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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5LGfs5W7Swj4c4Rx4BP8VhR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001800864</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180216</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Myocarditis with Cardiogenic Shock as the First Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rebelato</surname>
            <given-names>J&#225;der Buzati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Ferreira da Silva Mazeto Pupo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valad&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Tain&#225; Fabri Carneiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Botucatu</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati Bazan</bold> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Unesp - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr, s/n. Postal Code 18618-687, Botucatu, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>sgzanati@fmb.unesp.br</email>, <email>sgzanati@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>conception and design of the research: Rebelato JB; acquisition of data and writing of the manuscript: Rebelato JB, Silveira CFSMP, Valad&#227;o TFC, Reis FM; analysis and interpretation of the data: Rebelato JB, Silveira CFSMP, Valad&#227;o TFC, Reis FM, Bazan R, Bazan SGZ; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Bazan R, Bazan SGZ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>864</fpage>
      <lpage>866</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock, Cardiogenic</kwd>
        <kwd>Lupus Erythematosus, System</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease with multisystemic and autoimmune characteristics. It is the most common systemic autoimmune disease, occurring mainly in women between 20 and 40 years old, with a female-to-male ratio of 10:1. Even though the kidneys are classically considered the main organ affected by SLE, cardiomyopathy is one of the complications more frequently associated with morbidity and mortality in SLE patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Cardiovascular impairment can be highly variable in terms of the affected structures and, in severe cases, may lead to cardiogenic shock.</p>
      <p>In 2012, the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) published new criteria for SLE classification, aiming to optimize the diagnosis of cardiovascular impairment. However, cardiovascular disturbances are not part of the SLICC, even though there is such a high prevalence of cardiovascular disturbances in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>A 30-year-old Caucasian woman with a three-year history of arterial hypertension, who was an irregular user of captopril, sought medical attention due to a one-week history of dyspnea and chest pain. The patient presented with cold and clammy skin, dyspnea, hypotension, and tachycardia and was afebrile. A resting electrocardiogram (ECG) showed ST-segment elevation in all derivations. She was admitted for thrombolysis with streptokinase at the original hospital and was then transferred to the Tertiary Clinical Hospital. The patient was admitted to our emergency department on mechanic ventilation and was hemodynamically unstable and receiving norepinephrine.</p>
      <p>A chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion; a transthoracic echocardiogram showed mild to moderate pericardial effusion, with diffuse hypokinesia of the left ventricle and significant systolic impairment with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 30%, as determined by the Teichholz method; the coronary angiography did not show any coronary lesions. Cardiac enzymes such as troponin and CKMB were elevated.</p>
      <p>There was no recent history of infection. Additionally, blood cultures were negative three times, and serology for HIV was nonreactive.</p>
      <p>The patient was diagnosed with myopericarditis, and hemodynamic support was provided with dobutamine, norepinephrine, and an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). Later, on the tenth day of hospitalization, the patient also showed signs of knee arthritis, altered consciousness and anisocoria.</p>
      <p>A computed tomography scan of the brain demonstrated multiple areas of cortical and subcortical hypodensity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) and a brain arteriography showed a vasculitis pattern in the cerebral arteries. Antinuclear (ANA) and anti-DNA antibody tests were positive.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Computed tomography of the brain showing, in both A and B panels, hypodensity areas compatible with lacunar infarcts caused by vasculitis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0864-80216-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>After the diagnosis of lupus myocarditis was made, on the twelfth day of hospitalization, the patient was started on immunosuppressive therapy with methylprednisolone (1 g intravenously once daily for three consecutive days) and later with cyclophosphamide (0.6 g/m<sup>2</sup> intravenously once a month). There was significant clinical improvement, and a repeated transthoracic echocardiogram showed complete resolution of all changes. The patient remained asymptomatic, and on the twenty-eighth day was discharged from the hospital for outpatient clinical follow-up on 25 mg of captopril twice daily, 30 mg of diltiazem twice daily, 20 mg of omeprazole once daily, 70 mg of prednisone once daily and 250 mg of chloroquine once daily.