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Duzentos e dezesseis pacientes eleg&#237;veis, rec&#233;m-diagnosticados com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, que foram submetidos a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) durante 24 horas para avalia&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada da press&#227;o arterial entre junho de 2015 e julho de 2016, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. De acordo com os resultados da MAPA, os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: normotensos, pr&#233;-hipertensos com descenso da press&#227;o arterial durante o sono (padr&#227;o <italic>dipping</italic>) e pr&#233;-hipertensos com aus&#234;ncia de descenso da press&#227;o arterial durante o sono (padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic>). Os grupos foram comparados quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de fQRS no eletrocardiograma. Adicionalmente, utilizou-se a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multinomial para determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a fQRS e o padr&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>De acordo com os registos da MAPA, 61 pacientes apresentavam padr&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial normotenso (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 120 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &lt; 80 mmHg). Dos 155 pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos, 83 tinham padr&#227;o <italic>dipping</italic> e 72 tinham padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic>. Os pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos com padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> tinham uma frequ&#234;ncia significativamente mais alta de fQRS em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes normotensos (p = 0,048). Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multinomial revelou que fQRS &#233; um preditor independente do padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> de press&#227;o arterial em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos (p = 0,017, OR: 4,071, 95 % CI: 1,281-12,936).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Verificamos que a fQRS &#233; um preditor do padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos. Como marcador de fibrose e aumento na carga fibr&#243;tica do mioc&#225;rdio, a fQRS pode ser &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos de alto risco antes do desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Pre-Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>QRS</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Sono</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial elevada &#233; uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular em todo o mundo. Devido &#224;s dificuldades em diagnosticar pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o, a defini&#231;&#227;o da mesma continua controversa. A pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o benigna; ela indica hipertens&#227;o futura e eventos cardiovasculares adversos. &#201; geralmente definida como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) de 120-139 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) de 80-89 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A press&#227;o arterial normal possui uma variabilidade circadiana; aumenta de manh&#227; e diminui ao longo do dia, com um descenso de 10% a 20% durante a noite. Este fen&#244;meno &#233; denominado de <italic>dipping</italic>. O padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic>, o qual &#233; definido por menos de 10% de diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial durante a noite, &#233; associado a eventos cardiovasculares mais adversos em compara&#231;&#227;o com o padr&#227;o <italic>dipping.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No eletrocardiograma (ECG), a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS estreito (fQRS) indica um retardo na condu&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o homog&#234;nea e est&#225; associado a cicatrizes mioc&#225;rdicas, fibrose e eventos cardiovasculares adversos em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS define-se pela presen&#231;a de entalhes na onda R ou S em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas em um dos territ&#243;rios principais da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria na aus&#234;ncia de bloqueio de ramo t&#237;pico e com uma dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS &lt; 120 milissegundos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Substancialmente, a press&#227;o arterial elevada est&#225; associada &#224; presen&#231;a de fQRS no ECG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Al&#233;m disso, pacientes hipertensos <italic>non-dippers</italic> t&#234;m uma frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de fQRS no ECG em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes hipertensos <italic>dippers</italic>, indica&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e carga fibr&#243;tica elevada em <italic>non-dippers.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Por&#233;m, a import&#226;ncia e utilidade de fQRS em diagnosticar pacientes hipertensos ainda n&#227;o est&#225; clara. O estudo presente visou investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial pr&#233;-hipertensivos e a presen&#231;a de fQRS no ECG para identificar a carga fibr&#243;tica mioc&#225;rdica e avalia&#231;&#227;o de riscos em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos antes do desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostragem</title>
          <p>Um total de 283 pacientes consecutivos que foram definidos como pacientes rec&#233;m-diagnosticados com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o ap&#243;s exame card&#237;aco de rotina em nosso ambulat&#243;rio entre junho de 2015 e julho de 2016 foram triados para o estudo. Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o foi definida como PAS de 120-139 mmHg e/ou PAD de 80-89 mmHg de acordo com o S&#233;timo Relat&#243;rio do Comit&#234; Conjunto Nacional sobre Preven&#231;&#227;o, Detec&#231;&#227;o, Avalia&#231;&#227;o e Tratamento de Alta Press&#227;o Arterial (JNC-7).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> demonstra o fluxograma do desenho do nosso estudo. Subsequentemente, todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) durante 24 horas para o diagn&#243;stico final do padr&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial. Dos pacientes triados, 67 foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pelos seguintes motivos: diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o ap&#243;s registro da MAPA de 24h (n = 37), hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) (n = 14), bloqueio de ramo completo ou incompleto e dura&#231;&#227;o QRS &#8805; 120 ms (n = 7), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) (n = 3), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FE) &lt; 50% (n = 3), doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular moderada a grave (n = 2), e marca-passo card&#237;aco permanente (n = 1). Consequentemente, 216 foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Registraram-se os dados sobre a hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica dos pacientes na admiss&#227;o. Realizaram-se todas as an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas ap&#243;s jejum noturno. A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como m&#233;dia durante 24 h de PAS &#8805; 130 mmhg e/ou de PAD &#8805; 80 mmhg e/ou m&#233;dia diurna de PAS &#8805; 135 mmhg e/ou de PAD &#8805; 85 mmhg nas grava&#231;&#245;es da MAPA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Diabetes mellitus foi definido como, no m&#237;nimo, dois n&#237;veis de glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum de &#8805; 126 mg/dL, glicemia plasm&#225;tica de duas horas &#8805; 200 mg/dL ou tratamento com antidiab&#233;ticos. Tabagismo foi definido como o uso regular de cigarros. