<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TQSwb6qdhXSm8MWVdBCTwjb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000100032</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005020105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180252</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Whole-Body Vibration Training Increases Myocardial Salvage Against Acute Ischemia in Adult Male Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6611-5335</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shekarforoush</surname>
            <given-names>Shahnaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Naghii</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad Reza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Islamic Azad University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Arsanjan Branch</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Fars</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch, Fars - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Sport Physiology Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Teer&#227;</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IR">Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sport Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Teer&#227; - Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Shahnaz &#8226;</bold> Arsanjan - University Blv. Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, 7188855989, Shiraz, Fars - Iran E-mail: <email>sh.shekar@yahoo.com</email>, <email>shek@iaua.ac.ir</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Shekarforoush S, Naghii MR; acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data, statistical analysis and obtaining funding: Shekarforoush S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>32</fpage>
      <lpage>37</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Whole body vibration training (WBV) is a new training program, which is safe and effective. It can be followed by the public. However, data on the safety and efficacy of vibration on myocardial ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury are lacking.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To examine the effect of WBV on the tolerance of the myocardium to acute IR injury in an experimental rat model.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into control and vibration groups. Vibration training consisted of vertical sinusoidal whole body vibration for 30 min per day, 6 days per week, for 1 or 3 weeks (WBV1 and WBV3 groups, respectively). All the rats were submitted to myocardial IR injury. Myocardial infarct size and ischemia-induced arrhythmias were assessed. Differences between variables were considered significant when p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>No differences were observed between the groups regarding the baseline hemodynamic parameters. Infarct size was smaller in the experimental group (control, 47 &#177; 2%; WBV1, 39 &#177; 2%; WBV3, 37 &#177; 2%; p &lt; 0.05, vs. control). Vibration produced a significant decrease in the number and duration of ventricular tachycardia (VT) episodes compared to the control value. All ventricular fibrillation (VF) episodes in the vibration groups were self-limited, while 33% of the rats in the control group died due to irreversible VF (p = 0.02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The data showed that vibration training significantly increased cardiac tolerance to IR injury in rats, as evidenced by reduction in the infarct size and cardiac arrhythmias, and by facilitating spontaneous defibrillation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Rats Wistar</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Composition</kwd>
        <kwd>Vibration</kwd>
        <kwd>Osteoporosis/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Viscosity</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemic Preconditioning</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Whole body vibration training (WBV) has been recently proposed as an exercise training method with a potential for improving body composition and preventing osteoporosis and bone mass loss.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In recent years, some studies have shown that WBV may be a beneficial training mode in patients with multiple sclerosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> type 2 diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and heart transplant recipients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The effects of WVB on the cardiovascular system were investigated in a number of published studies. Decreased arterial stiffness after WBV can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> An experiment conducted by Robbins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> showed a significant increase in blood flow velocity with no significant changes in heart rate, blood pressure or peripheral skin temperature. Increased muscle blood volume and blood flow velocity after vibration exercise were attributed mainly to the effect of vibrations in reducing blood viscosity and increasing its velocity through the arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> These findings indicate that WBV may represent a mild form of exercise for the cardiovascular system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is induced by ischemia, is the leading cause of death worldwide. Restoration of blood flow, after a period of ischemia, can elicit pathological processes that exacerbate injury due to the ischemia itself.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Preconditioning describes a pretreatment or premaneuver that is able to adapt the myocardium to ischemic stress. We have demonstrated some preconditioning interventions in previous experiments, reducing infarct size and arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The cardioprotective effect of exercise preconditioning was reported as a reduction in infarct size in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Accumulating evidence indicates that both short-term (i.e. 1-5 days) and long-term (i.e. weeks to months) exercise can protect the heart during an ischemia-reperfusion (IR) insult. While much is currently known about exercise preconditioning, to our knowledge, the effect of whole-body vibration on IR injury has not been investigated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the vibration exercise would be able to reduce infarct size and arrhythmia during IR injury in an experimental rat model.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 300 g (10-12 weeks old) were obtained from the animal house of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and housed under standard conditions, with free access to food and water. The investigation was approved by the University Ethics Committee in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental designs</title>
        <p>A total of 24 rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups (control vs. two experimental groups) by picking numbers out of a hat. The sample size (n) was established based on studies that evaluated the effects of exercise against myocardial IR injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Animals in the vibration groups were placed in a compartment attached to a vibration platform (Crazy Fit Massager/Model: YD 1002, Union Brilliant Group Co., LTD, Fujian, China). The vibration training consisted of a 5-min cycle on day 1, followed by an extra 5-min cycle each time for the next five sessions in the first week and then each rat was exposed to vertical sinusoidal vibration for 30 min per session (3 &#215; 10 min cycles), 6 days a week for one week (WBV1 group) or 3 weeks (WBV3 group). The animals were given 1-2 min rest break between the cycles. The vibration was performed at mode 1 with amplitude of 1-10 mm and at a frequency of 10-50 Hz. The speed of mode 1 in each cycle increased gradually and then decreased with the same trend within each time period. The control animals remained in their cages and were placed over the vibration platform, without vibration treatment. Each training session was performed between 8.30-10.00 A.M.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Surgical procedure</title>
        <p>The protocol used has been thoroughly described in detail in our previous publication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Briefly, 24 hours after the last training session, the animals were anesthetized and ventilated with room air enriched with oxygen at a rate of 70 breaths per min. A standard limb lead II electrocardiogram was monitored and recorded throughout the experiment. Catheters were inserted into the left carotid artery and tail vein for monitoring of blood pressure and infusion of Evans blue solution, respectively. After the thoracotomy, a 6-0 silk suture was passed around the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Following a stabilization period of 20 min, the LAD was occluded for 30 min of ischemia and released for 120 min of reperfusion. Rectal temperature was continuously monitored and maintained at 37 &#177; 0.5&#186;C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determination of infarct size and area at risk</title>
        <p>At the end of reperfusion, the LAD was reoccluded and 1 mL of 2% solution of Evans Blue dye (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was injected into the tail vein to identify the non-perfused area, also known as area at risk (AAR), from the perfused area. The rats were then killed with a pentobarbital overdose and their hearts were excised and frozen for one hour. The atria and right ventricle were removed, and the left ventricle was cut into transverse slices of 2 mm thickness from the apex to the base. Tissue samples were then incubated with a 1% solution of 2,3,5 triphenyltetrazolium chloride (Sigma)] for 20 min at 37&#186;C, and subsequently fixed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin for one hour. Viable myocardium was stained red by triphenyltetrazolium chloride, whereas necrotic myocardium appeared as pale yellow. In each slice, areas at risk and infarcted areas were determined by computerized planimetry using an image analysis software (Image Tool, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX). Infarct size (IS) was expressed as percentage of the AAR (IS/AAR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of ventricular arrhythmias</title>