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>SLE is a chronic inflammatory multisystemic autoimmune disease with complex characteristics that affects mainly women, of which onset usually occurs between the ages of 16 and 55 years-old; it has a variable frequency in the general population, with an incidence of 1:200 in black women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recently, the diagnostic criteria for SLE, collectively called the SLICC, have been revised and increased to a total of 17 criteria, from the 11 criteria of the previous 1997 classification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To diagnose SLE according to the new recommendations, four or more criteria must be met, and at least one must be clinical, whereas one must be immunological.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our patient, the diagnosis was confirmed due to the presence of serositis, neurological symptoms, and positive ANA and anti-DNA antibody testing (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and immunological criteria of the SLICC (Petri et al. 2012)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left"> CLINICAL CRITERIA</th>
              <th align="center">IMMUNOLOGICAL CRITERIA</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1. Acute Cutaneous Lupus</td>
              <td align="center">1. ANA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2. Chronic Cutaneous Lupus</td>
              <td align="center">2. Anti-dsDNA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3. Oral ulcers</td>
              <td align="center">3. Anti-Sm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4. Nonscarring alopecia</td>
              <td align="center">4. Antiphospholipid Antibody</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5. Synovitis involving &gt;2 joints</td>
              <td align="center">5. Low Complement</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6. Serositis</td>
              <td align="center">6. Direct Coombs Test</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">7. Renal manifestations</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8. Neurological Manifestations</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">9. Hemolytic anemia</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">10. Leukopenia/Lymphopenia</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">11. Thrombocytopenia</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Although cardiovascular impairment is very common in patients with SLE, with a prevalence of up to 40-50% in postmortem studies, it is not part of the new diagnostic criteria; it is considered only associated damage due to long-term disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> It may manifest as pericarditis, myocarditis, Libman-Sacks endocarditis, pulmonary arterial hypertension or coronary artery disease; coronary artery disease is the most prevalent one, due to the inflammatory process of the disease itself together with the use of corticosteroids, which are commonly employed in the treatment of lupus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Due to the several impairment sites, the clinical manifestations may be quite variable and may range from asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic to cardiogenic shock, in the most severe cases of myocarditis.</p>
      <p>In general, patients with lupus myocarditis are usually asymptomatic, with symptoms present in only approximately 5 to 10% of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, severe heart failure may be the first manifestation of the disease.</p>
      <p>Cardiogenic shock in lupus patients may have several etiologies, such as coronary artery disease, drug-induced cardiotoxicity (e.g., antimalarial drugs), pericarditis with cardiac tamponade, and valvular insufficiency secondary to valvular destruction, among other causes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A definitive diagnosis is made through anatomopathological analysis of an endomyocardial biopsy, which is not necessary in most cases. The endomyocardial biopsy has low sensitivity since the myocardial pattern may be focal in many situations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Thus, clinical suspicion combined with epidemiology, individual history and symptoms continue to be essential for diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Inflammatory markers associated with the disease may be elevated in cases of myocarditis, along with reduction in serum complement levels. Among all the markers, the presence of anti-DNA antibodies has been associated with lupus myocarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> An elevation in myocardial necrosis markers can occur; however, it is not related to clinical severity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The treatment of cardiogenic shock secondary to SLE begins with the same supportive treatment that is usually employed for patients with severe heart failure, regardless of the etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Thus, patients are usually started on inotropic drugs, vasodilators and vasopressors, and in patients who are refractory to the conventional clinical approach, mechanical support is required. The most common mechanical support, partly due to its availability, is an intra-aortic balloon pump; however, new devices for circulatory assistance may be used based on need.</p>
