<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MyDTg47ZS6yWvKwK5RB9H3H</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001800810</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005015101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180180</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Statin Treatments And Dosages In Children With Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Radaelli</surname>
            <given-names>Graciane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sausen</surname>
            <given-names>Grasiele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cesa</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Ciceri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portal</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Lucia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neyeloff</surname>
            <given-names>Jeruza Lavanholi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lucia Campos Pellanda</bold>, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, 3&#186; andar. Postal Code 99620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pellanda.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>, <email>metodologia.up@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Radaelli G, Pellanda LC; Acquisition of data: Radaelli G, Sausen G; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Radaelli G, Cesa CC, Pellanda LC; Statistical analysis: Radaelli G, Cesa CC; Writing of the manuscript: Radaelli G, Sausen G, Cesa CC, Santos FS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Portal VL, Neyeloff JL, Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>810</fpage>
      <lpage>821</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Children with familial hypercholesterolemia may develop early endothelial damage leading to a high risk for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Statins have been shown to be effective in lowering LDL cholesterol levels and cardiovascular events in adults. The effect of statin treatment in the pediatric population is not clearly demonstrated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To systematically review the literature to evaluate the effects of different statins and dosages in total cholesterol levels in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia. We also aimed to evaluate statin safety in this group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>PubMed, EMBASE, Bireme, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SciELO and LILACS databases, were searched for articles published from inception until February 2016. Two independent reviewers performed the quality assessment of the included studies. We performed a meta-analysis with random effects and inverse variance, and subgroup analyses were performed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Ten trials involving a total of 1543 patients met the inclusion criteria. Our study showed reductions in cholesterol levels according to the intensity of statin doses (high, intermediate and low): (-104.61 mg/dl, -67.60 mg/dl, -56.96 mg/dl) and in the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: [-105.03 mg/dl (95% CI -115.76, -94.30), I2 19.2%], [-67.85 mg/dl (95% CI -83.36, -52.35), I2 99.8%], [-58.97 mg/dl (95% CI -67.83, -50.11), I2 93.8%. The duration of statin therapy in the studies ranged from 8 to 104 weeks, precluding conclusions about long-term effects.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Statin treatment is efficient in lowering lipids in children with FH. There is need of large, long-term and randomized controlled trials to establish the long-term safety of statins.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Statins</kwd>
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia Type II/genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Children</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a dominant autosomal genetic disease. The worldwide prevalence is of 1 in 250 people affected with the heterozygous form (HeFH) of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> FH is characterized by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol due the reduced hepatic capacity to remove LDL-cholesterol from blood circulation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> which can result in early atherosclerosis development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Further, children with FH have damage in the endothelial function and increased intima-media thickness (IMT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> indicating early atherogenesis.</p>
      <p>The hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors or statins decrease the coronary morbidity and mortality in high-risk adults. They have proven to be effective in decreasing LDL-cholesterol levels and cardiovascular events in adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Statins are one of the most prescribed drugs in the world<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> for adults and, in usual doses, are notably safe.</p>
      <p>The expert consensus recommends drug treatment for children older than 10 years old with LDL-cholesterol level &#8805; 5 mmol/L (190 mg/dl), whose cholesterol levels remain elevated despite diet measures during the period from 8 weeks to 2 years for children ages 8-18 years. It is also considered the treatment for those with LDL-cholesterol &#8805; 4 mmol/L (160 mg/dl) with the presence of two or more cardiovascular risk factors or family history of CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> has approved the use of some statins like simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin and lovastatin for pediatric and adolescent patients. Pravastatin is approved for use at 8 years of age, other statins are approved for use from 10 years on<italic>.</italic> FDA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> recommends statins for children with FH, primary or genetic dyslipidemia. The treatment to reduce cholesterol levels in pediatric patients is based on evidence involving only adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The effect of statins in pediatric population has been limited to short-term randomized clinical trials (RCTs).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, the aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to evaluate the effects of different statins and the dosages in elevated plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), LDL- cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (APOB) and in decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in children and adolescents with FH. We also aimed to evaluate statin safety in this group.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A systematic review was conducted according to Cochrane Collaboration and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
        <p>Studies included RCTs performed in children and adolescents from 8 to 18 years old, submitted to statin therapy for treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. The intervention was considered as the use of statins at any dose, for at least eight weeks. Our protocol has assessed increased plasma levels of TC, LDL-cholesterol and APOB, and decreased HDL-cholesterol, in addition to seeking evidence on the effectiveness, safety and effects of statins. The RCTs were included if fulfilled the inclusion criteria and had at least one primary or secondary outcome. Studies that did not provide information on the magnitude of the intervention's effect in the control or experimental groups were excluded. When a study had several publications (or sub-studies), only the most recent was included. The other publications were used to supplement information.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Information sources</title>
        <p>The review protocol was registered in the International Register of Prospective Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), under registration number: CRD42015029350. The search comprised seven online databases - PubMed, EMBASE, Bireme, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SciELO and LILACS. It lasted from the beginning to February 2016 and was composed by entries related to the following terms: <italic>"child", "adolescents", "cholesterol", "hypercholesterolemia", "statins", "dyslipidemia", "inhibitor hidroximethylglutaril-CoA reductase"</italic>. There was no language restriction and we adopted a high-sensitivity strategy for the search of randomized controlled trials.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> To identify other primary studies, the authors searched and checked for reference lists of previously published systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The detailed strategies for PubMed are in <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Appendix I</xref>. The strategies for other databases are available upon request.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study selection and data extraction</title>
        <p>Two investigators (G.R. and G.S.), in duplicate and independently, evaluated the titles and abstracts of all articles identified by the search strategy. The abstracts that provide enough information regarding the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for full-text evaluation. In the second phase, the same reviewers independently evaluated the full text of these articles and made their selection in accordance with the eligibility criteria. Disagreements between reviewers were solved by consensus, and when disagreement persisted it was solved by a third reviewer (L.C.P.). These two reviewers (G.R. and G.S.) independently conducted data extraction regarding the methodological characteristics of the studies, interventions and outcomes using standardized forms. The CONSORT analysis instrument was used to evaluate methodological quality (internal and external validation) of the included clinical trials. The outcomes extracted in this meta-analysis were: TC (mg/dl), LDL-C (mg/dl), HDL-C (mg/dl), APOB (mg/dl).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of risk of bias</title>
        <p>Quality assessment of studies included adequate sequence generation, adequate allocation concealment, blinding of investigator, participants, and outcomes assessors, intention-to-treat analysis and description of losses and exclusions. Studies had to have a clear description of an adequate sequence generation to fulfill these criteria. The description of how the allocation list was concealed could include terms like "central", "web-base" or "telephone randomization" or computer-generation.</p>
