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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">V58M7KvSfDrTVCyPgt7KknK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000100040</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005021101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180262</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of FFR Compared with Angiography in Multivessel Disease Patient</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7852-7182</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Quintella</surname>
            <given-names>Edgard Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Esmeralci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Manuel Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (IECAC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de Val&#232;ncia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universitario</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiology Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Valencia</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department. Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universitario, INCLIVA. Universitat de Val&#232;ncia, Valencia - Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras (INCL), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Edgard Freitas Quintella</bold>, Rua dos Jacarand&#225;s 300, Bloco 5 Apto 1206. Postal Code 22776-050, Barra da Tijuca, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>e.quintella@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Quintella EFQ, Ferreira E, Sant'Anna FM, Albuquerque DC; acquisition of data: Quintella EFQ, Ferreira E, Sant'Anna FM, Amorim B; analysis and interpretation of the data: Quintella EFQ, Ferreira E, Azevedo VMP, Araujo DV, Sant'Anna FM, Albuquerque DC; statistical analysis: Quintella EFQ, Azevedo VMP, Araujo DV; writing of the manuscript: Quintella EFQ, Ferreira E, Albuquerque DC; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Quintella EFQ, Ferreira E, Azevedo VMP, Araujo DV, Albuquerque DC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>40</fpage>
      <lpage>47</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>In multivessel disease patients with moderate stenosis, fractional flow reserve (FFR) allows the analysis of the lesions and guides treatment, and could contribute to the cost-effectiveness (CE) of non-pharmacological stents (NPS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate CE and clinical impact of FFR-guided versus angiography-guided angioplasty (ANGIO) in multivessel patients using NPS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Multivessel disease patients were prospectively randomized to FFR or ANGIO groups during a 5 year-period and followed for &lt; 12 months. Outcomes measures were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), restenosis and CE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We studied 69 patients, 47 (68.1%) men, aged 62.0 &#177; 9.0 years, 34 (49.2%) in FFR group and 53 (50.7%) in ANGIO group, with stable angina or acute coronary syndrome. In FFR, there were 26 patients with biarterial disease (76.5%) and 8 (23.5%) with triarterial disease, and in ANGIO, 24 (68.6%) with biarterial and 11 (31.4%) with triarterial disease. Twelve MACEs were observed - 3 deaths: 2 (5.8%) in FFR and 1 (2.8%) in ANGIO, 9 (13.0%) angina: 4(11.7%) in FFR and 5(14.2%) in ANGIO, 6 restenosis: 2(5.8%) in FFR and 4 (11.4%) in ANGIO. Angiography detected 87(53.0%) lesions in FFR, 39(23.7%) with PCI and 48(29.3%) with medical treatment; and 77 (47.0%) lesions in ANGIO, all treated with angioplasty. Thirty-nine (33.3%) stents were registered in FFR (0.45 &#177; 0.50 stents/lesion) and 78 (1.05 &#177; 0.22 stents/lesion) in ANGIO (p = 0.0001), 51.4% greater in ANGIO than FFR. CE analysis revealed a cost of BRL 5,045.97 BRL 5,430.60 in ANGIO and FFR, respectively. The difference of effectiveness was of 1.82%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>FFR reduced the number of lesions treated and stents, and the need for target-lesion revascularization, with a CE comparable with that of angiography.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cost-Benefit Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In stable coronary artery disease (CAD), angiographic lesions that would benefit most from myocardial revascularization (MR) are those associated with ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Non-invasive tests (NITs) for ischemia may yield conflicting results, which make it difficult to identify culprit lesions based on symptoms, and consequently to make better therapeutic decisions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In multivessel coronary disease patients, angiography may fail to evaluate the prognosis, especially in those with moderate stenosis (50-70%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>FAME-2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> trial compared the use of fractional flow reserve (FFR) and angiography alone to identify coronary stenosis that required treatment. The study could be discontinued earlier due to the superiority of FFR-guided revascularization.</p>
      <p>Although most percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are still performed without NITs, 70% of patients referred for PCI have multivessel diseases, and 80% have moderate lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, it is estimated that 40-50% of these lesions are ischemic.</p>
      <p>FFR is the best method to associate obstruction with ischemia. A FFR &lt; 0.75 is considered to be associated with ischemia, with sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values greater than 90%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> PCI for ischemic lesions is cost-effective and decreases the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Fearon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> showed that FFR-guided PCI in patients with one-vessel CAD was superior to other therapeutic strategies based on angiography or scintigraphy.</p>
      <p>Our study aims to add to the knowledge of the cost-effectiveness (CE) of FFR-guided PCI in patients with multivessel CAD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objectives</title>
      <p>To assess the occurrence of MACE and CE of FFR, compared with angiographic criteria for patients with multivessel diseases undergoing PCI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Prospective, randomized, clinical study on PCI in 70 patients with multivessel disease attending Pedro Ernesto University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Aloysio Castro Institute of Cardiology between April 2011 and May 2016.</p>
      <p>Patients were randomized using computer-generated random numbers (R software, 2.11) to:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>FFR measurements of significant lesions and PCI with stent implantation for lesions with FFR &lt; 0.75 (FFR group);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>PCI with stent implantation for stenosis &gt; 60% by visual assessment with angiography (ANGIO group).</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Each computer-generated number corresponded to one group. The numbers were put into opaque, sealed envelopes, which were sequentially opened for each patient recruited for the study by an independent person who was unaware of the allocation.</p>
      <p>Sample size was calculated using Epi-Info software, version 3.4, considering a power (1-&#946;) of 80% and 95% confidence interval. An estimated 17% difference in the costs between the two groups was used for calculation of the sample size required to reach statistically significant difference.</p>
      <p>The sample size calculated was 200 (100 for each group); however, due to financial constraints, the number of patients included was 70.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>Patients aged 21 years or older with stable multivessel disease or at day 7 after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), with at least one moderate stenosis (&gt;60%) without severe left ventricular dysfunction, and with NIT for ischemia, were divided into two groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). In group 1 (FFR, n = 34), PCI was performed for FFR &lt; 0.75, whereas in group 2 (ANGIO, n = 35), patients underwent PCI with stent implantation in all significant lesions. One patient was lost to follow-up, and a total of 69 patients were studied. Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) was used for at least 6 months. Patients were assessed at 30 days, six months and one year of follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). At six months, NIT and coronary angiography were performed in symptomatic or ischemic patients; FFR measurements were performed again in the first group, and restenosis was treated according to the course of disease.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the study population (overall and by group)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Overall study population (%)</th>
                <th align="center">FFR n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">ANGIO n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Number of patients</td>
                <td align="center">69 (100.0)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (49.3)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (50.7)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">47 (68.1)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (53.2)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (46.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.342<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female sex</td>