      <p>Specific treatments for patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction associated with lupus myocarditis include high-dose corticosteroids; in some situations, such as in this patient, this involves pulse therapy with methylprednisolone, and other immunosuppressants (cyclophosphamide, azathioprine) or immunoglobuolins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, the currently used treatments are not supported by scientific findings from controlled studies, due to the difficulty in performing such studies because of the rarity of this kind of presentation.</p>
      <p>An early and precise diagnosis allows the implementation of an aggressive treatment of lupus myocarditis and leads to better outcomes, including the resolution of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, which may occur in up to 89% of cases within 6 months, according to reports in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. However, an episode of lupus myocarditis seems to be a marker of worse prognosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, perhaps cardiovascular manifestations should be included in future diagnostic criteria for SLE.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franco</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monteiro</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garrido</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lupus myocarditis Case report</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1247</fpage>
          <lpage>1257</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Falc&#227;o CA, Lucena N, Alves IC, Pessoa AL, Godoi ET. Lupus carditis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2000;74(1):55-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lucena</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pessoa</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Godoi</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lupus carditis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>55</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Miocardite com Choque Cardiog&#234;nico como Primeira Manifesta&#231;&#227;o de L&#250;pus Eritematoso Sist&#234;mico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rebelato</surname>
            <given-names>J&#225;der Buzati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Ferreira da Silva Mazeto Pupo da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valad&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Tain&#225; Fabri Carneiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati Bazan</bold> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Unesp - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>sgzanati@fmb.unesp.br</email>, <email>sgzanati@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rebelato JB; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rebelato JB, Silveira CFSMP, Valad&#227;o TFC, Reis FM; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Rebelato JB, Silveira CFSMP, Valad&#227;o TFC, Reis FM, Bazan R, Bazan SGZ; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bazan R, Bazan SGZ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>L&#250;pus Eritematoso Sist&#234;mico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico (LES) &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica com caracter&#237;sticas multissist&#234;micas e autoimunes. &#201; a doen&#231;a autoimune sist&#234;mica mais comum, ocorrendo principalmente em mulheres entre 20 e 40 anos de idade, com uma raz&#227;o de sexo feminino para masculino de 10:1. Embora os rins sejam classicamente considerados o principal &#243;rg&#227;o acometido pelo LES, a cardiomiopatia &#233; uma das complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentemente associadas &#224; morbimortalidade em pacientes com LES.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O comprometimento cardiovascular pode ser altamente vari&#225;vel em termos das estruturas afetadas e, em casos graves, pode levar ao choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
        <p>Em 2012, a <italic>Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics</italic> (SLICC) publicou novos crit&#233;rios para a classifica&#231;&#227;o do LES, visando otimizar o diagn&#243;stico de comprometimento cardiovascular. Entretanto, os dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares n&#227;o fazem parte da SLICC, embora haja uma alta preval&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de caso</title>
        <p>Uma mulher caucasiana de 30 anos de idade, com hist&#243;rico de tr&#234;s anos de hipertens&#227;o arterial, usu&#225;ria irregular de captopril, procurou atendimento m&#233;dico devido a uma hist&#243;ria de uma semana de dispneia e dor tor&#225;cica. A paciente apresentava pele fria e &#250;mida, dispneia, hipotens&#227;o e taquicardia e estava afebril. Um eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso mostrou supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em todas as deriva&#231;&#245;es. Ela tinha sido internada para tromb&#243;lise com estreptoquinase no hospital original e transferida para o Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas terci&#225;rio. A paciente foi admitida em nosso departamento de emerg&#234;ncia em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e hemodinamicamente inst&#225;vel, e recebendo norepinefrina.</p>
