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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XcCqfJHYvD3zR66d4t5GTqL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001800852</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180218</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Manifestations of Erdheim-Chester's Disease: A Case Series</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Neder Ramires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittar</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Salvadori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moulin Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Sabrina Holanda Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva Costa</bold> Avenida Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 391 ap 41. Postal Code 04014-011, Vila Mariana, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>isabelabispo@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>isabela.bispo@hc.fm.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data and writing of the manuscript: Costa IBSS, Abdo ANR, Bittar CS, Fonseca SMR, Moraes ASHT, Kalil Filho R, Pereira J, Hajjar LA; analysis and interpretation of the data: Costa IBSS, Fonseca SMR, Moraes ASHT, Kalil Filho R, Pereira J, Hajjar LA; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Pereira J, Hajjar LA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>852</fpage>
      <lpage>855</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Erdheim-Chester Disease is a rare entity, classified as an inflammatory myeloid neoplasm, with an unknown incidence, occurring preferentially in men after 50 years of age. Classically, it has a multisystemic presentation, with the skeletal system being the most frequently affected (90% of the patients), followed by genitourinary involvement in 60% of cases and central nervous system in the pituitary and diabetes insipidus in 25% of the cases. Cardiovascular manifestations are present in more than half of the patients, with aortic infiltration and atrial pseudotumor being the most common forms.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Erdheim-Chester Disease/diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Erdheim-Chester Disease/drug therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Erdheim-Chester Disease/pathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Biopsy</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), described by William Chester in 1930, is a histiocytic disorder classified as a member of the L Group, together with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. It is commonly characterized by multifocal osteosclerotic lesions in long bones that shows layers of foamy histiocytes at the histological analysis, accompanied or not by histiocytic infiltration of extra-skeletal tissues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Its pathophysiology involves the accumulation of xanthoma-like clonal histiocytes (CD68+) in the affected organs. Immune system hyperstimulation by histiocytes causes extensive local and systemic inflammatory reaction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> resulting from senescence induction during the oncogenesis process, via hyperactivation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK intracellular signaling pathway. The presence of the BRAF V600E gene mutation is present in up to 2/3 of the patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most patients with ECD are diagnosed between the ages of 40 and 70 years, with a slight predominance of males.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In addition to the long bones, the central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular system, lung, pancreas, breast, and testicles can also be affected.&#185; The cardiovascular involvement occurs in different ways, with periaortic fibrosis being the most common manifestation, with a tomographic finding typically described as a "coated aorta", which is asymptomatic in most patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The presence of cardiovascular system impairment is associated with a worse prognosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and its identification is of the utmost importance for the adequate management of these patients.</p>
      <p>Since the disease has a systemic involvement, it is recommended that all patients be investigated with: 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography - computed tomography (18-FDG PET-CT), brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast and detailed examination of the sella turcica and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> When the CMR is unavailable or contraindicated, a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) is performed. Vascular involvement can be assessed through a complementary test to 18-FDG PET-CT with total aorta angiotomography.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Case reports</title>
