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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8vwYXMr4TgSqNXb9Rxr8pGG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001800833</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005016103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180197</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Serum Uric Acid Levels are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Adults</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Julia Freitas Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Luciene da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Mansur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Parada</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Lourdes Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valen&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Debora Cristina Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaiser</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Emanuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Regina Simas Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tha&#237;s da Silva Ferreira,</bold> Avenida Pasteur, 296 Pr&#233;dio da Escola de Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Aplicada. Postal Code 22290-240, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>thaissferreira@gmail.com</email>, <email>thais.ferreira@unirio.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ferreira TS, Fernandes JFR, Ara&#250;jo LS, Nogueira LP, Leal PM, Antunes VP, Kaiser SE, Klein MRST; Acquisition of data: Ferreira TS, Fernandes JFR, Ara&#250;jo LS, Nogueira LP, Leal PM, Antunes VP, Rodrigues MLG, Valen&#231;a DCT; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Ferreira TS, Fernandes JFR, Ara&#250;jo LS, Nogueira LP, Leal PM, Antunes VP, Rodrigues MLG, Valen&#231;a DCT, Kaiser SE, Klein MRST; Statistical analysis: Kaiser SE, Klein MRST; Obtaining financing: Klein MRST; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ferreira TS, Fernandes JFR, Ara&#250;jo LS, Kaiser SE, Klein MRST.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>833</fpage>
      <lpage>840</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Observational studies have highlighted an association between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and cardiovascular risk factors. Despite the growing body of evidences, several studies were conducted in older individuals or in carriers of diseases susceptible to affect SUA levels and cardiometabolic risk markers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the relationship of SUA with body adiposity, metabolic profile, oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, blood pressure and endothelial function in healthy young and middle-aged adults.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>149 Brazilian adults aged 20-55 years, both sexes, underwent evaluation of body adiposity, SUA, fasting glucose and insulin, lipid profile, malondialdehyde (MDA), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin, blood pressure and endothelial function. Endothelial function was assessed by the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) derived from peripheral arterial tonometry method. Participants were allocated in two groups according to SUA levels: control group (CG; n = 130; men &#8804; 7 mg/dL, women &#8804; 6 mg/dL) and hyperuricemia group (HG; n = 19; men &gt; 7 mg/dL, women &gt; 6 mg/dL). A P-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>After adjustment for confounders, participants in HG compared with those in CG displayed higher body mass index (BMI): 34.15(33.36-37.19) vs.31.80 (26.26-34.42) kg/m<sup>2</sup>,p = 0.008, higher MDA: 4.67(4.03-5.30) vs. 3.53(3.10-4.07) ng/mL, p &lt; 0.0001 and lower RHI: 1.68 &#177; 0.30 vs. 2.05 &#177; 0.46, p = 0.03). In correlation analysis adjusted for confounders, SUA was positively associated (p &lt; 0.05) with BMI, waist circumference, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and MDA, and negatively associated (p &lt; 0.05) with HDL-cholesterol, adiponectin and RHI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>This study suggests that in healthy young and middle-aged adults higher SUA levels are associated with higher body adiposity, unfavorable lipid and inflammatory phenotype, higher oxidative stress and impaired endothelial function.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Uric Acid/metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium/ dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Adults</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading causes of death in the world. According to World Health Organization, ischemic heart disease and stroke together accounted for 15 million deaths in 2015.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Therefore, it is important to identify early and cost-effective markers of CVD risk.</p>
      <p>Uric acid is the final product of endogenous and dietary purine metabolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In several cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies, elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events and mortality, as well as with cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Increased SUA concentration has also been positively correlated with surrogate markers of CVD: impaired endothelial function, increased carotid intima-media thickness and aortic stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that the majority of the studies aimed at evaluating the relationship of SUA with vascular function and/or cardiometabolic markers were conducted in postmenopausal women, older individuals and/or in individuals with renal impairment or CVD risk factors (ex. hypertension and diabetes).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Therefore, the participants included in many previous studies were more likely affected by a compromised cardiocirculatory and/or metabolic status which would represent a confounding factor in the association between SUA and cardiometabolic risk factors.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of SUA with body adiposity, metabolic profile, inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress, blood pressure and endothelial function in a sample of healthy young and middle-aged adults.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The present cross-sectional study was conducted at the Discipline of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology (CLINEX), located at Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, Rio de Janeiro State University.</p>
      <p>Potential participants were recruited in the waiting room of the Departments of orthopedics, plastic surgery and gynecology. Inclusion criterion was age between 18-55 years.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were smoking; use of dietary supplements; use of medications susceptible to interfere in body weight, metabolic profile and blood pressure; use of &#945;-adrenergic blocking agents; recent changes (within previous 6 months) in body weight (&gt; 3 kg), in dietary intake and in intensity or frequency of physical exercise; diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia (with drug treatment) and kidney disease; clinical history of thyroid dysfunction, angina pectoris, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, heart failure, liver failure, chronic pulmonary disease, myocardial infarction and stroke; and finger deformity that would prevent the proper use of the sensors necessary to evaluate endothelial function. Pregnant or lactating women were not allowed into the study.</p>
      <p>Subjects who met eligibility criteria and agreed to take part in the study were scheduled to arrive at the CLINEX Laboratory between 08:00 and 10:00h a.m. after a 12h fasting period and abstinence from alcohol for 3 days. While fasting, they were submitted to clinical, nutritional, laboratory and endothelial function evaluations.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Nutritional assessment</title>
        <p>A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess the usual dietary intake of energy, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, cholesterol, fiber and calcium over the previous 6 months. This FFQ containing 80 items and usual portions was developed for the Brazilian population based on commonly consumed foods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Alcohol consumption was considered when reported frequency equaled one or more time per week.</p>
        <p>Height was measured by a stadiometer accurate to &#177; 0.5 cm and weight was obtained with a calibrated scale accurate to &#177; 0.1 kg (Filizola S.A., S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil) after participants without shoes and wearing light clothing, attempted to empty their bladder. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard equation (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Waist circumference (WC) was measured in the standing position midway between the lower margin of the last rib and the iliac crest at mid-exhalation. Hip circumference was measured at the widest point of the hip/buttocks area with the measuring tape parallel to the floor. Waist-to-hip ratio was determined by dividing WC (cm) by hip circumference (cm). Waist-to-height ratio was obtained by dividing WC (cm) by height (cm). The anthropometric measurements were taken twice and mean values were used in all analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory parameters</title>
        <p>Aliquots of plasma and serum were stored at -80&#176;C as appropriate for laboratory determinations. Laboratory parameters included fasting circulating levels of uric acid, glucose, insulin, urea, creatinine, lipid profile, high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin and malondialdehyde (MDA).</p>