                <td align="center">22 (31.9)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (40.9)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (59.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.342<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">24 (35.8)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (50.0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (50.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.930<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">51 (73.9)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (49.0)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (50.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.943<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">50 (72.5)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (42.0)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (52.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.731<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history</td>
                <td align="center">40 (57.9)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (52.5)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (47.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.529<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Current smoker</td>
                <td align="center">19 (27.5)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (52.6)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (47.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.731<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous AMI</td>
                <td align="center">15 (21.7)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (53.3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (46.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.722<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stable angina</td>
                <td align="center">42 (60.8)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (47.6)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (52.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.930<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acute coronary syndrome</td>
                <td align="center">27 (39.1)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (57.1)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (42.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.930<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years) mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">62.0 &#177; 9.0</td>
                <td align="center">62.7 &#177; 8.4</td>
                <td align="center">59.5 &#177; 9.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.117<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV ejection fraction (%) (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">67.0 &#177; 13.3</td>
                <td align="center">70.0 &#177; 14.0</td>
                <td align="center">64.0 &#177; 12.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.110<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; FFR: fractional flow reserve group; ANGIO: coronary angiography group; SD: standard deviation; LV: left ventricle.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Pearson's chi-square test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Kruskal-Wallis test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Fisher's exact test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Major adverse cardiovascular events in the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Study population (%)</th>
                <th align="center">FFR n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">ANGIO n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MACE</td>
                <td align="center">12 (17.3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (17.6)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (17.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total deaths</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4.3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Deaths from cardiovascular causes</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Deaths from non-cardiovascular causes</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina</td>
                <td align="center">9 (13.0)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11.7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Target lesion revascularization</td>
                <td align="center">6 (8.6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5.8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (11.4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>FFR: fractional flow reserve group; ANGIO: coronary angiography group; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>1 patient missed second coronary angiography and was lost to follow-up.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cost-effectiveness</title>
        <p>We used the CE model proposed in the Brazilian study by Polanczyk et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> CE outcome measure was &#8220;one-year restenosis-free survival&#8221;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effectiveness analysis</title>
        <p>Estimates were obtained from the literature,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and the cost of procedure index calculated under the perspective of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). We analyzed the mean costs of each intervention, considering SUS&#8217;s reimbursement to the hospitals. For each intervention, we calculated expected costs and the clinical outcomes described above.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were described as frequency, mean and standard deviations, and median and interquartile ranges. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for outcome comparisons between the groups, and the Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used for comparisons of dichotomous variables. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between independent variables and outcomes. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed and compared by log-rank test. Survival was analyzed by bivariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. SATAT 14 (SATA Inc) software was used for analysis. The level of significance was set at p &#8804; 0.05%. All tests were two-tailed.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Patients&#8217; characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Most patients had a stable disease, or those with ACS patients were asymptomatic for 7 days. MACEs were reported by 12 patients (17.3%) - 6 patients (17.1%) in FFR group and 6 patients (17.1%) in ANGIO group. Three deaths occurred, 2 (2.8%) in the FFR group and 1 (1.4%) in the ANGIO group (AMI, without DAPT discontinuation). Nine (13.0%) had angina, 4 (5.7%) in FFR group and 5 (7.2%) in the ANGIO group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In the 4 patients of the FFR group, based on FFR measurements, 2 patients did not require a second PCI and continued in medical treatment. In the other 2 patients, intra-stent restenosis was confirmed, and these patients were treated with pharmacological stents (PS), with satisfactory results.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of major cardiac events (MACE) by study group. FFR: fractional flow reserve group; ANGIO: coronary angiography group.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0040-80262-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In group 2, one symptomatic patient with mild apical ischemia (according to scintigraphy), continued on medical treatment despite restenosis of marginal branch, but without restenosis of right coronary artery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Event-free survival curve in the study population and by groups during the 18-month period of follow-up is depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Event-free survival curve (Kaplan-Meier) by group in an 18 month-period FFR: fractional flow reserve group; ANGIO: coronary angiography group.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0040-80262-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of patients with compound events (Angina/Restenosis)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
            <col width="8%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4">FFR</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5">ANGIO</th>
              <th align="center">Total</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of patients</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angina</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asymptomatic / (+) ischemia</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vessels to be treated</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vessels treated</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Control catheterization</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vessels with restenosis</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">(?)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Target-lesion revascularization</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>FFR: fractional flow reserve group; ANGIO: coronary angiography group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiographic results</title>
        <p>In the analysis by group, no difference was observed in the number of lesions evaluated (vessels that require treatment) between the groups. There was a balanced distribution of lesions between anterior descending artery, circumflex artery and right coronary artery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Lesions by study group</title>
        <p>No difference was found in the number of stents per patient, with a mean of 1.0 &#177; 0.2 stents per lesion in the ANGIO group, and 0.4 &#177; 0.5 in the FFR group (p = 0.0001) (Kruskal-Wallis), i.e. a 50% reduction. The number of lesions treated in ANGIO group was 65% greater than in FFR group. On the other hand, 45% of lesions analyzed in FFR were treated. In ANGIO group, stent implantation per patient was more than twice the number observed in FFR group (1.1 vs. 2.2 <italic>stents</italic>/patient). Characteristics of the lesions were assessed by angiographic quantification. In group 1, FFR were measured before and after procedure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean fractional flow reserve before and after percutaneous coronary intervention</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">FFR (mean &#177; SD)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Before PCI</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">0.74 &#177; 0.15</td>