        <p>Ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias were determined in accordance with the Lambeth conventions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> including ventricular ectopic beat as premature ventricular complexes (PVC), ventricular tachycardia (VT) as a run of four or more consecutive ventricular premature beats at a rate faster than the resting sinus rate, and ventricular fibrillation (VF) as a signal for which individual QRS deflection can no longer be distinguished from one another. Complex forms (bigeminy and salvos) were added to PVC count and not analyzed separately. In order to determine the incidence of VT and VF, they were recorded as either occurring or not occurring during the first 30 min of ischemia in each group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Unless stated otherwise, the results were expressed as Mean &#177; SD. All data were processed with the SPSS 16.0 statistical package for Windows version. The normality of distributions was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Fisher exact test (Chi-square) was used to analyze the incidence of VT and VF. Analysis of baseline, ischemia, and reperfusion HR and BP was done by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The other data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and then significant differences were examined by Tukey&#8217;s post-hoc test. Differences between the groups were considered significant at a level of p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Hemodynamic parameters</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the hemodynamic data. There were no significant differences at baseline values for heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) among the groups. Ischemia caused a marked reduction in blood pressure without any significant effect on the HR in the groups. MBP was nearly restored to the baseline level during the reperfusion period.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamics parameters in the experimental groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Group</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Baseline</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Ischemia</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Reperfusion</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">HR</th>
                <th align="center">MBP</th>
                <th align="center">HR</th>
                <th align="center">MBP</th>
                <th align="center">HR</th>
                <th align="center">MBP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cont</td>
                <td align="center">346 &#177; 48</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">349 &#177; 51</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> (0.04)</td>
                <td align="center">361 &#177; 44</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177; 17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WBV1</td>
                <td align="center">373 &#177; 41</td>
                <td align="center">114 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">385 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">97 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>(0.001)</td>
                <td align="center">383 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WBV3</td>
                <td align="center">376 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">372 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">91 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> (0.01)</td>
                <td align="center">378 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">108 &#177; 15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p-value</td>
                <td align="center">0.282</td>
                <td align="center">0.670</td>
                <td align="center">0.130</td>
                <td align="center">0.267</td>
                <td align="center">0.399</td>
                <td align="center">0.996</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Note: Data presented as mean &#177; SD (P-value). HR: heart rate; MBP: mean arterial blood pressure. Cont: control, WBV1: whole body vibration training for one week, WBV3 = whole body vibration training for 3 weeks.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.01 compared to baseline value.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Infarct size</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows AAR and IS following 30 min of regional ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. There was no marked difference in AAR/LV ratio among the groups (p = 0.92). Infarct size was 47 &#177; 5% in the control group. WBV1 or WBV3 resulted in a smaller infarct size, i.e. 39 &#177; 5% and 37 &#177; 5% (p = 0.047 and p = 0.009 vs. the controls), respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Infarct size (IS) and area at risk (AAR) following 30-min of ischemia and 120-min of reperfusion in rats. LV: left ventricle; * p &lt; 0.05 and ** p &lt; 0.01 compared with the control group. Cont: control; WBV1: whole body vibration training for one week; WBV3: whole body vibration training for 3 weeks.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0032-80252-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ischemia-induced arrhythmias</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> represents the number of PVC, VT and VF episodes and their duration during the 30-min ischemic period. The arrhythmias occurred after approximately 5-7 min of ischemia. The number of PVC decreased non-significantly in the experimental groups (p = 0.702). Vibration produced a significant decrease in the number and duration of VT episodes compared to the control value. The mean duration of reversible VF in the WBV3 group was reduced from 32.3 &#177; 19.4 s in the control group to 13.7 &#177; 10.3 s (as a non-significant trend). Although the longest VF episodes in the vibration groups lasted as much as 116 s, all VF episodes were self-limited. However, the longest observed non-fatal VF episode in the control group was 87 s. and 33% of the rats died due to irreversible VF (p = 0.02). The occurrence (% incidence per group) of VT during the 30-min ischemia was 100, 100 and 88% (p = 0.35) and the occurrence of VF was 75, 63 and 50% in the control, WBV1 and WBV3 groups, respectively (p = 0.58).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Incidence and duration of ventricular arrhythmias during 30 min of ischemia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Groups</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">PVC (n)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">VT</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">VF</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Episodes</th>
                <th align="center">Duration</th>
                <th align="center">Episodes</th>
                <th align="center">Duration</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cont</td>
                <td align="center">283 &#177; 50</td>
                <td align="center">31 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">32.3 &#177; 19.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WBV1</td>
                <td align="center">271 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 1*</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">2.3 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">33.2 &#177; 17.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">WBV3</td>
                <td align="center">229 &#177; 55</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 3**</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 4*</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">13.7 &#177; 10.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p-value</td>
                <td align="center">0.702</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
                <td align="center">0.018</td>
                <td align="center">0.559</td>
                <td align="center">0.475</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>PVC: premature ventricular complexes; VT: ventricular tachycardia; VF: ventricular fibrillation; WBV1: whole body vibration training for one week; WBV3: whole body vibration training for 3 weeks</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The numbers of premature ventricular complexes (PVC), the ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) episodes and duration are shown as means &#177; SEM. * p &lt; 0.05 and ** p &lt; 0.01 compared with the control group. Cont: control; WBV1: whole body vibration training for one week; WBV3: whole body vibration training for 3 weeks.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>There are three main findings of the present study. First, WBV caused a significant decrease in IS following 30 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. Second, WBV had a protective effect on ischemia-induced arrhythmia. Third, all VF episodes were self-limited in the vibration groups, so the vibration improved arrhythmia-related mortality.</p>
      <p>There are conflicting results regarding the effect of WBV on BP and HR. Performing dynamic exercise on a vertical vibration platform (30-35 Hz, 2 mm) for 12 weeks resulted in decreased systolic blood pressure in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Figueroa et al.&#8217;s study showed that 6 weeks of WBV decreased systemic arterial stiffness and systolic blood pressure in young overweight/obese normotensive women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Unlike these results, it was demonstrated that one session of exercise with vibration increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and stroke volume compared with exercise with no vibration in sedentary adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In contrast, some researchers have reported that WBV had no effect on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which is similar to our study results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> These conflicting results may be explained by the different experimental conditions, including duration of the treatment and possibly the heterogeneity of the health status of participants in the different studies.</p>
      <p>The ischemia reperfusion model in the experimental animals provides an option to evaluate the occurrence of ischemia-induced arrhythmias and infarct size after an intervention. Posa et al. demonstrated that 6 weeks of voluntary exercise was protective against IR injury by reducing the myocardial infarct size.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> An important finding is that one-to-several days of exercise can also reduce myocardial damage due to IR injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Studies have demonstrated that regular exercise increases antioxidant capacity in the heart, which can minimize oxidative stress following IR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> During all sporting activities, externally-applied forces induce vibrations within the body tissues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> WBV has been proposed as an efficient alternative to moderate intensity exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although recent studies have suggested that WBV leads to improvements in numerous health outcomes, including bone mineral density,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> muscle strength, or cardiovascular fitness,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> no research has been performed so far to evaluate the effects on IR injury.</p>