        <p>Serum concentration of uric acid was determined by enzymatic colorimetric method and urea and creatinine by kinetic method. Fasting plasma glucose was measured by hexokinase method. Fasting plasma insulin levels were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent <italic>assay</italic> (ELISA) method using the commercially available specific kit (EMD Millipore Corporation Billerica, MA, USA). Insulin resistance status was assessed by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, calculated as fasting insulin (&#181;U/mL) &#215; fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)/22.5.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Total cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) were assessed by enzymatic method (cholesterol oxidase-peroxidase and glycerol phosphate oxidase-peroxidase, respectively). High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was determined by a direct method. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was estimated by Friedewald&#8217;s formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Circulating levels of hs-CRP and adiponectin were chosen as markers of inflammatory state and their serum concentration determined respectively by turbidimetry (BioSystems, Barcelona, Spain) and ELISA (EMD Millipore Corporation Billerica, MA, USA). Serum levels of MDA, regarded as a <italic>measure</italic> of oxidative stress, were determined by ELISA method using a commercial kit (USCN Life Science Inc., Missouri, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure and heart rate</title>
        <p>Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded after a resting period of 10 minutes by a calibrated automatic sphygmomanometer: OMRON<sup>&#174;</sup> Model HEM-742INT (Omron Healthcare, Lake Forest, IL, USA).The first reading was discarded and the mean of 3 consecutive measurements, taken with a 3 - minute interval in the non-dominant arm, was used in the study. An appropriate arm cuff was used and the patient was instructed to stay seated, legs uncrossed, feet on the floor, leaning back in his chair with the arm at heart level, free from tight clothing, supported with the palm facing up and elbow slightly flexed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Endothelial function</title>
        <p>Endothelial function was evaluated by peripheral artery tonometry (PAT) method, using Endo-PAT 2000<sup>&#174;</sup>, a finger plethysmographic device (Itamar Medical, Caesarea, Israel). This is a non-invasive method that offers the possibility of an easy and rapid assessment of vascular function in which data are analyzed independently of the examiner. Alterations in pulsatile arterial volume detected by PAT have shown good correlation with flow-mediated dilatation measurement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The measurements were performed through fingertip probes placed on both index fingers. A 5 min measurement was taken at baseline. Sequentially, arterial flow was occluded by a cuff applied to the non-dominant arm, and inflated to 60 mmHg above systolic blood pressure, but never below 200 mmHg. The cuff was rapidly deflated after a 5-min occlusion period, to allow reactive hyperemia. The following 5 min were also recorded. The other arm served as a control and the difference between the two arms was used by Endo-PAT 2000<sup>&#174;</sup> software to automatically calculate the reactive hyperemia index (RHI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical methods</title>
        <p>Participants were stratified into two groups according to their SUA levels: control group and hyperuricemia group. The control group was formed by men and women presenting SUA &#8804; 7 and &#8804; 6 mg/dL, respectively, whilst the hyperuricemia group consisted of men and women with SUA &gt; 7 and &gt; 6 mg/dL, respectively.</p>
        <p>Mean values and standard deviations were used to summarize continuous variables with normal distribution, while median and interquartile interval were used to summarize variables with non-normal distribution. Normality was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The differences between groups were analyzed using unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. Multiple regression was used to adjust for confounding factors, including age, gender and BMI. Categorical variables were expressed as percentage and compared by X<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pearson&#8217;s or Spearman&#8217;s correlation coefficient was performed to analyze the degree of association of SUA and anthropometric indices, laboratory variables, blood pressure and endothelial function among all participants. Partial correlations controlled for different confounders, including parameters of body adiposity, were also used.</p>
        <p>Statistical analyses were carried out through STATA version 12.0 (STATA Corp., College Station, TX, USA) and a P-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Sample size was determined by convenience.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 149 volunteers were included in the statistical analysis. Their average age was 35.02 &#177; 9.57 years, mean BMI of 31.17 &#177; 5.87 kg/m<sup>2</sup>and mean SUA levels were 4.67 &#177; 1.41 mg/dL. Participants in control group (n = 130) and in hyperuricemia group (n = 19) were comparable in age, gender, alcohol intake, physical activity, ethnicity and serum levels of urea and creatinine (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of participants&#8217; characteristics according to diagnosis of hyperuricemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Control group (n = 130)</th>
              <th align="center">Hyperuricemia group (n = 19)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (14%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (32%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol intake, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (34%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (47%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical activity, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (14%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (13%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-white ethinicity, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">83 (64%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (74%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">34.00 (27.00 - 42.50)</td>
              <td align="center">31.00 (27.00 &#8211; 43.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum uric acid (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">4.32 &#177; 1.09</td>
              <td align="center">7.18 &#177; 0.67</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum urea (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">29.31 &#177; 17.02</td>
              <td align="center">29.73 &#177; 8.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.83 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values as mean &#177; standard deviation for normal distribution or as median (interquartile interval) for not normal distribution or absolute values (%). p: Control group vs.Hyperuricemia group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Dietary intake of energy and carbohydrates were significantly higher in hyperuricemia group than in control group, while the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids was significantly lower. However, after adjustments for age, sex and BMI these differences were no longer significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of participants&#8217; usual dietary intake according to diagnosis of hyperuricemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Control group (n = 130)</th>
              <th align="center">Hyperuricemia group (n = 19)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Energy (kcal/day)</td>
              <td align="center">1647.5 (1250.3 &#8211; 2099.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2212.2 (1543.4 &#8211; 2934.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Protein (g/day)</td>
              <td align="center">75.7 (63.5 &#8211; 93 9)</td>
              <td align="center">77.6 (67.1 &#8211; 112.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Carbohydrates (g/day)</td>
              <td align="center">196.0 (143.2 &#8211; 266.9)</td>
              <td align="center">296.2 (202.5 &#8211; 412.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipids (g/day)</td>
              <td align="center">60.3 (44.0 &#8211; 78.9)</td>
              <td align="center">75.9 (47.9 &#8211; 106.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Saturated fatty acids (g/day)</td>
              <td align="center">24.4 (18.4 &#8211; 31.0)</td>
              <td align="center">25.6 (14.9 &#8211; 29.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Poliunsaturated fatty acids (g/day)</td>
              <td align="center">7.1 (5.4 &#8211; 9.6)</td>
              <td align="center">8.8 (6.4 &#8211; 12.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/day)</td>
              <td align="center">11.1 (7.5 &#8211; 15.7)</td>
              <td align="center">7.0 (4.2 &#8211; 9.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cholesterol (mg/day)</td>
              <td align="center">286.7 (207.1 &#8211; 425.0)</td>
              <td align="center">231.6 (152.8 &#8211; 417.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fiber (g/day)</td>
              <td align="center">19.3 (14.9 &#8211; 25.4)</td>
              <td align="center">18.3 (12.7 &#8211; 19.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcium (mg/day)</td>
              <td align="center">706.6 (541.0 &#8211; 959.5)</td>
              <td align="center">773.1 (642.8 &#8211; 952.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Values as median (interquartile interval). p: Control group vs.Hyperuricemia group.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p: Control group vs.Hyperuricemia group, after adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Individuals in hyperuricemia group compared with those in control group exhibited significantly higher BMI even after controlling for age and sex, regarded as variables able to interfere with theses parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). WC was higher in hyperuricemia group after controlling for age but not after further adjustment for sex.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of participants&#8217; anthropometric parameters according to diagnosis of hyperuricemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Control group (n = 130)</th>
              <th align="center">Hyperuricemia group (n = 19)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">31.80 (26.26 &#8211; 34.42)</td>