        <p>Intention-to-treat analysis was considered as confirmation on study assessment that the number of participants randomized and the number analyzed were identical, except for patient lost to follow-up or those who withdrew consent for study participation. Two reviewers independently performed quality assessment, and, for each criterion, studies were classified as adequate, not adequate or unclear/not reported.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Synthesis and Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>All analyses were conducted using <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_livre">Software</ext-link> RStudio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> For continuous outcomes, if the unit of measurement was consistent throughout trials, results were presented as weighted mean difference with 95% of confidence intervals (CIs). Calculations were performed using random effects method and the statistical method used was inverse variance. Statistical significance defined for the analyzes as p &lt; 0.05. Statistical heterogeneity of the treatment effects among studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test and the inconsistency I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> test. In addition, sensitivity analysis of RCTs was performed to assess differences in the intervention approach (intervention group versus placebo). In studies where statins therapy compared three different arms of treatment (intervention group) versus placebo (control group), we will conduct weighted average and divide the total number of patients to the distribution of the control group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Description of studies</title>
        <p>We initially identified 16793 potentially relevant citations from electronic databases. A total of 15 RCTs were included in the synthesis of qualitative studies and10 RCTs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> were selected to the quantitative analysis. Studies that were not eligible for the quantitative analysis did not provided data on cholesterol levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> in a way that we could extract them from the article, and one study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> was not performed with a control group. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the summary of evidence search and study selection in this review. The included studies comprised a total of 1543 subjects, and they were all full peer-reviewed publications.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Summary of evidence search and study selection.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0810-80180-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the characteristics of participants and included studies. The number of participants in the studies ranged from 54 to 248. A total of 934 subjects received statin therapy and 609 received placebo. The age also varied from 8 to 18 years old. The studies have evaluated different types of statins for a period of 8 to 104 weeks.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of included studies</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Study, year</th>
                <th align="left">Randomized patients (n) intervention/placebo</th>
                <th align="left">Participants Age range</th>
                <th align="left">Intervention group</th>
                <th align="left">Control group</th>
                <th align="left">Duration of intervention</th>
                <th align="left">Statistical significance</th>
                <th align="left">Evaluated outcomes</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Knipscheer et al., 1996</td>
                <td align="left">54/18</td>
                <td align="left">8 to 16 years</td>
                <td align="left">Pravastatin: (1) 5 mg/day, (2) 10 mg/day, and (3) 20 mg/day</td>
                <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                <td align="left">12 weeks</td>
                <td align="left">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                <td align="left">TC, LDL-C, TGs, HDL-C, apo A-I, apo B, Lp(a), VLDL-C, ALT, AST, hormones</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stein et al., 1999</td>
                <td align="left">67/65</td>
                <td align="left">10 to 17 years</td>
                <td align="left">Lovastatin 10 mg/day for 8 weeks; 20 mg/d for 8 weeks, 40 mg/day</td>
                <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                <td align="left">48 weeks</td>
                <td align="left">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                <td align="left">LDL-C, TGs, TC, HDL-C, apo A-I, apo A-II, apo B, Lp(a), testicular volume, ALT, AST, hormones, growth and development</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">de Jongh et al., 2002</td>
                <td align="left">106/69</td>
                <td align="left">10 to 17 years</td>
                <td align="left">Sinvastatin 10 mg/day for 8 weeks; 20 mg/day for 8 weeks; 40 mg/day</td>
                <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                <td align="left">48 weeks</td>
                <td align="left">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                <td align="left">LDL-C, CT, TGs, HDL-C, apo A-I, apo B, VLDL-C, hsCRP, ALT, AST, hormones</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">McCrindle et al., 2003</td>
                <td align="left">140/47</td>
                <td align="left">10 to 17 years</td>
                <td align="left">Atorvastatin 10 mg/day; 20 mg/day if LDL &#8805; 3.4 at weeks 4</td>
                <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                <td align="left">26 weeks</td>
                <td align="left">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                <td align="left">LDL-C, CT, TGs, HDL-C, apo A-I, apo B, ALT, AST, hormones</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Wiegman et al., 2004</td>
                <td align="left">106/108</td>
                <td align="left">8 to 18 years</td>
                <td align="left">Pravastatin 20 mg/day if &lt;14 years of age; 40 mg/day if &#8805; 14 years of age</td>
                <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                <td align="left">104 weeks</td>
                <td align="left">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                <td align="left">LDL-C, TGs, TC, HDL-C, Lp(a), carotid IMT, growth, maturation, hormone level, liver and muscle enzymes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clauss et al., 2005</td>
                <td align="left">35/19</td>
                <td align="left">10 to 17 years</td>
                <td align="left">Lovastatin 20 mg/day for 4 weeks; 40 mg/day</td>
                <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                <td align="left">24 weeks</td>
                <td align="left">p &#8804; 0.05</td>
                <td align="left">LDL-C, TGs, HDL-C, apo A-I, apo B, Lp(a), VLDL-C, ALT, AST, hormones</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rodenburg et al., 2006</td>
                <td align="left">90/88</td>
                <td align="left">8 to 8 years</td>
                <td align="left">Pravastatin 20 mg/day if &lt;14 years of age; 40 mg/day if &#8805; 14 years of age</td>
                <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                <td align="left">104 weeks</td>
                <td align="left">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                <td align="left">LDL-C, TC, TGs, HDL-C, apo B, Lp(a), VLDL-C, carotid IMT, C-reactive protein, OxLDL markers, Immune complexes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">intervention/placebo</td>
                <td align="left">Age range</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">intervention</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">outcomes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Van der Graaf et al. 2008</td>
                <td align="left">126/122</td>
                <td align="left">10 to 17 years</td>
                <td align="left">Simvastatin: (1) 10 mg/day, 20 mg/day, or 40 mg/day plus ezetimibe 10 mg/day or placebo for 6 weeks; Sinvastatin: (2) 40 mg/day plus ezetimibe 10 mg/day or placebo for 27 weeks; All subjects received open-label: (3) simvastatin 10 mg/day or 20 mg/day plus ezetimibe <break/> 10 mg/day for 20 weeks;</td>
                <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                <td align="left">53 weeks</td>
                <td align="left">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                <td align="left">LDL-C, TC, TGs, HDL-C, apo B</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Avis et al., 2010</td>
                <td align="left">131/46</td>
                <td align="left">10 to 17 years</td>
                <td align="left">Rosuvastatin: 5 mg/day, 10 mg/day, 20mg/day</td>
                <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                <td align="left">12 weeks</td>
                <td align="left">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                <td align="left">ALT, AST, CK, GFR, urine, TC, LDL-C, TGs, HDL-C, apo A-I, apoB</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Braamskamp et al., 2015</td>
                <td align="left">79/27</td>
                <td align="left">6 to 17 years</td>
                <td align="left">Pitavastatin: 1 mg/day, 2 mg/day, 4 mg/day</td>
                <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                <td align="left">12 weeks</td>
                <td align="left">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                <td align="left">TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TGs, apo A-I, apoB</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Abbreviations: hsCRP: high-sensitivity c-reactive protein, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, CK: creatine phosphokinase, apo B: apolipoprotein B, apo A-I: apolipoprotein A-I, apo A-II: apolipoprotein A-II, DHEAS: cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, LH: lutropin, IMT: carotid intima-media thickness, CK: creatine kinase, GFR: glomerular filtration rate; sPLA2: secretory phospholipase A2, TGs: triglyceride, VLDL-C: very low dfensity lipoprotein - cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein - cholesterol, TC: total cholesterol, HDL-C: high density lipoproteins - cholesterol, Lp(a): lipoprotein, Lp-PLA2: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, OxLDL markers: oxidized low-density lipoprotein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk of bias in included studies</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Allocation</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Generation of sequence</title>
