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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">f5BqWSHnk3VCmVtJPjqMs3q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2019000100001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>EDITORIAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Artery Calcium - From Screening to a Personalized Shared Decision-Making Tool: The New American Prevention Guidelines</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blaha</surname>
            <given-names>Michael J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nasir</surname>
            <given-names>Khurram</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade Israelita de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e Faculdade Israelita de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Baltimore</city>
          <state>Maryland</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore, Maryland - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Yale-New Haven Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>New Haven</city>
          <state>Connecticut</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Marcio Sommer Bittencourt, Hospital Universit&#225;rio - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2565. Postal Code 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mbittencourt@hu.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>112</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>2</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Care/Public Health)</kwd>
        <kwd>Decision Making</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol,LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Score</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The United States (US) National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) formed the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) in 1985 with the aim to educate clinician and provide guideline recommendations for the treatment of dyslipidemias. In its first 1998 recommendations, the approach to primary prevention of cardiovascular disease included LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction in individuals with more than two risk factors and LDL-C levels above 160mg/dL and optional treatment in those with &#8220;borderline&#8221; LDL-C levels between 130 - 159 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In its second version, in 1994, a category of secondary prevention with a target LDL-C below 100mg/dL was introduced.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In 2001 the third version of the document, ATP-III introduced the concept of &#8220;optimal&#8221; LDL-C &lt; 100mg/dL and introduced the use of the 10-year Framingham risk score (FRS) for the estimation of risk to define the intensity of treatment and target LDL-C levels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and an update of this document introduced a more aggressive LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL target for those at extremely high risk. The ATP-III also mentions coronary artery calcium (CAC) as an &#8220;emerging risk factor&#8221;, stating it could be of value for additional risk stratification, predominantly in intermediate risk groups. Interestingly, at this point the recommendations were that CAC could be of use in individuals with multiple risk factors or older individuals in whom &#8220;traditional risk factors lose some of their predictive power&#8221;. In both cases CAC was proposed as a tool to screen for individuals at an even higher than expected risk, though the ATP-III clearly advised against the widespread use of CAC as a screening tool.</p>
    <p>After the update of ATP-III there was a considerable gap before the publication of the 2013 ACC/AHA Blood Cholesterol guidelines,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and a completely new approach towards the selection of candidates for treatment of LDL-C was taken. First, this document updated the equations for calculating 10-year cardiovascular risk (the Framingham Risk Score only predicted risk of coronary heart disease). Second, it identified higher risk groups which should be treated irrespective of risk (LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dL, diabetics). Third, it proposed a much broader recommendation of statin use for primary prevention including all individuals with LDL-C &gt; 70 mg/dL and a calculated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk &gt; 5% in 10 years. This broader approach has been criticized by many , as it resulted in a substantial increase in the number of individuals in whom statins would be recommended,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> including treatment recommendations of lower risk individuals due to overestimation of risk derived from the risk assessment tool.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> This document also gave CAC a class IIb indication for a selective use in individuals fitting the vague description &#8220;in whom the decision to start treatment was unclear&#8221;. In this document additional markers of risk included CAC, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, ankle braquial index, family history of premature cardiovascular disease or individuals with LDL-C &gt; 160 mg/dL - and all were given similar IIb recommendations with little to differentiate their predictive power. As recommended in ATP-III, the use of those markers was as an additional screening tool to identify individuals with a higher risk for more aggressive treatment, though no clear recommendation on its use was provided.</p>