        <p>Eleven patients with a diagnosis of ECD are followed at our Service. Of these, 4 (36.4%) have cardiovascular disease attributed to the underlying disease; 2 (18.2%) are males, with a mean age of 57 years (38-64 years); 2 (18.2%) patients have cardiovascular manifestation in the form of atrial involvement and aortic involvement; 1 (9.1%) has heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40% and 1 (9.1%) has isolated thoracic and abdominal aortic involvement.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 1</title>
        <p>A 63-year-old male, diabetic and former smoker patient was referred to the cardiology service one year after the TTE showed an echogenic image suggestive of a mass in the right atrium (RA) measuring 2.5 x 1.3 cm in its largest axis, and increased thickness and density of the atrial septum, suggestive of lipomatous infiltration. Additionally, he had a slight aortic root dilatation, ascending aorta (3.9 cm in diameter) and signs of atherosclerotic plaque in the aortic arch. The complementary CMR showed a solid image in the septal region of the RA, projecting into the mediastinum in the retroaortic position and another image in the region of the RA roof measuring 1.5 x 1.3 cm, adhered to the interatrial septum, with the presence of perfusion and heterogeneous enhancement suggestive of lymphoma.</p>
        <p>The lesion biopsy was carried out; however, the diagnosis was inconclusive. He was referred to the hematology service, where he underwent 18-FDG PET-CT, which identified bone, CNS and skin involvement compatible with ECD. The 18-FDG PET-CT showed a moderate / marked uptake in the RA walls, in topography coincident with CMR alterations, were located on the RA roof (maximum standardized uptake value - SUV<sub>max</sub>: 6.28) and in the interatrial septal region (SUV<sub>max</sub>: 5.65) (Figure 1). Skin biopsy was indicated, of which anatomopathological analysis showed accumulation of xanthomized histiocytes in the dermis, suggestive of xanthelasma, with negative S-100, positive CD68, negative CD1a and positive BRAF V600E staining. The patient underwent initial treatment with interferon, but due to bone disease progression, he is currently undergoing treatment with vemurafenib. In the follow-up 18-FDG PET-CT, RA roof uptake (SUV<sub>max</sub> = 5.7) was maintained.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 2</title>
        <p>This was a 64-year-old female patient, with no prior comorbidities, who was followed by the Hematology team with a diagnosis of ECD, with bone, lymph node and cardiovascular involvement, demonstrated by 18-FDG PET-CT examination. She showed radiotracer hyper-uptake with a heterogeneous pattern in the RA walls (SUV<sub>max</sub>: 5.8) and right ventricle (SUV<sub>max</sub>: 5.8) and discreet pericardial thickening/effusion. The TTE performed in the Cardiology department showed atrial pseudotumor in an echogenic image in the interatrial septum, measuring 2.2 cm x 1.2 cm, suggestive of lipomatous infiltration. The coronary artery angiotomography showed a calcium score (Agatston) of 4, at the 58<sup>th</sup> percentile of the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) study, with no significant coronary luminal reduction. As an additional finding, it showed a soft tissue density expansive lesion in the RA roof related to the interatrial septum and opening into the inferior vena cava. The sinus node artery, the right coronary artery branch, had a partial trajectory through the mass, in addition to atheromatosis in the descending thoracic aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Images A to D refer to case 1 and the images from E to H refer to case 2. Images A and B represent images of 18-FDG PET-CT showing lesion in the right atrium roof. The C image represent CMR image, SSFP cine 4 chambers with hypointense lesion in the right atrium roof. The D image represents a transthoracic echocardiogram image with the same topography. The images E and F represent 18-FDG PET-CT with capturing lesion in the right atrium and G and H images represent contrast computed tomography showing evidence of expansive right atrial.s</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0852-80218-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 3</title>
        <p>A 38-year-old male patient, with no prior comorbidities, diagnosed with ECD since 2005, identified through lung biopsy with CD68+ histiocyte, negative S-100, started treatment with interferon and prednisone. In 2017, he developed dyspnea at small efforts with NYHA III.</p>