            <p>The generation of the allocation sequence was adequate in two studies since the sequence was computer-generated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The remaining ten studies were described as randomized, but no further details of the process were given (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t2">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Risk of bias of included studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="12%"/>
                  <col width="12%"/>
                  <col width="12%"/>
                  <col width="12%"/>
                  <col width="12%"/>
                  <col width="12%"/>
                  <col width="12%"/>
                  <col width="12%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Study, year</th>
                    <th align="center">Adequate sequence generation</th>
                    <th align="center">Allocation concealment<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></th>
                    <th align="center">Blinding of investigator</th>
                    <th align="center">Blinding of participant</th>
                    <th align="center">Blinding of outcome assessors</th>
                    <th align="center">Intention - to-treat analysis<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></th>
                    <th align="center">Description of losses and exclusions</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Knipscheer et al., 1996</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Unclear</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Stein et al., 1999</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Unclear</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes </td>
                    <td align="center">Yes </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">de Jongh et al., 2002</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Unclear</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">McCrindle et al., 2003</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Unclear</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes </td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Wiegman et al., 2004</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">Unclear</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Clauss et al., 2005</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">Adequate</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Rodenburg et al., 2006</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Unclear</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes </td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Van der Graaf et al. 2008</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Unclear</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Avis et al., 2010</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Unclear</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes </td>
                    <td align="center">Yes </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Braamskamp et al., 2015</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Unclear</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2">
                  <label>a</label>
                  <p>Allocation concealment: Adequate (randomization method described that prevents caregivers or investigators from interfering or identifying before randomization; Unclear (randomization stated but no further information provided).</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN3">
                  <label>b</label>
                  <p>Intention-to-treat analysis: Intention-to-treat and completeness of follow-up are assessed by results available at the end of trial. Yes (specified by authors and confirmed by our analysis), No (specified or not specified by authors but no evidence of intention-to-treat confirmed by our analysis).</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Concealment of allocation</title>
            <p>None of the included studies described how the allocation sequence was concealed from the investigators, the outcome assessors or the participants in the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Blinding</title>
            <p>All studies were described as double blind, indicating that participants and those participating in treatment procedures were blinded to treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Incomplete outcome data</title>
            <p>From the studies included, 90% reported intention-to-treat analyses and 80% described losses due to follow-up and exclusions.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effects of interventions</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Statins versus placebo</title>
            <p>All included studies describe the use of therapy with statins: atorvastatin,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> lovastatin,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> pravastatin,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> rosuvastatin,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> simvastatin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and pitavastatin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The dosage and duration of treatment with statins varied between them (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The detailed analyzes are in <xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Appendix II</xref>, <xref ref-type="app" rid="app3">III</xref>, <xref ref-type="app" rid="app4">IV</xref>, and <xref ref-type="app" rid="app5">V</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Change in Total cholesterol</title>
            <p>Ten of the included studies evaluated the effect of statin therapy on the TC level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> A subgroup analysis was performed in line with the intensity of statin doses, classified according to expected LDL-cholesterol reduction effect<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>: &#8804; 30% as low; 30-40%, intermediate, and &#8805; 40%, high. In this analysis, all subgroups maintained significant reductions in cholesterol levels (-104.61 mg/dl, -67.60 mg/dl, -56.96 mg/dl), and intragroup heterogeneity was lower (18%, 99.7%, 95.4%). This analysis explained 99.4% of the original heterogeneity found in the main analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f2">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Forest plots showing the effect of statin therapy (high, intermediate and low dose) on total cholesterol (TC) levels.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0810-80180-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Change in LDL-cholesterol level</title>
            <p>Ten included studies evaluated the effect of statin therapy on the LDL-cholesterol level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> All subgroup analysis demonstrated significant reduction in this level: [-105.03 mg/dl (95% CI -115.76, -94.30), I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> 19.2%], [-67.85 mg/dl (95% CI -83.36, -52.35), I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> 99.8%], [-58.97 mg/dl (95% CI -67.83, -50.11), I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> 93.8%], (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). The detailed analyzes are in Appendices II, III, IV, and V.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f3">
                <label>Figure 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Forest plots showing the effect of statin therapy (high, intermediate and low dose) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0810-80180-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We quantitatively analyzed ten randomized placebo-controlled trials in children with FH. Studies showed a clinically significant reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels in children treated with statin, compared to those treated with placebo. In addition, therapy with statins slightly increased HDL-cholesterol. The reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels varied between studies, probably due to different statins and dosages, and, possibly due to different settings of HeFH.</p>
      <p>In our meta-analysis, the results of all studies using statins were combined. All statins included present a common mechanism of action, i.e., inhibition of hydroxy-methyl-glutary-Coa. All statins have shown beneficial effects in lowering lipid levels and have been approved for use in adult patients with dyslipidemia.</p>
      <p>When comparing some results: the study using lovastatin to evaluate efficacy and safety in children, focusing on female population, concluded that the lovastatin group showed a reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels of 23% to 27% against an increase of 5% in the placebo group (p &lt; 0.001), TC of 17% to 22%, and APOB of 20% to 23%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Whereas another study with young male patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> lasting 24 weeks, lovastatin significantly reduced LDL-cholesterol levels at all dosages compared with placebo (17%, 24%, 27% with dosage of 10, 20, and 40 mg/day, respectively; p &lt; 0.001). Further treatment with the dose of lovastatin at 40 mg/day (from 24 to 48 weeks) reduced LDL-cholesterol by 25% compared to placebo (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>In a study with pravastatin, the assessed primary efficacy outcome was the IMT, showing a significant difference between pravastatin versus placebo (p = 0.02).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Also, pravastatin reduced LDL-cholesterol levels (-24.1%) versus placebo (+0.3%) and p &lt; 0.001. The authors suggest that IMT findings and efficacy of treatment with pravastatin in this study should be limited to children with FH.</p>
