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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VRPmrVGGnvfnJhjrq3FB3NR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001800824</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005015102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180181</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation Outcome Depends on Pulmonary Veins Anatomy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Odozynski</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forno</surname>
            <given-names>Alexander Romeno Janner Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lewandowski</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>d'Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOS Cardio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia e Marcapasso</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>SC</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia e Marcapasso - Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Gabriel Odozynski, Rodovia SC 401 - Hospital SOS Cardio. Postal Code 88030-000, Itacorubi, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cardio.gabriel@gmail.com</email>, <email>gabrielodozynski@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Odozynski G, Dal Forno ARJ, Lewandowski A, d'Avila A; Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing e Writing of the manuscript: Odozynski G, d'Avila A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>824</fpage>
      <lpage>830</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p> Pulmonary veins (PV) are often the trigger to atrial fibrillation (AF). Occasionally, left PVs converge on a common trunk (LCT) providing a simpler structure for catheter ablation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p> To compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of ablation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) of patients with or without LCT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Case-control study of patients undergoing first-ever catheter ablation procedure for drug refractory PAF. The information was taken from patients' records by means of a digital collection instrument, and indexed to an online database (Syscardio(r)). Clinical characteristics and procedures were compared between patients with or without LCT (LCT x n-LCT), adopting a level of statistical significance of 5%. The primary endpoint associated with efficacy was lack of atrial arrhythmia over the follow-up time.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> One hundred and seventy two patients with PAF were included in the study, 30 (17%) LCT and 142 (83%) n-LCT. The clinical characteristics, comorbidities, symptoms scale and risk scores did not differ between the groups. There was AF recurrence in 27% of PAF patients in the n-LCT group and only 10% of patients in the LCT group (OR: 3.4 p: 0.04) after a follow-up of 34 &#177; 17 months and 26 &#177; 15 months respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Patients with a LCT have a significantly lower recurrence rate when compared to patients without this structure. It is mandatory to report the results of AF catheter ablation as a PV anatomical variation function.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Veins/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The electrical activity trigger responsible for triggering paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is often located in the pulmonary veins (PV), so that the electrical isolation of the PVs is the therapeutic mainstem in the invasive treatment of this arrhythmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In most patients, four pulmonary veins reach the left atrium. However, previous studies suggest that PV anatomical variations are related to a higher incidence of AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The left common trunk (fusion of the 2 left PVs in a common trunk [LCT]) is the most common of the VPs anatomical variations, occurring in 4 to 18% of patients undergoing catheter ablation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, it is not clear whether the presence of these anatomical variations changes the outcome and the recurrence rates in the invasive treatment of PAF. As LCT can be easily identified by computed tomography, knowing the clinical outcome of ablation in this population may be relevant in clinical decision-making when an ablative procedure is indicated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing PAF ablation with and without VPs common left trunk.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and participants</title>
        <p>This is a single-center, case-control study conducted between January 2011 and December 2015, with the inclusion of patients (&#8805; 18 years old) undergoing the first catheter ablation procedure to treat PAF that does not respond to antiarrhythmic drugs with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. The information was collected and indexed in a digital database aimed at AF ablation (SysCardio(r) software). Along with computed tomography (CT), the presence of the LCT was confirmed through a 3D atrial model constructed during the procedure with an electroanatomic mapping system by (NavX(r)). Patients with persistent or long-term persistent FA, patients with previous ablations and FA of reversible etiology, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease and prior catheter ablation were excluded from the sample (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart study: patients undergoing ablation of AF categorized by presence of left trunk of the pulmonary veins.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0824-80181-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedures and ablation protocol</title>
        <p>All procedures were performed under general anesthesia, orotracheal intubation, and invasive monitoring of blood pressure by radial or left femoral puncture, under the care of an anesthesiologist. Transseptal punctures were performed with echocardiography assistance, which was maintained throughout the procedure.</p>