                <td align="center">0.290<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post-PCI</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">0.90 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">0.290<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>FFR: fractional flow reserve; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SD: standard deviation;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Pearson's chi-square test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cost-effectiveness</title>
        <p>Estimates of the main clinical outcomes and probabilities to be included in the decision model were obtained from the literature, by review of randomized trials involving non-pharmacological stents (NPS) and PCI. Procedure-index cost and, the cost of post-PCI stable stage, and other costs were expressed in Brazilian Reals (BRL) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The difference in effectiveness, costs and incremental CE ratio (ICER) were 1.8%, BRL384.61, and BRL21,156.55, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estimates for the model: procedure and outpatient service costs</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Procedures</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Costs (BRL)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">ANGIO</th>
                <th align="center">FFR</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Procedure-index</td>
                <td align="center">1,503.00</td>
                <td align="center">1,503.00<sup>28</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(<italic>Stent</italic> and FFR - mean cost)</td>
                <td align="center">2,034.50</td>
                <td align="center">2,517.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Restenosis management (ICP + c/ SF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>)</td>
                <td align="center">7,904.01<sup>29</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revascularization surgery - elective</td>
                <td align="center">7,620.60<sup>29</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- emergency</td>
                <td align="center">8,950.50<sup>28</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AMI-index</td>
                <td align="center">2,716.95<sup>29</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">One year without events following ICP or stable MRS</td>
                <td align="center">1,383.00<sup>28</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiac catheterization</td>
                <td align="center">539.00<sup>28</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean PCI</td>
                <td align="center">5,386.76<sup>29</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCI with balloon</td>
                <td align="center">1,599.02<sup>29</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Death for CAD</td>
                <td align="center">2,577.00<sup>28</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CAD: coronary artery disease; MRS: myocardial revascularization surgery; ANGIO: coronary angiography group; FFR: fractional flow reserve group.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Management of restenosis with percutaneous coronary intervention + covered stent.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Results of cost-effectiveness analysis: coronary angiography (ANGIO) group versus fractional flow reserve (FFR) group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Strategy</th>
                <th align="center">One-year effectiveness </th>
                <th align="center">Difference in effectiveness</th>
                <th align="center">Cost (BRL)</th>
                <th align="center">Cost difference (BRL)</th>
                <th align="center">ICER</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ANGIO</td>
                <td align="center">78.52%</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5,045.97</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FFR</td>
                <td align="center">80.34%</td>
                <td align="center">1.82%</td>
                <td align="center">5,430.60</td>
                <td align="center">384.62</td>
                <td align="center">21.156.55</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>ICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; ANGIO: coronary angiography group; FFR: fractional flow reserve.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study shows that FFR-guided PCI is a cost-effective strategy compared with angiographic criteria in patients with multivessel diseases, reducing the number of stenosis, stents and need for target lesion revascularization (TLR).</p>
      <p>Asymptomatic patients, even elderly patients older than 75 years,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> with percent myocardial ischemia &#8805; 10% ischemic benefit from MR. In the COURAGE trial nuclear substudy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> patients that achieved a reduction in ischemic myocardium from &#8805;10% to &lt;5%, showed better outcomes. Reduction of risk factors is essential in medical therapy. In this regard, to reduce the extension and severity of ischemic myocardium may contribute to the improvement of patients&#8217; quality of life, particularly among those whose medical treatment was shown to be ineffective. The correlation of coronary anatomy with ischemic parameters may provide a rational and safe basis for revascularization. The ISCHEMIA trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> still under way, was designed to compensate for existing limitations in the literature. In the present study, we attempted to show a reduction in MACE with FFR-guided invasive strategy compared with optimized medical treatment, and only for patients that did not respond to medical treatment.</p>
      <p>The key point in performing or not MR is the possibility of quantifying ischemic lesions per segment in case of multiple lesions, especially when associated with moderate lesions, which represent most of the cases. In this context, the only method capable of showing this relationship is FFR. However, the method is not only an invasive strategy, but also involves higher costs. In Brazil, the reality of PCI is very particular. Although their coverage by SUS was approved in August 2014, due to their high costs, PSs are not widely provided by the system. Instead, their use is restricted to diabetic patients in whom vessels with diameter &lt;2.5 mm and extension &gt;18 mm is observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The choice to treat with percutaneous revascularization mutivessel diseases was grounded in studies on FS - the SYNTAX,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> FAME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and FAME-2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> studies.</p>
      <p>Data on revascularization with NPS and FFR are scarce. However, the use of FFR in multivessel diseases have been evaluated, with no difference in mortality or non-fatal infarction, despite differences in TLR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This randomized, prospective study on patients with multivessel diseases referred for FFR- or angiography-guided PCI was based on FAME study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> using NPS though. Also, in our study, lesions with FFR &gt; 0.75 were not treated, different from FAME, that used a cut-off of 0.80. The choice for a lower cut-off point was justified by a 100%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> predictive value for a FFR value of 0.75. A cut-off of 0.75 would hence represent a lower chance of restenosis, since it would be expected a higher incidence of restenosis with the use of NPS.</p>
      <p>Li et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> evaluated more than 7,300 patients, 1,090 of them undergoing FFR-guided PCI, 30% with NPS. After the exclusion of patients with FFR &gt; 0.75 and &lt; 0.80, there was a decrease in the rates of AMI and in the composite of AMI and death. In patients with FFR &gt; 0.80, a conservative approach was used.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical data</title>
        <p>Although the increment of 1.45% in mortality in the FFR group was not statistically significant, the result contrasts with the literature, although we attributed this finding to the small number of randomized patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Zhang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> showed in a meta-analysis including nearly 50,000 patients that FFR reduced the absolute risk of late mortality by 7.7%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The frequency of MACE in our study group was 17.3%, with similar distribution between the groups, in accordance with the FAME study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The incidence of angina in the FFR group was identical between the groups.</p>
        <p>In the present study, 9 (13.0) patients had angina and/or ischemia according to ergometric test, 4 (44.4%) in the FFR group and 5 (55.6%) in the ANGIO group. In the ANGIO group, one patient was lost to follow-up before reassessment. All the four patients reassessed were treated for intra-stent stenosis defined by angiographic criteria, whereas in the FFR group, functional analysis indicated that 2 of these 4 patients required treatment. When we evaluated the need for new revascularization considering the presence of clinical restenosis (angina/ischemia) and functional reassessment, only half of patients in the FFR group was subjected to another PCI for intra-stent restenosis. In the ANGIO group, according to angiographic criteria, 12 vessels with restenosis were identified, which were later treated. In the FFR group, 8 vessels were reassessed, and only 2 required treatment. Thus, in the former group, the number of treated vessels was six times greater, with twice the number of TLR compared with the latter group.</p>