        <p>The TTE identified left ventricle (LV) with moderate systolic dysfunction (LVEF of 40%) with diffuse hypokinesia, dilated left chambers, and preserved valvular system. The CMR showed discrete LV dilatation, with an end-diastolic diameter of 6.7 cm and an end-systolic diameter of 5.1 cm, mild diffuse hypokinesia, mild systolic dysfunction (LVEF of 46%) and late enhancement of the junction between the ventricles.</p>
        <p>Additional investigations were performed to rule out other etiologies of ventricular dysfunction: serology for Chagas' disease was negative, angiotomography of the coronary arteries with zero calcium score and absence of luminal reduction. Treatment for ventricular dysfunction was started, and the patient showed low tolerance for hypotension and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation was indicated, with an important improvement in dyspnea.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Case 4</title>
        <p>A 63-years-old female patient, a former smoker, with hypothyroidism, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia, had generalized xanthomatous skin lesions in 2001. In 2004, due to abdominal pain, she underwent a computed tomography (CT) scan of the upper abdomen with contrast, which demonstrated hypoattenuating tissue involving the abdominal aorta and its branches. This promoted a discrete segmental narrowing of some of the vessels characterized by narrowing of the aorta in the emergence region of the renal arteries and the left subclavian artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Tissue biopsy showed the presence of a pseudotumor, confirming the diagnosis of ECD. The 18-FDG PET-CT showed signs of retroperitoneal fibrosis involving the abdominal aorta immediately above and at the emergence region of the renal arteries. Concomitantly, there was infiltrative tissue surrounding the aortic arch, descending aorta and left common iliac artery. Initially, cardiac involvement had been ruled out by CMR, which had shown normal-sized chambers and preserved systolic function.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Thoracic and abdominal aorta in 3D reconstruction. B) Aorta seen in the sagittal view, showing diffuse thickening of the entire wall with a narrowing area in the infra-renal aorta. C) Thoracic aorta with parietal thickening and luminal reduction in the origin of left subclavian artery. D) Thickening at the origin of the renal arteries, without significant obstruction characterization.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0852-80218-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>DEC is a rare disease, which is difficult to diagnose. The symptoms are varied and not present in all patients. The main complaint is bone pain and there may be fever, night sweats, adynamia, and weight loss, among other symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> These symptoms are not pathognomonic but are useful for assessing treatment response. The interaction of the Cardiology and Hematology services in this scenario allows the adequate diagnosis and management of the cardiovascular system involvement.</p>
      <p>The definitive diagnosis is attained through the histological analysis of biopsy samples of affected tissues showing granulomatous infiltration, with CD68 expression, but with negative CD1a staining. Treatment is based on the administration of interferon-( and Vemurafenib, Cladribine and AnA-kinase may be used as the second treatment line, aiming to achieve disease control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiac involvement in ECD has a worse prognosis and most of the time, it is asymptomatic. Approximately 75% of patients with ECD have some cardiovascular impairment and 60% will be diagnosed with ECD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> based on cardiovascular findings, such as in cases 1 and 4 reported above. The cardiologist's knowledge about this disease allows an early diagnosis in these situations.</p>
      <p>The most characteristic cardiovascular finding of ECD is aortic involvement,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> as seen in case 4, and the most common cardiac lesion is found in the pericardium as pericardial effusion, rarely being associated with cardiac tamponade. The myocardium, endocardium and valvular apparatus may also be involved.</p>
      <p>Left ventricular dysfunction, as seen in patient 3, is less frequently observed, but it has also been previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Aortic infiltration by ECD is visualized on CT scans as a "coated aorta." This phenomenon results from periaortic infiltration by histiocytes, predominantly in the adventitial layer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The periaortic fibrosis degree varies from patient to patient, as well as the affected segment. It can occur symmetrically, circumferentially and limited to a specific segment of the aorta or throughout the vessel.</p>
