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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cYKnpkJZbQXtXWPCCDwxhTB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000100012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005020106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180253</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of the Relationship between Monocyte to High-Density Lipoprotein Ratio and Myocardial Bridge</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Enhos</surname>
            <given-names>Asim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cosansu</surname>
            <given-names>Kahraman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huyut</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turna</surname>
            <given-names>Fahrettin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karacop</surname>
            <given-names>Erdem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bakshaliyev</surname>
            <given-names>Nijad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nadir</surname>
            <given-names>Aydin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozdemir</surname>
            <given-names>Ramazan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4578-4537</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uluganyan</surname>
            <given-names>Mahmut</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bezmialem University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Istanbul</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bezmialem University, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sakarya Educational and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Istanbul</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sakarya Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bezmialem University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Istanbul</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bezmialem University, Istanbul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mahmut Uluganyan &#8226;</bold> Bezmialem Vakif University - Vatan Caddesi. Fatif. 34093, Istanbul - Turkey E-mail: <email>uluganyan@yahoo.com</email>, <email>uluganyan@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Enhos A, Bakshaliyev N; acquisition of data: Enhos A, Cosansu K, Huyut MA, Bakshaliyev N, Nadir A; analysis and interpretation of the data: Enhos A, Cosansu K, Huyut MA; statistical analysis: Turna F; obtaining funding: Enhos A, Cosansu K, Turna F, Karacop E, Nadir A; writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Enhos A, Karacop E, Ozdemir R, Uluganyan M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>12</fpage>
      <lpage>17</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Assessing the monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) is a new tool for predicting inflamation, which plays a major role in atherosclerosis. Myocardial bridge (MB) is thought to be a benign condition with development of atherosclerosis, particularly at the proximal segment of the brigde.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the relationhip between MHR and the presence of MB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We consecutively scanned patients referred for coronary angiography between January 2013- December 2016, and a total of 160 patients who had a MB and normal coronary artery were enrolled in the study. The patients&#8217; angiographic, demographic and clinic characteristics of the patients were reviewed from medical records. Monocytes and HDL-cholesterols were measured via complete blood count. MHR was calculated as the ratio of the absolute monocyte count to the HDL-cholesterol value. MHR values were divided into three tertiles as follows: lower (8.25 &#177; 1.61), moderate (13.11 &#177; 1.46), and higher (21.21 &#177; 4.30) tertile. A p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>MHR was significantly higher in the MB group compared to the control group with normal coronary arteries. We found the frequency of MB (p = 0.002) to increase as the MHR tertiles rose. The Monocyte-HDL ratio with a cut-point of 13.35 had 59% sensitivity and 65.0% specificity (ROC area under curve: 0.687, 95% CI: 0.606-0.769, p &lt; 0.001) in accurately predicting a MB diagnosis. In the multivariate analysis, MHR (p = 0.013) was found to be a significant independent predictor of the presence of MB, after adjusting for other risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The present study revealed a significant correlation between MHR and MB.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Biomarkers/blood</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, HDL/blood</kwd>
        <kwd>Monocytes/citology</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Bridging</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Myocardial bridge (MB), which was described early in the cardivascular literature, is an anatomical variation characterized by the narrowing of some of the epicardial coronary arterial segments during systole. MB, also known as muscular bridge, is a rare congenital disease with a relatively good prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> It has an estimated frequency of 0.5-2.5% in angiographic series, and it frequently involves the left anterior descending artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Although it is considered a benign anomaly, it may lead to complications such as angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, coronary spasm, arrhythmias, syncope, and sudden cardiac death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Systolic compression of the epicardial artery is visible on angiographic imaging. Diagnosis can be made using quantitative angiography, intracoronary ultrasound, or Doppler flow measurement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Monocyte activation has been known to play an important role in chronic inflammation and cardiovascular disease, in which monocytes and differentiated macrophages can modulate inflammatory cytokines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> HDL is highly effective at inhibiting the endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and preventing monocyte recruitment to the artery wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Therefore, while monocytes exert a proinflammatory effect, HDL functions as a reversal factor during this process. Monocyte to HDL-cholesterol ratio (MHR) is a simple assessment method for inflammatory status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> MHR has also been reported as a new prognostic marker in cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>It is known that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process and that MHR is a simple tool for assessing proinflamatory status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Atherosclerosis has been shown to develop especially at the proximal and distal segments of MB in most patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In the present study, we evaluate the association between MHR and MB.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Population</title>