    <p>The history of treatment recommendation of dyslipidemias in primary prevention in Brazil follows a similar pattern, with an initial consensus published in 1994 where basic definitions of dyslipidemias were given but no clear recommendations or LDL-C targets were defined. In its fifth recommendation, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology included for the first time the use of CAC as an &#8220;aggravating&#8221; risk factor, and suggested a more aggressive treatment of individuals with CAC &gt; 100 or above the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> yet this was still a recommendation of CAC as a screening tool to identify higher risk individuals.</p>
    <p>The most recent update of the US recommendations provided several changes to prior recommendations. First, an intermediate risk group was reincorporated as part of the risk stratification. In the new guidelines individuals with a 10 year risk &lt; 5% are considered low risk, those between 5-7.5% are considered borderline, those between 7.5-20% are considered intermediate risk and those above 20% are considered high risk individuals. The recognition of borderline and intermediate risk groups can be interpreted as a need to recognize the considerable uncertainty let from the risk estimations currently used in practice. While treatment strategies are probably well defined for the majority of individuals in the extremes of risk, a considerable proportion of the population still lies in the two &#8220;gray zone&#8221; groups were uncertainty in the recommendation may arise during the clinician-patient risk discussion.</p>
    <p>This, in fact, highlights another aspect of the new guidelines. The document highlights the need for shared decision making before any new medication prescription including a discussion of risks and benefits of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies. Particularly for those individuals at intermediate, and maybe borderline, risk one may expect considerable uncertainty in the need for therapy for many individuals. For this group of patients, the guidelines recommend considering additional risk factors as potential tools to favor pharmacological treatment.</p>
    <p>For the use of CAC, a completely new approach has been proposed. Instead of a tool used only to selected higher risk individuals in whom treatment should be more aggressive, CAC is now proposed as a two-way tool (can move individuals both up and down the risk spectrum) for individuals in who treatment might be considered. On the one hand, if CAC = 0, pharmacologic treatment can be withheld or delayed for most individuals, whereas CAC &gt; 0 favors treatment, particularly if &gt; 100 units, &gt; 75<sup>th</sup> percentile or if &gt; 0 in individuals younger than 55 years old.</p>
    <p>This unique ability of CAC to &#8220;derisk&#8221; individuals of intermediate risk is not trivial. In this group approximately, half of the population has a CAC = 0 and could be withheld for treatment for a considerable follow up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Based on these new recommendations, a considerable reduction in the need for treatment can be anticipated in CAC is implemented as recommended. Interestingly, some data suggests that this approach can be cost effective from a societal perspective.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Still, some gaps in knowledge still remain for the widespread use of this strategy. First, the guidelines highlight that this approach might not be recommended in diabetics, smokers and individuals with a history of premature cardiovascular disease, though this is largely based on the limited data available for those subgroups rather than on evidence of harm. Second, this approach is not supported by randomized clinical trial, though trials in this area have been proposed. While some have also cautioned on the use of radiation, the current exposure from a CAC scan (0.89 mSv), less than one third of the annual background radiation exposure. Finally, a major gap in the widespread use of CAC both in the US and in Brazil is the current lack of reimbursement by most health care providers or the public system in Brazil.</p>
    <p>Despite those areas in need of further study and challenges in implementation, the new approach towards individualized risk assessment and shared decision making with the optional inclusion of CAC as part of the decision-making toolkit is a huge step toward a more precise treatment targeted at the individual&#8217;s preferences.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>C&#225;lcio Arterial Coronariano - do Reastreamento a uma Ferramenta Personalizada de Tomada de Decis&#245;es Compartilhada: Novas Diretrizes Americanas de Preven&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blaha</surname>
            <given-names>Michael J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nasir</surname>