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico detalhado e a HVE foi definida de acordo com a &#237;ndice de Sokolow-Lyon e/ou um aumento do &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda &gt; 95 g/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> em mulheres e &gt; 115 g/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> em homens, detectado pelo ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma do desenho do estudo. JNC-7: S&#233;timo Relat&#243;rio do Comit&#234; Conjunto Nacional sobre Preven&#231;&#227;o, Detec&#231;&#227;o, Avalia&#231;&#227;o e Tratamento de Alta Press&#227;o Arterial; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; BBB: bloqueio de ramo; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MAPA: monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 h.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0059-80242-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O protocolo deste estudo foi conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Registros de MAPA 24h</title>
          <p>Realizaram-se os diagn&#243;sticos finais dos n&#237;veis e padr&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial com base nos registros da MAPA. Todas as medidas foram tomadas com um dispositivo oscilom&#233;trico. O manguito foi colocado no bra&#231;o n&#227;o dominante e as grava&#231;&#245;es automatizadas foram registradas a cada 30 minutos durante 24 horas. Realizaram-se os registros durante dias &#250;teis e os pacientes foram orientados a realizar suas atividades cotidianas normalmente. Repetiu-se o teste quando &gt; 20 % dos resultados do registro da MAPA foram inv&#225;lidos. Avaliou-se dura&#231;&#245;es do sono com base nas informa&#231;&#245;es relatadas pelos pr&#243;prios pacientes. Nenhum paciente relatou mudan&#231;as nos per&#237;odos di&#225;rios de vig&#237;lia e de sono associadas ao dispositivo da MAPA. Calcularam-se a m&#233;dia durante 24 h e os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial no per&#237;odo diurno e noturno para cada paciente a partir dos registros da MAPA. Definiram-se o padr&#227;o <italic>dipping</italic> de press&#227;o arterial como um descenso de mais de 10 % na PAS e na PAD durante a noite e o padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> como descenso inferior a 10 % na PAS e na PAD durante a noite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletrocardiografia</title>
          <p>Realizou-se ECG de superf&#237;cie padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es em todos os pacientes. Os ECGs foram analisados &#224;s cegas por dois cardiologistas independentes. Quando houve discord&#226;ncia sobre a presen&#231;a de fQRS, alcan&#231;ou-se uma decis&#227;o final por consenso. A fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do complexo fQRS estreito foi definido pela presen&#231;a de v&#225;rios padr&#245;es RSR&#8217; ou pela presen&#231;a de entalhes na onda R ou S em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas em um dos territ&#243;rios principais da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria na aus&#234;ncia de bloqueio de ramo t&#237;pico no complexo QRS original<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Um exemplo de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0059-80242-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Realizou-se an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica com SPSS (Inc, Chicago, Illinois, EUA) vers&#227;o 22,0. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dio &#177; desvio padr&#227;o / mediano (percentis 25-75) de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas da distribui&#231;&#227;o e a normalidade e foram comparados utilizando ANOVA one-way, teste t de amostras independentes ou teste U de Mann-Whitney, de acordo com os n&#250;meros do grupo e as caracter&#237;sticas da distribui&#231;&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens (%) e foram comparados utilizando o teste &#967;2 ou o teste exato de Fisher. Utilizou-se a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multinomial (os pacientes normotensos sendo a categoria de refer&#234;ncia) para determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a fQRS e o padr&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos. A signific&#226;ncia de impacto foi expressa como odds ratio (OR) e foi considerado um intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos a partir dos registros da MAPA 24 h. De acordo com os registros, 61 pacientes tinham padr&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial normotenso (PAS &lt; 120 mmHg e PAD &lt; 80 mmHg) e estes foram designados como grupo controle. Dos restantes 155 pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos, 83 tinha padr&#227;o <italic>dipping</italic> e 72 tinham padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic>. A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi de 50,5 anos, 45,8% sendo de sexo feminino. A frequ&#234;ncia de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS foi de 13,9%. Com respeito aos fatores de risco cardiovascular, par&#226;metros laboratoriais e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, os grupos foram semelhantes. Apresentam-se as caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base, par&#226;metros laboratoriais e n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica revela uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de (p = 0,028). Esta diferen&#231;a deve-se principalmente &#224; frequ&#234;ncia elevada de fQRS em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos com padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipper</italic> em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes normotensos. Apesar da maior frequ&#234;ncia de fQRS em pacientes com padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com padr&#227;o <italic>dipping</italic>, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de fQRS entre pr&#233;-hipertensos <italic>non-dipping</italic> e pr&#233;-hipertensos <italic>dipping</italic> (p = 0,400). Observou-se uma condi&#231;&#227;o semelhante entre os pr&#233;-hipertensos com padr&#227;o <italic>dipping</italic> e o grupo controle (p = 0,784). Por&#233;m, os pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos com padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> tinham uma frequ&#234;ncia significativamente mais alta de fQRS em compara&#231;&#227;o com os normotensos (p = 0,048). Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multinomial revelou que fQRS &#233; um preditor independente do padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> de press&#227;o arterial em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos (p = 0,017, OR: 4,071, 95% CI: 1,281-12,936), (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas de linha de base da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo de acordo com padr&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Todos os pacientes (n:216)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Controle (n:61)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Padr&#227;o <italic>dipping</italic> (n:83)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic>(n:72)</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">50,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center">50,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;4,5</td>
                <td align="center">50,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;4,6</td>