        <p>We consecutively scanned patients referred for coronary angiography between January 2013- December 2016, and a total of 160 patients who had a MB and normal coronary artery were enrolled in the study. The patients&#8217; angiographic, demographic and clinic characteristics of the patients were reviewed from medical records. Patients with acute coronary syndrome, previous cardiac surgery, known coronary artery disease, concomitant valvular disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, congenital heart defects, renal or hepatic disease, malignancy, hematological disorders, and acute or chronic inflammatory disorders were excluded from this study. The study was approved by the local ethics committee.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiographic analysis</title>
        <p>Coronary angiography was performed using the standard Judkins&#8217; technique with a biplane cineangiography system. Coronary arteries in the left and right oblique planes and in the cranial and caudal angles were demonstrated. Iopromide (Ultravist-370; Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) was used as the contrast agent, and it was manually injected (4-6 ml of contrast agent in each position) during the coronary arteriography. All of the angiograms were evaluated by two experienced physicians. The presence of MB was defined according to the following criteria: narrowing of coronary vessel lumen during systole and dilation during diastole; no evidence of coronary vasospasm. Based on the findings of coronary angiography, the patients were divided in two subgroups: group A (n = 84) with normal coronary arteries; and group B (n = 76) with MB.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory measurements</title>
        <p>Blood sample was collected from the antecubital vein using a 21-gauge sterile syringe in laboratory. Monocytes and HDL-cholesterols were measured via complete blood count. MHR was calculated as the ratio of the absolute monocyte count to the HDL-cholesterol value.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All the statistical data were analyzed using SPSS 15.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and the categorical data were expressed as percentages. Continuous variables were tested for normal distribution using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Both groups were compared using chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test for qualitative variables when appropriate, and independent t-test for normally distributed continuous variables. The non-normally distributed continuous variables are presented as median and interquantile range. Pearson test was used in the correlation analysis between parametric variables. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed for MHR in order to determine optimal cut-off values and to obtain the sensitivity and specificity for each variable to predict the presence of MB. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed by including the parameters that differed significantly between the groups in order to identify the independent predictor of patients with MB. A p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Seventy-six MB (mean age: 52.3 &#177; 11.7 years, 82.0% male) and 84 age- and gender-matched control participants with normal coronary arteries (mean age: 53.8 &#177; 12.2 years, 75.0% male) were enrolled in this study.</p>
      <p>Both groups&#8217; baseline demographics, as well as their clinic and laboratory characteristics, are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Diabetes mellitus and smoking were found to be lower in the MB group compared to the control group. There was no difference between two groups in terms of other demographic or clinic findings. When laboratory parameters were compared, creatinine, white blood cell and neutrophil were significantly higher in the MB group compared to the control group. However, HDL and total cholesterol were found to be significantly lower in the MB patients. Moreover, the monocyte/HDL ratio was found to be significantly higher in the MB group compared to the control group. The remaining laboratory parameters did not differ between both groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic, clinic and laboratory characteristics of the groups studied</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Control</th>
              <th align="center">Myocardial bridge</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age in years</td>
              <td align="center">53.8 &#177; 12.2</td>
              <td align="center">52.3 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.435</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">63(%75)</td>
              <td align="center">62(%82)</td>
              <td align="center">0.315</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">32(%38)</td>
              <td align="center">19(%25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.076</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">18(%21)</td>
              <td align="center">6(%8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoker, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">36(%43)</td>
              <td align="center">19(%25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">104 &#177; 23</td>
              <td align="center">97 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">0.088</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">0.83 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 &#177; 0.72</td>
              <td align="center">0.035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin, gr/dl</td>
              <td align="center">13.8 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">14.3 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.077</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White blood cell count, x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Neutrophil count, x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">4.28 &#177; 1.42</td>
              <td align="center">4.81 &#177; 1.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lymphocyte count x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">2.31 &#177; 0.89</td>
              <td align="center">2.44 &#177; 0.75</td>
              <td align="center">0.121</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Monocyte count x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">0.56 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.62 &#177; 0.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.149</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RDW</td>
              <td align="center">14.4 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">14.9 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.060</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PDW</td>
              <td align="center">15.2 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">17.1 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Platelet count x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">238 &#177; 59</td>
              <td align="center">255 &#177; 76</td>
              <td align="center">0.222</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">123 &#177; 32</td>
              <td align="center">117 &#177; 27</td>
              <td align="center">0.168</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">49 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">39 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">152 &#177; 103</td>
              <td align="center">136 &#177; 54</td>
              <td align="center">0.909</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">200 &#177; 48</td>