              <td align="center">34.15 (33.36 &#8211; 37.19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men</td>
              <td align="center">32.30 (30.60 &#8211; 34.61)</td>
              <td align="center">36.53 (33.50 &#8211; 37.19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women</td>
              <td align="center">31.68 (24.17 &#8211; 34.10)</td>
              <td align="center">33.90 (33.36 &#8211; 36.13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">98.75 (85.60 &#8211; 106.00)</td>
              <td align="center">105.60 (99.00 &#8211; 112.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men</td>
              <td align="center">106.00 (102.50 &#8211; 114.50)</td>
              <td align="center">112.25 (106.00 &#8211; 113.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women</td>
              <td align="center">97.00 (82.50 &#8211; 103.50)</td>
              <td align="center">99.50 (96.50 &#8211; 106.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist-to-hip ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 (0.81 &#8211; 0.94)</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 (0.82 &#8211; 0.93)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 (0.93 &#8211; 0.96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.92 (0.89 &#8211; 0.95)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 (0.79 &#8211; 0.92)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 (0.82 &#8211; 0.93)</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist-to-height ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.61 (0.55 &#8211; 0.65)</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 (0.59 &#8211; 0.66)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men</td>
              <td align="center">0.62 (0.59 &#8211; 0.65)</td>
              <td align="center">0.64 (0.61 &#8211; 0.66)</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 (0.52 &#8211; 0.63)</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 (0.59 &#8211; 0.66)</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Values as median (interquartile interval). p: Control group vs.Hyperuricemia group.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p: Control group vs.Hyperuricemia group, after adjustment for age.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>p: Control group vs.Hyperuricemia group, after adjustment for age and sex.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Comparative analysis of biochemical variables between hyperuricemia group and control group showed similar serum levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TG and hs-CRP. HDL-cholesterol was higher in control group only before adjustments for age, sex and BMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). As compared to subjects in control group, those in hyperuricemia group still exhibited significantly lower levels of MDA, after adjustments for potential confounders (age, sex and BMI) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of participants&#8217; laboratory variables, reactive hyperemia index and blood pressure levels according to the diagnosis of hyperuricemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Control group (n = 130)</th>
              <th align="center">Hyperuricemia group (n = 19)</th>
              <th align="center">p </th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Metabolic Variables</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">86.00 (79.50 &#8211; 93.00)</td>
              <td align="center">87.00 (81.00 &#8211; 101.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insulin (&#181;U/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">12.28 (8.84 &#8211; 16.95)</td>
              <td align="center">12.70 (9.80 &#8211; 18.96)</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HOMA-IR</td>
              <td align="center">2.61 (1.85 &#8211; 3.64)</td>
              <td align="center">2.68 (2.15 &#8211; 3.70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">191.35 &#177; 40.55</td>
              <td align="center">194.47 &#177; 30.97</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">52.00 (43.00 - 59.00)</td>
              <td align="center">43.00 (39.00 &#8211; 51.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">112.00 (89.00 &#8211; 140.00)</td>
              <td align="center">122.00 (96.00 &#8211; 145.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">98.50 (68.00 &#8211; 142.00)</td>
              <td align="center">132.00 (108.00 &#8211; 142.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Inflammatory Profile</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">0.37 (0.19 &#8211; 0.65)</td>
              <td align="center">0.45 (0.33 &#8211; 0.63)</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adiponectin (mg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">5.65 (4.27 &#8211; 8.37)</td>
              <td align="center">4.02 (3.26 &#8211; 5.53)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Oxidative Stress</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Malondialdehyde (ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">3.53 (3.10 &#8211; 4.07)</td>
              <td align="center">4.67 (4.03 &#8211; 5.30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0004</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Endothelial Function</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reactive hyperemia index</td>
              <td align="center">2.05 &#177; 0.46</td>
              <td align="center">1.68 &#177; 0.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Blood Pressure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">119.67 (104.00 &#8211; 127.00)</td>
              <td align="center">121.30 (109.30 &#8211; 132.30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">76.76 &#177; 11.57</td>
              <td align="center">78.81 &#177; 8.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart Rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">74.00 (69.00 &#8211; 80.17)</td>
              <td align="center">69.00 (64.33 &#8211; 76.33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>Values as mean &#177; standard deviation for normal distribution or as median (interquartile interval) for not normal distribution. HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; Hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; BP: blood pressure. p: Control group vs.Hyperuricemia group.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p: Control group vs.Hyperuricemia group, after adjustment for age, sex and body mass index</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The evaluation of endothelial function revealed significantly lower values of RHI in the hyperuricemia group than in control group even after adjustments for confounders. Mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were similar in both study groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>Considering data from all participants (n = 149), correlation analyses of SUA with laboratory variables, blood pressure and endothelial function revealed some significant associations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). SUA was directly associated with BMI, WC, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TG, MDA, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. It was inversely correlated with HDL-cholesterol, adiponectin and RHI. After adjustment for age and sex the association of uric acid with BMI and WC remained significant. The positive associations of SUA with triglycerides and MDA, and negative associations with HDL-cholesterol, adiponectin, and RHI also remained significant after adjustment for age, sex and BMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlations between serum levels of uric acid and biochemical variables, reactive hyperemia index and blood pressure (n = 149)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Correlation</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Partial correlation<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">r</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">r</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Anthropometric Parameters</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.0003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Metabolic Variables</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insulin (&#181;U/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.94</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HOMA-IR</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.62</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.42</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">-0.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.0007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.0003</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Inflammatory Profile</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adiponectin (mg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.40</td>
              <td align="center">0.0005</td>
              <td align="center">-0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Oxidative Stress</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Malondialdehyde(ng/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Endothelial Function</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reactive hyperemia index</td>
              <td align="center">-0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">-0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Blood Pressure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <p>HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; Hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; BP: blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>After adjustment for age and sex (for the partial correlations with body mass index and waist circumference) or after adjustment for age, sex and body mass index (for the other variables).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study carried out in healthy young and middle-aged adults, subjects with hyperuricemia, as compared to those without this condition, presented higher BMI, higher oxidative stress status, and worse endothelial function even after adjustments for potential confounders. In correlation analysis, after controlling for confounders, SUA levels were positively associated with BMI, WC, MDA, TG and LDL-cholesterol; and negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol, adiponectin and RHI.</p>
