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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rTRYjxHP5WVG6SFt6srFJ3N</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000100048</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180261</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of FFR Measurement Clinical Impact and Cost-Effectiveness Compared to Angiography In Multi-Arterial Patients Undergoing PCI</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3998-8813</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6987-3905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Bonacossa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Maca&#233;</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Maca&#233;, Maca&#233;, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Santa Helena</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Cabo Frio</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica da Cl&#237;nica Santa Helena, Cabo Frio, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnico-Educacional Souza Marques</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnico-Educacional Souza Marques, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Mendes Sant'Anna,</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Maca&#233; - Ensino e Gradua&#231;&#227;o - Av. Alu&#237;zio da Silva Gomes, 50. Postal Code 27930-960, Maca&#233;, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fmsantanna@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>48</fpage>
      <lpage>49</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>fractional Flow Reserve,Myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cost-Benefit Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty, Balloon Coronary</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The study by Quintella et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> published in this issue of the journal, brings us valuable information about the use of an important physiological evaluation tool in the hemodynamic laboratory. FFR-guided treatment (myocardial fractional flow reserve), used in the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation in multi-arterial patients treated in the Unified Health System (SUS) has been shown to be useful in decreasing the incidence of new revascularization of the target vessel (clinical restenosis), as well as being cost-effective when compared to the angiography-guided treatment.</p>
    <p>The value of FFR to predict major adverse cardiovascular events (MCAEs) prior to PCIs has been established for many years. Its ability to detect ischemia and, with this, to guide the most appropriate treatment, has undergone the test of time, and passed. The 15-year follow-up of the DEFER<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> study in single-vessel patients, and the 5-year studies, FAME 1,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and FAME 2,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> in multiarterial patients, showed consistent and unquestionable results, with a better, or at least similar, clinical progression, in the FFR-guided groups, using less stents with fewer lesions and consequently lower costs, as well as evidenced the safety of leaving lesions whose FFR was not indicative of ischemia only on drug treatment.</p>
    <p>The limited value of angiography to predict ischemia has long been known. Sant'Anna et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> showed a weak correlation between angiography, expressed as a percentage of stenosis diameter (SD), and FFR (rho = - 0.33), especially in intermediate lesions (between 40% and 70%). This disagreement between SD and physiology has already been documented in several other studies, such as that by Toth et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and Park et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> which also showed disagreement rates between FFR and angiography of 36% and 39% respectively. In a study published in 2007,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> in 250 patients (452 lesions) assessed by FFR before PCI, 32% of the lesions had their initially planned treatment strategy modified after FFR measurement, which is a major change because it would imply inadequate treatment in more than one third of the patients. More recently, Ciccarelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> in a FAME 2 substudy, analyzed the value of angiography compared to FFR to predict the natural history of coronary lesions, correlating MCAE index with the angiographic and physiological importance of these lesions in patients (n = 607) who were initially left only on drug treatment. In the subgroups in which FFR was discordant of angiography (FFR &gt; 0.80 and SD &#8805; 50% or FFR &#8804; 0.80 and SD &lt; 50%), clinical progression was worse in those in whom FFR was &#8804; 0, 80, even if the lesion was not significant, and benign in those in whom FFR was &gt; 0.80, regardless of SD.</p>