              <td align="center">186 &#177; 32</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MHR</td>
              <td align="center">12.20 &#177; 4.87</td>
              <td align="center">16.31 &#177; 6.47</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>RDW: red cell distribution width; PDW: platelet distribution width; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; TG: triglyceride; MHR: mononcyte count/HDL cholesterol ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>MHR values were divided into three tertiles as follows: lower (8.25 &#177; 1.61); moderate (13.11 &#177; 1.46); and higher (21.21 &#177; 4.30) tertile (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). We found the frequency of MB (p = 0.002), male gender (p = 0.04) and the WBC count (p &lt; 0.001) to increase as the MHR tertiles rose.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic, clinic and laboratory characteristics of the MHR tertiles</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">1<sup>st</sup> tertile (n:54)</th>
              <th align="center">2<sup>nd</sup> tertile (n:53)</th>
              <th align="center">3<sup>rd</sup> tertile (n:53)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MHR</td>
              <td align="center">8.25 &#177; 1.61</td>
              <td align="center">13.11 &#177; 1.46</td>
              <td align="center">21.21 &#177; 4.30</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NLR</td>
              <td align="center">2.10 &#177; 1.35</td>
              <td align="center">1.98 &#177; 0.96</td>
              <td align="center">2.31 &#177; 1.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.332</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Myocardial bridge, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">16(%30)</td>
              <td align="center">26(%49)</td>
              <td align="center">34(%64)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">37(%69)</td>
              <td align="center">41(%77)</td>
              <td align="center">47(%88)</td>
              <td align="center">0.041</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">20(%37)</td>
              <td align="center">16(%30)</td>
              <td align="center">15(%28)</td>
              <td align="center">0.593</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">8(%15)</td>
              <td align="center">10(%19)</td>
              <td align="center">6(%11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.553</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoker, n(%)</td>
              <td align="center">13(%24)</td>
              <td align="center">19(%36)</td>
              <td align="center">23(%43)</td>
              <td align="center">0.105</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">56 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">55 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">49 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White blood cell count, x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">6.80 &#177; 1.63</td>
              <td align="center">7.80 &#177; 1.99</td>
              <td align="center">8.72 &#177; 1.88</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin, gr/dl</td>
              <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">14.1 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">14.5 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RDW</td>
              <td align="center">14.6 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">14.6 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">14.7 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.973</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Platelet count x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
              <td align="center">250 &#177; 65</td>
              <td align="center">240 &#177; 76</td>
              <td align="center">248 &#177; 63</td>
              <td align="center">0.739</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PDW</td>
              <td align="center">9.2 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.940</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">100 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">101 &#177; 21</td>
              <td align="center">101 &#177; 21</td>
              <td align="center">0.964</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">0.84 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.703</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">127 &#177; 31</td>
              <td align="center">121 &#177; 29</td>
              <td align="center">111 &#177; 27</td>
              <td align="center">0.020</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">53 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">43 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">37 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">123 &#177; 47</td>
              <td align="center">153 &#177; 88</td>
              <td align="center">159 &#177; 104</td>
              <td align="center">0.060</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
              <td align="center">204 &#177; 40</td>
              <td align="center">197 &#177; 46</td>
              <td align="center">179 &#177; 34</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>RDW: red cell distribution width; PDW: platelet distribution width; MHR: Mononcyte count/HDL cholesterol ratio; NLR: neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio; TG: triglyceride.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A receiver operating curve (ROC) was generated for sensitivity and specificity, with the respective areas under the curve (AUC), to investigate the predictive value of monocyte/HDL ratio for the presence of MB (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The Monocyte/HDL ratio with a cut-point of 13.35 had 59.0% sensitivity and 65.0% specificity (ROC area under curve: 0.687, 95% CI: 0.606-0.769, p &lt; 0.001) in accurately predicting MB diagnosis.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The receiver operative characteristic curve analysis of monocyte to high density lipoprotein cholesterol rate for predicting the presence of myocardial bridge.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0012-80253-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In a univariate regression analysis, age, gender, total cholesterol, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and hemoglobin were significantly related with MB. In the multivariate analysis, MHR (p = 0.013) was found to be significant as the independent predictor of MB, after adjusting for other risk factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate analysis to detect independent variables for the diagnosis of myocardial bridge</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Odds ratio</th>
              <th align="center">Confidence &#304;nterval(%95)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.010</td>
              <td align="center">0.979 - 1.041</td>
              <td align="center">0.540</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">1.273</td>
              <td align="center">0.463 &#173;- 3.494</td>
              <td align="center">0.640</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">0.995</td>
              <td align="center">0.986 - 1.004</td>
              <td align="center">0.288</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MHR</td>
