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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VhVqStXPSSBXZkQfHzKmgZK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001800831</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180229</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation of Pulmonary Veins: does Anatomy Influence the Outcome?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarabanda</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro Valentim Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Bras&#237;lia</city>
            <state>DF</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (FUC), Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: &#193;lvaro Valentim Lima Sarabanda</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - AOS 02 BL B 604. Postal Code 70660-022, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil E-mail: <email>saraband@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>831</fpage>
      <lpage>832</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Veins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia found in clinical practice and a frequent cause of hospital admission. AF is associated with a 5-fold increased risk of stroke and an approximately 2-fold increased risk of death, in addition to also being associated with heart failure development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Approximately 20 years ago, the percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of the pulmonary veins (PVs) was described by Haissaguerre et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> as an effective technique and curative treatment of paroxysmal AF (PAF). The initial technique of AF ablation was developed based on the observation that the electrical activity triggers (ectopic foci), responsible for causing PAF, are frequently located in the PVs. As a consequence, the initiation of PAF could be prevented through the ablation of these triggers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Subsequently, aiming to prevent potential procedure complications, such as PV stenosis, and also to improve its success rates, the PV ablation procedure was progressively modified, from the PV focal ablation technique to the segmental electrical isolation of the PV ostia, resulting in the predominant present-day technique of extended circumferential antral ablation of PVs (1 to 2 cm extended area from the PV ostia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Most of the available data<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> indicate that the circumferential antral ablation of the PVs is more effective than the ostial ablation of the PVs. The beneficial mechanisms of PV circumferential antral ablation are not fully established but are probably related to the isolation of the triggers in the PV antrum, the modification of the ganglionated plexi, or the interruption of AF initiation and/or maintenance mechanisms located within the PV antrum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The most frequent PV circumferential antral ablation technique uses radiofrequency energy, delivered point-by-point through an external irrigated-tip catheter, with the help of a three-dimensional, electroanatomical mapping system as a navigation guide and also for the creation of a visual record of the ablated sites.</p>
    <p>More recently, irrigated catheters have become available, with contact force-sensing technology, which is able to measure the contact force intensity between the tip of the catheter and the myocardium, increasing the effectiveness of the radiofrequency ablation lesion in the myocardium, and reducing procedure complication rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Cryoablation, which uses a balloon-catheter to attain PV isolation, is an equally validated alternative technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Currently, the shortcoming of the PV circumferential ablation is the AF recurrence during the first year after the ablation, an event typically related to the electrical reconnection of PVs to the left atrium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Therefore, several lines of research are focused on identifying techniques and procedures that can provide a permanent electrical isolation of the PVs during the initial AF ablation procedure.</p>
    <p>In this context, in the current issue of the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Odozynski et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> report the results of circumferential antral ablation of the PVs in PAF treatment, specifically comparing patients who had a common trunk of the left PVs (CTrL) versus those without CTrL.</p>
    <p>An electroanatomical mapping system based on chest impedance was used in all procedures and patients underwent circumferential isolation of the VP antrum by delivering radiofrequency with an irrigated-tip catheter but without monitoring the contact force, aiming at obtaining entrance and exit block into the PVs.</p>
    <p>In the present study, in agreement with the world's literature, approximately 17% of the patients had a CTrL. It should be emphasized that during the medium-term clinical follow-up, a lower recurrence rate of AF was observed in patients with CTrL when compared to patients without CTrL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The current study has the merit of providing a timely overview of the complexity found in the present-day percutaneous ablation of PVs, discussing the implications that PV anatomy can have on PAF ablation outcome. As reported in the study, four pulmonary veins reach the left atrium in most patients. The CTrL, defined as the fusion of the 2 left PVs into a common trunk, is the most common anatomical variation of the PVs, occurring in 4% to 18% of patients undergoing AF ablation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>As pointed out by the authors, the possible reason for patients with CTrL to show a lower recurrence rate of PAF could be related to the fact that it is easier to handle and attain better contact between the ablation catheter and the left atrium in patients presenting with CTrL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> As previously reported,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> the intensity of the contact force between the ablation catheter and the myocardium is crucial for the radiofrequency lesion formation and has been associated with longer-lasting PV isolation and better clinical outcomes.</p>
    <p>Furthermore, as already has been discussed, circumferential antral ablation of the PVs is more effective than the ostial ablation of the PVs, probably related to the isolation of the triggers in the antrum of the PVs, modification of the ganglionated plexi, or the interruption of AF initiation and/or maintenance mechanisms located within the PV antrum.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation Outcome Depends on Pulmonary Veins Anatomy</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter das Veias Pulmonares na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica: A Anatomia Influencia o Resultado?