      <p>Perivascular infiltration in vessels adjacent to the aorta can also occur in the brachiocephalic trunk, left carotid artery, left subclavian artery, coronary arteries, pulmonary trunk, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The clinical presentation depends on which artery is involved and its degree of stenosis. Cerebral ischemia may occur due to carotid involvement, as identified in case 4, and myocardial infarction due to coronary involvement. Renal artery involvement occurs in approximately 20% of cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and may result in stenosis of these vessels and renovascular hypertension. Treatment is performed through angioplasty and stenting.</p>
      <p>Pericardial infiltration can manifest as pericardial thickening with or without fibrosis, and symptoms vary according to the degree of disease severity. Myocardial involvement occurs sequentially to the pericardial involvement and manifests as myocardial hypertrophy, easily diagnosed by the echocardiogram. Thickening can be found in the ventricles, atria, coronary sulci <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and interatrial septum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most patients have atrial involvement, often as a pseudotumor, affecting mainly the atrial posterior wall, often projecting into the atrium. Another observed lesion is the infiltration of the right atrioventricular sulcus, where the tissue usually surrounds or infiltrates the right coronary artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Haroche et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> retrospectively analyzed 37 patients with ECD using CT and CMR: 70% had abnormal cardiac imaging, of which 49% had abnormal infiltration of the right cavities, including 30% with pseudotumor infiltration in the RA, as demonstrated in cases 1 and 2, and 19% with infiltration of the atrioventricular sulcus.</p>
      <p>Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum (LHIS) is a differential diagnosis that should be considered in some cases, since the TTE often describes the alterations as lipomatous infiltrations. All patients with LHIS show uptake at the 18-FDG PET-CT; however, with smaller mean SUVs (mean of 1.84).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The CMR is an important diagnostic tool in the differentiation of findings, since it can better characterize the tissues. The brown adipose tissue is characterized by hypersignal in T1-weighted images and intermediate signal intensity in T2-weighted images. Specific sequences used to suppress the fat signal, such as the triple inversion-recovery pulse sequence, allow for distinguishing between fatty lesions and other types of tissue.</p>
      <p>In another review of 53 patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> 17% had symptomatic valvular disease, mainly aortic and mitral regurgitation and 3 patients required valve replacement. Technically, surgical valve repair is difficult because of the infiltration of adjacent heart tissue.</p>
      <p>ECD is a disease with poor prognosis, with a mean 5-year survival of 68%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and of difficult diagnosis. The scarcity of patients contributes to the lack of knowledge about the disease and the difficulty to develop randomized studies. With this series of cases, we report the largest Brazilian case series to date, focusing on cardiovascular involvement, aiming to contribute to the knowledge of this rare and complex disease.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares da Doen&#231;a de Erdheim-Chester: Uma s&#233;rie de Casos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Neder Ramires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittar</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Salvadori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moulin Ribeiro</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
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            <given-names>Aline Sabrina Holanda Teixeira</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
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            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva Costa</bold> Avenida Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 391 ap 41. CEP 04014-011, Vila Mariana, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>isabelabispo@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>isabela.bispo@hc.fm.