              <td align="center">1.128</td>
              <td align="center">1.055 - 1.207</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NLR</td>
              <td align="center">1.012</td>
              <td align="center">0.750 - 1.367</td>
              <td align="center">0.936</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin</td>
              <td align="center">1.145</td>
              <td align="center">0.896 - 1.463</td>
              <td align="center">0.278</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>MHR: Mononcyte count/HDL cholesterol ratio; NLR: neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings of the present study were as follows: 1) A raised monocyte/HDL ratio was found to be significantly higher in patients with MB; 2) The monocyte/HDL ratio with a cut-point of 13.35 had moderate sensitivity and specifity to diagnose MB; and 3) MHR was found to be a significant independent predictor for presence of MB, after adjusting for other risk factors in multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>Myocardial bridging, which is the compression of a coronary artery segment during systole, is generally accepted to be clinically benign, but it can result in a wide clinical spectrum, from angina to myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In general, the coronary vessel segment proximal to the bridge has been reported to develop atherosclerosis at an increased rate - up to 90%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, one study has also demonstrated diffuse intimal thickening in the tunneled segment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Besides the tunneled and proximal artery segments, other parts of the same coronary artery, as well as different arteries, could show atheroslerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Endothelial cell morphology variations occur before and after tunneled segment due to blood flow shear stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and unknown increased expression of vasoactive agents, such as endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endothelin-1, and angiotensin, all of which convert enzyme in the proximal segment of the MB artery, are the main pathophysiological mechanisms for increased atherosclerotic plaque formation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Coronary angiography, intracoronary doppler ultrasonography, intravascular ultrasound, fractional flow reserve and cardiac computed tomography angiography are main tools for diagnosing coronary MB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Monocytes are a source of various cytokines and molecules that interact with endothelial cells, which leads to an aggravation of inflammatory pathways.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Inflamation play a major role in atherosclerosis development and progression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> HDL cholesterol, which has antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic properties, strongly decreases the endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and prevents monocyte recruitment to the artery wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Furthermore, HDL decrease pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant effects of monocytes by inhibiting the migration of macrophages and the oxidation of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) molecules, as well as by promoting the efflux of cholesterol from these cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Therefore, it seems logical to combine these two parameters into a single ratio as an MHR, which can reflect the underlying inflammation process. A prognostic value of MHR has been reported in various cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> MHR was found to be related with major cardiovascular adverse events (MACE) including stent thrombosis and mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Moreover, it has been demonstrated to be a new potential marker for predicting bare metal stent restenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> An important association between pre-procedural MHR levels and atrial fibrillation recurrence after ablation procedures was demonstrated by the study of Canbolat et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> MHR is alwo well demontrated to be associated with coronary slow flow and coronary actesia, which are different forms of inflammation and atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Our study has reported, for the first time, an important relationship between admission MHR and the presence of MB. Moreover, and concordant with previous studies on various cardiovascular diseases, MHR was found to be a significant independent marker associated with MB, with moderate sensitivity and specifity.</p>
      <p>The main pathophysiological links between MHR and MB can be endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Inflammation not only leads to monocyte secretion and aggregation, but it also reduces HDL blood levels and its anti-oxidative feature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Increased MHR was associated with systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and it was defined as a novel inflammation-based prognostic marker in cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In our study, concordant with previous studies on cardiovascular disease, increased MHR was found to be related with the presence of MB, in whose pathophysiology inflammation plays a significant role.</p>
      <p>Even though previous studies demonstrated that MHR is associated with systemic inflamation, we found in the present study that MHR is associated with MB. As generally known, a local atherosclerotic process is present in patients with MB, particularly in the proximal and distal segments of the MB. We suppposed that MHR could demonstrate not just systemic artheriosclerosis, but also local artheriosclerosis. With the addition of the local changes at the near of the MB atherosclerosis could be started earlier.</p>
      <p>There are some limitations in our study. It was conducted with a small population, and it is a single-center study. Since we measured MHR only at baseline, serial MHR changes were not assessed. A prognostic value of MHR for MB was not determined due to a lack of follow-up of the study patients. Moreover, the effect of other inflamatory markers, like C-reactive protein, was not assesed due to a lack of records.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In conclusion, since increased MHR is a marker of inflammation and atheroclerosis, MB could be one of the factors associated with increased MHR.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Bezmialem Vakif Universty under the protocol number 342018. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Bezmialem University, Istanbul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sakarya Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Bezmialem University, Istanbul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mahmut Uluganyan &#8226;</bold> Bezmialem Vakif University - Vatan Caddesi. Fatif. 