      <p>Previous cross-sectional studies have also observed a direct association between SUA and parameters of total and/or central body adiposity in individuals presenting different characteristics, such as obese postmenopausal women,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> patients with type 2 diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and individuals aged 18-70 years without type 1 or 2 diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Accordingly, epidemiological longitudinal studies carried out in the general population, reported an association of higher levels of SUA and an increased risk of overweight/obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The mechanisms responsible for the relationship between elevated SUA and higher body adiposity are not completely understood. One possible explanation rests on the intake of fructose. The excessive consumption of fructose (via added sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup) stands as one of the dietary causes of hyperuricemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> There is evidence that fructose causes intracellular ATP depletion, nucleotide turnover, and generation of uric acid. The fructose-induced uric acid generation causes mitochondrial oxidative stress which can in turn, favor fat accumulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Experimental studies also suggest that fructose intake may facilitate the development of overweight/obesity through other mechanisms, such as alteration in satiety and increase in food intake.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Conversely, there are studies indicating that adipose tissue possesses abundant xanthine oxidoreductase activity (similar to liver) and is capable of generating and secreting uric acid: a property which is enhanced in obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A direct association between SUA and oxidative stress as reflected by serum levels of MDA was observed in the present study. This finding is in agreement with the hypothesis suggested by some authors that the relationship of SUA with vascular and metabolic derangements is, at least, partially mediated by alterations in oxidative stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> It is worth mentioning that the association of uric acid with oxidative stress is complex and may be paradoxical.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Uric acid has the ability to induce intracellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress but is a major antioxidant in human plasma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> where it can account for roughly two-thirds of its total antioxidant capacity, through chelation of metals and oxygen radical scavenging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> However, there is evidence that under ischemic conditions and when SUA is above normal levels it becomes a prooxidant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Xanthine oxidase, which is one of the two xanthine-oxireductase interconvertible isoforms, uses molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor, generating superoxide anion and other reactive oxygen species as byproducts, thereby raising oxidative stress which may ultimately contribute to CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some studies, similarly to the present investigation, observed that SUA levels were related positively with TG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and negatively with HDL-cholesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The mechanisms that underlie the relationship between SUA and TG are not yet known,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> but there are some possible explanations. According to one of them, uric acid can induce lipogenesis in the liver and can block fatty acid oxidation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Other investigators suggest that hepatic synthesis of fatty acids is associated with &#8220;de novo&#8221; synthesis of purine, with subsequent acceleration in uric acid production.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study hyperuricemia was associated with lower levels of serum adiponectin. Among the few studies that evaluated this association, one conducted by Park et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup> enrolled 841 postmenopausal women aged 50 years or older and found an inverse relationship, which was not reproduced in a cross-sectional analysis of Troms&#248; Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Although serum levels of CRP-hs were not significantly associated with SUA, they were higher in individuals presenting hyperuricemia. A positive association between SUA and CRP was observed in some studies carried out in octagenarians,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> in postmenopausal women,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> in type 2 diabetics,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> in older persons<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> and in obese prepubertal children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> The impaired endothelial function observed in subjects with higher SUA levels in the present study was also found in previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, as previously mentioned, most of them enrolled older and sick individuals, in contrast to the present study, where healthy young and middle aged subjects were recruited.</p>
      <p>According to Johnson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> uric acid may be taken up by adipocytes, where it induces oxidative stress, generates inflammatory mediators and inhibits the synthesis of adiponectin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> The potential increase in oxidative stress induced by SUA may also favor an inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction through the reduction of nitric oxide bioavailability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> There is evidence that SUA can also decrease nitric oxide production via others mechanisms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The strength of this study relies on the careful selection of participants, excluding individuals with characteristics that might influence SUA levels, as well as the metabolic and vascular markers evaluated here. For example, exclusions encompassed postmenopausal women and elderly, patients taking any type of medications (including diuretics), and those with hypertension, diabetes or chronic renal disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> It is not clear whether increased SUA is a causative agent or is simply a marker of CVD. The present study provides the information that even in healthy young and middle aged adults SUA is directly associated with oxidative stress and with metabolic and vascular alterations that may increase the risk of CVD. The limitation of this study is the cross-sectional design, implying that causality is not likely to be determined.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The results obtained in this study suggest that in healthy young and middle-aged adults, higher serum levels of uric acid are associated with excessive body adiposity, worse lipid profile, oxidative stress, inflammation and impaired endothelial function.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Pedro Ernesto University Hospital - Rio de Janeiro State University under the protocol number 2798-CEP/HUPE-CAAE: 0243.0.228.000-10 e 1152-CEP/HUPE - CAAE: 0039.0.228.000-08. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Os N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos de &#193;cido &#218;rico est&#227;o Associados a Fatores de Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico em Adultos Jovens e de Meia-Idade Saud&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Julia Freitas Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Luciene da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Mansur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Parada</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Lourdes Guimar&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valen&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Debora Cristina Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaiser</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Emanuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Regina Simas Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tha&#237;s da Silva Ferreira,</bold> Avenida Pasteur, 296 Pr&#233;dio da Escola de Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Aplicada. CEP 22290-240, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>thais.ferreira@unirio.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ferreira TS, Fernandes JFR, Ara&#250;jo LS, Nogueira LP, Leal PM, Antunes VP, Kaiser SE, Klein MRST; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ferreira TS, Fernandes JFR, Ara&#250;jo LS, Nogueira LP, Leal PM, Antunes VP, Rodrigues MLG, Valen&#231;a DCT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ferreira TS, Fernandes JFR, Ara&#250;jo LS, Nogueira LP, Leal PM, Antunes VP, Rodrigues MLG, Valen&#231;a DCT, Kaiser SE, Klein MRST; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kaiser SE, Klein MRST; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Klein MRST; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ferreira TS, Fernandes JFR, Ara&#250;jo LS, Kaiser SE, Klein MRST.