    <p>In the study by Quintella et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> MCAE that was reduced in the FFR group was due to the need for new revascularization of the target vessel, with no difference in mortality or infarction. Even with the limited number of patients involved in the study, this data is in agreement with what was presented in the FAME studies, in which, after 5 years of progression, only the need for new revascularization remains different in the groups. We call the attention to the low rate of clinical restenosis in the FFR group (5.8%) of the study by Quintella et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> because he used only BMS, which may be due to the fact that much less lesions were treated compared to the angio group (1.14 vs. 2.22 stents per patient), and with better selection criteria.</p>
    <p>Another interesting finding of the study is the cost-effectiveness (CE) relationship, measured by the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), which represents the ratio between the costs of technologies under analysis, and their effectiveness. This ratio is usually adjusted for quality of life, and expressed as QALY (quality-adjusted life year). Costs below USD 20,000/QALY are accepted to be highly supportive of the technology tested. The ICER calculated for the study by Quintella et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> was of R$ 21,156, 55, totally within the CE criteria, mainly if we consider that only BMS were used, that is, if DES were used, ICER would be even lower. Fearon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> have published an interesting study on FFR CE in the population of FAME 1,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> in which the author points out that the FFR-guided strategy has a lower cost compared to that guided by angiography in 90.74%, and is cost-effective in 99.96% of cases, being one of those rare situations where a new technology not only improves outcomes, but also saves resources. Siebert et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> found similar findings in the Australian population, where 1.776 USD would also be saved per patient over 1 year with the use of FFR during PCI.</p>
    <p>Although we cannot extrapolate these results from other countries to ours, because the prices practiced and the reimbursement system are different, we can still assume that now, when SUS begins to allow the use of drug-eluting stents at a more competitive price, the strategy of use of FFR becomes even more attractive.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <surname>Gothe</surname>
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              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arvandi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
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              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bornschein</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eccleston</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walters</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
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          <source>Heart Lung Circ</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise do Impacto Cl&#237;nico e Custo-Efetividade da Medida do FFR em Compara&#231;&#227;o com a Angiografia em Pacientes Multiarteriais Submetidos &#224; ICP</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3998-8813</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6987-3905</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Bonacossa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Maca&#233;, Maca&#233;, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica da Cl&#237;nica Santa Helena, Cabo Frio, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o T&#233;cnico-Educacional Souza Marques, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Mendes Sant'Anna, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Maca&#233; - Ensino e Gradua&#231;&#227;o - Av. Alu&#237;zio da Silva Gomes, 50. CEP 27930-960, Maca&#233;, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fmsantanna@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Reserva Fracionada do Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Custo Benef&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O estudo de Quintella et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> publicado nesse n&#250;mero da revista, vem nos trazer valiosas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de importante ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica. O tratamento guiado pelo FFR (fluxo fracionado de reserva do mioc&#225;rdio), usado no &#226;mbito da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) com implante de <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico (SNF) em pacientes multiarteriais do SUS, mostrou-se &#250;til em diminuir a incid&#234;ncia de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo (reestenose cl&#237;nica), assim como foi custo-efetivo quando comparado ao tratamento guiado pela angiografia.</p>
      <p>O valor do FFR em predizer eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) antes das ICP j&#225; est&#225; estabelecido h&#225; muitos anos. Sua capacidade de detectar isquemia e com isso orientar o tratamento mais adequado sofreu a prova do tempo e passou. Os seguimentos de 15 anos do estudo DEFER<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> nos pacientes uniarteriais, e de 5 anos dos estudos FAME 1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e FAME 2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> em pacientes multiarteriais, mostraram resultados consistentes e inquestion&#225;veis, com evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica melhor, ou no m&#237;nimo semelhante, nos grupos guiados pelo FFR, utilizando-se menos <italic>stents</italic>, com menos les&#245;es abordadas e consequentemente menor custo, al&#233;m de evidenciar a seguran&#231;a de se deixar as les&#245;es cujo FFR n&#227;o fosse indicativo de isquemia apenas em tratamento medicamentoso.</p>