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Costa IBSS, Abdo ANR, Bittar CS, Fonseca SMR, Moraes ASHT, Kalil Filho R, Pereira J, Hajjar LA; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Costa IBSS, Fonseca SMR, Moraes ASHT, Kalil Filho R, Pereira J, Hajjar LA; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pereira J, Hajjar LA</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Erdheim-Chester &#233; uma entidade rara classificada como neoplasia miel&#243;ide inflamat&#243;ria, com incid&#234;ncia desconhecida que ocorre preferencialmente em homens ap&#243;s os 50 anos de idade. Classicamente apresenta-se de forma multissist&#234;mica, sendo sistema esquel&#233;tico o mais frequentemente comprometido (90% dos pacientes), seguido do sistema geniturin&#225;rio em 60% dos casos e sistema nervoso central em hip&#243;fise e diabetes insipidus em 25% dos casos. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares est&#227;o presentes em mais da metade dos pacientes, sendo a infiltra&#231;&#227;o da aorta e o pseudotumor atrial as formas mais encontradas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Erdheim-Chester/diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Erdheim-Chester/tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Erdheim-Chester/patologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Erdheim-Chester/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Bi&#243;psia</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Erdheim-Chester (DEC), descrita por William Chester em 1930, &#233; uma desordem histioc&#237;tica classificada como membro do Grupo L<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>, juntamente com a histiocitose de C&#233;lulas de Langerhans. Comumente caracteriza-se por les&#245;es osteoscler&#243;ticas multifocais em ossos longos que apresentam camadas de histi&#243;citos espumosos &#224; histologia, acompanhada ou n&#227;o de infiltra&#231;&#227;o histioc&#237;tica de tecidos extra-esquel&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sua fisiopatologia envolve o ac&#250;mulo de histi&#243;citos clonais (CD68+) de aspecto xantomatoso nos &#243;rg&#227;os afetados. A hiperestimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema imune pelos histi&#243;citos causa extensa rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria local e sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> decorrente da indu&#231;&#227;o de senesc&#234;ncia durante o processo de oncog&#234;nese via hiperativa&#231;&#227;o da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK. A presenca da muta&#231;&#227;o V600E do gene BRAF est&#225; presente em at&#233; 2/3 dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes com a DEC &#233; diagnosticada entre as idades de 40 e 70 anos, com discreto predom&#237;nio no sexo masculino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Al&#233;m dos ossos longos, pode ocorrer acometimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC), cardiovascular, pulm&#245;es, p&#226;ncreas, mama e test&#237;culos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O envolvimento cardiovascular ocorre de diversas formas, sendo mais comum a fibrose peria&#243;rtica, com achado tomogr&#225;fico tipicamente descrito como "aorta revestida" e &#233; assintom&#225;tica na maioria dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A presen&#231;a de comprometimento ao sistema cardiovascular est&#225; associada a um pior progn&#243;stico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> sendo imprescind&#237;vel seu reconhecimento para o manejo adequado desses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Como a doen&#231;a apresenta acometimento sist&#234;mico recomenda-se que todos os pacientes sejam investigados com: tomografia computadorizada com emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitron com 18-fluorodesoxiglicose (18-FDG PET-CT), resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica do enc&#233;falo com contraste e exame detalhado da sela t&#250;rcica e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Na indisponibilidade ou quando h&#225; contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; RMC, realiza-se um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ECOTT). O acometimento vascular pode ser feito de modo complementar ao 18-FDG PET-CT com angiotomografia de aorta total.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relatos dos casos</title>
        <p>Onze pacientes s&#227;o acompanhados no nosso servi&#231;o com o diagn&#243;stico de DEC. Desses, 4 (36,4%) apresentam acometimento cardiovascular atribu&#237;do &#224; doen&#231;a de base; 2 (18,2%) s&#227;o do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 57 anos (38 a 64 anos); 2 (18,2%) pacientes apresentam manifesta&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em forma de envolvimento atrial e acometimento de aorta; 1 (9,1%) com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) de 40% e 1 (9,1%) acometimento isolado de aorta tor&#225;cica e abdominal.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 1</title>