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos observacionais t&#234;m destacado uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico (AUS) e fatores de risco cardiovascular. Apesar do crescente conjunto de evid&#234;ncias, v&#225;rios estudos foram realizados em indiv&#237;duos mais velhos ou em portadores de doen&#231;as pass&#237;veis de influenciar os n&#237;veis de AUS e marcadores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o do AUS com adiposidade corporal, perfil metab&#243;lico, estresse oxidativo, biomarcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o, press&#227;o arterial e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em adultos jovens e de meia-idade saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>149 adultos, brasileiros, com idades entre 20 e 55 anos, de ambos os sexos, foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o de adiposidade corporal, AUS, glicose e insulina de jejum, perfil lip&#237;dico, malondialde&#237;do (MDA), prote&#237;na C-reativa ultra-sens&#237;vel (PCR-us), adiponectina, press&#227;o arterial e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada pelo &#237;ndice de hiperemia reativa (RHI) derivado do m&#233;todo de tonometria arterial perif&#233;rica. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os n&#237;veis de AUS: grupo de controle (GC; n = 130; homens &#8804; 7 mg/dL, mulheres &#8804; 6mg/dL) e grupo de hiperuricemia (GH; n = 19; homens &gt; 7mg/dL, mulheres &gt; 6mg/dL). Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de confundimento, os participantes do GH comparados aos do GC apresentaram &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) mais alto: 34,15 (33,36-37,19) <italic>vs.</italic> 31,80 (26,26-34,42) kg/m<sup>2</sup>, p = 0,008, MDA mais alto: 4,67(4,03-5,30) <italic>vs.</italic> 3,53(3,10-4,07) ng/mL, p &lt; 0,0001 e RHI mais baixo: 1,68 &#177; 0,30 <italic>vs.</italic> 2,05 &#177; 0,46, p = 0,03. Na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o ajustada para fatores de confundimento, o AUS se associou positivamente (p &lt; 0,05) com IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, LDL colesterol, triglic&#233;rides e MDA, e se associou negativamente (p &lt; 0,05) com HDL colesterol, adiponectina e RHI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Este estudo sugere que, em adultos jovens e de meia-idade saud&#225;veis, n&#237;veis mais altos de AUS est&#227;o associados a maior adiposidade corporal, fen&#243;tipo inflamat&#243;rio e de lip&#237;dios desfavor&#225;vel, maior estresse oxidativo e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial comprometida.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>&#193;cido &#218;rico/metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio/disfun&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Adultos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o a principal causa de mortes no mundo. De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica e acidente vascular cerebral, juntos, responderam por 15 milh&#245;es de mortes em 2015.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Assim, &#233; importante identificar marcadores precoces e economicamente vi&#225;veis de risco de DCV.</p>
        <p>&#193;cido &#250;rico &#233; o produto final do metabolismo das purinas end&#243;genas e diet&#233;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em diversos estudos observacionais transversais e longitudinais, n&#237;veis elevados de &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico (AUS) se associaram a um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares e de mortalidade por DCV, bem como a fatores de risco cardiovascular, tais como hipertens&#227;o, obesidade, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e dislipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A concentra&#231;&#227;o aumentada de AUS tamb&#233;m se associou positivamente a marcadores intermedi&#225;rios de risco cardiovascular: fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial comprometida, espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida e rigidez a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Vale ressaltar que a maioria dos estudos direcionados &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o do AUS com a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular e/ou com marcadores cardiometab&#243;licos foi conduzida em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, indiv&#237;duos mais velhos e/ou em indiv&#237;duos com comprometimento renal ou fatores de risco para DCV (ex. hipertens&#227;o e diabetes).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Assim, os participantes inclu&#237;dos em diversos estudos anteriores eram mais pass&#237;veis de serem afetados por um status cardiocirculat&#243;rio e/ou metab&#243;lico comprometido que poderia representar um fator de confundimento na associa&#231;&#227;o entre o AUS e os fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o do AUS com adiposidade corporal, perfil metab&#243;lico, biomarcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o, estresse oxidativo, press&#227;o arterial e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em uma amostra de adultos jovens e de meia-idade saud&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O presente estudo transversal foi conduzido na Disciplina de Fisiopatologia Cl&#237;nica e Experimental (CLINEX), localizada no Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, na Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        <p>Participantes em potencial foram recrutados na sala de espera dos Departamentos de Ortopedia, Cirurgia Pl&#225;stica e Ginecologia. O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o consistiu em apresentar idade entre 18 e 55 anos.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram tabagismo; uso de suplementos alimentares; uso de medica&#231;&#245;es capazes de interferir no peso corporal, perfil metab&#243;lico e press&#227;o arterial; uso de agentes bloqueadores &#945;-adren&#233;rgicos; mudan&#231;as recentes (nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses) no peso corporal (&gt; 3 kg), na ingest&#227;o alimentar e na intensidade ou frequ&#234;ncia de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos; diagn&#243;stico de <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic>, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia (com tratamento por drogas) e doen&#231;a renal; hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico de disfun&#231;&#227;o da tire&#243;ide, angina de peito, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, neuropatia perif&#233;rica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica, doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica, enfarte do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral; e deformidade dos dedos que poderia impedir o uso adequado dos sensores necess&#225;rios para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. A participa&#231;&#227;o de mulheres gr&#225;vidas ou lactantes n&#227;o foi permitida neste estudo.</p>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e concordaram em fazer parte do estudo foram agendados para chegarem ao Laborat&#243;rio do CLINEX entre 8:00 e 10:00 da manh&#227;, ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de jejum de 12h e abstin&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool por 3 dias. Durante o jejum, eles foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, nutricional, laboratorial e da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional</title>
          <p>Foi utilizado um question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia alimentar semi-quantitativo (QFA) para avaliar a ingest&#227;o diet&#233;tica de prote&#237;nas, carboidratos, lip&#237;dios, colesterol, fibras e c&#225;lcio ao longo dos &#250;ltimos 6 meses. Esse QFA contendo 80 itens e por&#231;&#245;es usuais foi desenvolvido para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, baseado em alimentos de consumo habitual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O consumo de &#225;lcool foi considerado quando a frequ&#234;ncia relatada era igual ou acima de 1 vez por semana.</p>
          <p>A estatura foi medida por um estadi&#244;metro com precis&#227;o de &#177; 0,5 cm e o peso corporal foi obtido usando uma balan&#231;a graduada com precis&#227;o de &#177; 0,1 kg (Filizola S.A., S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil) ap&#243;s os participantes, sem sapatos e usando roupas leves, terem esvaziado a bexiga. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o-padr&#227;o (kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) foi avaliada com o paciente em p&#233;, no ponto m&#233;dio entre a margem inferior da &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca durante a expira&#231;&#227;o. A circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril foi medida no maior di&#226;metro da regi&#227;o gl&#250;tea com a fita m&#233;trica paralela ao ch&#227;o. A raz&#227;o cintura-quadril foi determinada dividindo a CC (cm) pela circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (cm). A raz&#227;o cintura-estatura foi obtida dividindo a CC (cm) pela estatura (cm). As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram aferidas duas vezes e os valores m&#233;dios foram usados nas an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Al&#237;quotas de plasma e soro foram armazenadas a -80&#176;C conforme adequado, para as determina&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais. Os par&#226;metros laboratoriais inclu&#237;ram n&#237;veis circulantes em jejum de &#225;cido &#250;rico, glicose, insulina, ur&#233;ia, perfil lip&#237;dico, prote&#237;na C-reativa ultra-sens&#237;vel (PCR-us), adiponectina e malondialde&#237;do (MDA).</p>
