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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BBvpqxgDd8CYvdPP5kXcwfh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001800822</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180235</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Can Non-Pharmacological Treatment Promote Additional Benefit for Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia Treated with Statins?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antoniazzi</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiza Antoniazzi</bold> Avenida Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>luiza.antoniazzi@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>822</fpage>
      <lpage>823</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Dietary Fats</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia/blood</kwd>
        <kwd>Statins/therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is described as an autosomal dominant hereditary disease characterized by elevation of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL-c).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>FH is considered a major modifiable risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The early institution of lipid-lowering therapy and its lifelong maintenance are important aspects in the prevention of premature CVD and the risk of death in this population, increasing life expectancy in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The current guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> recommend, pharmacological treatment for individuals aged 8 to 10 years. It should only be used for younger children with extreme elevation of LDL-c and associated risk factors. Radaelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> performed a meta-analysis with ten randomized clinical trials conducted with children and adolescents from 8 to 18 years of age who underwent therapy with statins for FH. They showed the statins significantly reduced LDL-c in children with FH.</p>
    <p>This study contributed to the evaluation of the effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy in children with FH. However, there are no data on efficacy and safety in the long term. The included studies ranged from 12 to 104 weeks and considering that individuals with FH will need lifelong treatment, it is extremely important that safety studies of different types of treatment be carried out with longer study times.</p>
    <p>The importance of drug treatment to avoid unfavorable outcomes in individuals with FH should be considered, but care should be broader and include good detection strategies as well as the implementation of non-pharmacological treatment.</p>
    <p>The most cost-effective strategy for FH diagnosis is the screening of mutations in first degree relatives of individuals identified with FH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In screening rounds, first degree relatives identified with FH become the index cases and their relatives are traced. This is referred to as cascading genetic screening. The molecular diagnosis of FH can, in addition to identifying affected relatives, allows them to receive the adequate treatment. Children are the biggest beneficiaries of the screening program as they have the possibility of initiating treatment before high cholesterol levels have caused a high degree of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The consensus of the European Atherosclerosis Society<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and the I<sup>st</sup> Brazilian Guideline for Familial Hypercholesterolemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> is that dietary treatment is required in addition to pharmacological treatment of patients with FH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The nutritional treatment is of great importance, as it helps to control classical and additional factors. Adequate eating habits, which may help reduce LDL-c levels in people with FH, are also important in treating and preventing additional risk factors such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes, obesity, oxidative stress, inflammatory process, and endothelial dysfunction, involved in the complex multifactorial mechanism of atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Among the dietary recommendations for FH, one of the few tested with a sample of individuals with this genetic disease is the possibility of reducing total cholesterol and LDL-c with phytosterol consumption, with most of the evidence coming from samples of children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The study by Radaelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> has great relevance and reinforces the need for constant searches for advances in treatment of FH individuals from childhood. Future studies should be conducted drug treatment and lifestyle changes jointly, considering dietary patterns and levels of physical activity, also little studied in children with FH. Adopting the best lifelong treatment may have benefits beyond lipid control, for example controlling comorbidities such as inflammation, obesity, and changes in blood pressure.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Statin Treatments And Dosages In Children With Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Meta-Analysis</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Tratamento n&#227;o Farmacol&#243;gico pode Promover Benef&#237;cios Adicionais para Crian&#231;as com Hipercolesterolemia Familiar Tratadas com Estatinas?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Antoniazzi</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiza Antoniazzi</bold> Avenida Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>luiza.antoniazzi@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a, Gorduras na Dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia/sangue</kwd>