                <td align="center">50,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,651</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
                <td align="center">(45,8)</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">(49,2)</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">(47,0)</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">(41,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,664</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">(8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">(8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">(8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">(8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">(17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">(16,4)</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">(13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">(23,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,232</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">(13,9)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">(12,0)</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">(22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de deriva&#231;&#227;o com</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">(90,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">(90,0)</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">(87,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,765</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">(10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">(10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">(12,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">PAS m&#233;dia 24 h, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">122,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">114,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">124,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">126,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">PAD m&#233;dia 24 h, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">74,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">66,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">77,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">78,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">PAS diurna, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">128,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">116,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">128,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">128,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">PAD diurna, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">78,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">66,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">78,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">79,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">PAS noturna, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">117,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">113,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">114,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">120,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">PAD noturna, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">72,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">66,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">69,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">75,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">63,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">62,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">63,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,396</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">14,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">14,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">14,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">WBC (10<sup>3</sup>/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,688</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">108,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 19,7</td>
                <td align="center">109,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 18,3</td>
                <td align="center">106,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 20,7</td>
                <td align="center">110,6</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 19,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,359</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">43,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">43,4</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">43,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">41,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">135,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 23,1</td>
                <td align="center">133,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 21,7</td>
                <td align="center">135,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 23,7</td>
                <td align="center">137,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 23,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,582</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">45,2</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">45,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">45,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">45,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,429</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ES, mm</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,613</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE di&#226;metro, mm</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">35,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">35,7</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">35,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">35,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,374</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; WBC: contagem de leuc&#243;citos; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, ES: espessura do septo interventricular, AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Realizou-se ANOVA one-way para estudar as diferen&#231;as entre os tr&#234;s grupos</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multinomial mostra que fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#233; um preditor de padr&#227;o non-dipping em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensivos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Press&#227;o arterial<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">Odds Ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95% Intervalo de confian&#231;a</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o <italic>dipping</italic></td>
                <td align="center">Fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS</td>
                <td align="center">0,279</td>
                <td align="center">1,952</td>
                <td align="center">0,582-6,547</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic></td>
                <td align="center">Fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do QRS</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
                <td align="center">4,071</td>
                <td align="center">1,281-12,936</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>A categoria de refer&#234;ncia &#233;: controle.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O achado principal do presente estudo foi que a frequ&#234;ncia de fQRS era significativamente mais alta em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos com padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes normotensos. Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se que a presen&#231;a de fQRS no ECG &#233; um preditor independente do padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a relatar a import&#226;ncia de fQRS em diagnosticar pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos.</p>