        <p>All patients underwent circumferential isolation of the PVs through a 3.5-mm tip irrigated catheter ablation without contact force measurement, using radiofrequency energy with applications of up to 35 watts and 43&#176;C for 30-45 seconds, and demonstration of electrical VPs entrance and exit block in relation to the left atrium at the end of the isolation. After the demonstration of entrance and exit block, patients received 18 mg of IV adenosine bolus. In cases of electrical reconnection, new mapping-guided radiofrequency applications were performed until adenosine-mediated reconnection no longer occurred. The applications in the left atrium posterior wall were performed with 20 watts for up to 15 seconds, and were interrupted in case of increased esophageal temperature &gt; 38&#176;C. Applications to the left atrium posterior wall were monitored through an esophageal thermometer with multiple coated sensors (Circa(r)), and were stopped whenever there was a change in esophageal temperature above 38&#176;C. During all procedures performed with an electroanatomical mapping system based on thoracic impedance (EnSite Navx - Abbott(r)), IV heparin <italic>bolus</italic> of 100mg/kg was performed, followed by continuous infusion to keep activated coagulation time between 350 and 450s.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definitions of anatomical variants of the pulmonary veins</title>
        <p>The vein anatomy was defined as normal when two right pulmonary veins and two distinct left pulmonary veins were viewed, and the presence of the left common trunk was defined when the two left pulmonary veins coalesced on a path &gt; 10 mm from before insertion into the left atrium in a common ostium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Examples of patients with Common Trunk of the Left Pulmonary Veins (LCT) obtained from Computed Tomography performed before the catheter ablation procedure. In all cases, the left pulmonary veins coalesce before insertion into the left atrium and the minimum distance between the common ostium and the beginning of the bifurcation between the lower and upper branches of the common trunk is 10 mm. All the examples are in the posterior-anterior projection highlighting the posterior wall of the left atrium.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0824-80181-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical follow-up</title>
        <p>After the procedure, patients remained on antiarrhythmic drugs (propafenone, sotalol or amiodarone depending on the preference of the attending physician) for 1 month, and anticoagulant for at least 3 months regardless of CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc. There was a clinical follow-up of 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after the procedure with ECG and at least two continuous 5-day electrocardiographic <italic>(Holter)</italic> monitoring throughout the whole clinical follow-up. At the 10th week after ablation, patients were encouraged to undergo a 5-day Holter. Any atrial arrhythmia greater than 30 seconds duration documented after 1 month of <italic>blanking period</italic> indicated arrhythmia recurrence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Symptoms severity before ablation and during any recurrences was characterized by the <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society Severity of Atrial Fibrillation</italic> (CCS-SAF) score, and the score of atrial fibrillation related symptoms of the <italic>European Heart Rhythm Association (</italic>EHRA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Patient characteristics and procedures, recurrence rates after a single procedure, and complication rates were compared according to the groups: LCT (case) or non-LCT (control). The sample size was determined by a 1: 4 ratio for cases and controls with study power of 80%.</p>
        <p>Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation and compared using unpaired Student's t-test (two-tailed), respecting the criteria of normality by Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were described by absolute number and percentages in relation to the total sample, and were compared using the &#967;&#178; test or Fisher's exact test. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%. Kaplan-Meier curve was used to evidence the relapse-free rates over the follow-up time, and Log-Rank test was used to evaluate the difference between the groups (LCT x non-LCT). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Editor software, version 22.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>One hundred and seventy-two patients were enrolled between 2011 and 2015 in a single center in Brazil. Thirty (17%) had LCT. There was no difference in follow-up time between cases and controls, with all patients completing a minimum follow-up of 12 months.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the clinical characteristics of patients with LCT and non-LCT undergoing PAF ablation during the study. Variables such as age (58 &#177; 10 vs 62 &#177; 11 years), gender (71% vs 69% men), BMI (28 &#177; 4 vs 27 &#177; 3.5 kg/m&#178;), LVEF (65 &#177; 8% vs 66 &#177; 9%), diameter of the left atrium (38 &#177; 5 mm vs. 39 &#177; 6 mm) presented no differences between the non-LCT and LCT groups, respectively. The prevalence of other comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and risk score (CHA<sub>2</sub>D<sub>2</sub>-VASc) for stroke were similar among the samples. There was no significant difference in the severity of symptoms associated with AF (CCS-SAF and EHRA scores) between cases and controls. Four percent of the patients had a previous history of stroke.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of patients undergoing AF ablation, categorization by presence of common trunk of the pulmonary veins</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">n-LCT (n = 142)</th>
              <th align="center">LCT (n = 30)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">58.1 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">62.5 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender (Male)</td>
              <td align="center">101 (71)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (69.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction - %</td>
              <td align="center">64.4 &#177; 8.7 (33 - 86)</td>
              <td align="center">66.2 &#177; 8.5 (46 - 77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diameter of the LA - mm</td>
              <td align="center">38 &#177; 5.2 (27 - 53)</td>
              <td align="center">38.7 &#177; 6.3 (31 - 50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">82 (58.3)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (61.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM2</td>