            <given-names>Khurram</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e Faculdade Israelita de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore, Maryland - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcio Sommer Bittencourt, Hospital Universit&#225;rio - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2565. CEP 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mbittencourt@hu.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomada de Decis&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>LDL-Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Escore de C&#225;lcio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o sobre Colesterol dos Estados Unidos (NCEP) formou o Painel de Tratamento do Adulto (ATP) em 1985 com o objetivo de orientar o m&#233;dico e fornecer recomenda&#231;&#245;es de diretrizes para o tratamento de dislipidemias. Em suas primeiras recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 1998, a abordagem da preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular incluiu a redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) em indiv&#237;duos com mais de dois fatores de risco e n&#237;veis de LDL-C acima de 160 mg/dL e o tratamento opcional naqueles com n&#237;veis &#8220;borderline&#8221; de LDL-C entre 130 - 159 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Em sua segunda vers&#227;o, em 1994, foi introduzida uma categoria de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria com um LDL-C abaixo de 100 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em 2001, a terceira vers&#227;o do documento, o ATP-III, introduziu o conceito de LDL-C &#8220;ideal&#8221; &lt; 100 mg/dL e introduziu o uso do Escore de Risco de Framingham (ERF) de 10 anos para a estimativa do risco para definir a intensidade do tratamento e atingir os n&#237;veis de LDL-C,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e uma atualiza&#231;&#227;o deste documento introduziu um alvo mais agressivo de LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL para aqueles com risco extremamente alto. O ATP-III tamb&#233;m menciona o c&#225;lcio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CAC) como um &#8220;fator de risco emergente&#8221;, afirmando que pode ser &#250;til para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco adicional, predominantemente nos grupos de risco intermedi&#225;rio. Curiosamente, neste ponto, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es eram de que o CAC poderia ser &#250;til em indiv&#237;duos com m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco ou indiv&#237;duos mais velhos, nos quais &#8220;os fatores de risco tradicionais perdem um pouco de seu poder preditivo&#8221;. Em ambos os casos, o CAC foi proposto como uma ferramenta para rastrear indiv&#237;duos com um risco ainda maior do que o esperado, embora o ATP-III tenha sido claramente contra o uso generalizado de CAC como uma ferramenta de triagem.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a atualiza&#231;&#227;o do ATP-III, houve um intervalo consider&#225;vel at&#233; a publica&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes da ACC/AHA para o Colesterol do Sangue de 2013,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e uma abordagem completamente nova foi adotada para a sele&#231;&#227;o de candidatos ao tratamento do LDL-C. Primeiro, este documento atualizou as equa&#231;&#245;es da f&#243;rmula para calcular o risco cardiovascular em 10 anos (Escore de Risco de Framingham apenas previa o risco de cardiopatia coronariana). Segundo, identificou grupos de maior risco que deveriam ser tratados independentemente do risco (LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dL, diab&#233;ticos). Terceiro, prop&#244;s uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o muito mais ampla do uso de estatinas para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, incluindo todos os indiv&#237;duos com LDL-C &gt; 70 mg/dL e um risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica calculado &gt; 5% em 10 anos. Essa abordagem mais ampla tem sido criticada por muitos, pois resultou em um aumento substancial do n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos nos quais as estatinas seriam recomendadas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> incluindo recomenda&#231;&#245;es de tratamento de indiv&#237;duos de menor risco devido &#224; superestima&#231;&#227;o do risco derivada da ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Esse documento tamb&#233;m conferiu ao CAC uma indica&#231;&#227;o de classe IIb para uso seletivo em indiv&#237;duos que atendessem &#224; descri&#231;&#227;o vaga &#8220;nos quais a decis&#227;o de iniciar o tratamento n&#227;o estava clara&#8221;. Neste documento, marcadores adicionais de risco inclu&#237;ram CAC, prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade, &#237;ndice braquial de tornozelo, hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular prematura ou indiv&#237;duos com LDL-C &gt; 160 mg/dL - e todos receberam recomenda&#231;&#245;es de IIb semelhantes com pouca coisa para diferenciar seu poder preditivo. Conforme recomendado no ATP-III, o uso desses marcadores foi como uma ferramenta de triagem adicional para identificar indiv&#237;duos com maior risco de tratamento mais agressivo, embora nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o clara sobre seu uso tenha sido fornecida.</p>
      <p>A hist&#243;ria de recomenda&#231;&#227;o de tratamento de dislipidemias na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria no Brasil segue um padr&#227;o semelhante, com um consenso inicial publicado em 1994, onde foram dadas defini&#231;&#245;es b&#225;sicas de dislipidemias, mas n&#227;o foram definidas recomenda&#231;&#245;es claras ou metas de LDL-C. Em sua quinta recomenda&#231;&#227;o, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia incluiu, pela primeira vez, o uso do CAC como fator de risco &#8220;agravante&#8221; e sugeriu um tratamento mais agressivo de indiv&#237;duos com CAC &gt; 100 ou acima do 75&#186; percentil,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> mas esta ainda era uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o do CAC como uma ferramenta de triagem para identificar indiv&#237;duos de maior risco.</p>