      <p>The efficacy results of this study were similar to others. At the end of 48 weeks, patients treated with simvastatin showed statistically significant reductions in LDL- cholesterol levels (-41%), TC (31%), APOB (-34%), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (-21%) and triglycerides (TG) (-9%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In the study of atorvastatin versus placebo, there was an average reduction in LDL-cholesterol (40%), TC (32%), TG (12%) and APOB (34%) in the atorvastatin group compared to the placebo group (p &lt;0.001). The increase in HDL-cholesterol levels (2.8%) was also statistically significant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In the study comparing rosuvastatin versus placebo, changes in LDL-cholesterol, TC, and APOB levels were statistically significant compared to placebo for all three doses (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg) (p &lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most of the studies included in this meta-analysis focused on the effect of statins on LDL. As seen in these results in children with FH, statins are effective in lowering LDL-cholesterol and TC levels. The effectiveness of reducing the LDL-cholesterol and TC levels with statin treatment is consistent in all RCTs analyzed. The effects of statins on other levels of lipids, such as HDL-cholesterol and TG are not so consistent; that is why the results are not extrapolated to the entire pediatric population. Patients without FH must focus on changes in lifestyle first, before relying on a drug to improve their cholesterol levels.</p>
      <p>The included studies had essential elements that determine the quality of studies, which are important for the generation of evidence. Conducting a randomized controlled trial in the pediatric population is not as common as in adults. However, there is a lack of a recognized methodology to assess the quality of pediatric studies. That is the reason why we used the clinical testing format, as used in the adult population.</p>
      <p>The adverse event profile of a pharmacological agent is a particular concern in pediatric population. Thus, in general, data suggest that the risk of adverse events in children treated with statins are similar to those observed in adults treated with statin, at least in the short term. Studies evaluated the effect of statin therapy on clinical outcomes, hormonal status, biochemical measures of growth, nutrition and liver or kidney toxicity. For most of these parameters, there was no statistically significant difference between treatment and placebo groups. There were no reports of serious adverse events. Hepatic transaminase elevation and Creatine-phosphokinase, which are of particular concern in adults, did not differ in the studied groups.</p>
      <p>Current guidelines for FH indicate pharmacological treatment in affected subjects between 8 to 10 years and in younger children only with extreme elevation of LDL-cholesterol and associated risk factors, having risk for premature CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Statins can be considered as first line treatment in children with HeFH and having an increase of LDL, after changes in diet and lifestyle. Response to treatment with statins should be assessed in 1 to 3 months after the start of therapy and periodically thereafter according to guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Children treated with statins should also be frequently monitored for adverse events (for example, hepatic transaminases, creatine kinase, liver enzymes) and statins are contraindicated during pregnancy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> There is also a need for further studies to evaluate the safety of these pediatric patients throughout their lives. The results for the growth and sexual development should be considered in children under 10 years of age. Future studies should seek to include pediatric patients with secondary forms of dyslipidemia and start examining the combination of therapy in children.</p>
      <p>However, we found some limitations in these studies. One of them is the duration of statin therapy in the included studies, which ranged from 8 to 104 weeks, whereas in the clinical practice, patients with FH are subjected to continue with statin treatment for the rest of their lives, once the therapy was initiated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Another limitation of these studies is the conduction only in children with FH and children with secondary dyslipidemia were not included.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> They also do not include information on the use of high doses of statins, such as those used in adults. Besides, the long-term efficacy data also are not available and remain unknown.</p>
      <p>Braamskamp et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> published the first study evaluating hormonal concentrations of FH subjects before and 10 years after the start of treatment with statins, compared with their unaffected siblings, which minimizes genetic and environmental variation between groups. Their results demonstrated that the hormone concentrations in patients with FH are among the reference range compared to their unaffected siblings.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Based on the evidence available in this meta-analysis, statins significantly reduced LDL-cholesterol in children with HeFH. However, there is no data regarding long-term outcomes of both effectiveness and safety.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Graciane Radaelli, from Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC-FUC).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <label>Appendix I</label>
        <sec>
          <title>PuBMed Search Strategy</title>
          <p>#1. Search (Child OR Adolescent)</p>
          <p>#2. Search (Hypercholesterolemia OR Statin OR Dyslipidemias OR Cholesterol OR Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase inhibitors)</p>
          <p>#3. Search (randomized controlled trial[pt] OR controlled clinical trial[pt] OR randomized controlled trials[mh] OR random allocation [mh] OR double-blind method[mh] OR single-blind method[mh] OR clinical trial[pt] OR clinical trials[mh] OR ("clinical trial"[tw]) OR ((singl*[tw] OR doubl*[tw] OR trebl*[tw] OR tripl*[tw]) AND (mask*[tw] OR blind*[tw])) OR ("latin quare"[tw]) OR placebos[mh] OR placebo*[tw] OR random*[tw] OR research design[mh:noexp] OR comparative studies[mh] OR evaluation studies[mh] OR follow-up studies[mh] OR prospective studies[mh] OR cross-over studies[mh] OR control* [tw] OR prospectiv*[tw] OR olunteer*[tw]) NOT (animal[mh] NOT human[mh])</p>
          <p>#4. Search (#1 AND #2 AND #3)</p>
        </sec>
      </app>
      <app id="app2">
        <label>Appendix II</label>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Appendix 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plots showing the effect of statin therapy on total cholesterol (TC) levels.</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MyDTg47ZS6yWvKwK5RB9H3H/41e61dc780b2cc4572b344d78baf71be83ee8739.jpg"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </app>
      <app id="app3">
        <label>Appendix III</label>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Appendix 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plots showing the effect of statin therapy on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MyDTg47ZS6yWvKwK5RB9H3H/20818e163daff67815cb1cff0ac959eea55e3cb5.jpg"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </app>
      <app id="app4">
        <label>Appendix IV</label>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Appendix 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plots showing the effect of statin therapy on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels.</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MyDTg47ZS6yWvKwK5RB9H3H/fd9c97ac5863b16e3592c6c8a4cb6a7863ccc4ab.jpg"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </app>
      <app id="app5">
        <label>Appendix V</label>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Appendix 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plots showing the effect of statin therapy on apolipoprotein B levels.</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MyDTg47ZS6yWvKwK5RB9H3H/cb6d40dd6abfb97a2e1d20756396bcc1975ee321.jpg"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Bouhairie, VE, Goldberg A C. Familial hypercholesterolemia. Cardiol Clin. 2015;33(2):169-79.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bouhairie</surname>
              <given-names>VE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg A</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Clin</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>169</fpage>
          <lpage>179</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Knipscheer HC, Boelen CC, Kastelein JJ, van Diemen DE, Groenemeiyer BE, van den Ende A, et al. Short-term efficacy and safety of pravastatin in 72 children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Pediatr Res. 1996;39(5):867-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Knipscheer</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boelen</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastelein</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Diemen</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Groenemeiyer</surname>
              <given-names>BE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van den Ende</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short-term efficacy and safety of pravastatin in 72 children with familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Res</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>867</fpage>
          <lpage>871</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Wiegman A, Gidding SS, Watts GF, Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Cuchel M, et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents: gaining decades of life by optimizing detection and treatment. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(36):2425-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gidding</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watts</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ginsberg</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuchel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents: gaining decades of life by optimizing detection and treatment</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>2425</fpage>