              <td align="center">16 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD</td>
              <td align="center">30 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior Stroke/TIA</td>
              <td align="center">6 (4.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CCF</td>
              <td align="center">10 (7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CHA2DS2-VASc</td>
              <td align="center">1.49 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>AF - Symptoms</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CCS SAF score</td>
              <td align="center">2.07 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EHRA score</td>
              <td align="center">2.04 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medications</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statins</td>
              <td align="center">41 (28)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE or ARA Inhibitor</td>
              <td align="center">45 (31)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (42)</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antiarrhythmic medication</td>
              <td align="center">121 (85)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (73)</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values with &#177; indicate mean and standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; CAD: coronary artery disease; Stroke / TIA: stroke / transient ischemic attack; CCS SAF: Canadian Cardiovascular Society Severity of Atrial Fibrillation scale; EHRA: European Heart Rhythm Association; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; ARA: Angiotensin receptor antagonist 2. Student's t test and &#967;<sup>2</sup> for independent samples.* p-value indicates a statistically significant difference at the level of 5%.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedure efficacy and safety</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows a relapse rate for AF of 27% and 10% in the non-LCT and LCT groups (OR: 3.4; p: 0.04), after a follow-up time of 34 &#177; 17 and 26 &#177; 15 months respectively for cases and controls. Kaplan-Meier curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) highlights the lower proportion of relapse in the LCT group during the study.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efficacy of procedures and complications categorized by presence of left common trunk of the pulmonary veins</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Procedures</th>
                <th align="center">n-LCT (n = 142)</th>
                <th align="center">LCT (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">OR</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF relapse</td>
                <td align="center">39 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">3.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Follow-up time</td>
                <td align="center">34 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Complications</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pseudoaneurysm</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inguinal hematoma</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.86</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>OR: Odds ratio; NA: not applicable; Student t test and &#967;<sup>2</sup> for independent samples.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p-value indicates a statistically significant difference at the level of 5%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier curves for AF relapse after catheter ablation categorized by the presence of the left common trunk of the pulmonary veins; Log-rank test for comparison of recurrence curves between groups (LCT x n-LCT). p-value = 0.04</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0824-80181-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>There were no major complications (TIA / stroke / Peripheral embolism, atrial-esophageal fistula or cardiac perforation / tamponade requiring surgery) related to procedures and / or hospitalization. Among the minor complications (inguinal hematoma, retroperitoneal bleeding, pseudoaneurysms or AV fistulas, PV stenosis, pericardial effusions or phrenic nerve palsy) there were 4 pseudoaneurysms and 1 inguinal hematoma, all in the non-LCT group, treated clinically without surgical intervention (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). There were no deaths or reports of esophageal fistula during the study follow-up time.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The durability of PVs electrical isolation is directly related to the efficacy of the percutaneous treatment of AF, so that PVs electrical reconnection seems to be the main mechanism for post-ablation AF relapse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Our study suggests that pulmonary vein common left trunk patients have a more favorable clinical outcome after catheter ablation, with a clinical relapse around 10%. These results can be obtained without comprising procedure safety.</p>
      <p>LCT, when present, has been indicated as the predominant origin of the triggers of AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In the past, when the need for ablation of the 4 pulmonary veins in the same procedure was still discussed, and maneuvers were used to trigger AF, some authors suggested that when AF originated in LCT, it was not necessary to perform right PV ablation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Over the years, this concept proved to be inadequate because some recurrences occurred from foci in the right PVs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> For this reason, currently the information on the presence of the left common trunk helps more in the indication of the procedure rather than in the definition of the ablation strategy, which, unless otherwise indicated, will include the ablation of the LCT and the right PVs.</p>
      <p>In the present case-control/single-centered study of patients undergoing the first ablation procedure for PAF, it is suggested that - in comparison to the standard anatomy - the presence of the LCT favors the results in the percutaneous treatment of AF, with lower recurrence rate and low complication rates in a long-term analysis. These findings highlight the importance of knowing PVs anatomy for the efficacy and safety of AF ablation.</p>