          <p>Sexo masculino, 63 anos, diab&#233;tico e ex-fumante, foi encaminhado ao servi&#231;o de cardiologia um ano ap&#243;s o ECOTT evidenciar imagem ecog&#234;nica sugestiva de massa no teto do &#225;trio direito (AD) de 2,5 x 1,3 cm no maior eixo e, aumento da espessura e densidade do septo atrial sugestivo de infiltra&#231;&#227;o lipomatosa. Al&#233;m disso, apresentava dilata&#231;&#227;o discreta da raiz da aorta, aorta ascendente (3,9 cm de di&#226;metro) e sinais de placas de ateroma em arco a&#243;rtico. A RMC complementar mostrou imagem s&#243;lida em regi&#227;o septal do AD projetando-se para o mediastino em posi&#231;&#227;o retroa&#243;rtica e, outra imagem em regi&#227;o do teto do AD de 1,5 x 1,3 cm, aderida ao septo interatrial com presen&#231;a de perfus&#227;o e realce heterog&#234;neo sugestiva de linfoma. Foi realizada bi&#243;psia da les&#227;o, entretanto o diagn&#243;stico foi inconclusivo. Foi encaminhado ao servi&#231;o de hematologia, onde realizou 18-FDG PET-CT, sendo identificados acometimento &#243;sseo, SNC e pele compat&#237;veis com a DEC. O 18-FDG PET-CT evidenciou capta&#231;&#227;o em grau moderado/acentuado nas paredes do AD, em topografia coincidentes as altera&#231;&#245;es da RMC, localizadas em teto do AD (SUV m&#225;x: 6,28) e em regi&#227;o do septo interatrial (SUV m&#225;x: 5,65) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Indicada bi&#243;psia de pele cujo anatomopatol&#243;gico demonstrou ac&#250;mulo de histi&#243;citos xantomizados na derme, sugestivo de xantelasma, S-100 negativo, CD68 positivo, CD1a negativo e BRAF V600E positivo. O paciente realizou tratamento inicial com interferon, mas por progress&#227;o de doen&#231;a &#243;ssea encontra-se em uso de vemurafenibe. No 18-FDG PET-CT de seguimento, mantinha-se capta&#231;&#227;o em teto de AD (SUV m&#225;x 5,7).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>As imagens A a D referem-se ao caso 1 e as imagens de E a H referem-se ao caso 2. A imagens A e B, representam imagens de 18-FDG PET-CT evidenciando les&#227;o em teto de &#225;trio direito. A imagem C representam imagem de RMC, cine SSFP 4 c&#226;maras com les&#227;o hipointensa em teto de &#225;trio direito. A imagem D representa imagem de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com imagem na mesma topografia. As imagens E e F representam 18-FDG PET-CT com les&#227;o em &#225;trio direito e as imagens G e H representam imagens de tomografia computadorizada com contraste evidenciando presen&#231;a de les&#227;o expansiva em &#225;trio direito.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0852-80218-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 2</title>
          <p>Sexo feminino, 64 anos, sem comorbidades pr&#233;vias sendo acompanhada pela equipe da hematologia com diagn&#243;stico de DEC, acomentimento &#243;sseo, linfonodos e cardiovascular evidenciado pelo exame de 18-FDG PET-CT. Apresentava hiperconcentra&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco com padr&#227;o heterog&#234;neo nas paredes do AD (SUV m&#225;x: 5,8) e do ventr&#237;culo direito (SUV m&#225;x:5,8) e discreto espessamento/derrame peric&#225;rdico. O ECOTT realizado no servi&#231;o de cardiologia demonstrou pseudotumor atrial em imagem ecog&#234;nica em septo interatrial de 2,2 cm x 1,2 cm sugestivo de infiltra&#231;&#227;o lipomatosa. A angiotomografia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias evidenciou escore de c&#225;lcio (Agatston) de 4, percentil 58 do estudo MESA (<italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic>), sem redu&#231;&#227;o luminal coronariana significativa. Como achado adicional descreve les&#227;o expansiva de densidade de partes moles em teto de AD relacionado ao septo interatrial e desembocadura da veia cava inferior. A art&#233;ria do n&#243; sinusal, o ramo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, apresentava trajeto parcial no interior da massa, al&#233;m de ateromatose da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 3</title>
          <p>Sexo masculino, 38 anos, sem comorbidades pr&#233;vias, com diagn&#243;stico de DEC desde 2005, sendo descoberta atrav&#233;s de bi&#243;psia pulmonar com histi&#243;cito CD68+, S-100 negativo, iniciou tratamento com interferon e prednisona. Em 2017, evoluiu com dispneia aos pequenos esfor&#231;os NYHA III. O ECOTT identificou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica moderada (FEVE 40%) com hipocinesia difusa, c&#226;maras esquerdas dilatadas e sistema valvar preservado. A RMC mostrou VE com discreta dilata&#231;&#227;o com di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final de 6,7 cm e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final de 5,1 cm, leve hipocinesia difusa, discreta disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (FEVE 46%) e realce tardio de padr&#227;o juncional entre os ventr&#237;culos. Investigado adicionalmente para descartar outras etiologias de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, foi feito sorologia para doenca de Chagas que resultou negativa, angiotomografia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com escore de c&#225;lcio zero e aus&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o luminal. Iniciado para tratamento de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o paciente apresentou baixa toler&#226;ncia por hipotens&#227;o arterial sendo indicado reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar com melhora importante da dispneia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caso 4</title>