      <p>A atualiza&#231;&#227;o mais recente das recomenda&#231;&#245;es dos EUA forneceu v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es anteriores. Primeiro, um grupo de risco intermedi&#225;rio foi reincorporado como parte da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Nas novas diretrizes, indiv&#237;duos com risco de 10 anos &lt;5% s&#227;o considerados de baixo risco, aqueles entre 5 a 7,5% s&#227;o considerados lim&#237;trofes, aqueles entre 7,5 e 20% s&#227;o considerados de risco intermedi&#225;rio e aqueles acima de 20% s&#227;o considerados indiv&#237;duos de alto risco. O reconhecimento de grupos de risco lim&#237;trofes e intermedi&#225;rios pode ser interpretado como uma necessidade de reconhecer a consider&#225;vel incerteza das estimativas de risco atualmente utilizadas na pr&#225;tica. Embora as estrat&#233;gias de tratamento sejam provavelmente bem definidas para a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos nos extremos de risco, uma propor&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel da popula&#231;&#227;o ainda se encontra nos dois grupos de &#8220;zonas cinzentas&#8221;, onde a incerteza na recomenda&#231;&#227;o pode surgir durante a discuss&#227;o do risco m&#233;dico-paciente.</p>
      <p>Isso, na verdade, destaca outro aspecto das novas diretrizes. O documento destaca a necessidade de tomada de decis&#227;o compartilhada antes de qualquer prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamento, incluindo uma discuss&#227;o dos riscos e benef&#237;cios das estrat&#233;gias de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico. Particularmente para aqueles indiv&#237;duos de risco intermedi&#225;rio, e talvez lim&#237;trofe, pode-se esperar consider&#225;vel incerteza sobre a necessidade de terapia para muitos indiv&#237;duos. Para esse grupo de pacientes, as diretrizes recomendam considerar fatores de risco adicionais como ferramentas potenciais para favorecer o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>Para o uso do CAC, uma abordagem completamente nova foi proposta. Em vez de uma ferramenta usada apenas para indiv&#237;duos de maior risco selecionados, nos quais o tratamento deveria ser mais agressivo, o CAC &#233; agora proposto como uma ferramenta de duas vias (pode mudar os indiv&#237;duos tanto para cima como para baixo no espectro de risco) para indiv&#237;duos para os quais o tratamento pode ser considerado. Por um lado, se o CAC = 0, tratamento farmacol&#243;gico pode ser suspenso ou adiado para a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos, enquanto um CAC &gt; 0 favorece o tratamento, especialmente se &gt; 100 unidades, &gt; 75&#186; percentil ou se &gt; 0 em indiv&#237;duos com menos de 55 anos de idade.</p>
      <p>Esta capacidade &#250;nica do CAC de &#8220;tirar de risco&#8221; indiv&#237;duos em risco intermedi&#225;rio n&#227;o &#233; trivial. Neste grupo, aproximadamente metade da popula&#231;&#227;o tem um CAC = 0 e pode ser retirado do tratamento para um acompanhamento consider&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Com base nessas novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, uma redu&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel da necessidade de tratamento pode ser prevista no CAC e implementada conforme recomendado. Curiosamente, alguns dados sugerem que esta abordagem pode ser custo-efetiva do ponto de vista societ&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Entretanto, ainda existem algumas lacunas no conhecimento para o uso generalizado dessa estrat&#233;gia. Primeiramente, as diretrizes destacam que essa abordagem pode n&#227;o ser recomendada em diab&#233;ticos, fumantes e indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a cardiovascular prematura, embora isso seja amplamente baseado nos dados limitados dispon&#237;veis para esses subgrupos, e n&#227;o em evid&#234;ncias de danos. Em segundo lugar, esta abordagem n&#227;o &#233; apoiada por ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, embora tenham sido propostos ensaios nesta &#225;rea. Embora alguns tenha tido cuidado com o uso de radia&#231;&#227;o, a exposi&#231;&#227;o atual de um exame de CAC (0,89 mSv), menor que um ter&#231;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o anual &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ambiente. Finalmente, uma lacuna importante no uso disseminado de CAC nos EUA e no Brasil &#233; a falta atual de reembolso pela maioria dos prestadores de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de ou pelo sistema p&#250;blico no Brasil.</p>
      <p>Embora essas &#225;reas exijam mais estudos e apresentem desafios para a implementa&#231;&#227;o, a nova abordagem voltada para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco individualizada e tomada de decis&#245;es compartilhadas com a inclus&#227;o opcional do CAC como parte do kit de ferramentas de tomada de decis&#227;o &#233; um grande passo em dire&#231;&#227;o a um tratamento mais preciso voltado para as prefer&#234;ncias do indiv&#237;duo.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