          <lpage>2437</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Marks D, Thorogood M, Neil HA, Humphries SE. A review on the diagnosis, natural history, and treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis. 2003;168(1):1-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marks</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thorogood</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neil</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A review on the diagnosis, natural history, and treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Spiegelhalter DJ, Miller OI, Sullivan ID, et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet. 1992;340(8828):1111-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Celermajer</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sorensen</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gooch</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spiegelhalter</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>OI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>ID</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>340</volume>
          <issue>8828</issue>
          <fpage>1111</fpage>
          <lpage>1115</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366(9493):1267-78.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baigent</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keech</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kearney</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blackwell</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buck</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pollicino</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>366</volume>
          <issue>9493</issue>
          <fpage>1267</fpage>
          <lpage>1278</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Belay B, Belamarich PF, Tom-Revzon C. The use of statins in pediatrics: knowledge base, limitations, and futue directions. Pediatrics 2007;119(2):370-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Belay</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belamarich</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tom-Revzon</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The use of statins in pediatrics: knowledge base, limitations, and futue directions</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>370</fpage>
          <lpage>380</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128:S213-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents</collab>
            <collab>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>128</volume>
          <fpage>S213</fpage>
          <lpage>S256</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Federal Drug Authority. 2016 [access Feb. 2016]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.fda.gov">http://www.fda.gov</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Federal Drug Authority</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">Feb. 2016</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.fda.gov">http://www.fda.gov</ext-link>
					</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 O'Gorman CS, O'Neill M, Conwell L. Considering statins for cholesterol-reduction inchildren if lifest yle and diet changes do not improve their health: a review of the risks and benefits. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010;7:1-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Gorman</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Neill</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conwell</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Considering statins for cholesterol-reduction inchildren if lifest yle and diet changes do not improve their health: a review of the risks and benefits</article-title>
          <source>Vasc Health Risk Manag</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Clauss SB, Holmes KW, Hopkins P, Stein E, Cho M, Tate A, et al. Efficacy and safety of lovastatin therapy in adolescent girls with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Pediatrics. 2005;116(3):682-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clauss</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmes</surname>
              <given-names>KW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopkins</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tate</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and safety of lovastatin therapy in adolescent girls with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>682</fpage>
          <lpage>688</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 de Jongh S, Ose L, Szamosi T, Gagn&#233; C, Lambert M, Scott R, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of simvastatin in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia: Rationale, design and baseline characteristics. Clin Drug Invest. 2002;22(8):533-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Jongh</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ose</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szamosi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gagn&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lambert</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scott</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy, safety and tolerability of simvastatin in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia: Rationale, design and baseline characteristics</article-title>
          <source>Clin Drug Invest</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>533</fpage>
          <lpage>540</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8:336-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moher</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liberati</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tetzlaff</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>PRISMA Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement</article-title>
          <source>Int J Surg</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <fpage>336</fpage>
          <lpage>341</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Robinson KA, Dickersin K. Development of a highly sensitive search strategy for the retrieval of reports of controlled trials using PubMed. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(1):150-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dickersin</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development of a highly sensitive search strategy for the retrieval of reports of controlled trials using PubMed</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>150</fpage>
          <lpage>153</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Verzani, John. Getting Started with RStudio. California: O'Reilly Media; 2011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Verzani</surname>
              <given-names>John</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Getting Started with RStudio</source>
          <publisher-loc>California</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>O'Reilly Media</publisher-name>
          <year>2011</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in metaanalyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeks</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measuring inconsistency in metaanalyses</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>327</volume>
          <issue>7414</issue>
          <fpage>557</fpage>
          <lpage>560</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 McCrindle BW, Ose L, Marias DA. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia or severe hyperlipidemia: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr. 2003;143(1):74-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McCrindle</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ose</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marias</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia or severe hyperlipidemia: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>143</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>74</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 den Ende A, et al. Short-term efficacy and safety of pravastatin in 72 children with familial hy-percholesterolemia. Pediatr Res. 1996;39(5):867-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>den Ende</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short-term efficacy and safety of pravastatin in 72 children with familial hy-percholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Res</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>867</fpage>
          <lpage>871</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Wiegman A, Hutten BA, de Groot E, Rodenburg J, Bakker HD, B&#252;ller HR, et al. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(3):331-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutten</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Groot</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodenburg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakker</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#252;ller</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>292</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>331</fpage>
          <lpage>337</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Rodenburg J, Vissers MN, Wiegman A, Miller ER, Ridker PM, Witztum JL, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and unaffected siblings: effect of pravastatin. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(9):1803-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodenburg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vissers</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ridker</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Witztum</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oxidized low-density lipoprotein in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and unaffected siblings: effect of pravastatin</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1803</fpage>
          <lpage>1810</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Avis HJ, Hutten BA, Gagn&#233; C, Langslet G, McCrindle BW, Wiegman A, et al. Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin therapy for children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(11):1121-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Avis</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutten</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gagn&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langslet</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCrindle</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin therapy for children with familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1121</fpage>