34093, Istanbul - Turquia E-mail: <email>uluganyan@yahoo.com</email>, <email>uluganyan@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Enhos A, Bakshaliyev N; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Enhos A, Cosansu K, Huyut MA, Bakshaliyev N, Nadir A; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Enhos A, Cosansu K, Huyut MA; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Turna F; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Enhos A, Cosansu K, Turna F, Karacop E, Nadir A; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Enhos A, Karacop E, Ozdemir R, Uluganyan M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o de mon&#243;citos para lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade (MHR, sigla em ingl&#234;s) &#233; uma nova ferramenta para se prever o processo inflamat&#243;rio, o qual desempenha um papel importante na aterosclerose. A ponte mioc&#225;rdica (PM) &#233; considerada uma condi&#231;&#227;o benigna com desenvolvimento de arteriosclerose, particularmente no segmento proximal da ponte.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a MHR e a presen&#231;a de PM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Examinamos concecutivamente pacientes encaminhados para angiografia coronariana entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2016, e um total de 160 pacientes, uma parcela dos quais com PM, e outra com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes foram revisadas a partir de registros m&#233;dicos. Mon&#243;citos e colester&#243;is HDL foram medidos atrav&#233;s de hemograma completo. A MHR foi calculada como a raz&#227;o entre a contagem absoluta de mon&#243;citos e o valor do colesterol HDL. Os valores de MHR foram divididos em tr&#234;s tercis, da seguinte forma: tercil inferior (8,25 &#177; 1,61); tercil moderado (13,11 &#177; 1,46); e tercil superior (21,21 &#177; 4,30). Considerou-se significativo um valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A MHR foi significativamente maior no grupo com PM, em compara&#231;&#227;o com grupo controle com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais. Verificamos que a preval&#234;ncia de PM (p=0,002) aumentou &#224; medida que se elevavam os tercis de MHR. A raz&#227;o mon&#243;citos-colesterol HDL com ponto de corte de 13,35 apresentou sensibilidade de 59% e especificidade de 65,0% (&#225;rea ROC sob a curva: 0,687, IC95%: 0,606-0,769, p &lt; 0,001) na predi&#231;&#227;o acurada do diagn&#243;stico de PM. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a MHR (p = 0,013) mostrou-se um preditor independente significativo da presen&#231;a de PM, ap&#243;s ajustes para outros fatores de risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo revelou uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre MHR e PM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores/sangue</kwd>
        <kwd>HDL-Colesterol/sangue</kwd>
        <kwd>Mon&#243;citos/citologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ponte Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ponte mioc&#225;rdica (PM), descrita bastante cedo na literatura cardiovascular, &#233; uma varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica caracterizada pelo estreitamento de alguns segmentos das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas durante a s&#237;stole. A PM, tamb&#233;m conhecida como ponte muscular, &#233; uma doen&#231;a cong&#234;nita rara, com progn&#243;stico relativamente bom.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Apresenta uma frequ&#234;ncia estimada de 0,5-2,5% em s&#233;ries angiogr&#225;ficas, e frequentemente envolve a art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Embora seja considerada uma anomalia benigna, pode levar a complica&#231;&#245;es como angina pectoris, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, espasmo coronariano, arritmias, s&#237;ncope e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A compress&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria epic&#225;rdica &#233; vis&#237;vel na imagem angiogr&#225;fica. O diagn&#243;stico pode ser feito por meio de angiografia quantitativa, ultrassonografia intracoron&#225;ria ou medida de fluxo por Doppler.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que a ativa&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos desempenha um papel importante na inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, em que mon&#243;citos e macr&#243;fagos diferenciados podem modular citocinas inflamat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O colesterol HDL &#233; altamente eficaz na inibi&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o endotelial de mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o e na preven&#231;&#227;o do recrutamento de mon&#243;citos para a parede arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Portanto, embora os mon&#243;citos exer&#231;am um efeito pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio, o HDL funciona como um fator de revers&#227;o durante esse processo. A raz&#227;o de mon&#243;citos para o colesterol HDL (MHR) &#233; um m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o simples do estado inflamat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A MHR tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi descrita como um novo marcador progn&#243;stico em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que a arteriosclerose &#233; um processo inflamat&#243;rio, e que a MHR &#233; uma ferramenta simples para avaliar o estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> J&#225; se demonstrou que a arteriosclerose se desenvolve especialmente nos segmentos proximal e distal da PM, na maioria dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No presente estudo, avaliamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre MHR e PM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          <p>Examinamos concecutivamente pacientes encaminhados para angiografia coronariana entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2016, e um total de 160 pacientes, uma parcela dos quais com PM, e outra com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes foram revisadas a partir de registros m&#233;dicos. Pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana conhecida, valvopatia concomitante, cardiomiopatia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, doen&#231;a renal ou hep&#225;tica, malignidade, dist&#250;rbios hematol&#243;gicos e dist&#250;rbios inflamat&#243;rios agudos ou cr&#244;nicos foram exclu&#237;dos do presente estudo. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>An&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>A angiografia coron&#225;ria foi realizada utilizando-se a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o de Judkins, com sistema de cineangiografia biplano. As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram demonstradas nos planos obl&#237;quos direito e esquerdo, e nos &#226;ngulos cranial e caudal. Utilizamos Iopromida (Ultravist-370; Schering AG, Berlin, Alemanha) como agente de contraste, injetado manualmente (4-6 ml de agente de contraste em cada posi&#231;&#227;o) durante a arteriografia coron&#225;ria. Todas as angiografias foram avaliadas por dois m&#233;dicos experientes. A presen&#231;a de PM foi definida de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios: estreitamento da luz do vaso coron&#225;rio durante a s&#237;stole, e sua dilata&#231;&#227;o durante a di&#225;stole; nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de vasoespasmo coronariano. Com base nos achados da angiografia coron&#225;ria, os pacientes foram divididos em dois subgrupos: grupo A (n = 84), com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais; e grupo B (n = 76), com PM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Amostra de sangue foi coletada da veia antecubital, utilizando-se uma seringa est&#233;ril de calibre 21 em laborat&#243;rio. Mon&#243;citos e colester&#243;is HDL foram medidos atrav&#233;s de hemograma completo. A MHR foi calculada como a raz&#227;o entre a contagem absoluta de mon&#243;citos e o valor do colesterol HDL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Todos os dados estat&#237;sticos foram analisados com o software SPSS 15.