        <p>A pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o confere desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o e pode ser associada ao aumento de eventos cardiovasculares adversos, inflama&#231;&#227;o e dano a &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Semelhantemente a hipertens&#227;o, a pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o consiste de pacientes n&#227;o-homog&#234;neos. Portanto, a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o pode resultar em preven&#231;&#227;o adequada. Estudos pr&#233;vios relatam que a variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial circadiana deteriorada em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos pode estar associada a anormalidades em repolariza&#231;&#227;o detectadas pelo ECG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Por&#233;m, a import&#226;ncia de fQRS em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos como marcador de abnormalidades em repolariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o est&#225; clara. A fQRS &#233; um sinal de condu&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o homog&#234;nea causada por cicatriz, isquemia ou fibrose no mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Demonstrou-se que a fQRS &#233; um preditor de mortalidade e desfechos cardiovasculares adversos em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Adicionalmente, a fQRS tem sido bem descrita como um fator fibr&#243;tico na hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Demonstrou-se tamb&#233;m que a frequ&#234;ncia de fQRS &#233; significativamente mais alta em pacientes hipertensos em compara&#231;&#227;o com normotensos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e pacientes hipertensos com padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> t&#234;m uma frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de fQRS no ECG em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com padr&#227;o <italic>dipping.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Esses estudos revelaram que os n&#237;veis aumentados de press&#227;o arterial e a eleva&#231;&#227;o noturna desses est&#227;o associados &#224; presen&#231;a de fQRS no ECG em pacientes hipertensos, o que indica uma maior carga fibr&#243;tica no mioc&#225;rdio nesses pacientes. O presente estudo demonstrou que os padr&#245;es <italic>non-dipping</italic> de press&#227;o arterial s&#227;o significativamente associados &#224; presen&#231;a de fQRS no ECG em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos, de maneira semelhante a pacientes hipertensos. Visto que a presen&#231;a de fQRS no ECG &#233; um importante preditor de fibrose e carga fibr&#243;tica no mioc&#225;rdio, os resultados de nosso estudo indicam uma carga fibr&#243;tica maior em pr&#233;-hipertensos em compara&#231;&#227;o com normotensos. O poss&#237;vel mecanismo subjacente &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre a fQRS e o padr&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial <italic>non-dipping</italic> em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos pode ser semelhante em pacientes hipertensos. A elevada atividade simp&#225;tica noturna relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e a acumula&#231;&#227;o de tecidos conjuntivos e fibras de col&#225;geno relacionada &#224; sobrecarga de press&#227;o cr&#244;nica cont&#237;nua no mioc&#225;rdio pode exercer um papel chave na maior carga fibr&#243;tica e na fibrose desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> &#233; um fator progn&#243;stico e o aumento nos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial noturna indica desfechos cardiovasculares mais adversos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os padr&#245;es <italic>dipping.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Portanto, uma defini&#231;&#227;o de <italic>non-dipping</italic> &#233; de import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Al&#233;m de ser o precursor da hipertens&#227;o, a pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o inclui uma variedade de fatores de alto risco para eventos cardiovasculares adversos. Portanto os nossos resultados sugerem que a fQRS pode ser &#250;til na defini&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial circadiana deteriorada que indica os pacientes hipertensos de alto risco. </p>
        <p>Outro aspecto de nosso estudo &#233; a import&#226;ncia do uso da MAPA 24 h para a avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada da press&#227;o arterial e o diagn&#243;stico final do padr&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial. Sabe-se que os padr&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial podem variar entre os registros da MAPA e os do consult&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Da mesma forma, nosso estudo revelou que um n&#250;mero importante de pacientes rec&#233;m-diagnosticados com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o eram pr&#233;-hipertensos ap&#243;s resultados da MAPA 24 h. Visto que a MAPA de 24 horas &#233; considerada o &#8220;padr&#227;o-ouro&#8221; para avalia&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o, nosso estudo inclui pr&#233;-hipertensivos reais.</p>
        <p>H&#225; algumas limita&#231;&#245;es neste estudo. Primeiramente, o tamanho da amostra do estudo &#233; relativamente pequeno; por&#233;m, a detec&#231;&#227;o de pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos isolados n&#227;o &#233; um procedimento f&#225;cil na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Em segundo lugar, o presente estudo incluiu apenas pacientes rec&#233;m-diagnosticados com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o. Em terceiro, a defini&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o baseada em registros da MAPA n&#227;o est&#225; clara. Portanto, designamos os pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial, mas n&#227;o hipertensos, como pr&#233;-hipertensos. Finalmente, a falta de dados sobre a confirma&#231;&#227;o de fibrose no mioc&#225;rdio por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica &#233; outra limita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Fibrose no mioc&#225;rdio &#233; um preditor importante de eventos cardiovasculares adversos em pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial. A fQRS &#233; um resultado simples e facilmente detect&#225;vel no ECG que indica fibrose no mioc&#225;rdio. O presente estudo revela uma rela&#231;&#227;o importante entre a fQRS e o padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos. Achamos que pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos <italic>non-dipping</italic> t&#234;m uma frequ&#234;ncia significativamente mais alta de fQRS em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes normotensos e que fQRS &#233; um preditor independente do padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipping</italic> em pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o. Nossos resultados sugerem que a fQRS pode ser &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos de alto risco antes do desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o. Esta identifica&#231;&#227;o pode ajudar em termos de preven&#231;&#227;o adequada de futuros eventos cardiovasculares. Estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para demonstrar o valor progn&#243;stico de fQRS em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos e para entender se um tratamento mais agressivo da pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o pode normalizar os achados do ECG.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