          <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de AUS foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico e a ur&#233;ia e a creatinina pelo m&#233;todo cin&#233;tico. A glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum foi medida pelo m&#233;todo da hexoquinase. Os n&#237;veis de insulina plasm&#225;tica em jejum foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo ELISA (<italic>enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</italic>) usando o kit espec&#237;fico dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (EMD Millipore Corporation Billerica, MA, EUA). A resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina foi avaliada pelo &#237;ndice do m&#233;todo da homeostase glic&#234;mica de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA-IR), calculado como insulina de jejum (&#181;U/mL) &#215; glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum (mmol/L)/22,5.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O colesterol total e os triglic&#233;rides (TG) foram avaliados pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico (colesterol oxidase-peroxidase e glicerol-fosfato oxidase-peroxidase, respectivamente). O colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) foi determinado por m&#233;todo direto. O colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) foi estimado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis circulantes de PCR-us e adiponectina foram escolhidos como marcadores do estado inflamat&#243;rio e suas concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas determinadas respectivamente por turbidimetria (BioSystems, Barcelona, Espanha) e ELISA (EMD Millipore Corporation Billerica, MA, EUA). Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de MDA, utilizados para avaliar o estresse oxidativo, foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo ELISA utilizando um kit comercial (USCN Life Science Inc., Missouri, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram avaliadas ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de repouso de 10 minutos utilizando um esfigmoman&#244;metro autom&#225;tico calibrado: OMRON<sup>&#174;</sup> Modelo HEM-742INT (Omron Healthcare, Lake Forest, IL, EUA). A primeira leitura foi descartada e utilizou-se a m&#233;dia de 3 aferi&#231;&#245;es consecutivas no bra&#231;o n&#227;o dominante com o intervalo de 3 minutos. Foi utilizado manguito adequado e os pacientes foram instru&#237;dos a permanecerem sentados, com as pernas descruzadas, p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o, com dorso recostado na cadeira e relaxado e o bra&#231;o &#224; altura do cora&#231;&#227;o, livre de roupas, apoiado com a palma da m&#227;o voltada para cima cima e o cotovelo levemente flexionado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</title>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de tonometria de art&#233;ria perif&#233;rica (PAT), utilizando o Endo-PAT 2000<sup>&#174;</sup>, um aparelho com pletismografia digital (Itamar Medical, Cesareia, Israel). Esse &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o-invasivo que oferece a possibilidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e f&#225;cil da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular no qual os dados s&#227;o analisados independentemente do examinador. Altera&#231;&#245;es no volume arterial detectadas pela PAT t&#234;m apresentado boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a avalia&#231;&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas por biosensores colocados em ambos os dedos indicadores. Foi realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de 5 minutos como linha de base. Sequencialmente, o fluxo arterial foi oclu&#237;do por um manguito aplicado ao bra&#231;o n&#227;o-dominante, e inflado at&#233; 60 mmHg acima da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mas nunca abaixo de 200 mmHg. O manguito foi rapidamente desinflado ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de oclus&#227;o de 5 minutos, para permitir hiperemia reativa. Os 5 minutos subsequentes tamb&#233;m foram registrados. O outro bra&#231;o serviu como controle e a diferen&#231;a entre os dois bra&#231;os foi usada pelo software Endo-PAT 2000<sup>&#174;</sup> para calcular automaticamente o &#237;ndice de hiperemia reativa (RHI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos</title>
          <p>Os participantes foram estratificados em dois grupos, de acordo com seus n&#237;veis de AUS: grupo controle e grupo hiperuricemia. O grupo controle foi formado por homens e mulheres que apresentavam AUS &#8804; 7 e &#8804; 6 mg/dL, respectivamente, enquanto o grupo hiperuricemia consistiu de homens e mulheres com AUS &gt; 7 e &gt; 6 mg/dL, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>Valores m&#233;dios e desvios-padr&#227;o foram usados para sumarizar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, enquanto mediana e intervalo interquartil foram usados para sumarizar vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal. A normalidade foi testada atrav&#233;s do teste Shapiro-Wilk. As diferen&#231;as entre grupos foram analisadas utilizando teste T de Student n&#227;o pareado ou teste de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado. Foi usada regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla para realizar ajustes para fatores de confundimento, incluindo idade, g&#234;nero e IMC. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como percentagem e comparadas por teste X<sup>2</sup>.</p>
          <p>Foi utilizado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, ou de Spearman, para analisar o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o de AUS com os &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos, vari&#225;veis laboratoriais, press&#227;o arterial e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial entre todos os participantes. Tamb&#233;m foram usadas correla&#231;&#245;es parciais controladas para diversos fatores de confus&#227;o, incluindo par&#226;metros de adiposidade corporal.</p>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas atrav&#233;s do STATA, em sua vers&#227;o 12.0 (STATA Corp., College Station, TX, EUA) e valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O tamanho da amostra foi determinado por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foi inclu&#237;do um total de 149 volunt&#225;rios na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. A m&#233;dia da idade foi de 35,02 &#177; 9,57 anos, IMC m&#233;dio de 31,17 &#177; 5,87 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de AUS foram de 4,67 &#177; 1,41 mg/dL. Os participantes do grupo controle (n = 130) e do grupo hiperuricemia (n = 19) eram compar&#225;veis em idade, g&#234;nero, ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool, atividade f&#237;sica, etnia e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ur&#233;ia e creatinina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes, de acordo com diagn&#243;stico de hiperuricemia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo controle (n = 130)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo hiperuricemia (n = 19)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de &#225;lcool, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (34%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etnia n&#227;o-branca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (64%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (74%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">34,00 (27,00 &#8211; 42,50)</td>
                <td align="center">31,00 (27,00 &#8211; 43,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4,32 &#177; 1,09</td>
                <td align="center">7,18 &#177; 0,67</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ur&#233;ia s&#233;rica (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">29,31 &#177; 17,02</td>
                <td align="center">29,73 &#177; 8,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>Valores como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou como mediana (intervalo interquartil) para distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal ou valores absolutos (%). p: Grupo controle versus Grupo hiperuricemia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A ingest&#227;o alimentar de energia e carboidratos foi significativamente mais alta no grupo hiperuricemia do que no grupo controle, enquanto a ingest&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos monoinsaturados foi significativamente mais baixa. Entretanto, ap&#243;s ajustes para idade, sexo e IMC essas diferen&#231;as deixaram de ser significativas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o do consumo alimentar dos participantes, de acordo com diagn&#243;stico de hiperuricemia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo controle (n = 130)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo hiperuricemia (n = 19)</th>
                <th align="center">p </th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Energia (kcal/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">1647,5 (1250,3 &#8211; 2099,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2212,2 (1543,4 &#8211; 2934,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;na (g/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">75,7 (63,5 &#8211; 93 9)</td>
                <td align="center">77,6 (67,1 &#8211; 112,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carboidratos (g/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">196,0 (143,2 &#8211; 266,9)</td>
                <td align="center">296,2 (202,5 &#8211; 412,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">L&#237;pides (g/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">60,3 (44,0 &#8211; 78,9)</td>
                <td align="center">75,9 (47,9 &#8211; 106,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;cidos graxos saturados (g/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">24,4 (18,4 &#8211; 31,0)</td>
                <td align="center">25,6 (14,9 &#8211; 29,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;cidos graxos poliinsaturados (g/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 (5,4 &#8211; 9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 (6,4 &#8211; 12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;cidos graxos monoinsaturados (g/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">11,1 (7,5 &#8211; 15,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7,0 (4,2 &#8211; 9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol (mg/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">286,7 (207,1 &#8211; 425,0)</td>
                <td align="center">231,6 (152,8 &#8211; 417,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibras (g/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">19,3 (14,9 &#8211; 25,4)</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 (12,7 &#8211; 19,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C&#225;lcio (mg/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">706,6 (541,0 &#8211; 959,5)</td>