          <p>Sexo feminino, 63 anos, ex-fumante, com hipotireoidismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia, iniciou em 2001 com les&#245;es cut&#226;neas xantomatosas generalizadas. Em 2004, devido &#224; dor abdominal realizou uma tomografia computadorizada (TC) de abdome superior com contraste demonstrando tecido hipoatenuante envolvendo a aorta abdominal e seus ramos. Este promovia discreto afilamento segmentar de alguns dos vasos caracterizados por afilamento da aorta no plano da emerg&#234;ncia das art&#233;rias renais e da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Bi&#243;psia do tecido evidenciou pseudotumor, confirmando-se diagn&#243;stico de DEC. A 18-FDG PET-CT demonstrou sinais de fibrose retroperitoneal envolvendo a aorta abdominal imediatamente acima e no n&#237;vel de emerg&#234;ncia das art&#233;rias renais. Concomitante, havia tecido infiltrativo circundando o arco a&#243;rtico, aorta descendente e art&#233;ria il&#237;aca comum esquerda. Inicialmente havia sido descartado acometimento card&#237;aco por RMC que apresentava c&#226;maras com dimens&#245;es normais e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Aorta tor&#225;cica e abdominal em reconstru&#231;&#227;o 3D. B &#8211; Aorta vista em corte sagital evidenciado espessamento difuso de toda a parede com &#225;rea de estreitamento em aorta infra-renal. C- Aorta tor&#225;cica com espessamento parietal e a redu&#231;&#227;o luminal em origem de art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda. D- Espessamento em origem das art&#233;rias renais, sem caracterizar obstru&#231;&#227;o, importante.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0852-80218-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A DEC &#233; rara e de dif&#237;cil diagn&#243;stico. Os sintomas s&#227;o variados e n&#227;o est&#227;o presentes em todos os pacientes. A queixa principal &#233; dor &#243;ssea e pode haver febre, sudorese noturna, adinamia, perda de peso e entre outros sintomas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Esses sintomas n&#227;o s&#227;o patognom&#244;nicos, mas s&#227;o &#250;teis para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de resposta ao tratamento. A intera&#231;&#227;o do servi&#231;o de cardiologia e hematologia neste cen&#225;rio permite o diagn&#243;stico e o manejo adequados do acometimento do sistema cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico definitivo &#233; dado pela an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica de bi&#243;psia do tecido acometido evidenciando infiltra&#231;&#227;o granulomatosa, com express&#227;o de CD68, por&#233;m com CD1a negativo. O tratamento baseia-se na administra&#231;&#227;o do interferon-alfa e como segunda linha de tratamento podem ser usados Vemurafenibe, Cladubine e Anakinase, com o objetivo de obter controle de doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O envolvimento card&#237;aco na DEC confere pior progn&#243;stico. Na maioria das vezes, ocorre de forma assintom&#225;tica. Aproximadamente 75% dos pacientes com DEC apresentam algum comprometimento cardiovascular e 60% ser&#227;o diagnosticados com DEC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> a partir de achados cardiovasculares, como nos casos 1 e 4 relatados acima. O conhecimento dos cardiologistas sobre essa doen&#231;a permite o diagn&#243;stico precoce nessas situa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>O achado cardiovascular mais caracter&#237;stico da DEC &#233; o envolvimento da aorta,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> como visto no caso 4, e a les&#227;o card&#237;aca mais comum ocorre no peric&#225;rdio, com apresenta&#231;&#227;o de derrame peric&#225;rdico, sendo raramente associado a tamponamento card&#237;aco. O mioc&#225;rdio, o endoc&#225;rdio e o aparelho valvar tamb&#233;m podem estar envolvidos. A manifesta&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, a exemplo do paciente 3, &#233; menos frequente, mas tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi descrita anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A infiltra&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica pela DEC &#233; visualizada na TC como "aorta revestida". Esse fen&#244;meno decorre da infiltra&#231;&#227;o peria&#243;rtica por histi&#243;citos, predominantemente na camada advent&#237;cia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O grau de fibrose peria&#243;rtica &#233; vari&#225;vel de paciente para paciente, assim como o segmento acometido. Pode ocorrer de forma sim&#233;trica, circunferencial e limitada a um segmento espec&#237;fico da aorta ou em todo o vaso.</p>