        <p>These results contrast with those reported in the FAME study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> probably because only PS (without inclusion of NPS) was used by the authors.</p>
        <p>In addition, we could speculate that, considering the use of NPS in patients with multivessel diseases, the choice for FFR could provide additional benefit. Since the incidence of restenosis was higher in this population, although the percentages of lesions did not differ with the use of PS, there was a significant reduction in the total number of lesions, in absolute numbers, as described as follows:</p>
        <p>
          <bold>For NPS:</bold>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Situation 1:</bold> considering a hypothetical restenosis rate of 20%, there will be 20 restenosis for every 100 lesions considered significant according to angiographic criteria.</p>
        <p><bold>Situation 2:</bold> for every 100 lesions functionally analyzed, 50 will be treated; considering the same hypothetical restenosis rate of 20%, there will be 10 restenosis.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>For PS:</bold>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Situation 1:</bold> considering a hypothetical restenosis rate of 5%, there will be 5 restenosis for every 100 lesions considered significant according to angiographic criteria.</p>
        <p><bold>Situation 2:</bold> for every 100 lesions functionally analyzed, 50 will be treated; considering the same hypothetical restenosis rate of 5%, there will be 2.5 restenosis.</p>
        <p>Thus, the use of functional analysis to determine the likelihood of recommending revascularization could prevent more restenosis (in absolute numbers) than NPS.</p>
        <p>Considering TLR, only half of patients of the FFR group underwent another PCI, whereas in the ANGIO group, the number of vessels treated was six times greater and the need for TLR was twice higher. These findings differ from those reported in the FAME study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> again, probably because only PS was used in their study.</p>
        <p>Logistic regression of demographic, clinical and angiographical factors did not show increased risk for MACE, similar to the FAME study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiographic data</title>
        <p>In the FFR group, 45% of the lesions analyzed were treated, with a mean of 1.14 stent per patient; in the ANGIO group, all lesions were treated, with a mean of 2.2 stents per patient. The number of stents was 50% greater in the ANGIO group. In the FAME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> study, however, only 30% of the lesions were treated (2.7 stents per patient in the ANGIO group and 1.9 in the FFR group). The mean extension of stent coverage was 51.4 &#177; 2.0 mm and 37.9 &#177; 27.0 mm, respectively,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and in our study we found a mean of 14.65 &#177; 6.91 mm. The mean FFR was 0.74 &#177; 0.15 mm in our study, very similar to that of the FAME study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Based on functional analysis, 55% and 37% of the lesions analyzed were not treated in the present study and in the FAME study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> respectively; this difference may be due to the inclusion of more complex lesions treated by PS in our study. In addition, although mean stenosis percentage (60%) was similar in both studies, mean diameter of target vessel was greater in our study (2.9 &#177; 0.4 mm and 2,8 &#177; 0,5 mm in FFR and ANGIO groups, respectively) compared with the FAME study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> (mean of 2.5 mm in both groups).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cost-effectiveness</title>
        <p>CE compares costs and effects of different health technologies to identify which technique provides the greatest benefit, and the incremental cost (IC) for it. In this economic analysis, costs are expressed in monetary units, whereas effects in clinical-epidemiological units or natural units (prevented cases, survival, cure, etc.). The main of CE analysis is to maximize the outcomes in health with the financial resources available. The most common outcome measure of CE analysis is ICER, which represents the ratio between costs of the techniques (cost of A - cost of B) and effectiveness of the techniques (effectiveness of A - effectiveness of B). This ratio is used to identify which of these strategies result in maximal effectiveness for a given cost, or the degree of investment required to obtain incremental benefit in health.</p>
        <p>CE criterion is one of many criteria that should be used to determine whether an intervention should be offered. In addition, equity, needs and priorities should also be considered in the decision-making process. CE relates costs with clinical outcomes and compare relative value of interventions; it translates the difference of costs between two strategies of treatment. The monetary value is divided by the difference of their effectiveness, expressed in years of life gained (life expectancy) or other prevented or avoided events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a measure of disease burden, of both quality and quantity of life. QALY is used to evaluate the cost-benefit ratio of a therapeutic intervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In monetary values, therapies with costs lower than USD20,000/QALY are considered favorable strategies; those with costs from USD20,000 to USD40,000/QALY are consistent with habitual interventions, and therapies with costs higher than USD40,000/QALY are considered of little benefit.</p>
        <p>CE of an intervention is known to vary with overall individual or population risk;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> however, in Brazil, the incremental costs of an intervention that provide clinical benefits have not been established. In both American and Canadian health systems, the value of USD50,000 per QALY, and more recently USD10,000 per prevented major event is considered a reasonable utilization of health resources.</p>
        <p>In the present study, the difference of effectiveness in one year was 1.82%; however, ICER, established as the difference of costs between PCI in the ANGIO group and PCI in the FFR group divided by the difference in effectiveness (one-year-restenosis-free survival) was BRL21,156.55. This value is consistent with optimal therapies as well as with overall individual or population risk, and therefore considered cost-effective.</p>
        <p>We did not find in the literature studies on the CE of FFR-guided PCI and NPS in patients with multivessel diseases, which is hence a strength of our study. Our findings demonstrate clinical benefits of CE during one year of follow-up, which is not commonly seen in new therapeutic strategies, as shown by Fearon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> suggesting an economic or social impact. The use of FFR in PCI in multivessel disease patients is a more cost-effective approach than treating all significant lesions identified by angiography. This can help change the paradigm and reduce costs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> at the same time and thereby consolidate the practice of medicine based on physiological data, which would lead to better medical care.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The sample size was small, particularly due to limited funding resources, which made it difficult to obtain more consistent clinical data. Despite that, we did show significant differences in CE and reduction in TLR.</p>
        <p>Due to the long period of patient recruitment, some multivessel disease patients treated by angioplasty could not be recruited because of logistic and financial issues.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>FFR-guided PCI, as compared with angiographic criteria,is a cost-effective strategy that reduces the number of lesions treated, stents, and the need for TVR in patients with multivessel diseases.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Edgard Freitas Quintella, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto/UERJ under the protocol number 146.445. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto Cl&#237;nico e Custo-Efetividade da FFR em Compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; Angiografia em Pacientes com Doen&#231;as Multiarteriais Submetidos &#224; ICP</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7852-7182</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Quintella</surname>
            <given-names>Edgard Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Esmeralci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Manuel Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (IECAC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department. Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universitario, INCLIVA. Universitat de Val&#232;ncia, Valencia - Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras (INCL), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Edgard Freitas Quintella,</bold> Rua dos Jacarand&#225;s 300, Bloco 5 Apto 1206. CEP 22776-050, Barra da Tijuca, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>e.quintella@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Quintella EFQ, Ferreira E, Sant'Anna FM, Albuquerque DC; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Quintella EFQ, Ferreira E, Sant'Anna FM, Amorim B; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Quintella EFQ, Ferreira E, Azevedo VMP, Araujo DV, Sant'Anna FM, Albuquerque DC; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Quintella EFQ, Azevedo VMP, Araujo DV; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Quintella EFQ, Ferreira E, Albuquerque DC; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Quintella EFQ, Ferreira E, Azevedo VMP, Araujo DV, Albuquerque DC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes multiarteriais e les&#245;es moderadas, a reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR) avalia cada les&#227;o e direciona o tratamento, podendo ser &#250;til no custo-efetividade (CE) de implante de <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos (SNF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar CE e impacto cl&#237;nico da angioplastia + FFR versus angioplastia + angiografia (ANGIO), em multiarteriais, utilizando SNF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>pacientes com doen&#231;a multiarteriais foram randomizados prospectivamente durante &#177;5 anos para FFR ou ANGIO, e acompanhados por at&#233; 12 meses. Foram avaliados eventos card&#237;acos maiores (ECAM), reestenose e CE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>foram inclu&#237;dos 69 pacientes, 47(68,1%) homens, 34(49,2%) no FFR e 35(50,7%) no ANGIO, idade 62,0 &#177; 9,0 anos, com angina est&#225;vel e S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda estabilizada. No FFR, havia 26 com doen&#231;a (76,5%) biarterial e 8 (23,5%) triarterial, e no grupo ANGIO, 24(68,6%) biarteriais e 11(31,4%) triarteriais. Ocorreram 12(17,3%) ECAM &#8211; 3(4,3%) &#243;bitos: 2(5,8%) no FFR e 1(2,8%) no ANGIO, 9(13,0%) anginas, 4(11,7%) no FFR e 5(14,2%) no ANGIO, 6 reestenoses: 2(5,8%) no FFR e 4 (11,4%) no ANGIO. Angiografia detectou 87(53,0%) les&#245;es no FFR, 39(23,7%) com ICP e 48(29,3%) com tratamento cl&#237;nico; e 77(47,0%) les&#245;es no ANGIO, todas submetidas &#224; angioplastia. Quanto aos stents, registrou-se 39(33,3%) (0,45 &#177; 0,50 stents/les&#227;o) no FFR e 78(66,6%) (1,05 &#177; 0,22 stents/les&#227;o) no ANGIO (p = 0,0001); ANGIO utilizou 51,4% a mais que o FFR. An&#225;lise de CE revelou um custo de R$5045,97 e R$5.430,60 nos grupos ANGIO e FFR, respectivamente. A diferen&#231;a de efetividade foi 1,82%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>FFR diminuiu o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es tratadas e de stents e necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo, com CE compar&#225;vel ao da angiografia.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Reserva Fracionada do Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Custo Benef&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225;vel, as les&#245;es demonstradas angiograficamente apresentam melhor benef&#237;cio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RM) se relacionadas &#224; isquemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Testes n&#227;o invasivos (TNIs) de isquemia podem apresentar resultados conflitantes, limitando, assim, a determina&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es culpadas orientadas pelos sintomas e consequentemente uma melhor defini&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Na doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial, a angiografia pode falhar na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, sobretudo em estenoses moderadas (50-70%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo FAME-2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> utilizou reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR) versus angiografia para definir les&#245;es que deveriam ser tratadas, e foi interrompido precocemente devido &#224; superioridade da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com FFR.</p>
        <p>A maioria das interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas (ICP) ainda s&#227;o realizadas sem TNI. Em 70% dos casos, existe comprometimento multiarterial, sendo em 80%, les&#245;es moderadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, estima-se que entre 40-50% dessas les&#245;es causam isquemia.</p>
        <p>O FFR &#233; a melhor forma de relacionar obstru&#231;&#227;o &#224; isquemia. O valor de &lt; 0,75 no FFR &#233; definitivo para demonstra&#231;&#227;o de isquemia, e sua sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivos positivo e negativo s&#227;o maiores que 90%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A ICP nas les&#245;es causadoras de isquemia demonstrou custo-efetividade (CE), reduzindo eventos card&#237;acos maiores (ECAM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Fearon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> mostraram que ICP com FFR em pacientes com doen&#231;a uniarterial foi superior em custo-efetividade, quando comparada a tratamentos de todas as les&#245;es baseadas na angiografia ou cintilografia.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo visa contribuir na compreens&#227;o da custo-efetividade da ICP guiada pelo FFR em pacientes multiarteriais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivos</title>
        <p>Analisar ECAM e custo-efetividade da FFR, comparando crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos, em pacientes multiarteriais submetidos &#224; ICP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <p>Estudo cl&#237;nico prospectivo, randomizado, com ICP em 70 pacientes multiarteriais do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HUPE/UERJ) e do Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (IECAC), no per&#237;odo de abril de 2011 a maio de 2016.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram randomizados por meio de n&#250;meros sequenciais gerados aleatoriamente por computador (com emprego do programa <italic>R 2.11</italic>), para serem submetidos &#224;:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Medida do FFR em todas as les&#245;es significativas e ICP com implante de stent naquelas nas quais o FFR for &lt; 0,75 - grupo FFR;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>ICP com implante de <italic>stents</italic> em todas as estenoses maiores do que 60% pela estimativa visual da angiografia - grupo ANGIO</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Cada n&#250;mero gerado pelo computador correspondia a um grupo. Esses n&#250;meros/grupos foram colocados dentro de envelopes opacos e lacrados, e abertos sequencialmente &#224; medida que os pacientes foram recrutados para o estudo por uma pessoa que n&#227;o tinha conhecimento do prop&#243;sito dos n&#250;meros.</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral foi realizado utilizando-se o programa Epi-Info vers&#227;o 3.4. Foi considerado um poder (1-&#946;) de 80% e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Foi utilizada a estimativa de 17% na diferen&#231;a de custos entre os dois grupos, para defini&#231;&#227;o do tamanho amostral necess&#225;rio para alcan&#231;ar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>O &#8220;n&#8221; calculado foi de 200 pacientes sendo 100 para cada grupo, entretanto, por restri&#231;&#245;es financeiras, o n&#250;mero de inclus&#245;es foi de 70.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          <p>Pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 21 anos, com doen&#231;a multiarterial est&#225;vel ou com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda (SCA) ap&#243;s 7dias, pelo menos uma les&#227;o moderada (&gt;60%) na coronariografia sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo grave, e com TNI isqu&#234;mico, divididos em 2 grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>). No grupo1- FFR (34 pacientes), ICP foi realizada quando FFR &lt; 0,75. No grupo 2- angiografia (ANGIO - 35 pacientes), os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ICP com implante de <italic>stents</italic> em todas as les&#245;es significativas. Houve perda seguimento de um paciente, totalizando 69 pacientes. A dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (DAP) foi usada por pelo menos seis meses. O seguimento foi feito aos 30 dias, seis meses e um ano (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>). No sexto m&#234;s foram realizados TNI e coronariografia em sintom&#225;ticos ou isqu&#234;micos. No primeiro grupo, realizou-se reavalia&#231;&#227;o da FFR. As reestenoses foram tratados conforme apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o amostral e por grupos estudados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o amostral n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">FFR n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">ANGIO n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#186; de pacientes</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (49,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (50,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (68,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (53,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (46,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,342<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (31,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (40,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (59,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,342<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (35,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,930<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (73,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (49,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (50,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,943<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (72,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (42,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (52,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,731<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (57,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (52,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (47,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,529<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo atual</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (27,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (52,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (47,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,731<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (53,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (46,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,722<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina est&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (60,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (47,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (52,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,930<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (39,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (57,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (42,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,930<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (em anos) m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0 &#177; 9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">62,7 &#177; 8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">59,5 &#177; 9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,117<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%) (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,0 &#177; 13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0 &#177; 14,0</td>