          <lpage>1126</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Stein EA1, Illingworth DR, Kwiterovich PO Jr, Liacouras CA, Siimes MA, Jacobson MS, et al. Efficacy and safety of lovastatin in adolescent males with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;281(2):137-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>EA1</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Illingworth</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kwiterovich</surname>
              <given-names>PO</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liacouras</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siimes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobson</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and safety of lovastatin in adolescent males with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>281</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
          <lpage>144</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 van der Graaf A, Cuffie-Jackson C, Vissers MN, Trip MD, Gagn&#233; C, Shi G, et al. Efficacy and safety of coadministration of ezetimibe and simvastatin in adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(17):1421-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van der Graaf</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuffie-Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vissers</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trip</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gagn&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy and safety of coadministration of ezetimibe and simvastatin in adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1421</fpage>
          <lpage>1429</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Braamskamp MJ, Stefanutti C, Langslet G, Drogari E, Wiegman A, Hounslow N, et al. "Efficacy and safety of pitavastatin in children and adolescents at high future cardiovascular risk." J Pediatr. 2015;167(2):338-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Braamskamp</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanutti</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langslet</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drogari</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hounslow</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>"Efficacy and safety of pitavastatin in children and adolescents at high future cardiovascular risk."</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>167</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>338</fpage>
          <lpage>343</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Koeijvoets KC, Rodenburg J, Hutten BA, Wiegman A, Kastelein JJ, Sijbrands EJ. Low-density lipoprotein receptor genotype and response to pravastatin in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: substudy of an intima-media thickness trial. Circulation. 2005;112(20):3168-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koeijvoets</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodenburg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutten</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastelein</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sijbrands</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low-density lipoprotein receptor genotype and response to pravastatin in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: substudy of an intima-media thickness trial</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>3168</fpage>
          <lpage>3173</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Rodenburg J, Vissers MN, Wiegman A, van Trotsenburg AS, van der Graaf A, de Groot E, et al. Statin treatment in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: the younger, the better. Circulation 2007;116(6):664-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodenburg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vissers</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Trotsenburg</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Graaf</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Groot</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Statin treatment in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: the younger, the better</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>664</fpage>
          <lpage>668</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Ryu SK, Hutten BA, Vissers MN, Wiegman A, Kastelein JJ, Tsimikas S. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass and activity in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and unaffected siblings: effect of pravastatin. J Clin Lipidol 2011;5(1):50-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ryu</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutten</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vissers</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastelein</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsimikas</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass and activity in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and unaffected siblings: effect of pravastatin</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>50</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Braamskamp MJ, Tsimikas S, Wiegman A, Kastelein JJ, Hutten BA. Statin therapy and secretory phospholipase A(2) in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2013;229(2):404-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Braamskamp</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsimikas</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastelein</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutten</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Statin therapy and secretory phospholipase A(2) in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>229</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>404</fpage>
          <lpage>407</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Lambert M, Lupien PJ, Gagn&#233; C, L&#233;vy E, Blaichman S, Langlois S, et al. Treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents: effect of lovastatin. Pediatrics. 1996;97(5):619-28.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lambert</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lupien</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gagn&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#233;vy</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blaichman</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langlois</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents: effect of lovastatin</article-title>
          <source>Pediatrics</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>619</fpage>
          <lpage>628</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj. 2003;326(7404):1423.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Law</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wald</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rudnicka</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Bmj</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>326</volume>
          <issue>7404</issue>
          <fpage>1423</fpage>
          <lpage>1423</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Watts GF, Gidding S, Wierzbicki AS, Toth PP, Alonso R, Brown WV, et al. Integrated guidance on the care of familial hypercholesterolemia from the International FH Foundation. J Clin Lipidol. 2014;8(3):148-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Watts</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gidding</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wierzbicki</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toth</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>WV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Integrated guidance on the care of familial hypercholesterolemia from the International FH Foundation</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>148</fpage>
          <lpage>172</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Daniels SR, Gidding SS, de Ferranti SD; National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Pediatric aspects of familial hypercholesterolemias: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl):S30-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Daniels</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gidding</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Ferranti</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pediatric aspects of familial hypercholesterolemias: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>3 Suppl</issue>
          <fpage>S30</fpage>
          <lpage>S37</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33 Vuorio A, Kuoppala J, Kovanen PT, Humphries SE, Strandberg T, Tonstad S, et al. Statins for children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;7(7):CD006401.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vuorio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuoppala</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kovanen</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strandberg</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tonstad</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Statins for children with familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>CD006401</fpage>
          <lpage>CD006401</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34 Descamps OS, Tenoutasse S, Stephenne X, Gies I, Bealouye V, Lebrethon MC, et al. Management of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and young adults: consensus paper developed by a panel of lipidologists, cardiologists, paediatricians, nutritionists, gastroenterologists, general practitioners and a patient organization. Atherosclerosis. 2011;218(2):272-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Descamps</surname>
              <given-names>OS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tenoutasse</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stephenne</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gies</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bealouye</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lebrethon</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and young adults: consensus paper developed by a panel of lipidologists, cardiologists, paediatricians, nutritionists, gastroenterologists, general practitioners and a patient organization</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>218</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>272</fpage>