      <p>The present study demonstrated that WBV is able to reduce myocardial infarct size and ischemia-induced arrhythmia during IR injury in rats. In the course of myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmias such as VT and VF are the most important cause of mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> There was no difference in the ratio of AAR/LV between the control and vibration animals, indicating that all animals suffered a comparable degree of ischemic area. Therefore, the reduction of infarct size and arrhythmia in vibration-treated animals was due to the effect of the training. There are two types of VF: a sustained VF (SVF) that never terminates spontaneously and requires electrical defibrillation and a transient VF (TVF) that terminates by itself and spontaneously reverts into a sinus rhythm. Although it was believed for many years that TVF appears only in small mammals (rats, guinea pigs and rabbits), no differences were found in cardiac muscle mass, heart rate and action potential duration between animals with TVF and those with SVF. Intercellular uncoupling during ischemia most likely due to an increase in the intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> and H<sup>+</sup> ions or a decrease in the intracellular cAMP may lead to SVF. Therefore, any defibrillating intervention should prevent intercellular uncoupling, most probably by increasing the intracellular concentration of cAMP, decreasing elevated [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> or preventing Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> The results of the present study suggested that all VF episodes were self-limited in the vibration groups. Thus, vibration training could reduce the risk of sudden death during ischemia, through both attenuation of the ischemia-induced arrhythmia and facilitation of spontaneous defibrillation. The exact mechanism of action by which vibration reduces the incidence of fatal VF episodes cannot be directly assessed by our study. However, the increased ventricular fibrillation threshold in trained hearts during acute regional ischemia was shown in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Additionally, exercise training has been reported to increase the levels of cAMP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and to improve cardiomyocyte function and diastolic Ca<sup>2+</sup>control in rats with post-infarction heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Several studies have also shown a positive correlation between infarct size and the occurrence of severe ventricular arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Currently, exercise training has been introduced as the only practical method of providing cardioprotection against IR injury. If vibration-induced protection is nearly as effective as the exercise, it could be an alternative to exercise training, especially for those who are unable to perform traditional exercises. Delineating the mechanisms mediating vibration-induced protection against IR injury is important and could lead to the development of pharmacological or molecular approaches against cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>One of the limitations of the present study is that it was carried out on rats. Even though the large number of animal studies have conducted and contributed much to our understanding of disease mechanisms, their findings for predicting the effectiveness of strategies in humans has remained controversial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Therefore, the results need to be confirmed by clinical trials in the future.</p>
        <p>The frequency, amplitude, and the time of exposure of the subjects to vibration are important variations in clinical and experimental trials. However, due to lack of knowledge regarding optimum training protocols, the method was based on the methodology available in our laboratory. The proposed method has shown that is effective in improving health status by influencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> We recommend evaluating the various vibration regimes on the IR injury in future studies.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The present experimental data provide new evidence that vibration training can enhance cardiac tolerance to IR injury in an <italic>in vivo</italic> rat infarct model. It reduces infarct size and ischemia-induced arrhythmias and improves arrhythmia-related mortality by reducing fatal VF episodes and by facilitating spontaneous defibrillation. The finding that vibration training increases myocardial resistance to VF in this model offers experimental support for the epidemiological data associating exercise training with decreased sudden cardiac death. However, more evidence is needed in this regard.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch (13940215).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgment</title>
      <p>The present paper was financially supported by Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Gilsanz V, Wren TA, Sanchez M, Dorey F, Judex S, Rubin C. Low-level, high-frequency mechanical signals enhance musculoskeletal development of young women with low BMD. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(9):1464-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gilsanz</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wren</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchez</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dorey</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Judex</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low-level, high-frequency mechanical signals enhance musculoskeletal development of young women with low BMD</article-title>
          <source>J Bone Miner Res</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1464</fpage>
          <lpage>1474</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Santos-Filho SD, Cameron MH, Bernardo-Filho M. Benefits of whole-body vibration with an oscillating platform for people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Mult Scler Int. 2012;2012:274728.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cameron</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernardo-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Benefits of whole-body vibration with an oscillating platform for people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Mult Scler Int</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>2012</volume>
          <fpage>274728</fpage>
          <lpage>274728</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Behboudi L, Azarbayjani MA, Aghaalinejad H, Salavati M. Effects of aerobic exercise and whole body vibration on glycaemia control in type 2 diabetic males. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(2):83-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Behboudi</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azarbayjani</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aghaalinejad</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salavati</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of aerobic exercise and whole body vibration on glycaemia control in type 2 diabetic males</article-title>
          <source>Asian J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>83</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Gloeckl R, Heinzelmann I, Kenn K. Whole body vibration training in patients with COPD: a systematic review. Chron Respir Dis. 2015;12(3):212-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gloeckl</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heinzelmann</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kenn</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Whole body vibration training in patients with COPD: a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Chron Respir Dis</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>212</fpage>
          <lpage>221</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Crevenna R, Fialka-Moser V, R&#246;dler S, Keilani M, Z&#246;ch C, Nuhr M, et al. Safety of whole-body vibration exercise for heart transplant recipients. Phys Rehab Kur Med. 2003;13(5):286-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crevenna</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fialka-Moser</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#246;dler</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keilani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Z&#246;ch</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nuhr</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety of whole-body vibration exercise for heart transplant recipients</article-title>
          <source>Phys Rehab Kur Med</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>286</fpage>
          <lpage>290</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Lai CL, Chen HY, Tseng SY, Liao WC, Liu BT, Lee MC, et al. Effect of whole-body vibration for 3 months on arterial stiffness in the middle-aged and elderly. Clin Interv Aging. 2014 May 12;9:821-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lai</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>HY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tseng</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liao</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>BT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of whole-body vibration for 3 months on arterial stiffness in the middle-aged and elderly</article-title>
          <source>Clin Interv Aging</source>
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <fpage>821</fpage>
          <lpage>828</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Figueroa A, Gil R, Wong A, Hooshmand S, Park SV, Vicil F, et al. Whole-body vibration training reduces arterial stiffness, blood pressure and sympathovagal balance in young overweight/obese women. Hypertens Res. 2012;35(6):667-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Figueroa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gil</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hooshmand</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vicil</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Whole-body vibration training reduces arterial stiffness, blood pressure and sympathovagal balance in young overweight/obese women</article-title>
          <source>Hypertens Res</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>667</fpage>
          <lpage>672</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Robbins D, Yoganathan P, Goss-Sampson M. The influence of whole body vibration on the central and peripheral cardiovascular system. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2014;34(5):364-69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Robbins</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoganathan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goss-Sampson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The influence of whole body vibration on the central and peripheral cardiovascular system</article-title>