                  <td align="center">64,0 &#177; 12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,110<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; FFR: grupo "fluxo fracionado de reserva"; ANGIO: grupo "angiografia coronariana"; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>teste qui-quadrado de Pearson;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>teste de Kruskal-Wallis;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>teste exato de Fisher.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos maiores na popula&#231;&#227;o amostral e por grupos estudados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o amostral (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">FFR n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">ANGIO n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ECAM</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (17,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (17,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (17,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#211;bito total</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#211;bito de causas cardiovasculares</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#211;bito de causas n&#227;o cardiovasculares</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angina</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (13,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (14,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo </td>
                  <td align="center">6 (8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,4)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <p>FFR: grupo "reserva de fluxo fracionado"; ANGIO: grupo "angiografia coronariana"; ECAM: eventos card&#237;acos maiores.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>1 paciente n&#227;o se apresentou para nova coronariografia com perda de seguimento.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Custo-efetividade</title>
          <p>O modelo foi extra&#237;do do estudo brasileiro de Polanczyk et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O desfecho de CE considerado na avalia&#231;&#227;o foi a &#8220;sobrevida livre de reestenose em um ano&#8221;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da efetividade</title>
          <p>As estimativas foram obtidas da literatura,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e o custo do procedimento-&#237;ndice calculado na perspectiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. Foram obtidos custos m&#233;dios para as interven&#231;&#245;es, considerando o reembolso para os hospitais do SUS. Para cada estrat&#233;gia foram calculados o custo esperado e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos descritos</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Realizada pelo registro das frequ&#234;ncias, das m&#233;dias e seus respectivos desvios-padr&#227;o, da mediana e dos quartiles. Para comparar os grupos de desfecho foi utilizado o teste Kruskal-Wallis. Nas vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas, o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher. Para estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis independentes e os desfechos foi utilizada a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Curvas de sobrevida foram de Kaplan-Meier foram constru&#237;das e comparadas pelo <italic>log-</italic>rank. A sobrevida foi estudada pela an&#225;lise bivariada e multivariada de Cox. Foi utilizado o programa STATA 14 da STATA Inc. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foi de 5% (p = 0,05). Todos os testes foram bicaudais.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>. A maioria apresentava quadro est&#225;vel, ou SCA sem sintomas h&#225; sete dias. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ECAM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>), foram observados 12 (17,3%) relatos, 6 (17,6%) no grupo FFR e 6 (17,1%) no grupo ANGIO. Houve 3 (4,3%) &#243;bitos, 2 (2,8%) no grupo FFR (pancreatite e edema pulmonar) e 1 (1,4%) no grupo ANGIO (IAM, sem interrup&#231;&#227;o da DAP). Nove (13,0%) pacientes apresentaram angina, sendo 4 (5,7%) no grupo FFR e 5 (7,2%) no grupo ANGIO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Dos quatro pacientes do grupo 1, em 2 (2,8%) foi descartada nova ICP por reavalia&#231;&#227;o negativa com FFR, permanecendo em tratamento cl&#237;nico. Nos outros 2 (2,8%) foi confirmada a presen&#231;a de reestenose intra-<italic>stent,</italic> tratados com <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) e evoluindo satisfatoriamente.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma dos eventos card&#237;acos maiores (ECAM) por grupos estudados. FFR: grupo &#8220;reserva de fluxo fracionado&#8221;; ANGIO: grupo &#8220;angiografia coronariana&#8221;.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0040-80262-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No grupo 2, um paciente assintom&#225;tico com pequena isquemia apical (pela cintilografia) foi mantido em tratamento cl&#237;nico mesmo com reestenose em ramo marginal mas sem reestenose da coron&#225;ria direita (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 3</xref>). A curva de sobrevida livre de eventos na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e por grupos em 18 meses (Kaplan-Meier) pode ser observada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>. </p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com eventos combinados (Angina/Reestenose)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">FFR</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5">ANGIO</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#186; de pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Assintom&#225;tico / (+) isquemia</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vasos a tratar</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vasos tratados</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateterismo controle</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vasos com reestenose</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">(?)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>FFR: grupo "fluxo fracionado de reserva"; ANGIO: grupo "angiografia coronariana".</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva de sobrevida livre de eventos por grupos em 18 meses (Kaplan-Meier). FFR: grupo &#8220;reserva de fluxo fracionado&#8221;; ANGIO: grupo &#8220;angiografia coronariana&#8221;.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0040-80262-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados angiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise por grupo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na quantidade de les&#245;es avaliadas (vasos a tratar) entre os grupos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o entre as art&#233;rias descendente anterior, circunflexa e coron&#225;ria direita foi equilibrada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resumo das les&#245;es por grupos estudados</title>
          <p>Houve diferen&#231;a significativa na quantidade de <italic>stents</italic> por paciente, com m&#233;dia de 1,0 &#177; 0,2 <italic>stents</italic> por les&#227;o no grupo ANGIO, e m&#233;dia de 0,4 &#177; 0,5 no grupo FFR, com p = 0,0001 (teste de Kruskal-Wallis), com redu&#231;&#227;o de 50%. O n&#250;mero de les&#245;es tratadas no grupo ANGIO foi 65% maior. Por outro lado, apenas 45% das les&#245;es avaliadas no grupo FFR foram tratadas. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stents</italic> por paciente foi mais que o dobro (51,4%) no grupo ANGIO (1,1 vs. 2,2 <italic>stents</italic>/paciente). As caracter&#237;sticas das les&#245;es, por grupo, foram analisadas pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana angiogr&#225;fica. No grupo 1, os FFR foram medidos e avaliados antes e depois do procedimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores m&#233;dios dos FFR antes e ap&#243;s a ICP</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">n</th>
                  <th align="center">FFR m&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;-procedimento</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,290<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s-procedimento</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,290<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <p>FFR: grupo "fluxo fracionado de reserva"; ANGIO: grupo "angiografia coronariana"; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>teste de Pearson, teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Custo-efetividade</title>
          <p>Estimativas das principais medidas de desfechos cl&#237;nicos e probabilidades necess&#225;rias para inclus&#227;o no modelo anal&#237;tico de decis&#227;o foram obtidas da literatura, por meio de revis&#227;o de ensaios randomizados envolvendo <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos (SNFs) e registros de ICP. O custo do procedimento-&#237;ndice, o custo da fase est&#225;vel p&#243;s-ICP e demais custos foram expressos em Reais (R$) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A diferen&#231;a entre os grupos de efetividade foi 1,8%, a diferen&#231;a de custo R$ 384,62, e a raz&#227;o custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) foi R$ 21.156,55. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estimativas para o modelo: custos dos procedimentos e ambulatoriais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Procedimentos</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Custos (R$)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>ANGIO</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>FFR</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Procedimento-&#237;ndice</td>