      <p>The definition of LCT (approximately 20% of the sample) deserves discussion. In general, the diagnosis is quite simple, through detomography or cardiac resonance. In our study, we chose an unequivocal definition of common trunk, that is, when there was a minimum distance of 10 mm between the common ostium of the left PVs and the bifurcation of their left lower and upper branches. Thus, the diagnosis of LCT was intentionally simplified. This aspect has important clinical relevance. When identifying LCT, the clinical decision for catheter ablation can be simplified because the patient with this type of anatomical change has an excellent clinical result after ablation. In fact, there was no comparison between ablation and the use of antiarrhythmic drugs in this subgroup, but it is worth remembering that all patients ablated in our study were unresponsive to antiarrhythmic drugs.</p>
      <p>This observation has an important practical effect. In clinical practice, it is not uncommon that patients with AF and anatomically normal heart by transthoracic echocardiography undergo numerous diagnostic tests. As a rule, these patients undergo multiple stress tests, 24-hour <italic>Holters,</italic> and even coronary angiography with the intention of diagnosing a possible trigger for AF. Infrequently, however, these patients undergo heart CT/MRI that, if properly performed, could define the pulmonary venous anatomy and assist in the clinical decision facilitating the indication of catheter ablation.</p>
      <p>Our study is not aligned with evidence that the presence of PVs anatomical variations (number and disposition) would be associated with a higher and more advanced degree of atrial remodeling from the electrical and structural point of view and, consequently, worse post-ablation outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In our results, the relapse rate in the LCT group was 3 times lower than in the non-LCT group, with patients' clinical characteristics being similar and homogeneous in all analyzes.</p>
      <p>From the technical point of view, the presence of LCT facilitates the manipulation and the contact of the ablation catheter in the left atrium. The simpler the manipulation, the better the contact with the region to be ablated. Recent studies have shown that the tissue-to-contact relationship during ablation is crucial for lesion formation and is linked to better outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Therefore, efficient tissue contact presumes a greater energy delivery through radiofrequency and formation of a more stable and homogeneous scar,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> which would ultimately result in a longer lasting isolation of PVs. That way, other studies using cryoablation also presented a more favorable result in patients with LCT. In cryoablation studies, however, the presence of LCT was not related to a more satisfactory outcome when compared to patients without the structure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and efficacy and safety outcomes in patients undergoing catheter ablation in the treatment of AF. This is a case-control study and, certainly, there are limitations. First, the sample size is small and may not be sufficient to detect differences between the two groups, particularly because of the low prevalence of LCT. Second, the presence of observation bias is recognized, since PVs anatomy is revealed during the procedure. Third, no detailed tool was used to assess symptoms in the presence of AF, but rather CCS-SAF and the EHRA score, which are generic scales for symptomatic evaluation. Despite this, the study provides an interesting perspective on the invasive treatment of AF in patients with LCT.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In our sample, patients with LCT who underwent the first catheter ablation procedure to treat PAF presented a lower rate of relapse compared to patients without this anatomical alteration. The research on LCT should be incorporated to the investigation of PAF patients because ablation is more effective in this group of patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina under the protocol number 45509015600000121. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Resultado da Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica Depende da Anatomia das Veias Pulmonares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Odozynski</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forno</surname>
            <given-names>Alexander Romeno Janner Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lewandowski</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>d'Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmia e Marcapasso - Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriel Odozynski</bold>, Rodovia SC 401 - Hospital SOS Cardio. CEP 88030-000, Itacorubi, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cardio.gabriel@gmail.com</email>, <email>gabrielodozynski@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Odozynski G, Dal Forno ARJ, Lewandowski A, d'Avila A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Odozynski G, d'Avila A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> As veias pulmonares (VP) s&#227;o frequentemente o local de origem da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). Ocasionalmente, as VPs esquerdas confluem em um tronco comum (TrCE) proporcionando uma estrutura mais simples para abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Tem-se como objetivo comparar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o em pacientes portadores de FA parox&#237;stica (FAP) com ou sem TrCE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Met&#243;dos:</title>