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). Os dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e os dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos como porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Ambos os grupos foram comparados utilizando-se o teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis qualitativas, quando apropriado, e o teste t independente para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas normalmente distribu&#237;das. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;das s&#227;o apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil. O teste de Pearson foi utilizado na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas. Realizamos a an&#225;lise de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) para a MHR, a fim de determinar os valores de corte &#243;timos e obter a sensibilidade e especificidade para cada vari&#225;vel, de modo a prever a presen&#231;a de PM. Realizamos um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, incluindo-se os par&#226;metros que diferiram significativamente entre os grupos, para identificar o preditor independente de pacientes com PM. Considerou-se significativo um valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo 76 pacientes com PM (idade m&#233;dia: 52,3 &#177; 11,7 anos, 82,0% do sexo masculino) e 84 participantes controles pareados por idade e g&#234;nero com coron&#225;rias normais (idade m&#233;dia: 53,8 &#177; 12,2 anos, 75,0% do sexo masculino).</p>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos de linha de base de ambos os grupos, bem como suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais, est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. O diabetes mellitus e o tabagismo encontravam-se menores no grupo PM, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos em termos de outros achados demogr&#225;ficos ou cl&#237;nicos. Quando os par&#226;metros laboratoriais foram comparados, os n&#237;veis de creatinina, gl&#243;bulos brancos e neutr&#243;filos encontravam-se significativamente mais elevados no grupo PM, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Entretanto, verificamos que os n&#237;veis de colesterol HDL e o colesterol total estavam significativamente mais baixos nos pacientes com PM. Al&#233;m disso, a raz&#227;o mon&#243;citos-colesterol HDL encontrava-se significativamente mais elevada no grupo PM, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Os demais par&#226;metros laboratoriais n&#227;o diferiram entre os dois grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos grupos estudados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Controle</th>
                <th align="center">Ponte mioc&#225;rdica</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade em anos</td>
                <td align="center">53,8 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td align="center">52,3 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,435</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero masculino, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">63(%75)</td>
                <td align="center">62(%82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,315</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">32(%38)</td>
                <td align="center">19(%25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">18(%21)</td>
                <td align="center">6(%8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumante, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">36(%43)</td>
                <td align="center">19(%25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">104 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">97 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 &#177; 0,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina, gr/dl</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">14,3 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de leuc&#243;citos, x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de neutr&#243;filos, x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">4,28 &#177; 1,42</td>
                <td align="center">4,81 &#177; 1,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de linf&#243;citos x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">2,31 &#177; 0,89</td>
                <td align="center">2,44 &#177; 0,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,121</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de mon&#243;citos x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,62 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RDW</td>
                <td align="center">14,4 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">14,9 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PDW</td>
                <td align="center">15,2 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">17,1 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de plaquetas x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">238 &#177; 59</td>
                <td align="center">255 &#177; 76</td>
                <td align="center">0,222</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol LDL, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">123 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">117 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">0,168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol HDL, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">152 &#177; 103</td>
                <td align="center">136 &#177; 54</td>
                <td align="center">0,909</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">200 &#177; 48</td>
                <td align="center">186 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MHR</td>
                <td align="center">12,20 &#177; 4,87</td>
                <td align="center">16,31 &#177; 6,47</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>RDW: do ingl&#234;s Red Cell Distribution Width. Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos; PDW: do ingl&#234;s Platelet Distribution Width. Distribui&#231;&#227;o das plaquetas; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides; MHR: raz&#227;o cont. de mon&#243;citos-colesterol HDL.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os valores de MHR foram divididos em tr&#234;s tercis, da seguinte forma: tercil inferior (8,25 &#177; 1,61); tercil moderado (13,11 &#177; 1,46); e tercil superior (21,21 &#177; 4,30) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Verificamos que a preval&#234;ncia de PM (p = 0,002), a presen&#231;a do g&#234;nero masculino (p=0,04) e a contagem leuc&#243;citos (p &lt; 0,001) aumentavam &#224; medida que se elevavam os tercis de MHR.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos tercis de MHR</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">1<sup>o</sup> tercil (n:54)</th>
