<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wP8wVxPnw6kk8BXK4BpGrBr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000100030</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180245</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reperfusion Criteria in Patients Submitted to Fibrinolysis: Is There Room for Improvement?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4278-3771</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcolino</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Soriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Telessa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
            <state>MG</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina e Centro de Centro de Telessa&#250;de do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Milena Soriano Marcolino, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG - Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, 190 sala 246. Postal Code 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>milenamarc@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>30</fpage>
      <lpage>31</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licen&#231;a Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribui&#231;&#227;o e reprodu&#231;&#227;o em qualquer meio, sem restri&#231;&#245;es desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinolysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombolytic THerapy/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Time Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Many ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients seek care in hospitals without percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) capability and cannot be submitted to PCI within the guideline-recommended timelines, and, instead, they are often submitted to fibrinolysis as the initial reperfusion therapy. Rapid, simple and readily available bedside measures are of utmost importance for timely assessment of the efficacy of reperfusion therapy early after fibrinolysis in acute STEMI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> in order to immediately identify the ones who require rescue PCI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In an editorial for Circulation in 2001, Gibson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> stated &#8220;In a time of dizzying advances in diagnostic modalities, it is refreshing to see what a useful, simple, noninvasive, broadly accessible, easily repeatable/applied, and affordable tool the electrocardiography (ECG) is&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> This is still up to date. Multiple studies have demonstrated improved outcomes among patients who achieve complete ST resolution at 60-90 minutes after fibrinolytic therapy, and it is recommended that the absence of &gt; 50% reduction in ST elevation in the worst lead at 60-90 minutes should prompt strong consideration of coronary angiography and rescue PCI. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, this measure, combined with the absence of reperfusion arrhythmias at 2 hours after treatment, has a positive predictive value of 87% and a negative predictive value of 83% to predict failure of reperfusion, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> indicating that there is still room for improvement in accuracy.</p>
    <p>In the well-structured analysis by Dotta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in the article &#8220;<italic>Regional QT Interval Dispersion as an Early Predictor of Reperfusion in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction after Fibrinolytic Therapy</italic>&#8221;, published in this Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia issue,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> the results reinforced Gibson&#8217;s statement. The authors assessed the performance of QT interval dispersion in addition to classical reperfusion criteria as an early marker of reperfusion in 104 STEMI patients from emergency care units in Sao Paulo who underwent fibrinolysis with tenecteplase (TNK).</p>
    <p>The concept of QT interval dispersion was introduced in the 1990s, as a non-invasive method for the detection of ventricular repolarization heterogeneity, and previous studies have shown that reduction of QT interval dispersion post-thrombolysis was an independent predictor of coronary reperfusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Dotta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> study was the first one to assess QT interval dispersion in STEMI patients who underwent pharmaco-invasive strategy. Interestingly, the authors observed an increase in regional dispersion of corrected QT interval 60 minutes after TNK in anterior wall infarction in patients with angiographic findings of complete recanalization (TIMI flow 3 and Blush grade 3). When they added regional QTcD to electrocardiographic criteria for reperfusion, the area under the receiving operating characteristic curve (ROC) changed from 0.81 (0.72-0.89) to 0.87 (0.78-0.96), demonstrating an improved discriminatory ability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Some limitations should be pointed out and most of them are recognized by the authors. This measure was not tested in patients with bundle branch block, atrial fibrillation or previous myocardial infarction, as those could compromise the QT interval dispersion assessment. Although a good concordant agreement was noted between examiners (kappa coefficient = 0.84),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> errors in manual measurement of QT intervals are common<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and, in the real world, there are consistent differences in the measurements between cardiologists, what can compromise the acuity of the evaluation of the QT dispersion, especially in an emergency situation as the management of the myocardial infarction.</p>
    <p>To overcome these limitations, the authors commented about the need to advance in the methodology to measure QT interval and ventricular repolarization. The use of computerized programs for automated ECG interpretation has shown good accuracy levels for ECG interval measurements,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and it might improve regional QT dispersion assessment. More than ever, development of computerized automatic calculation and studies in different populations, with a larger sample size, are needed to allow the external validation of including regional QT dispersion together with traditional reperfusion criteria in reperfusion assessment after fibrinolysis.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Crit&#233;rios de Reperfus&#227;o em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Fibrin&#243;lise: &#201; Poss&#237;vel Melhorar?