          <source>Clin Physiol Funct Imaging</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>364</fpage>
          <lpage>369</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Kerschan-Schindl K, Grampp S, Henk C, Resch H, Preisinger E, Fialka-Moser V, et al. Whole-body vibration exercise leads to alterations in muscle blood volume. Clin Physiol. 2001;21(3):377-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kerschan-Schindl</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grampp</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henk</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Resch</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Preisinger</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fialka-Moser</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Whole-body vibration exercise leads to alterations in muscle blood volume</article-title>
          <source>Clin Physiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>382</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Cardinale M, Wakeling J. Whole body vibration exercise: are vibrations good for you? Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(9):585-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cardinale</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wakeling</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Whole body vibration exercise: are vibrations good for you?</article-title>
          <source>Br J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>585</fpage>
          <lpage>589</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Kalogeris T, Baines CP, Krenz M, Korthuis RJ. Cell biology of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2012;298:229-317.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kalogeris</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baines</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krenz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korthuis</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cell biology of ischemia/reperfusion injury</article-title>
          <source>Int Rev Cell Mol Biol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>298</volume>
          <fpage>229</fpage>
          <lpage>317</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Shekarforoush S, Foadoddini M. Cardiac effects of cupping: myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure in the rat heart. Chin J Physiol. 2012;55(4):253-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shekarforoush</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foadoddini</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac effects of cupping: myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure in the rat heart</article-title>
          <source>Chin J Physiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>253</fpage>
          <lpage>258</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Shekarforoush S, Safari F. Lactation protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Acta Physiol Hung. 2015;102(4):372-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shekarforoush</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Safari</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lactation protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats</article-title>
          <source>Acta Physiol Hung</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>372</fpage>
          <lpage>379</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Kavazis AN. Exercise preconditioning of the myocardium. Sports Med. 2009;39(11):923-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kavazis</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise preconditioning of the myocardium</article-title>
          <source>Sports Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>923</fpage>
          <lpage>935</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Parra VM, Macho P, Sanchez G, Donoso P, Domenech RJ. Exercise preconditioning of myocardial infarct size in dogs is triggered by calcium. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2015;65(3):276-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parra</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macho</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanchez</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donoso</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Domenech</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise preconditioning of myocardial infarct size in dogs is triggered by calcium</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>276</fpage>
          <lpage>281</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Brown DA, Lynch JM, Armstrong CJ, Caruso NM, Ehlers LB, Johnson MS, et al. Susceptibility of the heart to ischaemia-reperfusion injury and exercise-induced cardioprotection are sex-dependent in the rat. J Physiol. 2005;564(Pt 2):619-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lynch</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caruso</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ehlers</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Susceptibility of the heart to ischaemia-reperfusion injury and exercise-induced cardioprotection are sex-dependent in the rat</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>564</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>619</fpage>
          <lpage>630</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Venditti P, Masullo P, Di Meo S, Agnisola C. Effects of prolonged aerobic exercise on myocardial responses to ischaemia-reperfusion in the rat. Exp Physiol. 2001;86(3):341-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Venditti</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masullo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meo</surname>
              <given-names>S Di</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agnisola</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of prolonged aerobic exercise on myocardial responses to ischaemia-reperfusion in the rat</article-title>
          <source>Exp Physiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>341</fpage>
          <lpage>348</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Naghii MR, Hedayati M. Whole body vibration as a safe exercise training method induces no impaired alterations on rat plasma antioxidant biomarkers. Acta Physiol Hung. 2013;100(3):321-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Naghii</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hedayati</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Whole body vibration as a safe exercise training method induces no impaired alterations on rat plasma antioxidant biomarkers</article-title>
          <source>Acta Physiol Hung</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>321</fpage>
          <lpage>328</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Walker MJ, Curtis MJ, Hearse DJ, Campbell RW, Janse MJ, Yellon DM, et al. The Lambeth Conventions: guidelines for the study of arrhythmias in ischaemia infarction, and reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res. 1988;22(7):447-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Walker</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hearse</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Janse</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yellon</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Lambeth Conventions: guidelines for the study of arrhythmias in ischaemia infarction, and reperfusion</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>447</fpage>
          <lpage>455</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Baum K, Votteler T, Schiab J. Efficiency of vibration exercise for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Int J Med Sci. 2007;4(3):159-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baum</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Votteler</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schiab</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficiency of vibration exercise for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients</article-title>
          <source>Int J Med Sci</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>159</fpage>
          <lpage>163</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Dias T, Polito M. Acute cardiovascular response during resistance exercise with whole-body vibration in sedentary subjects: a randomized cross-over trial. Res Sports Med. 2015;23(3):253-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polito</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute cardiovascular response during resistance exercise with whole-body vibration in sedentary subjects: a randomized cross-over trial</article-title>
          <source>Res Sports Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>253</fpage>
          <lpage>264</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Salari NM, Movaseghi F. Effect of Whole Body Vibration Training on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Iranian Inactive Middle-aged Women. Int J Sport Stud. 2014;4(7):756-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salari</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Movaseghi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Whole Body Vibration Training on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Iranian Inactive Middle-aged Women</article-title>
          <source>Int J Sport Stud</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>756</fpage>
          <lpage>759</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Posa A, Szabo R, Kupai K, Barath Z, Szalai Z, Csonka A, et al. Cardioprotective effects of voluntary exercise in a rat model: role of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:876805.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Posa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szabo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kupai</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barath</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szalai</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Csonka</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardioprotective effects of voluntary exercise in a rat model: role of matrix metalloproteinase-2</article-title>
          <source>Oxid Med Cell Longev</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>2015</volume>
          <fpage>876805</fpage>
          <lpage>876805</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Quindry JC, Hamilton KL. Exercise and cardiac preconditioning against ischemia reperfusion injury. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013;9(3):220-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Quindry</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamilton</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise and cardiac preconditioning against ischemia reperfusion injury</article-title>