                <th align="center">2<sup>o</sup> tercil (n:53)</th>
                <th align="center">3<sup>o</sup> tercil (n:53)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MHR</td>
                <td align="center">8,25 &#177; 1,61</td>
                <td align="center">13,11 &#177; 1,46</td>
                <td align="center">21,21 &#177; 4,30</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RNL</td>
                <td align="center">2,10 &#177; 1,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,98 &#177; 0,96</td>
                <td align="center">2,31 &#177; 1,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,332</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ponte mioc&#225;rdica, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">16(%30)</td>
                <td align="center">26(%49)</td>
                <td align="center">34(%64)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero Masculino, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">37(%69)</td>
                <td align="center">41(%77)</td>
                <td align="center">47(%88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">20(%37)</td>
                <td align="center">16(%30)</td>
                <td align="center">15(%28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,593</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">8(%15)</td>
                <td align="center">10(%19)</td>
                <td align="center">6(%11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,553</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumante, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">13(%24)</td>
                <td align="center">19(%36)</td>
                <td align="center">23(%43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">55 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de leuc&#243;citos, x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">6,80 &#177; 1,63</td>
                <td align="center">7,80 &#177; 1,99</td>
                <td align="center">8,72 &#177; 1,88</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina, gr/dl</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">14,1 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">14,5 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RDW</td>
                <td align="center">14,6 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">14,6 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">14,7 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,973</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contagem de plaquetas x 10<sup>3</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">250 &#177; 65</td>
                <td align="center">240 &#177; 76</td>
                <td align="center">248 &#177; 63</td>
                <td align="center">0,739</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PDW</td>
                <td align="center">9,2 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,940</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">101 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">101 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">0,964</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,703</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol LDL, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">127 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">111 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol HDL, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">123 &#177; 47</td>
                <td align="center">153 &#177; 88</td>
                <td align="center">159 &#177; 104</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">204 &#177; 40</td>
                <td align="center">197 &#177; 46</td>
                <td align="center">179 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>RDW: do ingl&#234;s Red Cell Distribution Width. Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos; PDW: do ingl&#234;s Platelet Distribution Width. Distribui&#231;&#227;o das plaquetas; MHR: Raz&#227;o cont. de mon&#243;citos-colesterol HDL; RNL: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos; TG: triglic&#233;rides.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Uma curva de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foi gerada para sensibilidade e especificidade, com as respectivas &#225;reas sob a curva (AUC), a fim de investigar o valor preditivo da raz&#227;o mon&#243;citos-HDL para a presen&#231;a de MB (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). A raz&#227;o mon&#243;citos-colesterol HDL com ponto de corte de 13,35 apresentou sensibilidade de 59,0% e especificidade de 65,0% (&#225;rea ROC sob a curva: 0,687, IC95%: 0,606-0,769, p &lt; 0,001) na predi&#231;&#227;o acurada do diagn&#243;stico de PM.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica operativa do receptor para a raz&#227;o mon&#243;citos-colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, para prever a presen&#231;a de ponte mioc&#225;rdica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-112-01-0012-80253-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada, a idade, o sexo, o colesterol total, a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (RNL) e a hemoglobina mostraram-se significativamente relacionados com a PM. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a MHR (p = 0,013) mostrou-se significativa como preditor independente de PM, ap&#243;s ajustes para outros fatores de risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise multivariada para detectar vari&#225;veis independentes para o diagn&#243;stico de ponte mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o de probabilidade</th>
                <th align="center">Intervalo de confian&#231;a (%95)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,979 - 1,041</td>
                <td align="center">0,540</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero</td>
                <td align="center">1,273</td>
                <td align="center">0,463 &#173;- 3,494</td>
                <td align="center">0,640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">0,995</td>
                <td align="center">0,986 - 1,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,288</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MHR</td>
                <td align="center">1,128</td>
                <td align="center">1,055 - 1,207</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NLR</td>
                <td align="center">1,012</td>
                <td align="center">0,750 - 1,367</td>
                <td align="center">0,936</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">1,145</td>
                <td align="center">0,896 - 1,463</td>
                <td align="center">0,278</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>MHR: Raz&#227;o cont. de mon&#243;citos-colesterol HDL; RNL: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais achados do presente estudo s&#227;o os seguintes: 1) uma raz&#227;o mon&#243;citos-HDL elevada mostrou-se significativamente maior em pacientes com PM; 2) a raz&#227;o mon&#243;citos-colesterol HDL com ponto de corte de 13,35 apresentou sensibilidade e especificidade moderadas para o diagn&#243;stico de PM; e 3) descobrimos que a MHR (p = 0,013) &#233; um preditor independente significativo de PM, ap&#243;s ajustes para outros fatores de risco em an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