                  <td align="center">1503,00</td>
                  <td align="center">1503,00<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">(<italic>Stent</italic> e FFR - custo m&#233;dio)</td>
                  <td align="center">2034,50</td>
                  <td align="center">2517,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Manejo da reestenose (ICP + c/ SF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>)</td>
                  <td align="center">7904,01<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o - Eletiva</td>
                  <td align="center">7620,60<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">- Emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">8950,50<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM-&#237;ndice</td>
                  <td align="center">2716,95<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anual p&#243;s-ICP ou CRM est&#225;vel, sem eventos</td>
                  <td align="center">1383,00<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cateterismo card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td align="center">539,00<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICP m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">5386,76<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICP por bal&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1599,02<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte por DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">2577,00<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <p>ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; FFR: grupo "fluxo fracionado de reserva"; ANGIO: grupo "angiografia coronariana".</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Manejo da reestenose com interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea + stent recoberto. </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados da an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade: grupo "angiografia coronariana" versus grupo "fluxo fracionado de reserva"</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estrat&#233;gia</th>
                  <th align="center">Efetividade em 1 ano</th>
                  <th align="center">Diferen&#231;a efetividade</th>
                  <th align="center">Custo (R$)</th>
                  <th align="center">Diferen&#231;a de custo (R$)</th>
                  <th align="center">RCEI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ANGIO</td>
                  <td align="center">78,52%</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5.045,97</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FFR</td>
                  <td align="center">80,34%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,82%</td>
                  <td align="center">5.430,60</td>
                  <td align="center">384,62</td>
                  <td align="center">21 156,55</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <p>RCEI: raz&#227;o custo-efetividade incremental; ANGIO: grupo "angiografia coronariana"; FFR: grupo "fluxo fracionado de reserva".</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo mostra que a ICP com FFR &#233; custo-efetiva comparada a crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes multiarteriais, diminuindo o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es abordadas, <italic>stents</italic> e a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo (RLA).</p>
        <p>Pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, com carga isqu&#234;mica &#8805;10%, se beneficiam da RM, mesmo aqueles mais idosos (&gt;75 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No bra&#231;o nuclear do COURAGE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> os revascularizados que conseguiram reduzir a carga isqu&#234;mica de &#8805;10%, para &lt; 5%, apresentaram melhores resultados. No que tange ao tratamento cl&#237;nico, reduzir os fatores de risco &#233; fundamental. A busca por redu&#231;&#227;o da carga isqu&#234;mica pela revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pode contribuir na melhora da qualidade de vida, principalmente nos casos cujo manejo cl&#237;nico mostra-se insatisfat&#243;rio. A correla&#231;&#227;o da anatomia coronariana com os dados de isquemia pode indicar de forma racional e segura uma revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. O estudo ISCHEMIA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> ainda em desenvolvimento, foi desenhado para contemplar limita&#231;&#245;es que persistem at&#233; o momento. Nesse estudo, existe a proposta de demonstrar redu&#231;&#227;o de ECAM na estrat&#233;gia invasiva guiada pelo FFR, quando comparada ao tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado e somente para os pacientes que n&#227;o responderam ao tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>O fator crucial para indicar a RM &#233; a capacidade de quantificar a isquemia por segmento na presen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es, principalmente quando relacionadas a les&#245;es moderadas que &#233;, na pr&#225;tica, a grande maioria dos casos. Neste cen&#225;rio, o &#250;nico m&#233;todo capaz de mostrar essa rela&#231;&#227;o &#233; o FFR, entretanto, al&#233;m de invasivo, envolve aumento de custos. No Brasil, vive-se uma realidade pr&#243;pria no que se refere &#224; ICP. O SUS, apesar de ter incorporado os SF em agosto de 2014, na pr&#225;tica, devido aos custos, ainda elevados, n&#227;o o disponibiliza de forma ampla. Seu uso est&#225; limitado em diab&#233;ticos, com vasos apresentando di&#226;metro &lt; 2,5 mm e extens&#227;o &gt; 18 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O embasamento para tratamento de pacientes multiarteriais por revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea foi feito em estudos utilizando SF: SYNTAX,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> FAME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e o FAME-2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>S&#227;o escassos os dados de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com SNF e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de FFR. Por outro lado, o uso em multiarteriais com SF j&#225; foi avaliado, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as na mortalidade e infarto n&#227;o fatal, embora com diferen&#231;a na RLA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O nosso estudo randomizado e prospectivo, em paciente com doen&#231;as multiarteriais com indica&#231;&#227;o de ICP guiada por FFR ou por angiografia, foi baseado no FAME,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> por&#233;m com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de SNF. As les&#245;es cuja avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional por FFR foi &gt;0,75 n&#227;o foram tratadas, diferente do estudo FAME que utilizou o valor de 0,80. A op&#231;&#227;o pelo valor de corte mais baixo se deve ao valor preditivo positivo de 100%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> para o valor de 0,75. Nesse caso, esse corte de 0,75 representaria uma menor chance de reestenose, j&#225; que seria esperada uma maior incid&#234;ncia de reestenoses com o uso de SNF.</p>
        <p>Li et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> analisaram mais de 7.300 pacientes, sendo 1.090 submetidos &#224; ICP guiada pelo FFR, dentre eles, 30% utilizando SNF. Nesse estudo, depois de exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com FFR entre &gt;0,75 e &lt;0,80, houve redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de IAM e do composto de IAM/morte em pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP, com valores &lt;0,75. Nos pacientes com resultado &gt;0,80 foi adotada conduta conservadora.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>A diferen&#231;a de 1,45% a mais na mortalidade do grupo FFR n&#227;o foi significativa, por&#233;m contrastam com a literatura, embora nossa interpreta&#231;&#227;o seja devido ao reduzido n&#250;mero de pacientes randomizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Zhang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstrou em uma meta-an&#225;lise de quase 50.000 pacientes que o FFR reduziu risco absoluto (7,7%) de morte tardia. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os ECAM em nossa casu&#237;stica, foi 17,39%, com distribui&#231;&#227;o semelhante entre os grupos, e est&#225; de acordo com o estudo FAME.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Observou-se incid&#234;ncia id&#234;ntica de angina, para ambos os grupos.</p>
          <p>Neste ensaio, 9 (13,0%) pacientes apresentaram angina e/ou isquemia pelo teste ergom&#233;trico, 4 (44,4%) no grupo FFR e 5 (55,6%) no grupo ANGIO. No grupo ANGIO, 1 paciente perdeu seguimento cl&#237;nico antes de ser reestudado. Dos 4 pacientes reestudados, todos foram tratados por reestenose intra-stent pelo crit&#233;rio angiogr&#225;fico e no grupo FFR, a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional indicou tratamento em somente 2 dos 4 pacientes. Quando avaliamos a necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, considerando a presen&#231;a de reestenose cl&#237;nica (angina/isquemia) e a reavalia&#231;&#227;o funcional, somente a metade dos casos no grupo FFR foi submetida a nova ICP, por reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic>. No grupo ANGIO, do ponto de vista angiogr&#225;fico, foram registrados 12 vasos com reestenose e posteriormente tratados, enquanto no grupo FFR, 8 vasos foram re-avaliados, e em somente 2 houve necessidade de tratamento. Desta forma, contabilizou-se seis vezes mais vasos tratados e com duas vezes mais necessidade de RLA no grupo ANGIO.</p>