          <p> Estudo do tipo caso-controle de pacientes submetidos ao primeiro procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para FAP refrat&#225;ria a drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas. As informa&#231;&#245;es foram retiradas dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes por meio de instrumento digital de coleta e indexadas a uma base de dados online (Syscardio(r)). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e procedimentos foram comparados entre pacientes com e sem TrCE (TrCE x n-TrCE), sendo adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%. O desfecho prim&#225;rio associado &#224; efic&#225;cia foi aus&#234;ncia de arritmia atrial ao longo do seguimento com &#250;nico procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Cento e setenta e dois pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 30 (17%) TrCE e 142 (83%) n-TrCE. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, comorbidades, severidade de sintomas e escores de risco n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos. Houve recorr&#234;ncia da FA em 27% dos pacientes do grupo n&#227;o-TrCE e em apenas 10% dos pacientes do grupo TrCE (OR: 3,4 p: 0.04) ap&#243;s um seguimento de 34&#177;17 e 26&#177;15 meses respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Pacientes com TrCE apresentam significativamente menor taxa de recorr&#234;ncia quando comparados a pacientes sem esta estrutura. &#201; imprescind&#237;vel relatar os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA na vig&#234;ncia de varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas das VPs. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Veias Pulmonares</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas Eletrofisiol&#243;gicas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O gatilho da atividade el&#233;trica respons&#225;vel por desencadear a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (FAP) est&#225; frequentemente localizado nas veias pulmonares (VP), de modo que o isolamento el&#233;trico das VPs &#233; o pilar terap&#234;utico no tratamento invasivo desta arritmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na maioria dos pacientes, quatro veias pulmonares chegam ao &#225;trio esquerdo. No entanto, estudos pr&#233;vios sugerem que varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas das VPs est&#227;o relacionadas a maior incid&#234;ncia de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O tronco comum esquerdo (fus&#227;o das 2 VPs esquerdas em um tronco comum [TrCE]) &#233; a mais comum das varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas das VPs, ocorrendo entre 4 e 18% dos pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se a presen&#231;a dessas varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas altera o desfecho e taxas de recorr&#234;ncia no tratamento invasivo da FAP. Como o TrCE pode ser facilmente identificado pela tomografia computadorizada, conhecer o desfecho cl&#237;nico da abla&#231;&#227;o nessa popula&#231;&#227;o pode ser relevante na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica na indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento ablativo. O objetivo deste estudo foi, portanto, comparar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e desfechos de pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FAP com e sem tronco comum esquerdo das VPs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo e participantes</title>
          <p>Estudo caso-controle, unic&#234;ntrico, realizado entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2015, sendo inclu&#237;dos pacientes (&#8805; 18 anos) submetidos ao primeiro procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para tratamento de FAP refrat&#225;ria a drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas com tempo de seguimento m&#237;nimo de 12 meses. As informa&#231;&#245;es foram coletadas e indexadas em banco de dados digital voltado para abla&#231;&#227;o de FA (SysCardio(r) software). Juntamente com a tomografia computadorizada (TC), a presen&#231;a do TrCE foi confirmada por meio de modelo atrial 3D constru&#237;do durante o procedimento com sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico por (NavX(r)). Foram exclu&#237;dos da amostra pacientes com FA persistente ou persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, pacientes com abla&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias e com FA de etiologia revers&#237;vel, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita e abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter pr&#233;via (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma do estudo: pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA categorizados por presen&#231;a de tronco esquerdo das veias pulmonares.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0824-80181-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos e protocolo de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral, intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal e monitoramento invasivo da press&#227;o arterial por pun&#231;&#227;o radial ou femoral esquerda aos cuidados de anestesiologista. As pun&#231;&#245;es transeptais foram realizadas com aux&#237;lio de eco intracard&#237;aco, o qual foi mantido durante todo o procedimento.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao isolamento circunferencial das VPs por meio de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter irrigado com ponta de 3.5 mm sem aferi&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a de contato, utilizando energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia com aplica&#231;&#245;es de at&#233; 35 watts e 43&#176;C por 30-45 segundos e demonstra&#231;&#227;o de bloqueio el&#233;trico de entrada e sa&#237;da das VPs em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio esquerdo ao final do isolamento. Ap&#243;s a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de bloqueio de entrada e sa&#237;da, os pacientes receberam 18mg de adenosina IV em <italic>bolus.</italic> Nos casos em que houve reconex&#227;o el&#233;trica, novas aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia foram realizadas guiadas por mapa de ativa&#231;&#227;o at&#233; que a reconex&#227;o mediada pela infus&#227;o de adenosina n&#227;o mais ocorresse. As aplica&#231;&#245;es na parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo foram realizadas com 20 watts por at&#233; 15 segundos e interrompidas no caso de eleva&#231;&#227;o da temperatura esof&#225;gica &gt; 38&#176;C. Aplica&#231;&#245;es na parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo foram monitoradas por meio de term&#244;metro esof&#225;gico com sensores m&#250;ltiplos recobertos (Circa<sup>(r)</sup>) e interrompidas sempre que houvesse altera&#231;&#227;o na temperatura esof&#225;gica acima de 38&#176;C. Durante todos os procedimentos, realizados com sistema de mapeamento eletro-anat&#244;mico baseado em imped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica (EnSite Navx - Abbott<sup>(r)</sup>), foi realizado <italic>bolus</italic> de heparina IV de 100mg/kg seguido de infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua para manter um tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado entre 350 e 450s.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es das variantes anat&#244;micas das veias pulmonares</title>