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarabanda</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro Valentim Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (FUC), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: &#193;lvaro Valentim Lima Sarabanda</bold> Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal - AOS 02 BL B 604. CEP 70660-022, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>saraband@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Veias Pulmonares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca mais comum encontrada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e uma causa frequente de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. A FA associa-se com um risco aumentado de 5 vezes de ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral e a um risco aumentado de morte de cerca de 2 vezes. A FA tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada ao desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>H&#225; cerca de 20 anos, o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea por radiofrequ&#234;ncia das veias pulmonares (VPs) foi descrito por Haissaguerre et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> como uma t&#233;cnica eficaz e curativa no tratamento da FA parox&#237;stica (FAP). A t&#233;cnica inicial de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA foi desenvolvida com base na observa&#231;&#227;o de que os gatilhos da atividade el&#233;trica (focos ect&#243;picos), respons&#225;veis pela deflagra&#231;&#227;o da FAP, estarem frequentemente localizados nas VPs. Como consequ&#234;ncia, ao ablacionar esses gatilhos, a deflagra&#231;&#227;o da FAP poderia ser prevenida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Subsequentemente, com o prop&#243;sito de evitar potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento, como a estenose das VPs e tamb&#233;m aumentar suas taxas de sucesso, o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o das VPs foi sendo progressivamente modificado, evoluindo da t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o focal das VPs, para o isolamento el&#233;trico segmentar do &#243;stio das VPs e resultando na t&#233;cnica atual predominante de abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial antral ampliada das VPs (&#225;rea ampliada de 1 a 2 cm dos &#243;stios).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A maioria dos dados dispon&#237;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> indica que a abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial do antro das VPs &#233; mais eficaz do que a abla&#231;&#227;o ostial das VPs. Os mecanismos do benef&#237;cio da abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial do antro das VPs n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente estabelecidos, mas provavelmente relacionam-se com o isolamento dos gatilhos existentes no antro das VPs, a modifica&#231;&#227;o dos plexos ganglionares e a interrup&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos de deflagra&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o da FA existentes nessa regi&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A t&#233;cnica mais frequente de abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial do antro das VPs utiliza a energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia, aplicada ponto a ponto por um cateter de irriga&#231;&#227;o externa, com aux&#237;lio de sistema de mapeamento eletro-anat&#244;mico tridimensional como guia de navega&#231;&#227;o e tamb&#233;m para a cria&#231;&#227;o de um registro visual dos locais ablacionados. Mais recentemente, os cateteres irrigados tornaram-se dispon&#237;veis com a tecnologia de controle de for&#231;a de contato, a qual &#233; capaz de medir a intensidade do contato entre a ponta do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o e o mioc&#225;rdio, aumentando a efic&#225;cia da les&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia no mioc&#225;rdio e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A crioabla&#231;&#227;o, que utiliza um cateter bal&#227;o para obter o isolamento das VPs, &#233; uma t&#233;cnica alternativa igualmente validada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Atualmente, o &#8220;calcanhar de Aquiles&#8221; da abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial das VPs &#233; a recorr&#234;ncia da FA durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, evento tipicamente relacionado &#224; reconex&#227;o el&#233;trica das VPs ao &#225;trio esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Dessa forma, diversas linhas de investiga&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o dirigidas para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas e procedimentos que proporcionem um isolamento el&#233;trico permanente das VPs durante o procedimento inicial de abla&#231;&#227;o da FA.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, na presente edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Odozynski et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> reportam os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial do antro das VPs no tratamento FAP, comparando especificamente os pacientes que apresentavam tronco comum das VPs esquerdas (TrCE) com aqueles sem TrCE. Em todos os procedimentos foi utilizado um sistema de mapeamento eletro-anat&#244;mico baseado em imped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica e os pacientes foram submetidos ao isolamento circunferencial do antro das VPs por meio de aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia com cateter irrigado e sem aferi&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a de contato, com o objetivo de obter-se o bloqueio el&#233;trico de entrada e sa&#237;da das VPs em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, em concord&#226;ncia com a literatura mundial, cerca de 17% dos pacientes apresentavam TrCE. Deve ser ressaltado que no seguimento cl&#237;nico de m&#233;dio prazo, observou-se uma menor taxa de recorr&#234;nciada da FA nos pacientes com TrCE quando comparados aos pacientes sem TrCE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O trabalho em quest&#227;o tem o m&#233;rito de oferecer uma vis&#227;o oportuna e atual da complexidade encontrada nos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea das VPs, discutindo as implica&#231;&#245;es que a anatomia das VPs pode ter no desfecho da abla&#231;&#227;o da FAP. Como reportado no estudo, na maioria dos pacientes 4 veias pulmonares chegam ao &#225;trio esquerdo. O TrCE, definido como a fus&#227;o das 2 VPs esquerdas em um tronco comum, &#233; a mais comum das varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas das VPs, ocorrendo entre 4 a 18% dos pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter da FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Como ressaltado pelos autores, a justificativa para pacientes com TrCE apresentarem menor recorr&#234;ncia de FAP poderia ser devido &#224; maior facilidade de manipula&#231;&#227;o e melhor contato do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo nos pacientes com TrCE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Como referido previamente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> a intensidade do contato entre o cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o e o mioc&#225;rdio &#233; crucial para forma&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia e est&#225; vinculado a um isolamento mais duradouro das VPs e a melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que a abla&#231;&#227;o circunferencial do antro das VPs &#233; mais eficaz do que a abla&#231;&#227;o ostial das VPs, tanto pelo isolamento dos gatilhos existentes no antro das VPs, quanto pela modifica&#231;&#227;o dos plexos ganglionares e tamb&#233;m pela interrup&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos de manuten&#231;&#227;o da FA presentes na regi&#227;o no antro das VPs.</p>
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      <fn-group>
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          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O Resultado da Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica Depende da Anatomia das Veias Pulmonares</p>
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