          <p>Estes resultados divergem dos evidenciados no FAME,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> provavelmente pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o exclusiva de SF nesse estudo. </p>
          <p>Podemos ainda extrapolar que, para o uso de SNF em pacientes multiarteriais, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do FFR deve trazer benef&#237;cio adicional, pois sendo a incid&#234;ncia de reestenose maior nesse grupo, a redu&#231;&#227;o em n&#250;meros absolutos (quantidade total de les&#245;es) vai ser maior apesar da rela&#231;&#227;o percentual ser a mesma quando compararmos com o uso de SF.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Observe:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Para SNF:</bold>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Condi&#231;&#227;o 1:</bold> considerando uma taxa de reestenose hipot&#233;tica de 20%, para cada 100 les&#245;es avaliadas como significativas pelo crit&#233;rio angiogr&#225;fico, teremos 20 reestenoses.</p>
          <p><bold>Condi&#231;&#227;o 2:</bold> para cada 100 les&#245;es avaliadas funcionalmente, trataremos 50 les&#245;es indicadas para tratamento; considerando a mesma taxa de reestenose hipot&#233;tica de 20%, teremos 10 reestenoses.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Para SF:</bold>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Condi&#231;&#227;o 1:</bold> considerando uma taxa de reestenose hipot&#233;tica de 5%, para cada 100 les&#245;es avaliadas como significativas pelo crit&#233;rio angiogr&#225;fico - teremos 5 reestenoses.</p>
          <p><bold>Condi&#231;&#227;o 2:</bold> Para cada 100 les&#245;es avaliadas funcionalmente, trataremos 50 les&#245;es indicadas para tratamento; considerando a mesma taxa de reestenose hipot&#233;tica de 5%), teremos 2,5 reestenoses.</p>
          <p>Portanto o n&#250;mero absoluto de reestenoses que seriam evitadas utilizando a t&#233;cnica de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional para indicar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, &#233; maior quando se utiliza SNF.</p>
          <p>Avaliando-se RLA, somente a metade dos casos no grupo FFR foi submetida &#224; nova ICP. No grupo ANGIO, com angina, foram registrados seis vezes mais vasos tratados e evolu&#231;&#227;o com duas vezes mais necessidade de RLA. Esses resultados s&#227;o divergentes aos evidenciados no FAME,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> provavelmente pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o exclusiva de SF neste estudo.</p>
          <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica de fatores demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e angiogr&#225;ficos n&#227;o demonstrou aumento da chance de ECAM, igualmente demonstrado no estudo FAME.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados angiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>No grupo FFR foram tratadas 45% das les&#245;es avaliadas e implantados uma m&#233;dia de 1,14 <italic>stent</italic> por paciente; no grupo ANGIO, todas as les&#245;es foram tratadas, com m&#233;dia de implante de 2,2 <italic>stents</italic>. O n&#250;mero de <italic>stents</italic> foi 50% superior no grupo ANGIO, enquanto o FAME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> tratou somente 30% com 2,7 <italic>stents</italic> por paciente no grupo ANGIO e 1,9 no grupo FFR. A extens&#227;o de segmento recoberto por <italic>stents</italic> foi em m&#233;dia de 51,4 &#177; 2,0 mm e 37,9 &#177; 27,0 mm, respectivamente, enquanto no presente estudo a m&#233;dia de extens&#227;o das les&#245;es foi 14,65 &#177; 6,91 mm. A medida do FFR m&#233;dia encontrada foi 0,74 &#177; 0,15 mm, praticamente a mesma encontrada no estudo FAME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> (0,71 &#177; 0,18 mm). Deixaram de ser tratadas pela avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional 55% das les&#245;es avaliadas, enquanto no estudo FAME<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> foram 37%, por terem sido inclu&#237;das les&#245;es complexas, contempladas pelo uso de SF. O percentual m&#233;dio de 60% encontrado nas les&#245;es dos pacientes do presente estudo foi exatamente o mesmo encontrado no estudo FAME,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> em ambos os grupos. Entretanto, o di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do vaso alvo foi maior, neste estudo de 2,9 &#177; 0,4 mm no grupo FFR e 2,8 &#177; 0,5 mm no grupo ANGIO, comparado &#224; m&#233;dia de 2,5 mm em ambos os grupos do estudo FAME.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Custo-Efetividade</title>
          <p>O CE compara custos e efeitos de diferentes tecnologias sobre a sa&#250;de, para informar qual das op&#231;&#245;es representa maior benef&#237;cio e a que custo incremental (CI). Nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica, os custos s&#227;o expressos em unidades monet&#225;rias e os efeitos, em unidades cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicas ou unidades naturais (casos evitados, sobrevida, cura, etc.). O objetivo da an&#225;lise de CE &#233; maximizar resultados em sa&#250;de, diante dos recursos financeiros dispon&#237;veis. A medida de resultado mais comum para a an&#225;lise de CE &#233; a RCEI representando a raz&#227;o entre os custos das tecnologias em an&#225;lise (Custo de A - Custo de B) e suas efetividades (Efetividade de A - Efetividade de B). Essa raz&#227;o &#233; utilizada para definir qual das alternativas resulta no m&#225;ximo de efetividade para um dado custo. Ou ainda, quanto mais &#233; necess&#225;rio investir em uma nova tecnologia para que obter um benef&#237;cio em sa&#250;de adicional.</p>
          <p>O crit&#233;rio de CE &#233; apenas um de muitos crit&#233;rios que devem ser aplicados para determinar se as interven&#231;&#245;es devem estar dispon&#237;veis. Quest&#245;es como equidade, necessidades e prioridades, por exemplo, tamb&#233;m devem fazer parte do processo de tomada de decis&#227;o. O CE relaciona custos com os desfechos cl&#237;nicos e compara o valor relativo entre as interven&#231;&#245;es. Traduz a diferen&#231;a de custos entre duas formas de tratamento. O valor monet&#225;rio &#233; dividido pela diferen&#231;a entre as suas efetividades, expressa em anos de vida ganhos (expectativa de vida) ou outros eventos prevenidos ou evitados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O QALY (<italic>quality-adjusted life year</italic>) (ano de vida ajustados para qualidade de vida) &#233; uma medida do potencial da doen&#231;a, incluindo tanto a qualidade como a quantidade de vida. &#201; utilizada como um meio de avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio de uma interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Em valores monet&#225;rios, as terapias com custos abaixo de USD20.000/QALY s&#227;o favor&#225;veis; entre USD20.000 e USD40.000/QALY consistentes com as interven&#231;&#245;es habituais e, acima de USD40.000/QALY pouco favor&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>O CE de uma interven&#231;&#227;o varia com o risco global individual ou populacional,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> apesar de no Brasil n&#227;o estarem oficialmente estabelecidos os custos adicionais que s&#227;o considerados aceit&#225;veis para benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico de uma interven&#231;&#227;o. Os sistemas de sa&#250;de americano e canadense usam o referencial de USD50.000,00 por QALY e, mais recentemente, de USD10.000,00 por evento maior evitado como um emprego razo&#225;vel dos recursos em sa&#250;de.</p>
          <p>Neste estudo, observou-se que, em um ano, a diferen&#231;a de efetividade foi 1,82%, entretanto a RCEI, estabelecida como a divis&#227;o da diferen&#231;a de custos entre a ICP do grupo ANGIO versus ICP do grupo FFR, pela diferen&#231;a de efetividade (sobrevida livre de reestenose coronariana em um ano) foi R$21.156,55. Essa cifra est&#225; apropriada aos valores de terapias consideradas muito favor&#225;veis e consistentes com o risco global individual ou populacional, portanto custo-efetivo.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o encontramos dados na literatura de CE para ICP guiada por FFR e uso SNF em estudo com pacientes multiarteriais, sendo esse, portanto, um dos destaques do nosso estudo. Esses resultados demonstraram benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos de CE, com um ano de acompanhamento, o que n&#227;o &#233; usual em novas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento, conforme demonstrado por Fearon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Os dados sugerem que possa haver impacto econ&#244;mico ou social. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do FFR para guiar ICP em multiarteriais &#233; mais custo-efetivo do que tratar todas as les&#245;es angiograficamente significativas, o que pode ajudar a mudar o paradigma e ao mesmo tempo reduzir custos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Pode-se assim, consolidar a pr&#225;tica de uma medicina muito mais embasada em dados fisiol&#243;gicos, o que sem d&#250;vida melhora a qualidade de assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>A amostra do estudo foi pequena, restrita pelo or&#231;amento limitado, levando &#224; impossibilidade de se obter dados cl&#237;nicos mais consistentes, por&#233;m permitiu constatar diferen&#231;as de CE e da redu&#231;&#227;o da RLA.</p>
          <p>Foi utilizado um longo tempo de recrutamento, e nem todos os pacientes multiarteriais tratados por angioplastia durante o estudo puderam ser recrutados, por quest&#245;es log&#237;sticas e financeiras.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A ICP guiada por FFR comparada a crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos, al&#233;m de custo-efetiva, diminuiu o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es abordadas, <italic>stents</italic>, e a necessidade de RLA em pacientes multiarteriais.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Edgard Freitas Quintella pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto/UERJ sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 146.445. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