          <p>A anatomia venosa foi definida como normal quando visualizadas duas veias pulmonares direitas e duas veias pulmonares esquerdas distintas enquanto a presen&#231;a de tronco comum esquerdo foi definida quando as duas veias pulmonares esquerdas coalesciam por um trajeto &gt; 10 mm desde antes da inser&#231;&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo em um &#243;stio comum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Exemplos de pacientes com Tronco Comum das Veias Pulmonares Esquerdas (TrCE) obtidas a partir de Tomografia Computadorizada realizada antes do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Em todos os casos, as veias pulmonares esquerdas coalescem antes da inser&#231;&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo e a dist&#226;ncia m&#237;nima entre o ostio comum e o in&#237;cio da bifurca&#231;&#227;o entre os ramos inferior e superior do tronco comum &#233; de 10 mm. Todos os exemplos est&#227;o na proje&#231;&#227;o p&#243;stero-anterior destacando a parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0824-80181-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento cl&#237;nico</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento, os pacientes permaneceram em uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas (propafenona, sotalol ou amiodarona dependendo da prefer&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico assistente) por 1 m&#234;s e de anticoagulante por um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 3 meses independentemente do CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc. Realizado acompanhamento cl&#237;nico 1, 3, 6 e 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento com realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECG e no m&#237;nimo duas monitoriza&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas cont&#237;nuas <italic>(Holter)</italic> de 5 dias ao longo de todo o seguimento cl&#237;nico. Na 10<sup>a</sup> semana ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram encorajados a realizar um <italic>Holter</italic> de 5 dias. Qualquer arritmia atrial maior que 30 segundos de dura&#231;&#227;o documentada ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s de <italic>blanking period</italic> indicou recorr&#234;ncia da arritmia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A severidade dos sintomas antes da abla&#231;&#227;o e durante as eventuais recorr&#234;ncias foi caracterizada pelo escore CCS-SAF (<italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society Severity of Atrial Fibrillation</italic>) e pelo EHRA (<italic>European Heart Rhythm Association score of atrial fibrillation related symptoms</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e os procedimentos, as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s um &#250;nico procedimento e as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es foram comparadas de acordo com os grupos: TrCE (caso) ou n&#227;o-TrCE (controle). O tamanho amostral foi determinado por propor&#231;&#227;o 1:4 para casos e controles com poder de estudo igual a 80%.</p>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas utilizando-se teste-T de Student n&#227;o pareado (bicaudal), respeitando-se os crit&#233;rios de normalidade pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; amostra total, sendo comparadas utilizando-se o teste de &#967;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> ou Exato de Fischer. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%. A curva de Kaplan-Meier foi utilizada para evidenciar as taxas livres de recorr&#234;ncia ao longo do tempo de seguimento e o teste de Log-Rank para avaliar diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (TrCE x n&#227;o-TCE). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se IBM SPSS Statistics Editor software, vers&#227;o 22.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Cento e setenta e dois pacientes foram cadastrados entre 2011 e 2015 em um &#250;nico centro no Brasil. Trinta (17%) apresentavam TrCE. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no tempo de seguimento entre casos e controles, sendo que todos os pacientes completaram seguimento m&#237;nimo de 12 meses.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com TrCE e n&#227;o-TrCE submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FAP durante o estudo. Vari&#225;veis como idade (58 &#177; 10 vs 62 &#177; 11 anos), sexo (71% vs 69% homens), IMC (28 &#177; 4 vs 27 &#177; 3.5 kg/m&#178;), FEVE (65 &#177; 8% vs 66 &#177; 9%), di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esq. (38 &#177; 5 mm vs 39 &#177; 6 mm) n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos n&#227;o-TrCE e TrCE, respectivamente. A preval&#234;ncia de outras comorbidades incluindo hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e escore de risco (CHA<sub>2</sub>D<sub>2</sub>-VASc) para acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) foram semelhantes entre as amostras. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa quanto &#224; severidade dos sintomas associados &#224; FA (escores CCS-SAF e EHRA) entre os casos e controles. Quatro por cento dos pacientes apresentavam hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de AVC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, categoriza&#231;&#227;o por presen&#231;a de tronco comum das veias pulmonares</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">n-TrCE (n = 142)</th>
                <th align="center">TrCE (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">58,1 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">62,5 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo (masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (71)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (69,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE - %</td>
                <td align="center">64,4 &#177; 8,7 (33 - 86)</td>
                <td align="center">66,2 &#177; 8,5 (46 - 77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do AE - mm</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 5,2 (27 - 53)</td>