        <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou cardiomegalia e congest&#227;o pulmonar; o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou derrame peric&#225;rdico leve a moderado, com hipocinesia difusa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e comprometimento sist&#243;lico significativo, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 30%, determinada pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz; a angiografia coronariana n&#227;o mostrou les&#245;es coronarianas. Enzimas card&#237;acas como troponina e CKMB estavam elevadas.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o havia hist&#243;rico recente de infec&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, as hemoculturas apresentaram resultado negativo tr&#234;s vezes e a sorologia para o HIV n&#227;o foi reativa.</p>
        <p>A paciente foi diagnosticada com miopericardite e o suporte hemodin&#226;mico foi realizado com dobutamina, noradrenalina e bomba de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BBIA). Posteriormente, no d&#233;cimo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, a paciente tamb&#233;m apresentou sinais de artrite no joelho, altera&#231;&#227;o da consci&#234;ncia e anisocoria.</p>
        <p>Uma tomografia computadorizada do c&#233;rebro demonstrou m&#250;ltiplas &#225;reas de hipodensidade cortical e subcortical (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>) e uma arteriografia cerebral mostrou um padr&#227;o de vasculite nas art&#233;rias cerebrais. Testes anti-nucleares (ANA) e anticorpos anti-DNA foram positivos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tomografia computadorizada do c&#233;rebro mostrando, em ambos os pain&#233;is A e B, &#225;reas de hipodensidade compat&#237;veis com infartos lacunares causados por vasculite.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0864-80216-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite l&#250;pica, no d&#233;cimo segundo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, iniciou-se terapia imunossupressora com metilprednisolona (1 g por via intravenosa uma vez ao dia por tr&#234;s dias consecutivos) e posteriormente com ciclofosfamida (0,6 g/m<sup>2</sup> por via intravenosa uma vez ao m&#234;s). Houve melhora cl&#237;nica significativa, e um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico repetido mostrou resolu&#231;&#227;o completa de todas as altera&#231;&#245;es. A paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tica e, no vig&#233;simo oitavo dia, recebeu alta hospitalar para acompanhamento ambulatorial com 25 mg de captopril duas vezes ao dia, 30 mg de diltiazem duas vezes ao dia, 20 mg de omeprazol uma vez ao dia, 70 mg de prednisona uma vez ao dia e 250 mg de cloroquina uma vez por dia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O LES &#233; uma doen&#231;a autoimune multissist&#234;mica inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica com caracter&#237;sticas complexas que afeta principalmente mulheres, cujo in&#237;cio geralmente ocorre entre os 16 e os 55 anos de idade; tem frequ&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, com incid&#234;ncia de 1: 200 em mulheres negras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Recentemente, os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para o LES, chamados coletivamente de SLICC, foram revisados e aumentados para um total de 17 crit&#233;rios, a partir dos 11 crit&#233;rios da classifica&#231;&#227;o anterior de 1997.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para diagnosticar o LES de acordo com as novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, quatro ou mais crit&#233;rios devem ser atendidos, e pelo menos um deles deve ser cl&#237;nico, enquanto um deve ser imunol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nossa paciente, o diagn&#243;stico foi confirmado devido &#224; presen&#231;a de serosite, sintomas neurol&#243;gicos e teste ANA e de anticorpos anti-DNA positivos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e imunol&#243;gicos da SLICC (Petri et al. 2012)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left"> CRIT&#201;RIOS CL&#205;NICOS</th>
                <th align="center">CRIT&#201;RIOS IMUNOL&#211;GICOS</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1. L&#250;pus cut&#226;neo agudo</td>
                <td align="center">1. ANA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2. L&#250;pus cut&#226;neo cr&#244;nico</td>
                <td align="center">2. Anti-dsDNA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3. &#218;lceras orais</td>
                <td align="center">3. Anti-Sm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4. Alopecia n&#227;o escarificante</td>
                <td align="center">4. Anticorpo Anti-fosfol&#237;pide</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5. Sinovite envolvendo &gt;2 articula&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">5. Baixo n&#237;veis de complementos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6. Serosite</td>