        <p>A infiltra&#231;&#227;o perivascular em vasos adjacentes &#224; aorta tamb&#233;m pode ocorrer no tronco braquiocef&#225;lico, art&#233;ria car&#243;tida esquerda, art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda, art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, tronco pulmonar, tronco cel&#237;aco, art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior e art&#233;rias renais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica depende de qual art&#233;ria encontra-se envolvida e seu grau de estenose. Pode ocorrer isquemia cerebral por envolvimento carot&#237;deo, como identificado no caso 4, e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio por envolvimento coron&#225;rio. O acometimento das art&#233;rias renais ocorre cerca de 20%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> podendo causar estenose desses vasos e hipertens&#227;o renovascular. O tratamento &#233; feito por angioplastia e colocac&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
        <p>A infiltra&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio pode manifestar-se por espessamento peric&#225;rdico com ou sem fibrose e os sintomas variam de acordo com o grau de acometimento da doen&#231;a. O envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico ocorre de forma sequencial ao peric&#225;rdio e manifesta-se sob a forma de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, facilmente diagnosticada pelo ecocardiograma. O espessamento pode ser encontrado nos ventr&#237;culos, &#225;trios, sulcos coron&#225;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e septo interatrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A maioria dos pacientes apresenta envolvimento atrial, frequentemente na forma de pseudotumor, envolvendo principalmente a parede posterior atrial, muitas vezes se projetando para o &#225;trio. Outra les&#227;o observada &#233; a infiltra&#231;&#227;o do sulco atrioventricular direito, onde o tecido usualmente circunda ou infiltra a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Haroche et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> analisaram retrospectivamente 37 pacientes portadores de DEC com TC e RMC: 70% tinham imagem card&#237;aca anormal, sendo 49% com infiltra&#231;&#227;o anormal das cavidades direitas, incluindo 30% com infiltra&#231;&#227;o pseudotumoral do AD, como demonstrado nos casos 1 e 2 e, 19% com infiltra&#231;&#227;o do sulco atrioventricular.</p>
        <p>Hipertrofia lipomatosa do septo interatrial (HLSIA) &#233; um diagn&#243;stico diferencial que deve ser considerado em alguns casos, uma vez que o ECOTT muitas vezes descreve as altera&#231;&#245;es como infiltra&#231;&#245;es lipomatosas. Todos os pacientes com HLSIA apresentam capta&#231;&#227;o pelo 18-FDG PET-CT, entretanto com SUV m&#233;dias menores (m&#233;dia de 1,84).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A RMC &#233; uma importante ferramenta diagn&#243;stica na diferencia&#231;&#227;o dos achados, uma vez que consegue caracterizar melhor os tecidos. O tecido adiposo marrom &#233; caracterizado por hipersinal nas imagens em T1 e sinal de intensidade intermedi&#225;ria nas imagens ponderadas em T2. Sequ&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas utilizadas para suprimir o sinal da gordura, como a triplo pulso de invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o, permitem distin&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es gordurosas de outros tipos de tecido.</p>
        <p>Em outra revis&#227;o de 53 pacientes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> 17% apresentaram doen&#231;a valvar sintom&#225;tica, principalmente insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica e mitral e 3 pacientes necessitaram de troca valvar. A corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica valvar tecnicamente &#233; dif&#237;cil devido &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o do tecido card&#237;aco adjacente.</p>
        <p>A DEC &#233; uma doen&#231;a com progn&#243;stico ruim, com m&#233;dia de sobrevida de 68% em 5 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e diagn&#243;stico dif&#237;cil. A escassez de pacientes contribui para o seu desconhecimento e dificuldade no desenvolvimento de estudos randomizados. Com esta s&#233;rie de casos, relatamos a maior casu&#237;stica brasileira, com enfoque no acometimento cardiovascular, visando contribuir com o conhecimento desta rara e complexa doen&#231;a.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