        <p>A PM, que consiste na compress&#227;o de um segmento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria durante a s&#237;stole, &#233; geralmente considerada clinicamente benigna, mas pode resultar em um amplo espectro cl&#237;nico, desde a angina at&#233; o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Em geral, tem-se relatado que o segmento do vaso coron&#225;rio proximal &#224; ponte apresenta uma maior taxa de desenvolvimento de arteriosclerose, de at&#233; 90%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>Entretanto, um estudo tamb&#233;m demonstrou espessamento intimal difuso no segmento tunelizado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Al&#233;m dos segmentos arteriais proximal e tunelizado, outras partes da mesma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, bem como diferentes art&#233;rias, podem apresentar arteriosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> As varia&#231;&#245;es da morfologia das c&#233;lulas endoteliais ocorrem antes e depois do segmento tunelizado, devido ao estresse de cisalhamento pelo fluxo sangu&#237;neo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a inflama&#231;&#227;o e uma desconhecida express&#227;o aumentada de agentes vasoativos, como a &#243;xido-n&#237;trico sintase endotelial, a endotelina-1 e a angiotensina, que convertem enzimas no segmento proximal da PM, s&#227;o os principais mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos do aumento da forma&#231;&#227;o de placa arterioscler&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A angiografia coronariana, a ultrassonografia doppler intracoronariana, a ultrassonografia intravascular, o fluxo fracionado de reserva e a angiotomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca s&#227;o as principais ferramentas para o diagn&#243;stico da PM coron&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os mon&#243;citos s&#227;o uma fonte de v&#225;rias citocinas e mol&#233;culas que interagem com as c&#233;lulas endoteliais, o que leva a um agravamento das vias inflamat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel importante no desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o da arteriosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O colesterol HDL, que possui propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias, antioxidantes e antitromb&#243;ticas, diminui fortemente a express&#227;o endotelial de mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o, e impede o recrutamento de mon&#243;citos para a parede arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o colesterol HDL diminui os efeitos pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios e pr&#243;-oxidantes dos mon&#243;citos, inibindo a migra&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos e a oxida&#231;&#227;o das mol&#233;culas de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), bem como promovendo o efluxo de colesterol dessas c&#233;lulas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Portanto, parece l&#243;gico combinar esses dois par&#226;metros em uma &#250;nica propor&#231;&#227;o, como uma MHR, capaz de refletir o processo de inflama&#231;&#227;o subjacente. O valor progn&#243;stico da MHR tem sido relatado em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A MHR demonstrou estar relacionada a eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE), incluindo trombose de stent e mortalidade ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) prim&#225;ria em pacientes com IAM com supra ST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Al&#233;m disso, ela demonstrou ser um novo marcador potencial para a previs&#227;o de reestenose convencional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Uma importante associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de MHR pr&#233;-procedimento e a recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ap&#243;s procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o foi demonstrada pelo estudo de Canbolat et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Tamb&#233;m &#233; bem demonstrada a associa&#231;&#227;o da MHR ao fluxo lento coron&#225;rio e &#224; ectasia coronariana, que s&#227;o formas diferentes de inflama&#231;&#227;o e arteriosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Nosso estudo relatou, pela primeira vez, uma importante rela&#231;&#227;o entre a FCM de admiss&#227;o e a presen&#231;a de MB. Al&#233;m disso, e em conson&#226;ncia com estudos anteriores sobre v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, a MHR foi considerada um marcador independente significativo associado &#224; MB, com moderada sensibilidade e especificidade.</p>
        <p>As principais liga&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas entre MHR e PM podem ser a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a inflama&#231;&#227;o. A inflama&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apenas leva &#224; secre&#231;&#227;o e agrega&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos, como tamb&#233;m reduz os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de colesterol HDL e sua caracter&#237;stica anti-oxidativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O aumento da MHR foi associado &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e foi definido como um novo marcador progn&#243;stico baseado em inflama&#231;&#227;o para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Em nosso estudo, similarmente a pesquisas anteriores sobre doen&#231;a cardiovascular, o aumento da MHR foi relacionado com a presen&#231;a de PM, em cuja fisiopatologia a inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel significativo.</p>
        <p>Embora estudos pr&#233;vios tenham demonstrado a associa&#231;&#227;o entre MHR e inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, descobrimos, no presente estudo, que a MHR est&#225; associada &#224; PM. Como &#233; bem sabido, um processo ateroscler&#243;tico local est&#225; presente em pacientes com PM, particularmente nos segmentos proximal e distal da PM. Acreditamos que a MHR puderia demonstrar n&#227;o apenas arteriosclerose sist&#234;mica, mas tamb&#233;m arteriosclerose local. Altera&#231;&#245;es locais no segmento proximal da aterosclerose MB poderiam come&#231;ar mais cedo do que as altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas.</p>
        <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo. Foi realizado com uma pequena popula&#231;&#227;o e &#233; um estudo de centro &#250;nico. Uma vez que medimos a MHR apenas no in&#237;cio do estudo, as altera&#231;&#245;es de MHR em s&#233;rie n&#227;o foram avaliadas. N&#227;o foi determinado um valor progn&#243;stico da MHR para PM devido &#224; falta de acompanhamento dos pacientes do estudo. Al&#233;m disso, o efeito de outros marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como a prote&#237;na C-reativa, n&#227;o foi avaliado devido &#224; falta de registros.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, uma vez que o aumento da MHR &#233; um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o e aterosclerose, a PM pode ser um dos fatores associados ao aumento da MHR.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Bezmialem Vakif Universty sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 342018. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