          <lpage>280</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35 Gidding SS, Champagne MA, de Ferranti SD, Defesche J, Ito MK, Knowles JW, et al. The Agenda for Familial Hypercholesterolemia A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132(22):2167-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gidding</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Champagne</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Ferranti</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Defesche</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ito</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knowles</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Agenda for Familial Hypercholesterolemia A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>132</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2167</fpage>
          <lpage>2192</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36 Braamskamp MJ, Kusters DM, Wiegman A, Avis HJ, Wijburg FA, Kastelein JJ, et al. Gonadal steroids, gonadotropins and DHEAS in young adults with familial hypercholesterolemia who had initiated statin therapy in childhood. Atherosclerosis. 2015;241(2):427-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Braamskamp</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kusters</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiegman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avis</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wijburg</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastelein</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gonadal steroids, gonadotropins and DHEAS in young adults with familial hypercholesterolemia who had initiated statin therapy in childhood</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>241</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>427</fpage>
          <lpage>432</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamentos e Dosagens de Estatinas em Crian&#231;as com Hipercolesterolemia Familiar: Uma Meta-An&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Radaelli</surname>
            <given-names>Graciane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sausen</surname>
            <given-names>Grasiele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cesa</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Ciceri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portal</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Lucia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neyeloff</surname>
            <given-names>Jeruza Lavanholi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Lucia Campos Pellanda, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, 3&#186; andar. CEP 99620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pellanda.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>, <email>metodologia.up@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Radaelli G, Pellanda LC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Radaelli G, Sausen G; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Radaelli G, Cesa CC, Pellanda LC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Radaelli G, Cesa CC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Radaelli G, Sausen G, Cesa CC, Santos FS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Portal VL, Neyeloff JL, Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos: </title>
          <p>Crian&#231;as com hipercolesterolemia familiar podem desenvolver dano endotelial precoce, aumentando o risco de desenvolver doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. As estatinas tiveram sua efic&#225;cia em diminuir n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL e eventos cardiovasculares em adultos comprovada. O efeito das estatinas na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica n&#227;o est&#225; claramente demonstrado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Revisar sistematicamente a literatura para avaliar os efeitos e a seguran&#231;a de diferentes estatinas e suas dosagens nos n&#237;veis de colesterol total em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com hipercolesterol&#234;mica familiar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Artigos publicados desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; fevereiro de 2016 foram pesquisados nas bases PubMed, EMBASE, Bireme, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SciELO e LILACS. Dois revisores independentes avaliaram a qualidade dos estudos inclu&#237;dos. Realizamos meta-an&#225;lise com efeitos aleat&#243;rios e vari&#226;ncia inversa. An&#225;lises de subgrupos foram realizadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dez ensaios envolvendo 1.543 pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Em nosso estudo, as an&#225;lises demostraram redu&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de colesterol, de acordo com a intensidade das doses de estatina (alta, intermedi&#225;ria e baixa): (-104,61 mg/dl, -67,60 mg/dl, -56,96 mg/dl) e no n&#237;vel de lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade: [-105,03 mg/dl (IC95% -115.76, -94.30), I2 19.2%], [-67.85 mg/dl (IC95% -83.36, -52.35), I2 99.8%], [-58.97 mg/dl (IC95% -67.83, -50.11), I2 93,8%. A dura&#231;&#227;o da terapia com estatina variou de 8 a 104 semanas, impedindo conclus&#245;es sobre os efeitos a longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O tratamento com estatinas &#233; eficiente na redu&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios em crian&#231;as com hipercolesterolemia familiar. &#201; necess&#225;rio realizar ensaios controlados randomizados de longo prazo para estabelecer a seguran&#231;a do uso de estatinas a longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Estatinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia II/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-an&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica autoss&#244;mica dominante. Sua preval&#234;ncia mundial &#233; 1 pessoa afetada em 250 com a forma heterozig&#243;tica (HFHe) da HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#201; caracterizada por n&#237;veis elevados de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), devido &#224; capacidade hep&#225;tica reduzida de remover o colesterol LDL da circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> o que pode resultar em desenvolvimento precoce de aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m disso, crian&#231;as com HF apresentam danos na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e aumento da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal (EMI),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> indicando aterog&#234;nese precoce.</p>
        <p>Os inibidores da hidroximetil-glutaril-coenzima A (HMG-CoA) redutase ou estatinas diminuem a morbidade e mortalidade coronariana em adultos com alto risco. Sua efic&#225;cia na diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL e eventos cardiovasculares em adultos foi comprovada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> As estatinas s&#227;o uma das drogas mais prescritas no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> para adultos e, em doses usuais, s&#227;o natadamente seguras.</p>
        <p>O consenso entre especialistas &#233; o tratamento medicamentoso para crian&#231;as com mais de 10 anos com n&#237;vel de colesterol LDL &#8805;5 mmol/L (190 mg/dl), que permanecem elevados apesar das medidas diet&#233;ticas durante 8 semanas a 2 anos com idade entre 8 e 18 anos. Considera-se tamb&#233;m o tratamento quando o colesterol LDL &#8805; 4 mmol/L (160 mg/dl) e na presen&#231;a de dois ou mais fatores de risco cardiovascular ou hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dos EUA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> aprovou o uso de algumas estatinas, tais como sinvastatina, atorvastatina, fluvastatina, pravastatina, rosuvastatina e lovastatina em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos e adolescentes. Pravastatina &#233; aprovada a partir dos 8 anos de idade, enquanto outras s&#227;o aprovadas a partir dos 10 anos. A FDA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> recomenda estatinas para crian&#231;as com HF, dislipidemia prim&#225;ria ou gen&#233;tica. O tratamento para reduzir os n&#237;veis de colesterol em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos &#233; baseado em evid&#234;ncias envolvendo apenas adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O efeito conhecido das estatinas na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica limita-se a ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) de curta dura&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Logo, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar sistematicamente a literatura para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes estatinas e dosagens nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de colesterol total (CT), colesterol LDL e apolipoprote&#237;na B (APOB) e diminui&#231;&#227;o do colesterol HDL (lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com HF. Objetivamos tamb&#233;m avaliar a seguran&#231;a das estatinas neste grupo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi conduzida uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com base na <italic>Cochrane Collaboration and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,</italic> a declara&#231;&#227;o PRISMA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rio de eligibilidade</title>