      <p>H&#225; bastante tempo j&#225; se conhece o valor limitado da angiografia para predizer isquemia. Sant'Anna et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> mostraram fraca correla&#231;&#227;o entre a angiografia, expressa como percentual de di&#226;metro de estenose (DE) e o FFR (<italic>rho</italic> = - 0,33), especialmente em les&#245;es intermedi&#225;rias (entre 40% e 70%). Essa discord&#226;ncia entre o DE e a fisiologia j&#225; foi documentada em v&#225;rios outros estudos, como o de Toth et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Park et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> que igualmente mostraram percentuais de discord&#226;ncia entre o FFR e a angiografia de 36% e 39%, respectivamente. Em um estudo publicado em 2007,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> em 250 pacientes (452 les&#245;es) avaliados pelo FFR antes da ICP, 32% das les&#245;es tiveram sua estrat&#233;gia de tratamento inicialmente planejada modificada ap&#243;s a medida do FFR, o que se constitui uma grande mudan&#231;a, pois implicaria tratamento inadequado em mais de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes. Mais recentemente, Ciccarelli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> em um subestudo do FAME 2, analisaram o valor da angiografia comparado com o FFR para predizer a hist&#243;ria natural das les&#245;es coronarianas, correlacionando o &#237;ndice de ECAM com a import&#226;ncia angiogr&#225;fica e fisiol&#243;gica dessas les&#245;es em pacientes (n=607) que inicialmente foram deixados apenas em tratamento medicamentoso. Nos subgrupos nos quais o FFR era discordante da angiografia (FFR &gt; 0,80 e DE &#8805; 50% ou FFR &#8804; 0,80 e DE &lt; 50%), a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mostrou-se pior naqueles nos quais o FFR era &#8804; 0,80, mesmo que a les&#227;o n&#227;o fosse importante, e benigna naqueles nos quais o FFR era &gt; 0,80, independente do DE.</p>
      <p>No estudo de Quintella et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> o ECAM que se reduziu no grupo FFR foi a necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade ou infarto. Mesmo diante do limitado n&#250;mero de pacientes envolvidos no estudo, tal dado est&#225; de acordo com o que foi apresentado nos estudos FAME, nos quais ap&#243;s 5 anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o apenas a necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o permanece diferente entre os grupos. Chamamos a aten&#231;&#227;o para a baixa taxa de reestenose cl&#237;nica no grupo FFR (5,8%) do estudo de Quintella et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> uma vez que o mesmo utilizou apenas SNF, o que talvez se deva ao fato de terem sido tratadas muito menos les&#245;es do que no grupo angio (1,14 vs. 2,22 <italic>stents</italic> por paciente), e com melhor crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Outro achado interessante do estudo &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade (CE), medida pela raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI), que representa a raz&#227;o entre os custos das tecnologias em an&#225;lise e suas efetividades. Essa raz&#227;o geralmente &#233; ajustada para qualidade de vida e expressa como QALY (<italic>quality-adjusted life year</italic>). Aceita-se que custos abaixo de USD 20.000/QALY sejam altamente favor&#225;veis &#224; tecnologia testada. A RCEI calculada para o estudo de Quintella et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> foi de R$ 21.156,55, totalmente dentro dos crit&#233;rios de CE, principalmente se levarmos em conta que foram utilizados apenas SNF, ou seja, se fossem utilizados SF, a RCEI seria ainda menor. Fearon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> publicaram um estudo interessante sobre a CE do FFR na popula&#231;&#227;o do FAME 1,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> na qual o autor chama a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de a estrat&#233;gia guiada pelo FFR ter custo menor que a guiada pela angiografia em 90,74% e ser custo-efetiva em 99,96% dos casos, sendo uma daquelas raras situa&#231;&#245;es onde uma nova tecnologia n&#227;o apenas melhora desfechos, mas tamb&#233;m economiza recursos. Siebert et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> encontraram achados semelhantes na popula&#231;&#227;o australiana, onde tamb&#233;m se economizaria USD 1.776 por paciente ao longo de 1 ano com o uso do FFR durante as ICP.</p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o possamos extrapolar esses resultados de outros pa&#237;ses para o nosso, uma vez que os pre&#231;os praticados e o sistema de reembolso s&#227;o diferentes, ainda assim &#233; de se supor que agora, quando o SUS come&#231;a a liberar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos a pre&#231;o mais competitivo, a estrat&#233;gia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do FFR torna-se ainda mais atraente.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