                <td align="center">773,1 (642,8 &#8211; 952,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>Valores como mediana (intervalo interquartil). p: Grupo controle versus Grupo hiperuricemia.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p: Grupo controle versus Grupo hiperuricemia, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos do grupo hiperuricemia exibiram IMC significativamente mais alto, comparados aos do grupo controle, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para idade e sexo, consideradas vari&#225;veis pass&#237;veis de interferir nesses par&#226;metros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos dos participantes, de acordo com diagn&#243;stico de hiperuricemia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo controle (n = 130)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo hiperuricemia (n = 19)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">**</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">31,80 (26,26 &#8211; 34,42)</td>
                <td align="center">34,15 (33,36 &#8211; 37,19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens</td>
                <td align="center">32,30 (30,60 &#8211; 34,61)</td>
                <td align="center">36,53 (33,50 &#8211; 37,19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">31,68 (24,17 &#8211; 34,10)</td>
                <td align="center">33,90 (33,36 &#8211; 36,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">98,75 (85,60 &#8211; 106,00)</td>
                <td align="center">105,60 (99,00 &#8211; 112,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens</td>
                <td align="center">106,00 (102,50 &#8211; 114,50)</td>
                <td align="center">112,25 (106,00 &#8211; 113,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">97,00 (82,50 &#8211; 103,50)</td>
                <td align="center">99,50 (96,50 &#8211; 106,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o cintura-quadril</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,81 &#8211; 0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,82 &#8211; 0,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,93 &#8211; 0,96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 (0,89 &#8211; 0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,79 &#8211; 0,92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,82 &#8211; 0,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o cintura-estatura</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 (0,55 &#8211; 0,65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,59 &#8211; 0,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens</td>
                <td align="center">0,62 (0,59 &#8211; 0,65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 (0,61 &#8211; 0,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 (0,52 &#8211; 0,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,59 &#8211; 0,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>Valores como mediana (intervalo interquartil). p: Grupo controle versus Grupo hiperuricemia.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p: Grupo controle versus Grupo hiperuricemia, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p: Grupo controle versus Grupo hiperuricemia, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade e sexo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa de vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas entre o grupo hiperuricemia e o grupo controle indicou n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos semelhantes de glicose, insulina, HOMA-IR, colesterol total, LDL colesterol, TG e PCR-us. O HDL colesterol foi maior no grupo controle somente antes dos ajustes para idade, sexo e IMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>). Comparados com indiv&#237;duos no grupo controle, indiv&#237;duos no grupo hiperuricemia ainda exibiam n&#237;veis significativamente mais baixos de MDA, ap&#243;s os ajustes para poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o (idade, sexo e IMC) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis laboratoriais, &#237;ndice de hiperemia reativa e press&#227;o arterial dos participantes, de acordo com diagn&#243;stico de hiperuricemia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo controle (n = 130)</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo hiperuricemia (n = 19)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis Metab&#243;licas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">86,00 (79,50 &#8211; 93,00)</td>
                <td align="center">87,00 (81,00 &#8211; 101,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insulina (&#181;U/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">12,28 (8,84 &#8211; 16,95)</td>
                <td align="center">12,70 (9,80 &#8211; 18,96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">2,61 (1,85 &#8211; 3,64)</td>
                <td align="center">2,68 (2,15 &#8211; 3,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">191,35 &#177; 40,55</td>
                <td align="center">194,47 &#177; 30,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">52,00 (43,00 &#8211; 59,00)</td>
                <td align="center">43,00 (39,00 &#8211; 51,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">112,00 (89,00 &#8211; 140,00)</td>
                <td align="center">122,00 (96,00 &#8211; 145,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">98,50 (68,00 &#8211; 142,00)</td>
                <td align="center">132,00 (108,00 &#8211; 142,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Perfil Inflamat&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR-us (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37 (0,19 &#8211; 0,65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45 (0,33 &#8211; 0,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adiponectina (mg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">5,65 (4,27 &#8211; 8,37)</td>
                <td align="center">4,02 (3,26 &#8211; 5,53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estresse Oxidativo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Malondialde&#237;do (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">3,53 (3,10 &#8211; 4,07)</td>
                <td align="center">4,67 (4,03 &#8211; 5,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0004</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de hiperemia reativa</td>
                <td align="center">2,05 &#177; 0,46</td>
                <td align="center">1,68 &#177; 0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o Arterial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">119,67 (104,00 &#8211; 127,00)</td>
                <td align="center">121,30 (109,30 &#8211; 132,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">76,76 &#177; 11,57</td>
                <td align="center">78,81 &#177; 8,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">74,00 (69,00 &#8211; 80,17)</td>
                <td align="center">69,00 (64,33 &#8211; 76,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>Valores como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou como mediana (intervalo interquartil) para distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal. HOMA-IR, m&#233;todo da homeostase glic&#234;mica de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PCR-us: prote&#237;na C-reativa ultra-sens&#237;vel; PA: press&#227;o arterial. P: Grupo de controle versus Grupo hiperuricemia.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>P: Grupo de controle versus Grupo hiperuricemia, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial revelou valores significativamente mais baixos de RHI no grupo hiperuricemia do que no grupo controle, mesmo ap&#243;s os ajustes para fatores de confus&#227;o. Os valores m&#233;dios de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram similares em ambos os grupos do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o dados de todos os participantes (n = 149), as an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o do AUS com vari&#225;veis laboratoriais, press&#227;o arterial e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial revelou algumas associa&#231;&#245;es significativas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). O AUS se associou diretamente com IMC, CC, glicose, colesterol total, LDL colesterol, TG, MDA, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Ele apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com HDL colesterol, adiponectina e RHI. Ap&#243;s ajustes para idade e sexo, a associa&#231;&#227;o do AUS com IMC e CC permaneceu significativa. As associa&#231;&#245;es positivas de AUS com triglic&#233;rides e MDA, e associa&#231;&#245;es negativas com HDL colesterol, adiponectina e RHI tamb&#233;m permaneceram significativas ap&#243;s ajustes para idade, sexo e IMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de &#225;cido &#250;rico e vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas, &#237;ndice de hiperemia reativa e press&#227;o arterial (n = 149)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Correla&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Correla&#231;&#227;o parcial<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">r</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">r</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros Antropom&#233;tricos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,0003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis Metab&#243;licas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insulina (&#181;U/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,42</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">-0,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,0007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,0003</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Perfil Inflamat&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR-us (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adiponectina (mg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,0005</td>
                <td align="center">-0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estresse Oxidativo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Malondialde&#237;do (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de hiperemia reativa</td>