          <source>Curr Cardiol Rev</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>220</fpage>
          <lpage>229</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Tao L, Bei Y, Zhang H, Xiao J, Li X. Exercise for the heart: signaling pathways. Oncotarget. 2015;6(25):20773-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tao</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bei</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xiao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise for the heart: signaling pathways</article-title>
          <source>Oncotarget</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>20773</fpage>
          <lpage>20784</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Maddalozzo GF, Iwaniec UT, Turner RT, Rosen CJ, Widrick JJ. Whole-body vibration slows the acquisition of fat in mature female rats. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(9):1348-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maddalozzo</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iwaniec</surname>
              <given-names>UT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turner</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosen</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Widrick</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Whole-body vibration slows the acquisition of fat in mature female rats</article-title>
          <source>Int J Obes</source>
          <publisher-loc>Lond</publisher-loc>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1348</fpage>
          <lpage>1354</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Gusi N, Raimundo A, Leal A. Low-frequency vibratory exercise reduces the risk of bone fracture more than walking: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006; Nov 30;7:92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gusi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raimundo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leal</surname>
              <given-names>A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low-frequency vibratory exercise reduces the risk of bone fracture more than walking: a randomized controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>BMC Musculoskelet Disord</source>
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <fpage>92</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Bogaerts AC, Delecluse C, Claessens AL, Troosters T, Boonen S, Verschueren SM. Effects of whole body vibration training on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in older individuals (a 1-year randomised controlled trial). Age Ageing. 2009;38(4):448-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bogaerts</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delecluse</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Claessens</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Troosters</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boonen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verschueren</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of whole body vibration training on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in older individuals (a 1-year randomised controlled trial)</article-title>
          <source>Age Ageing</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>448</fpage>
          <lpage>454</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Longo D, Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser S. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 18th ed. New York: The McGraw- Hill; 2011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Longo</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fauci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasper</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hauser</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Harrison's principles of internal medicine</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <edition>18th ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>The McGraw- Hill</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Tribulova N, Manoach M. Factors determining spontaneous ventricular defibrillation. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2001;6(2):109-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tribulova</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manoach</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Factors determining spontaneous ventricular defibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Exp Clin Cardiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>113</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Noakes TD, Higginson L, Opie LH. Physical training increases ventricular fibrillation thresholds of isolated rat hearts during normoxia, hypoxia and regional ischemia. Circulation. 1983;67(1):24-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Noakes</surname>
              <given-names>TD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Higginson</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Opie</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physical training increases ventricular fibrillation thresholds of isolated rat hearts during normoxia, hypoxia and regional ischemia</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>24</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Ray Hamidie RD, Yamada T, Ishizawa R, Saito Y, Masuda K. Curcumin treatment enhances the effect of exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle by increasing cAMP levels. Metabolism. 2015;64(10):1334-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hamidie</surname>
              <given-names>RD Ray</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamada</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ishizawa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saito</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masuda</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Curcumin treatment enhances the effect of exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle by increasing cAMP levels</article-title>
          <source>Metabolism</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1334</fpage>
          <lpage>1347</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Kemi OJ, MacQuaide N, Hoydal MA, Ellingsen O, Smith GL, Wisloff U. Exercise training corrects control of spontaneous calcium waves in hearts from myocardial infarction heart failure rats. J Cell Physiol. 2012;227(1):20-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kemi</surname>
              <given-names>OJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacQuaide</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoydal</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellingsen</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wisloff</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise training corrects control of spontaneous calcium waves in hearts from myocardial infarction heart failure rats</article-title>
          <source>J Cell Physiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>227</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>20</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Johnsen AB, Hoydal M, Rosbjorgen R, Stolen T, Wisloff U. Aerobic interval training partly reverse contractile dysfunction and impaired Ca2+ handling in atrial myocytes from rats with post infarction heart failure. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e66288.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnsen</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoydal</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosbjorgen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stolen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wisloff</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aerobic interval training partly reverse contractile dysfunction and impaired Ca2+ handling in atrial myocytes from rats with post infarction heart failure</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e66288</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Grande P, Pedersen A. Myocardial infarct size: correlation with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. Eur Heart J. 1984;5(8):622-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grande</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedersen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial infarct size: correlation with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>1984</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>622</fpage>
          <lpage>627</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Herlitz J, Hjalmarson A, Swedberg K, Waagstein F, Holmberg S, Waldenstrom J. Relationship between infarct size and incidence of severe ventricular arrhythmias in a double-blind trial with metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 1984;6(1):47-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Herlitz</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hjalmarson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waagstein</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmberg</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waldenstrom</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between infarct size and incidence of severe ventricular arrhythmias in a double-blind trial with metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1984</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37 van der Worp HB, Howells DW, Sena ES, Porritt MJ, Rewell S, O'Collins V, et al. Can animal models of disease reliably inform human studies? PLoS Med. 2010;7(3):e1000245.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Worp</surname>
              <given-names>HB van der</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howells</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sena</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porritt</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rewell</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Collins</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Can animal models of disease reliably inform human studies?</article-title>
          <source>PLoS Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e1000245</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38 Leong XF, Ng CY, Jaarin K. Animal models in cardiovascular research: hypertension and atherosclerosis. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:528757.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leong</surname>
              <given-names>XF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ng</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaarin</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Animal models in cardiovascular research: hypertension and atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Biomed Res Int</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>2015</volume>