        <kwd>Estatinas/uso tera&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Hipolipemiante Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) &#233; descrita como uma doen&#231;a heredit&#225;ria autoss&#244;mica dominante, caracterizada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total e da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A HF &#233; considerada um importante fator de risco modific&#225;vel para o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose e doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O in&#237;cio imediato da terapia hipolipemiante e sua manuten&#231;&#227;o ao longo da vida s&#227;o aspectos importantes na preven&#231;&#227;o de DCV prematura e risco de morte nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, aumentando a expectativa de vida nesses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As diretrizes atuais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> recomendam, tratamento farmacol&#243;gico para crian&#231;as com idade entre 8 a 10 anos. Deve ser usado apenas em crian&#231;as menores com eleva&#231;&#227;o extrema do LDL-c e fatores de risco associados. Radaelli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> realizaram uma metan&#225;lise com dez ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados realizados com crian&#231;as e adolescentes de 8 a 18 anos de idade que realizaram terapia com estatinas para a HF. Eles mostraram que as estatinas reduziram significativamente o LDL-c em crian&#231;as com HF.</p>
      <p>Este estudo contribuiu para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da terapia hipolipemiante em crian&#231;as com HF. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; dados sobre efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a a longo prazo. Os estudos variaram de 12 a 104 semanas e considerando que os indiv&#237;duos com HF precisar&#227;o de tratamento vital&#237;cio, &#233; extremamente importante que os estudos de seguran&#231;a de diferentes tipos de tratamento sejam realizados com tempos de estudo mais longos.</p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia do tratamento medicamentoso para evitar desfechos desfavor&#225;veis em indiv&#237;duos com HF deve ser considerada, mas os cuidados devem ser mais amplos e incluir boas estrat&#233;gias de detec&#231;&#227;o, bem como a implementa&#231;&#227;o de tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>A estrat&#233;gia mais custo-efetiva para o diagn&#243;stico da HF &#233; a triagem de muta&#231;&#245;es em familiares de primeiro grau de indiv&#237;duos identificados com HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Nos exames de triagem, parentes de primeiro grau identificados com HF tornam-se os casos &#237;ndices e seus parentes s&#227;o rastreados. Isso &#233; chamado de rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata. O diagn&#243;stico molecular da HF pode, al&#233;m de identificar os familiares afetados, permitir que eles recebam o tratamento adequado. As crian&#231;as s&#227;o as maiores benefici&#225;rias do programa de triagem, pois t&#234;m a possibilidade de iniciar o tratamento antes que os n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol tenham causado um alto grau de aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O consenso da <italic>European Atherosclerosis Society</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e da I&#170; Diretriz Brasileira de Hipercolesterolemia Familiar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#233; que o tratamento diet&#233;tico &#233; necess&#225;rio, al&#233;m do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico de pacientes com HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O tratamento nutricional &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia, pois ajuda a controlar fatores cl&#225;ssicos e adicionais. H&#225;bitos alimentares adequados, que podem ajudar a reduzir os n&#237;veis de LDL-c em pessoas com HF, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o importantes no tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco adicionais, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes, obesidade, estresse oxidativo, processo inflamat&#243;rio e disfun&#231;&#227;o endothelial, envolvida no complexo mecanismo multifatorial da aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Entre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas para a HF, uma das poucas testadas com uma amostra de indiv&#237;duos com essa doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica, &#233; a possibilidade de reduzir o colesterol total e o LDL-c com o consumo de fitosterol, com a maioria das evid&#234;ncias provenientes de amostras de crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O estudo de Radaelli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> tem grande relev&#226;ncia e refor&#231;a a necessidade de constantes pesquisas de avan&#231;os no tratamento da pessoa com HF desde a inf&#226;ncia. Estudos futuros devem ser conduzidos em conjunto com o tratamento medicamentoso e mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, considerando padr&#245;es alimentares e n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica, tamb&#233;m pouco estudados em crian&#231;as com HF. Adotar o melhor tratamento ao longo da vida pode trazer benef&#237;cios al&#233;m do controle de lip&#237;dios, como por exemplo, controlar comorbidades, como inflama&#231;&#227;o, obesidade e altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Tratamentos e Dosagens de Estatinas em Crian&#231;as com Hipercolesterolemia Familiar: Uma Meta-An&#225;lise</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