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4278-3771</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcolino</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Soriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina e Centro de Centro de Telessa&#250;de do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Milena Soriano Marcolino, Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG - Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, 190 sala 246. CEP 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>milenamarc@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento ST/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrin&#243;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Trombol&#237;tica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Tempo, Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Muitos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCST) procuram atendimento em hospitais sem capacidade para interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) e n&#227;o podem ser submetidos &#224; ICP dentro dos prazos recomendados pela diretriz e, em vez disso, s&#227;o submetidos &#224; fibrin&#243;lise como terapia de reperfus&#227;o inicial. Medidas r&#225;pidas, simples e prontamente dispon&#237;veis &#224; beira do leito s&#227;o de extrema import&#226;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o oportuna da efic&#225;cia da terapia de reperfus&#227;o logo ap&#243;s a fibrin&#243;lise em pacientes com IAMCST,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> para identificar imediatamente aqueles que necessitam de ICP de resgate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
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      <p>Em um editorial da Circulation em 2001, Gibson,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> declarou: &#8220;Em um momento de avan&#231;os vertiginosos nos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos, &#233; animador ver que ferramenta &#250;til, simples, n&#227;o invasiva, amplamente acess&#237;vel, facilmente reproduz&#237;vel/aplicada e de baixo custo &#233; o eletrocardiograma (ECG)&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Essa afirma&#231;&#227;o ainda &#233; atual. M&#250;ltiplos estudos demonstraram melhores resultados em pacientes que conseguiram resolu&#231;&#227;o completa do segmento ST aos 60-90 minutos ap&#243;s a terapia fibrinol&#237;tica, e recomenda-se que a aus&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50% na deriva&#231;&#227;o com maior eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em 60-90 minutos deve levar a uma forte considera&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coronariana e ICP de resgate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, essa medida, combinada com a aus&#234;ncia de arritmias de reperfus&#227;o 2 horas ap&#243;s o tratamento, tem um valor preditivo positivo de 87% e um valor preditivo negativo de 83% para prever falha de reperfus&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> indicando que &#233; poss&#237;vel melhorar a precis&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise bem estruturada de Dotta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> no artigo &#8220;Dispers&#227;o Regional do Intervalo QT como Preditor Precoce de Reperfus&#227;o em Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s Terapia Fibrinol&#237;tica&#8221;, publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> os resultados refor&#231;aram a afirma&#231;&#227;o de Gibson. Os autores avaliaram o desempenho da dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT, al&#233;m dos crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos de reperfus&#227;o, como um marcador precoce de reperfus&#227;o em 104 pacientes com IAMCST de unidades de pronto atendimento em S&#227;o Paulo submetidos a fibrin&#243;lise com tenecteplase (TNK).</p>
      <p>O conceito de dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT foi introduzido na d&#233;cada de 1990, como m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para a detec&#231;&#227;o da heterogeneidade da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que a redu&#231;&#227;o da dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT p&#243;s-tromb&#243;lise foi um preditor independente de reperfus&#227;o coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O estudo de Dotta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> foi o primeiro a avaliar a dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT em pacientes com IAMCST submetidos &#224; estrat&#233;gia f&#225;rmaco-invasiva. Os autores observaram um aumento da dispers&#227;o regional do intervalo QT corrigido 60 minutos ap&#243;s o TNK no infarto da parede anterior em pacientes com achados angiogr&#225;ficos de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o completa (fluxo TIMI 3 e Blush 3). Quando acrescentaram QTcD regional aos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para reperfus&#227;o, a &#225;rea sob a curva <italic>receiving operator characteristic curve</italic> (ROC) variou de 0,81 (0,72-0,89) a 0,87 (0,78-0,96), demonstrando melhora na capacidade discriminat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
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      <p>O estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, a maioria delas reconhecida pelos autores. Essa medida n&#227;o foi testada em pacientes com bloqueio de ramo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, uma vez que poderiam comprometer a avalia&#231;&#227;o de dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT. Embora tenha sido observada boa concord&#226;ncia entre examinadores (coeficiente kappa = 0,84),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> erros na mensura&#231;&#227;o manual de intervalos QT s&#227;o comuns<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e, no mundo real, existem diferen&#231;as consistentes das medi&#231;&#245;es entre cardiologistas, o que pode comprometer a acuidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o da dispers&#227;o do QT, especialmente em uma situa&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia como o manejo do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      <p>Para superar essas limita&#231;&#245;es, os autores comentaram sobre a necessidade de avan&#231;ar na metodologia para medir o intervalo QT e a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O uso de programas informatizados para interpreta&#231;&#227;o automatizada do ECG mostrou bons n&#237;veis de precis&#227;o para as medi&#231;&#245;es dos intervalos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e pode melhorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o regional da dispers&#227;o do QT. Mais do que nunca, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios o desenvolvimento de c&#225;lculos autom&#225;ticos computadorizados e estudos em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es, com um tamanho amostral maior, a fim de possibilitar a valida&#231;&#227;o externa da associa&#231;&#227;o da dispers&#227;o regional do QT aos crit&#233;rios tradicionais de reperfus&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o ap&#243;s fibrin&#243;lise.</p>
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