          <fpage>528757</fpage>
          <lpage>528757</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Naghii MR, Darvishi P, Ebrahimpour Y, Ghanizadeh G, Mofid M, Hedayati M, et al. Effect of combination therapy of fatty acids, calcium, vitamin D and boron with regular physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in rat. J Oleo Sci. 2012;61(2):103-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Naghii</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Darvishi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ebrahimpour</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghanizadeh</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mofid</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hedayati</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of combination therapy of fatty acids, calcium, vitamin D and boron with regular physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in rat</article-title>
          <source>J Oleo Sci</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>103</fpage>
          <lpage>111</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treinamento de Vibra&#231;&#227;o de Corpo Inteiro Aumenta o Resgate Mioc&#225;rdico contra Isquemia Aguda em Ratos Machos Adultos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6611-5335</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shekarforoush</surname>
            <given-names>Shahnaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Naghii</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad Reza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch, Fars - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sport Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Teer&#227; - Ir&#227;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Shahnaz &#8226;</bold> Arsanjan - University Blv. Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, 7188855989, Shiraz, Fars - Ir&#227; E-mail: <email>sh.shekar@yahoo.com</email>, <email>shek@iaua.ac.ir</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Shekarforoush S, Naghii MR; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Shekarforoush S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O treinamento com vibra&#231;&#227;o de corpo inteiro (WBV) &#233; um novo programa de treinamento seguro e eficaz, e pode ser seguido pelo p&#250;blico. No entanto, dados sobre a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da vibra&#231;&#227;o na les&#227;o de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o (IR) do mioc&#225;rdio est&#227;o em falta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Examinar o efeito da WBV na toler&#226;ncia do mioc&#225;rdio &#224; les&#227;o aguda por IR em um modelo experimental em ratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Vinte e quatro ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em 2 grupos: controle e vibra&#231;&#227;o. O treino de vibra&#231;&#227;o consistiu em vibra&#231;&#227;o sinusoidal vertical de corpo inteiro durante 30 min por dia, 6 dias por semana, durante 1 ou 3 semanas (grupos WBV1 e WBV3, respectivamente). Todos os ratos foram submetidos a les&#227;o por IR do mioc&#225;rdio. O tamanho do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e as arritmias induzidas por isquemia foram avaliados. As diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis foram consideradas significativas quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos basais. O tamanho do infarto foi menor no grupo experimental (controle, 47 &#177; 2%; WBV1, 39 &#177; 2%; WBV3, 37 &#177; 2%; p &lt; 0,05, vs. controle). A vibra&#231;&#227;o produziu uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa no n&#250;mero e dura&#231;&#227;o das taquicardia ventriculares (TV) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o valor de controle. Todos os epis&#243;dios de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) nos grupos de vibra&#231;&#227;o foram autolimitados, enquanto 33% dos ratos do grupo controle morreram devido a FV irrevers&#237;vel (p = 0,02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os dados mostraram que o treinamento com vibra&#231;&#227;o de corpo inteiro aumentou significativamente a toler&#226;ncia card&#237;aca &#224; les&#227;o de IR em ratos, como evidenciado pela redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto e arritmias card&#237;acas, e pela facilita&#231;&#227;o da desfibrila&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ratos Wistar</kwd>
        <kwd>Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Vibra&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Osteoporose/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Viscosidade Sangu&#237;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Precondicionamento Isqu&#234;mico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O treinamento com vibra&#231;&#227;o de corpo inteiro (WBV, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Whole Body Vibration</italic>) foi recentemente proposto como um m&#233;todo de treinamento com potencial para melhorar a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e prevenir osteoporose e perda de massa &#243;ssea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, alguns estudos mostraram que o WBV pode ser um modo de treinamento ben&#233;fico em pacientes com esclerose m&#250;ltipla,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> diabetes tipo 2,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e receptores de transplante card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Os efeitos do WVB no sistema cardiovascular foram investigados em v&#225;rios estudos publicados. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial ap&#243;s o treinamento com WBV pode reduzir o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Um experimento conduzido por Robbins et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> mostrou um aumento significativo na velocidade do fluxo sangu&#237;neo sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial ou temperatura perif&#233;rica da pele. O aumento do volume sangu&#237;neo muscular e a velocidade do fluxo sangu&#237;neo ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio vibrat&#243;rio foram atribu&#237;dos principalmente ao efeito das vibra&#231;&#245;es na redu&#231;&#227;o da viscosidade do sangue e aumento de sua velocidade atrav&#233;s das art&#233;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Esses achados indicam que o WBV pode representar uma forma leve de exerc&#237;cios para o sistema cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) induzida por isquemia, &#233; a principal causa de morte no mundo todo. A restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de isquemia, pode desencadear processos patol&#243;gicos que exacerbam a les&#227;o por isquemia por si s&#243;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O pr&#233;-condicionamento descreve um pr&#233;-tratamento ou pr&#233;-manejo que &#233; capaz de adaptar o mioc&#225;rdio ao estresse isqu&#234;mico. J&#225; demonstramos algumas interven&#231;&#245;es de pr&#233;-condicionamento em experimentos anteriores, reduzindo o tamanho do infarto e as arritmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O efeito cardioprotetor do pr&#233;-condicionamento do exerc&#237;cio foi relatado como uma redu&#231;&#227;o no tamanho do infarto em estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Evid&#234;ncias acumuladas indicam que tanto o exerc&#237;cio de curto prazo (isto &#233;, de 1 a 5 dias) quanto de longo prazo (ou seja, de semanas a meses) podem proteger o cora&#231;&#227;o durante uma les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o (IR). Embora muito se saiba atualmente sobre o pr&#233;-condicionamento f&#237;sico, que seja de nosso conhecimento, o efeito da vibra&#231;&#227;o de corpo inteiro na les&#227;o por IR n&#227;o foi investigado. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se o exerc&#237;cio de vibra&#231;&#227;o seria capaz de reduzir o tamanho do infarto e a arritmia durante a les&#227;o de IR em um modelo experimental em ratos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Ratos Wistar machos pesando entre 250 e 300 g (10-12 semanas de idade) foram obtidos do Biot&#233;rio da Shiraz University of Medical Sciences e alojados sob condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o com acesso livre a comida e &#225;gua. A investiga&#231;&#227;o foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade, de acordo com o Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho Experimental</title>
          <p>Um total de 24 ratos foram aleatoriamente alocados para 1 de 3 grupos de tratamento (controle <italic>versus</italic> dois grupos experimentais) atrav&#233;s do sorteio de n&#250;meros. O tamanho da amostra (n) foi estabelecido com base em estudos que avaliaram os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio contra les&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio por I/R.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os animais dos grupos de vibra&#231;&#227;o foram colocados em um compartimento acoplado a uma plataforma de vibra&#231;&#227;o (Crazy Fit Massager / Modelo: YD 1002, Union Brilliant Group Co., LTD, Fujian, China). O treinamento de vibra&#231;&#227;o consistiu em um ciclo de 5 min no dia 1, seguido de um ciclo extra de 5 min nas pr&#243;ximas cinco sess&#245;es na primeira semana e, ent&#227;o, cada rato foi exposto a vibra&#231;&#227;o sinusoidal vertical por 30 min por sess&#227;o (3 ciclos x 10 min) 6 dias por semana durante uma semana (grupo WBV1) ou 3 semanas (grupo WBV3). Os animais tinham um intervalo de descanso 1 a 2 min entre os ciclos. A vibra&#231;&#227;o foi realizada no modo 1 com amplitude de 1 a 10 mm e a uma frequ&#234;ncia de 10 a 50 Hz. A velocidade do modo 1 em cada ciclo aumentou gradualmente e depois diminuiu com a mesma tend&#234;ncia dentro de cada per&#237;odo de tempo. Os animais controles permaneceram em suas gaiolas e foram colocados sobre a plataforma de vibra&#231;&#227;o, sem tratamento de vibra&#231;&#227;o. Cada sess&#227;o de treinamento foi realizada entre as 8:30 e as 10:00 da manh&#227;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento Cir&#250;rgico</title>
          <p>O protocolo utilizado foi minuciosamente descrito em detalhes em nossa publica&#231;&#227;o anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Resumidamente, 24 horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de treinamento, os animais foram anestesiados e ventilados com ar ambiente enriquecido com oxig&#234;nio a uma taxa de 70 respira&#231;&#245;es por minuto. Um eletrocardiograma de deriva&#231;&#227;o II padr&#227;o realizado nos membros foi monitorado e registrado durante todo o experimento. Cateteres foram inseridos na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida esquerda e veia caudal para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e infus&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o de Evans azul, respectivamente. Ap&#243;s a toracotomia, um fio de sutura de seda 6-0 foi passado em torno da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE). Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o de 20 min, a DAE foi oclu&#237;da por 30 min de isquemia e liberada por 120 min de reperfus&#227;o. A temperatura retal foi monitorizada continuamente e mantida a 37 &#177; 0,5&#186;C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto e &#225;rea em risco</title>