                <td align="center">-0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o Arterial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>HOMA-IR, m&#233;todo da homeostase glic&#234;mica de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PCR-us: prote&#237;na C-reativa ultra-sens&#237;vel; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Ap&#243;s o ajuste para idade e sexo (para as correla&#231;&#245;es parciais com &#237;ndice de massa corporal e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura) ou apos ajustes para idade, sexo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (para as outras vari&#225;veis).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo realizado com adultos jovens e de meia-idade saud&#225;veis, indiv&#237;duos com hiperuricemia, quando comparados &#224;queles sem esta condi&#231;&#227;o, apresentaram maior adiposidade corporal total, maior estresse oxidativo e pior fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, mesmo ap&#243;s os ajustes para potenciais fatores de confundimento. Na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s ajustes para fatores de confundimento, os n&#237;veis de AUS se associaram positivamente &#224; adiposidade corporal, MDA, TG e LDL colesterol; e se correlacionaram negativamente com HDL colesterol, adiponectina e RHI.</p>
        <p>Estudos transversais anteriores tamb&#233;m observaram associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre o AUS e par&#226;metros de adiposidade corporal total e/ou central em indiv&#237;duos apresentando caracter&#237;sticas diferentes, como mulheres obesas no p&#243;s-menopausa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> pacientes com diabetes tipo 2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e indiv&#237;duos com idades de 18 a 70 anos sem diabetes tipo 1 ou 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> De forma similar, estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos longitudinais realizados na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, observaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis mais altos de AUS e risco aumentado de sobrepeso/obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre AUS elevado e maior adiposidade corporal ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente conhecidos. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o envolve o consumo de frutose. O consumo excessivo de frutose (via sacarose adicionada ou xarope de milho rico em frutose) permanece como uma das causas alimentares da hiperuricemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a frutose causa deple&#231;&#227;o de ATP intracelular, <italic>turnover</italic> de nucleot&#237;deos e gera&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido &#250;rico. A gera&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido &#250;rico induzida por frutose causa estresse oxidativo mitocondrial que pode, por sua vez, favorecer o ac&#250;mulo de gordura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Estudos experimentais tamb&#233;m sugerem que o consumo de frutose pode facilitar o desenvolvimento de sobrepeso/obesidade atrav&#233;s de outros mecanismos, tais como altera&#231;&#227;o na saciedade e aumento do consumo de alimentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Em contrapartida, h&#225; estudos que indicam que o tecido adiposo possui abundante atividade xantina oxirredutase (semelhantemente ao f&#237;gado) e pode gerar e secretar &#225;cido &#250;rico: uma propriedade que &#233; intensificada na obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste estudo foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre o AUS e o estresse oxidativo avaliado por n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de MDA. Este achado est&#225; de acordo com a hip&#243;tese sugerida por alguns autores, de que a rela&#231;&#227;o do AUS com disfun&#231;&#245;es vasculares e metab&#243;licas &#233;, pelo menos, parcialmente mediada por altera&#231;&#245;es no estresse oxidativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Vale mencionar que a associa&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido &#250;rico com estresse oxidativo &#233; complexa e pode ser paradoxal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> O &#225;cido &#250;rico tem a habilidade de induzir estresse oxidativo intracelular e mitocondrial, por&#233;m &#233; um importante antioxidante presente no plasma humano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> onde pode ser respons&#225;vel por, cerca de dois ter&#231;os da capacidade antioxidante total atrav&#233;s da quela&#231;&#227;o de metais e remo&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Entretanto, h&#225; provas de que sob condi&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas e quando o AUS est&#225; acima dos n&#237;veis normais, o &#225;cido &#250;rico se torna pr&#243;-oxidante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A xantina oxidase, que &#233; uma das duas isoformas interconvert&#237;veis da xantina-oxirredutase, usa oxig&#234;nio molecular como um aceptor de el&#233;trons, gerando &#226;nion super&#243;xido e outras esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio como subprodutos, assim elevando o estresse oxidativo que pode, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, contribuir para as DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos, &#224; semelhan&#231;a da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, observaram que os n&#237;veis de AUS estavam relacionados positivamente com TG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e negativamente com HDL colesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Os mecanismos subjacentes &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o entre AUS e TG ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> mas h&#225; algumas explica&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis. De acordo com uma delas, o &#225;cido &#250;rico pode induzir a lipog&#234;nese no f&#237;gado e pode bloquear a oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Outros investigadores sugerem que a s&#237;ntese hep&#225;tica de &#225;cidos graxos &#233; associada &#224; s&#237;ntese &#8220;de novo&#8221; de purina, com subseq&#252;ente acelera&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido &#250;rico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo a hiperuricemia foi associada a n&#237;veis mais baixos de adiponectina s&#233;rica. Entre os poucos estudos que avaliaram essa associa&#231;&#227;o, um conduzido por Park et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> recrutou 841 mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa, com idades a partir de 50 anos e descobriu uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa, que n&#227;o foi reproduzida numa an&#225;lise transversal do Troms&#248; Study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Apesar de os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-us n&#227;o terem se associado significativamente com AUS, eles foram maiores em indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram hiperuricemia. Uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre SUA e PCR foi notada em alguns estudos realizados com octagen&#225;rios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> em diab&#233;ticos do tipo 2,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> em pessoas mais velhas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> e em crian&#231;as obesas pr&#233;-puberes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial comprometida observada em indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis mais altos de AUS no presente estudo tamb&#233;m foi observada em estudos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Entretanto, conforme mencionado anteriormente, a maior parte deles avaliou indiv&#237;duos mais velhos e mais doentes, em contraste com o presente estudo, em que foram recrutados adultos jovens e de meia-idade saud&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>De acordo com Johnson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> o &#225;cido &#250;rico pode ser absorvido por adip&#243;citos, onde induz estresse oxidativo, gera mediadores inflamat&#243;rios e inibe a s&#237;ntese de adiponectina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> O aumento potencial de estresse oxidativo induzido por AUS tamb&#233;m pode favorecer resposta inflamat&#243;ria e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o AUS tamb&#233;m pode diminuir a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico atrav&#233;s de outros mecanismos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo se destaca pela a cuidadosa sele&#231;&#227;o de participantes, excluindo indiv&#237;duos com caracter&#237;sticas que poderiam influenciar os n&#237;veis de AUS, bem como influenciar os marcadores metab&#243;licos e vasculares ora avaliados. Por exemplo, foram exclu&#237;dos(as) mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa e idosos, pacientes em uso de qualquer tipo de medicamentos (incluindo diur&#233;ticos) e aqueles com hipertens&#227;o, diabetes ou doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> N&#227;o est&#225; claro se o AUS aumentado &#233; um agente causador ou simplesmente um marcador de DCV. O presente estudo agrega a informa&#231;&#227;o de que mesmo em adultos jovens e de meia-idade saud&#225;veis o AUS associa-se diretamente com o estresse oxidativo e com altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e vasculares capazes de aumentar o risco de DCV. Como limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo, salienta-se o desenho transversal, onde o achado de associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o implica necessariamente rela&#231;&#227;o de causalidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo sugerem que em adultos jovens e de meia-idade saud&#225;veis, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais altos de &#225;cido &#250;rico est&#227;o associados &#224; adiposidade corporal, a um perfil lip&#237;dico desfavor&#225;vel, estresse oxidativo, inflama&#231;&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial comprometida.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a nenhuma tese ou disserta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2798-CEP/HUPE-CAAE: 0243.0.228.000-10 e 1152-CEP/HUPE - CAAE: 0039.0.228.000-08. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