                <td align="center">38,7 &#177; 6,3 (31 - 50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">82 (58,3)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (61,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM2</td>
                <td align="center">16 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC</td>
                <td align="center">30 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC/AIT pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICC</td>
                <td align="center">10 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</td>
                <td align="center">1,49 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>FA - Sintomas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CCS SAF escore</td>
                <td align="center">2,07 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EHRA escore</td>
                <td align="center">2,04 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">41 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidor ECA ou ARA</td>
                <td align="center">45 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medicamento antiarr&#237;tmico</td>
                <td align="center">121 (85)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Valores com &#177; indicam a m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; AVC/AIT: acidente vascular cerebral/ ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; CCS SAF: Canadian Cardiovascular Society Severity of Atrial Fibrillation scale; EHRA: European Heart Rhythm Association; ECA: Enzima conversora de angiotensina; ARA: Antagonista do receptor de angiotensina 2. Teste t de Student e &#967;<sup>2</sup> para amostras independentes. * p-valor indica diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao n&#237;vel de 5%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a dos procedimentos</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref> mostra uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia para FA de 27% e 10% nos grupos n&#227;o-TrCE e TrCE (OR:3.4; p:0.04), ap&#243;s tempo de seguimento de 34 &#177; 17 e 26 &#177; 15 meses, respectivamente para casos e controles. A curva Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>) destaca a menor propor&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia no grupo TrCE durante o estudo.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efic&#225;cia dos procedimentos e complica&#231;&#245;es categorizadas por presen&#231;a de tronco comum esquerdo das veias pulmonares</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Procedimentos</th>
                  <th align="center">n-TrCE (n = 142)</th>
                  <th align="center">TrCE (n = 30)</th>
                  <th align="center">OR</th>
                  <th align="center">p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Recorr&#234;ncia de FA</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de seguimento</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pseudoaneurisma</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hematoma inguinal</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>OR: Odds ratio; NA: n&#227;o se aplica; Teste t de Student e &#967;<sup>2</sup> para amostras independentes.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p-valor indica diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao n&#237;vel de 5%.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para recorr&#234;ncia de FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter categorizada por presen&#231;a de tronco comum esquerdo das veias pulmonares; Teste de Log-Rank para compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas de recorr&#234;ncia entre os grupros (TrCExn-TrCE). p-valor = 0.04</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0824-80181-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (AIT/AVC/Embolismo perif&#233;rico, f&#237;stula &#225;trio-esof&#225;gica ou perfura&#231;&#227;o/tamponamento card&#237;aco com necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica) relacionadas aos procedimentos e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es menores (hematoma inguinal, sangramento retroperitoneal, pseudoaneurismas ou f&#237;stulas AV, estenose de VPs, derrames peric&#225;rdicos ou paralisia do nervo fr&#234;nico) houve 4 pseudoaneurismas e 1 hematoma inguinal, todos no grupo n&#227;o-TrCE, tratados clinicamente sem interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). N&#227;o houve nenhum &#243;bito ou relato de f&#237;stula esofagiana durante o tempo de seguimento do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A durabilidade do isolamento el&#233;trico das VPs est&#225; diretamente relacionada &#224; efic&#225;cia do tratamento percut&#226;neo da FA, de modo que a reconex&#227;o el&#233;trica das VPs parece ser o principal mecanismo para recorr&#234;ncia da FA p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Nosso estudo sugere que pacientes com tronco comum esquerdo das veias pulmonares apresentam um desfecho cl&#237;nico mais favor&#225;vel ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, com uma recorr&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica em torno de 10%. Esses resultados podem ser obtidos sem comprometer a seguran&#231;a do procedimento.</p>
        <p>O TrCE, quando presente, tem sido apontado como a origem predominante dos gatilhos de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No passado, quando ainda se discutia a necessidade de abla&#231;&#227;o das 4 veias pulmonares em um mesmo procedimento e utilizavam-se manobras para deflagrar a FA, alguns autores sugeriam que quando a FA se originava no TrCE, n&#227;o era necess&#225;rio realizar a abla&#231;&#227;o das VPs direitas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Ao longo dos anos, esse conceito mostrou-se inadequado j&#225; que algumas recorr&#234;ncias ocorriam a partir de focos nas VPs direitas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Por esta raz&#227;o, na atualidade, a informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a presen&#231;a do tronco comum esquerdo auxilia mais na indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento do que na defini&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o que, salvo exce&#231;&#245;es, incluir&#225; a abla&#231;&#227;o do TrCE e das VPs direitas.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, caso-controle/unic&#234;ntrico de pacientes submetidos ao primeiro procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o para FAP, sugere-se que - comparativamente &#224; anatomia padr&#227;o - a presen&#231;a do TrCE favorece os resultados no tratamento percut&#226;neo da FA, com menor taxa de recorr&#234;ncia e baixas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es numa an&#225;lise em longo prazo. Estes achados destacam a import&#226;ncia do conhecimento da anatomia das VPs em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA.</p>