          <p>Ao final da reperfus&#227;o, a DAE foi novamente oclu&#237;da e 1 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o a 2% de corante Evans Blue (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) foi injetado na veia caudal para identificar a &#225;rea n&#227;o perfundida, tamb&#233;m conhecida como &#225;rea em risco (AER), da &#225;rea perfundida. Os ratos foram ent&#227;o mortos por overdose de pentobarbital e os seus cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos e congelados durante uma hora. Os &#225;trios e o ventr&#237;culo direito foram removidos e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi cortado em fatias transversais de 2 mm de espessura do &#225;pice at&#233; a base. As amostras de tecido foram ent&#227;o incubadas com uma solu&#231;&#227;o a 1% de cloreto de 2,3,5-trifeniltetraz&#243;lio (Sigma) durante 20 min a 37&#186;C e subsequentemente fixadas em formalina tamponada com fosfato a 10% durante uma hora.</p>
          <p>O mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel foi corado em vermelho pelo cloreto de trifeniltetraz&#243;lio, enquanto o mioc&#225;rdio necr&#243;tico mostrou colora&#231;&#227;o amarelo p&#225;lida. Em cada fatia, as &#225;reas em risco e as &#225;reas infartadas foram determinadas por planimetria computadorizada utilizando um software de an&#225;lise de imagens (Image Tool, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX). O tamanho do infarto (TI) foi expresso como porcentagem da AER (TI/AER).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares</title>
          <p>As arritmias ventriculares induzidas por isquemia foram determinadas de acordo com as conven&#231;&#245;es de Lambeth,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> incluindo batimento ect&#243;pico ventricular como complexos ventriculares prematuros (CVPs), taquicardia ventricular (TV) como uma s&#233;rie de quatro ou mais batimentos ventriculares prematuros consecutivos a uma taxa mais r&#225;pida que a taxa sinusal de repouso, e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) como um sinal para o qual a deflex&#227;o do QRS individual n&#227;o pode mais ser distinguida uma da outra. Formas complexas (bigeminia e salvas) foram adicionadas &#224; contagem de CVPs e n&#227;o analisadas separadamente. A fim de determinar a incid&#234;ncia de TV e FV, elas foram registradas como ocorrendo ou n&#227;o ocorrendo durante os primeiros 30 minutos de isquemia em cada grupo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Salvo indica&#231;&#227;o em contr&#225;rio, os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Todos os dados foram processados com o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS 16.0 para a vers&#227;o Windows. A normalidade das distribui&#231;&#245;es foi verificada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste exato de Fisher (Qui-quadrado) foi utilizado para analisar a incid&#234;ncia de TV e FV. A an&#225;lise basal, de isquemia e de reperfus&#227;o da FC e PA foi feita por medidas repetidas de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA). Os outros dados foram analisados utilizando-se ANOVA unidirecional e as diferen&#231;as significativas foram analisadas pelo teste post-hoc de Tukey. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram consideradas significativas ao n&#237;vel de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> resume os dados hemodin&#226;micos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nos valores basais para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) entre os grupos. A isquemia causou uma redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada na press&#227;o arterial, sem qualquer efeito significativo sobre a FC nos grupos. A PAM foi quase restaurada ao n&#237;vel basal durante o per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos nos grupos experimentais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Grupo</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Basal</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Isquemia </th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Reperfus&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">FC</th>
                  <th align="center">PAM</th>
                  <th align="center">FC</th>
                  <th align="center">PAM</th>
                  <th align="center">FC</th>
                  <th align="center">PAM</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cont</td>
                  <td align="center">346 &#177; 48</td>
                  <td align="center">113 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">349 &#177; 51</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#177; 15<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> (0,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">361 &#177; 44</td>
                  <td align="center">107 &#177; 17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">WBV1</td>
                  <td align="center">373 &#177; 41</td>
                  <td align="center">114 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">385 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">97 &#177; 8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>(0,001)</td>
                  <td align="center">383 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">107 &#177; 13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">WBV3</td>
                  <td align="center">376 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">107 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">372 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">91 &#177; 7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> (0,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">378 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">108 &#177; 15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valor de p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,282</td>
                  <td align="center">0,670</td>
                  <td align="center">0,130</td>
                  <td align="center">0,267</td>
                  <td align="center">0,399</td>
                  <td align="center">0,996</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Obs: Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (P-valor). FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia. Cont: controle; WBV1: treinamento de vibra&#231;&#227;o de corpo inteiro por uma semana; WBV3: treinamento de vibra&#231;&#227;o de corpo inteiro por 3 semanas.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,01 comparado ao valor basal.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tamanho do infarto</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> mostra AER e TI ap&#243;s 30 min de isquemia regional e 120 min de reperfus&#227;o. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a acentuada na rela&#231;&#227;o AER/VE entre os grupos (p = 0,92). O tamanho do infarto foi de 47 &#177; 5% no grupo controle. WBV1 ou WBV3 resultaram em um menor tamanho de infarto, isto &#233;, 39 &#177; 5% e 37 &#177; 5% (p = 0,047 e p = 0,009 vs. os controles), respectivamente.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Tamanho do infarto (TI) e &#225;rea em risco (AER) ap&#243;s 30 min de isquemia e 120 min de reperfus&#227;o em ratos. VE = ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; *p &lt; 0,05 e **p &lt; 0,01 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Cont: controle; WBV1: treinamento de vibra&#231;&#227;o de corpo inteiro por uma semana; WBV3: treinamento de vibra&#231;&#227;o de corpo inteiro por 3 semanas.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0032-80252-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Arritmias induzidas por isquemia</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> representa o n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de CVPs, TVs e FVs e sua dura&#231;&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo isqu&#234;mico de 30 minutos. As arritmias ocorreram ap&#243;s aproximadamente 5 a 7 minutos de isquemia. O n&#250;mero de CVPs diminuiu de forma n&#227;o significativa nos grupos experimentais (p = 0,702). A vibra&#231;&#227;o produziu uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa no n&#250;mero e na dura&#231;&#227;o das TVs em compara&#231;&#227;o ao valor de controle. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da FV revers&#237;vel no grupo WBV3 foi reduzida de 32,3 &#177; 19,4 s no grupo controle para 13,7 &#177; 10,3 s (como uma tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o significativa). Embora os epis&#243;dios de FV mais longos nos grupos de vibra&#231;&#227;o tenham durado at&#233; 116 s, todos os epis&#243;dios de FV foram autolimitados. No entanto, o maior epis&#243;dio de FV n&#227;o-fatal observado no grupo controle foi 87 s. e 33% dos ratos morreram devido a FV irrevers&#237;vel (p = 0,02). A ocorr&#234;ncia (% de incid&#234;ncia por grupo) de TV durante 30 min de isquemia foi de 100, 100 e 88% (p = 0,35) e a ocorr&#234;ncia de FV foi 75, 63 e 50% nos grupos controle, WBV1 e WBV3, respectivamente (p = 0,58).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Incid&#234;ncia e dura&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares durante 30 min de isquemia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Grupos</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">CVP (n)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">TV</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FV</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Epis&#243;dios</th>
                  <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Epis&#243;dios</th>
                  <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cont</td>
                  <td align="center">283 &#177; 50</td>
                  <td align="center">31 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">70 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">32,3 &#177; 19,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">WBV1</td>
                  <td align="center">271 &#177; 32</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 1*</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">33,2 &#177; 17,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">WBV3</td>
                  <td align="center">229 &#177; 55</td>