                <td align="center">6. Teste direto de Coombs</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es renais</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9. Anemia hemol&#237;tica</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10. Leucopenia/Linfopenia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">11. Trombocitopenia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Embora o comprometimento cardiovascular seja muito comum em pacientes com LES, com uma preval&#234;ncia de at&#233; 40-50% em estudos necrosc&#243;picos, ele n&#227;o faz parte dos novos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos; &#233; considerado apenas como dano associado &#224; doen&#231;a de longa dura&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Pode se manifestar como pericardite, miocardite, endocardite de Libman-Sacks, hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; a mais prevalente, devido ao processo inflamat&#243;rio da pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a, juntamente com o uso de corticosteroides, que s&#227;o comumente utilizados no tratamento do l&#250;pus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Devido aos v&#225;rios locais de comprometimento, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas podem ser bastante vari&#225;veis, desde assintom&#225;tico ou oligossintom&#225;tico at&#233; choque cardiog&#234;nico, nos casos mais graves de miocardite.</p>
        <p>Em geral, os pacientes com miocardite l&#250;pica s&#227;o usualmente assintom&#225;ticos, com sintomas presentes em apenas 5 a 10% dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave pode ser a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>O choque cardiog&#234;nico em pacientes l&#250;picos pode apresentar diversas etiologias, tais como doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, cardiotoxicidade induzida por f&#225;rmacos (por exemplo, antimal&#225;ricos), pericardite com tamponamento card&#237;aco e insufici&#234;ncia valvar secund&#225;ria &#224; destrui&#231;&#227;o valvar, entre outras causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um diagn&#243;stico definitivo &#233; feito atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise anatomopatol&#243;gica de uma bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica, que n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria na maioria dos casos. A bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica apresenta baixa sensibilidade, uma vez que o padr&#227;o mioc&#225;rdico pode ser focal em muitas situa&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Assim, a suspeita cl&#237;nica combinada com a epidemiologia, o hist&#243;rico individual e os sintomas continuam sendo essenciais para o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios associados &#224; doen&#231;a podem estar elevados em casos de miocardite, juntamente com a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de complementos s&#233;ricos. Entre todos os marcadores, a presen&#231;a de anticorpos anti-DNA tem sido associada &#224; miocardite l&#250;pica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Pode ocorrer eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica; entretanto, isto n&#227;o est&#225; relacionado &#224; gravidade cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O tratamento de choque cardiog&#234;nico secund&#225;rio ao LES inicia-se com o mesmo tratamento de suporte que &#233; usualmente utilizado em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave, independente da etiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Assim, geralmente os pacientes s&#227;o inicialmente tratados com drogas inotr&#243;picas, vasodilatadores e vasopressores, e em pacientes que s&#227;o refrat&#225;rios &#224; abordagem cl&#237;nica convencional, o suporte mec&#226;nico &#233; necess&#225;rio. O suporte mec&#226;nico mais comum, em parte devido &#224; sua disponibilidade, &#233; a bomba de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; no entanto, novos dispositivos para assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria podem ser utilizados quando necess&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>Tratamentos espec&#237;ficos para pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave associada a miocardite l&#250;pica incluem altas doses de corticosteroides; em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, como nessa paciente, ele inclui pulsoterapia com metilprednisolona e outros imunossupressores (ciclofosfamida, azatioprina) ou imunoglobulinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Entretanto, os tratamentos atualmente utilizados n&#227;o s&#227;o respaldados por achados cient&#237;ficos de estudos controlados, devido &#224; dificuldade em realizar tais estudos por causa da raridade desse tipo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Um diagn&#243;stico precoce e preciso permite a implementa&#231;&#227;o de um tratamento agressivo da miocardite l&#250;pica e leva a melhores desfechos, incluindo a resolu&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, que pode ocorrer em at&#233; 89% dos casos em at&#233; 6 meses, de acordo com relatos da literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. No entanto, um epis&#243;dio de miocardite l&#250;pica parece ser um marcador de pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico. Al&#233;m disso, talvez as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares devam ser inclu&#237;das em futuros crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para o LES.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