        <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o do TrCE (aproximadamente 20% da amostra) merece discuss&#227;o. De uma maneira geral, o diagn&#243;stico &#233; bastante simples por meio detomografia ou resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca. Em nosso estudo, optamos por uma defini&#231;&#227;o inequ&#237;voca de tronco comum, ou seja, quando havia uma dist&#226;ncia m&#237;nima de 10 mm entre o &#243;stio comum das VPs esquerdas e a bifurca&#231;&#227;o dos seus ramos inferior e superior esquerdos. Dessa maneira, o diagn&#243;stico de TrCE foi propositadamente simplificado. Esse aspecto tem importante relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Ao identificar o TrCE, a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica pela abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter pode ser simplificada j&#225; que o paciente com esse tipo de altera&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica tem um excelente resultado cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. Em verdade, n&#227;o houve compara&#231;&#227;o entre a abla&#231;&#227;o e o uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas nesse subgrupo, mas vale a pena lembrar que todos os pacientes submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o em nosso estudo eram refrat&#225;rios a drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas.</p>
        <p>Essa observa&#231;&#227;o tem importante cunho pr&#225;tico. N&#227;o &#233; infrequente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica que pacientes com FA e cora&#231;&#227;o definido como anatomicamente normal pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico sejam submetidos a in&#250;meras provas diagn&#243;sticas. Por via de regra, esses pacientes realizam m&#250;ltiplos testes ergom&#233;tricos, <italic>Holters</italic> de 24 horas e at&#233; cineangicoronariografia com a inten&#231;&#227;o de diagnosticar um poss&#237;vel gatilho para a FA. Infrequentemente, entretanto, esses pacientes realizam CT/RNM de cora&#231;&#227;o que, se adequadamente realizadas, poderiam definir a anatomia venosa pulmonar e auxiliar na decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica facilitando a indica&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo n&#227;o se alinha com as evid&#234;ncias de que a presen&#231;a de varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas das VPs (n&#250;mero e disposi&#231;&#227;o) estaria associada a maior e mais avan&#231;ado grau de remodelamento atrial do ponto de vista el&#233;trico e estrutural e, consequentemente, pior desfecho p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Em nossos resultados, a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia no grupo com TrCE foi 3 vezes menor que no grupo n&#227;o-TrCE, sendo as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes equivalentes e homog&#234;neas em todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>Do ponto de vista t&#233;cnico, a presen&#231;a do TrCE facilita a manipula&#231;&#227;o e o contato do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo. Quanto mais simples a manipula&#231;&#227;o, melhor o contato com a regi&#227;o a ser ablacionada. Estudos recentes demonstraram que a rela&#231;&#227;o tecido-contato durante abla&#231;&#227;o &#233; crucial para forma&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o e est&#225; vinculado a melhores desfechos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Portanto, um contato eficiente com o tecido presume uma maior entrega de energia pela radiofrequ&#234;ncia e forma&#231;&#227;o de uma cicatriz mais est&#225;vel e homog&#234;nea,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> o que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, resultaria num isolamento mais duradouro das VPs. Nesse sentido, outros estudos utilizando crioabla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m apresentaram um resultado mais favor&#225;vel em pacientes com TrCE. Nos estudos com crioabla&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, a presen&#231;a de TrCE n&#227;o esteve relacionada a um desfecho mais satisfat&#243;rio quando comparado a pacientes sem a estrutura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O objetivo desde estudo foi descrever as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e desfechos de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a em pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter no tratamento da FA. Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle e certamente h&#225; limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, o tamanho da amostra &#233; pequeno e pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para detectar diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos, particularmente devido &#224; baixa preval&#234;ncia de TrCE. Segundo, reconhece-se a presen&#231;a de vi&#233;s de observa&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que a anatomia das VPs &#233; revelada durante o procedimento. Terceiro, n&#227;o se utilizou nenhuma ferramenta detalhada para avalia&#231;&#227;o de sintomas na presen&#231;a de FA, mas sim a CCS-SAF e o escore da EHRA, que s&#227;o escalas gen&#233;ricas para avalia&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica. Apesar disso, o estudo fornece interessante perspectiva sobre o tratamento invasivo da FA em pacientes com TrCE.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nossa amostra, pacientes com TrCE submetidos ao primeiro procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para o tratamento da FAP apresentam menor taxa de recorr&#234;ncia comparativamente aos pacientes sem esta altera&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica. A pesquisa de TrCE deve ser incorporada &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FAP uma vez que a abla&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais eficaz nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 45509015600000121. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