                  <td align="center">13 &#177; 3**</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 4*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">13,7 &#177; 10,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valor de p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,702</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                  <td align="center">0,559</td>
                  <td align="center">0,475</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>CVP: complexos ventriculares prematuros; TV: taquicardia ventricular; FV: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular; WBV1: treinamento de vibra&#231;&#227;o de corpo inteiro por uma semana; WBV3: treinamento de vibra&#231;&#227;o de corpo inteiro por 3 semanas.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de complexos ventriculares prematuros (CVPs), os epis&#243;dios e dura&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia ventricular (TV) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; EPM. * p &lt; 0,05 e ** p &lt; 0,01 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Cont: controle; WBV1: treinamento de vibra&#231;&#227;o de corpo inteiro por uma semana; WBV3: treinamento de vibra&#231;&#227;o de corpo inteiro por 3 semanas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>H&#225; tr&#234;s principais achados do presente estudo. Primeiro, a WBV causou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa no TI ap&#243;s 30 min de isquemia e 120 min de reperfus&#227;o. Em segundo lugar, a WBV teve um efeito protetor na arritmia induzida por isquemia. Terceiro, todos os epis&#243;dios de FV foram autolimitados nos grupos vibrat&#243;rios, portanto a vibra&#231;&#227;o melhorou a mortalidade relacionada &#224; arritmia.</p>
        <p>Existem resultados conflitantes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao efeito da WBV na PA e na FC. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios din&#226;micos em uma plataforma de vibra&#231;&#227;o vertical (30-35 Hz, 2 mm) por 12 semanas resultou em diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O estudo de Figueroa et al. mostrou que 6 semanas de WBV diminu&#237;ram a rigidez arterial e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em mulheres normotensas jovens com sobrepeso / obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diferentemente desses resultados, foi demonstrado que uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios com vibra&#231;&#227;o aumentou a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e o volume sist&#243;lico em compara&#231;&#227;o com o exerc&#237;cio sem vibra&#231;&#227;o em adultos sedent&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Em contraste, alguns pesquisadores relataram que a WBV n&#227;o teve efeito sobre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, o que &#233; similar aos resultados do nosso estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Esses resultados conflitantes podem ser explicados pelas diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais, incluindo a dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e, possivelmente, a heterogeneidade do estado de sa&#250;de dos participantes nos diferentes estudos.</p>
        <p>O modelo de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o nos animais experimentais fornece uma op&#231;&#227;o para avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias induzidas por isquemia e tamanho do infarto ap&#243;s uma interven&#231;&#227;o. Posa et al. demonstraram que 6 semanas de exerc&#237;cio volunt&#225;rio foi fator protetor contra les&#227;o de IR, reduzindo o tamanho do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um achado importante &#233; que um a v&#225;rios dias de exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m podem reduzir o dano mioc&#225;rdico devido &#224; les&#227;o de IR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Estudos demonstraram que o exerc&#237;cio regular aumenta a capacidade antioxidante no cora&#231;&#227;o, o que pode minimizar o estresse oxidativo ap&#243;s IR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Durante todas as atividades esportivas, for&#231;as aplicadas externamente induzem vibra&#231;&#245;es dentro dos tecidos do corpo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A WBV tem sido proposta como uma alternativa eficiente aos exerc&#237;cios de intensidade moderada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora estudos recentes tenham sugerido que a WBV leva a melhorias em v&#225;rios desfechos de sa&#250;de, incluindo densidade mineral &#243;ssea,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> for&#231;a muscular ou aptid&#227;o cardiovascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> nenhuma pesquisa foi realizada at&#233; o momento para avaliar os efeitos da les&#227;o de IR.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que a WBV &#233; capaz de reduzir o tamanho do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e arritmia induzida por isquemia durante les&#227;o de IR em ratos. Durante o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, as arritmias ventriculares, como TV e FV, s&#227;o a causa mais importante de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na rela&#231;&#227;o AER / VE entre os animais controle e vibrat&#243;rio, indicando que todos os animais sofreram um grau compar&#225;vel de &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica. Portanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto e arritmia em animais tratados com vibra&#231;&#227;o foi devido ao efeito do treinamento. H&#225; dois tipos de FV: uma FV sustentada (FVS) que nunca termina espontaneamente e requer desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica e uma FV transit&#243;ria (FVT) que termina sozinha e reverte espontaneamente para um ritmo sinusal. Embora tenha sido acreditado por muitos anos que a FVT aparece apenas em pequenos mam&#237;feros (ratos, porquinhos-da-&#237;ndia e coelhos), n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as na massa muscular card&#237;aca, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o entre animais com FVT e aqueles com FVS. O desacoplamento intercelular durante a isquemia, provavelmente devido a um aumento nos &#237;ons Ca<sup>2+</sup> e H<sup>+</sup> intracelulares, ou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no AMPc intracelular pode levar &#224; FVS. Portanto, qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o desfibriladora deve evitar o desacoplamento intercelular, muito provavelmente aumentando a concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de AMPc, diminuindo o [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]i elevado ou evitando a sobrecarga de Ca<sup>2+</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que todos os epis&#243;dios de FV foram autolimitados nos grupos de vibra&#231;&#227;o. Assim, o treinamento com vibra&#231;&#227;o poderia reduzir o risco de morte s&#250;bita durante a isquemia, tanto pela atenua&#231;&#227;o da arritmia induzida por isquemia quanto pela facilita&#231;&#227;o da desfibrila&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. O exato mecanismo da a&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do qual a vibra&#231;&#227;o reduz a incid&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios fatais de FV n&#227;o pode ser diretamente avaliado por nosso estudo. No entanto, o aumento do limiar de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular em cora&#231;&#245;es treinados durante a isquemia regional aguda foi demonstrado em estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Al&#233;m disso, foi relatado que o treinamento f&#237;sico aumenta o n&#237;vel de AMPc<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos e controle do Ca<sup>2+</sup> diast&#243;lico em ratos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca p&#243;s-infarto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> V&#225;rios estudos tamb&#233;m mostraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o tamanho do infarto e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares graves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Atualmente, o treinamento f&#237;sico foi introduzido como o &#250;nico m&#233;todo pr&#225;tico de fornecer cardioprote&#231;&#227;o contra les&#227;o de IR. Se a prote&#231;&#227;o induzida por vibra&#231;&#227;o for quase t&#227;o eficaz quanto o exerc&#237;cio, ela poderia ser uma alternativa ao treinamento f&#237;sico, especialmente para aqueles que n&#227;o conseguem realizar exerc&#237;cios tradicionais. O delineamento dos mecanismos mediando a prote&#231;&#227;o induzida pela vibra&#231;&#227;o contra a les&#227;o de IR &#233; algo importante e pode levar ao desenvolvimento de abordagens farmacol&#243;gicas ou moleculares contra doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo &#233; que ele foi realizado em ratos. Embora o grande n&#250;mero de estudos com animais tenha conduzido e contribu&#237;do muito para nosso entendimento dos mecanismos das doen&#231;as, seus achados para prever a efic&#225;cia de estrat&#233;gias em humanos permaneceram controversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Portanto, os resultados precisam ser confirmados por futuro ensaios cl&#237;nicos realizados em seres humanos.</p>
          <p>A frequ&#234;ncia, amplitude e tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos &#224; vibra&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o varia&#231;&#245;es importantes em ensaios cl&#237;nicos e experimentais. Entretanto, devido &#224; falta de conhecimento sobre os protocolos de treinamento ideais, o m&#233;todo foi baseado na metodologia dispon&#237;vel em nosso laborat&#243;rio. O m&#233;todo proposto mostrou que &#233; eficaz na melhoria do estado de sa&#250;de ao influenciar os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Recomendamos avaliar os v&#225;rios esquemas de vibra&#231;&#227;o na les&#227;o de IR em estudos futuros.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os presentes dados experimentais fornecem novas evid&#234;ncias de que o treinamento de vibra&#231;&#227;o pode aumentar a toler&#226;ncia card&#237;aca &#224; les&#227;o de IR em um modelo de infarto em rato <italic>in vivo</italic>. Ele reduz o tamanho do infarto e arritmias induzidas por isquemia e melhora a mortalidade relacionada &#224; arritmia pela redu&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios fatais de FV e pela facilita&#231;&#227;o da desfibrila&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. O achado de que o treinamento de vibra&#231;&#227;o aumenta a resist&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; FV neste modelo oferece suporte experimental para os dados epidemiol&#243;gicos associando o treinamento f&#237;sico com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. No entanto, mais evid&#234;ncias devem ser obtidas a esse respeito.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 13940215.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimento</title>
        <p>O presente trabalho recebeu suporte financeiro da Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