          <p>Os estudos inclu&#237;ram ECRs conduzidos com crian&#231;as e adolescentes de 8 a 18 anos de idade, submetidos a terapia com estatinas para hipercolesterolemia familiar. O uso e estatinas em qualquer dose, por pelo menos oito semanas foi considerado "interven&#231;&#227;o". Nosso protocolo avaliou o aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de CT, colesterol LDL e APOB e diminui&#231;&#227;o do colesterol HDL, al&#233;m de buscar evid&#234;ncias sobre a efic&#225;cia, seguran&#231;a e efeitos das estatinas. Os ECRs eram inclu&#237;dos quando preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e tinham pelo menos um desfecho prim&#225;rio ou secund&#225;rio. Estudos sem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a magnitude do efeito da interven&#231;&#227;o nos grupos controle ou experimental foram exclu&#237;dos. Caso um estudo apresentasse v&#225;rias publica&#231;&#245;es (ou subestudos), apenas o mais recente era inclu&#237;do. As demais publica&#231;&#245;es foram usadas para suplementar informa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fontes de informa&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O protocolo de revis&#227;o foi registrado no Registro Internacional de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas Prospectivas (PROSPERO), sob n&#250;mero CRD42015029350. A busca foi feita em sete bases de dados online: PubMed, EMBASE, Bireme, Web of Science, Biblioteca Cochrane, SciELO e LILACS e compreendeu seu in&#237;cio at&#233; fevereiro de 2016, tendo sido composta por verbetes relacionados aos seguintes termos: <italic>"child", "adolescents", "cholesterol", "hypercholesterolemia", "statins", "dyslipidemia", "inhibitor hidroximethylglutaril-CoA reductase"</italic>. N&#227;o houve restri&#231;&#227;o de idioma e foi adotada uma estrat&#233;gia de alta sensibilidade para a busca de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Para identificar outros estudos prim&#225;rios, os autores pesquisaram e verificaram listas de refer&#234;ncias presentes em revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e meta-an&#225;lises publicadas anteriormente. As estrat&#233;gias detalhadas para o PubMed est&#227;o no <xref ref-type="app" rid="app6">Ap&#234;ndice I</xref> e, para os demais bancos de dados, est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos e coleta de dados</title>
          <p>Dois investigadores (G.R. e G.S.), em dupla e de forma independente, avaliaram os t&#237;tulos e resumos de todos os artigos identificados pela estrat&#233;gia de busca. Os resumos com informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes para os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o foram selecionados para avalia&#231;&#227;o do texto integral. Na segunda fase, os mesmos revisores avaliaram independentemente o texto completo desses artigos e fizeram sua sele&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade. Desacordos entre os revisores foram resolvidos por consenso e, caso n&#227;o houvesse resolu&#231;&#227;o, um terceiro revisor (L.C.P.) deu um parecer. Esses dois revisores (G.R. e G.S.) fizeram a coleta de dados de forma independente quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas metodol&#243;gicas dos estudos, interven&#231;&#245;es e resultados, usando formul&#225;rios padronizados. A ferramenta CONSORT foi utilizada para avaliar a qualidade metodol&#243;gica (valida&#231;&#227;o interna e externa) dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;dos. Os resultados buscados nesta meta-an&#225;lise foram: TC (mg/dl), colesterol LDL (mg/dl), colesterol HDL (mg/dl), APOB (mg/dl).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos estudos incluiu gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncia adequada, oculta&#231;&#227;o de aloca&#231;&#227;o adequada, cegamento do investigador, dos participantes e avaliadores de resultados, an&#225;lise de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento e descri&#231;&#227;o de perdas e exclus&#245;es. Os estudos precisavam descrever claramente uma gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncias adequada para atender a esses crit&#233;rios. A descri&#231;&#227;o de como a lista de aloca&#231;&#227;o foi ocultada pode incluir termos como "<italic>central</italic>", "<italic>web-base</italic>" ou "<italic>telephone randomization</italic>" ou gera&#231;&#227;o de computadores.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento considerou a confirma&#231;&#227;o de que o n&#250;mero de participantes randomizados e o n&#250;mero analisado eram id&#234;nticos, exceto pacientes com acompanhamento perdido ou que se abstiveram do consentimento para participar do estudo. Dois revisores avaliaram, independentemente, a qualidade e, para cada crit&#233;rio, os estudos foram classificados como adequados, n&#227;o adequados ou incertos/n&#227;o relatados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>S&#237;ntese de dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram feitas no Software RStudio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Para resultados cont&#237;nuos, se a unidade de medida permaneceu consistente ao longo dos ensaios, os resultados eram apresentados como diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dia ponderada com intervalos de confian&#231;a 95% (IC95%). Os c&#225;lculos foram realizados pelo m&#233;todo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios e o m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico utilizado foi o de vari&#226;ncia inversa. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica definida para as an&#225;lises foi p &lt; 0,05. A heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica dos efeitos do tratamento entre os estudos foi avaliada pelo teste Q de Cochran e o teste de inconsist&#234;ncia I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m disso, foi feita an&#225;lise de sensibilidade dos ECRs para avaliar as diferen&#231;as na abordagem de interven&#231;&#227;o (grupo interven&#231;&#227;o <italic>versus</italic> placebo). Nos estudos em que a terapia com estatinas comparou tr&#234;s bra&#231;os diferentes de tratamento (grupo interven&#231;&#227;o) e o placebo (grupo controle), realizaremos a m&#233;dia ponderada e dividiremos o n&#250;mero total de pacientes pela distribui&#231;&#227;o do grupo controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, identificamos 16.793 cita&#231;&#245;es potencialmente relevantes em bancos de dados eletr&#244;nicos. Quinze ECRs foram inclu&#237;dos na s&#237;ntese de estudos qualitativos e 10 ECRs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> foram selecionados para a an&#225;lise quantitativa. Estudos n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para a an&#225;lise quantitativa n&#227;o traziam dados sobre os n&#237;veis de colesterol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> de forma que pud&#233;ssemos extra&#237;-los do artigo, e um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> n&#227;o tinha grupo controle. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref> mostra o resumo da busca de evid&#234;ncias e sele&#231;&#227;o de artigos para esta revis&#227;o. Os estudos selecionados englobavam 1.543 assuntos e todos eram revis&#245;es por pares.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Resumo da busca por evid&#234;ncias e sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos. </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0810-80180-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes e estudos selecionados. O n&#250;mero de participantes nos estudos variou de 54 a 248. Ao todo, 934 indiv&#237;duos receberam terapia com estatina e 609 receberam placebo. A idade tamb&#233;m variou de 8 a 18 anos, e os estudos avaliaram diferentes tipos de estatinas por um per&#237;odo de 8 a 104 semanas.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos selecionados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
                <col width="12%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudo, ano</th>
                  <th align="left">Pacientes randomizados (n)</th>
                  <th align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria dos participantes</th>
                  <th align="left">Grupo Interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left">Grupo controle</th>
                  <th align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left">Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica</th>
                  <th align="left">Resultados avaliados </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Knipscheer et al.,1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> 1996</td>
                  <td align="left">54/18</td>
                  <td align="left">8-16 anos</td>
                  <td align="left">Pravastatina: (1) 5 mg/dia, (2) 10 mg/dia, and (3) 20 mg/dia</td>
                  <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="left">12 semanas</td>
                  <td align="left">p &lt; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="left">CT, C-LDL, TGs, C-HDL, apo A-I, apo B, Lp(a), C-VLDL, ALT, AST, horm&#244;nios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Stein et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> 1999</td>
                  <td align="left">67/65</td>
                  <td align="left">10- 17 anos</td>
                  <td align="left">Lovastatina 10 mg/dia por 8 semanas; 20 mg/d por 8 semanas, 40 mg/dia</td>
                  <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="left">48 semanas</td>
                  <td align="left">p &lt; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="left">C-LDL, TGs, CT, C-HDL, apo A-I, apo A-II, apo B, Lp(a), volume testicular, ALT, AST, horm&#244;nios, crescimento e desenvolvimento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">de Jongh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> 2002</td>
                  <td align="left">106/69</td>
                  <td align="left">10-17 anos</td>
                  <td align="left">Sinvastatina 10 mg/dia por 8 semanas; 20 mg/dia por 8 semanas; 40 mg/dia</td>
                  <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="left">48 semanas</td>
                  <td align="left">p &lt; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="left">C-LDL, CT, TGs, C-HDL, apo A-I, apo B, C-VLDL, PCRas, ALT, AST, horm&#244;nios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">McCrindle et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, 2003</td>
                  <td align="left">140/47</td>
                  <td align="left">10-17 anos</td>
                  <td align="left">Atorvastatina 10 mg/dia; 20 mg/dia se LDL &#8805; 3.4 na semana 4</td>
                  <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="left">26 semanas</td>
                  <td align="left">p &lt; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="left">C-LDL, CT, TGs, C-HDL, apo A-I, apo B, ALT, AST, horm&#244;nios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Wiegman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> 2004</td>
                  <td align="left">106/108</td>
                  <td align="left">8-18 anos</td>
                  <td align="left">Pravastatina 20 mg/dia se &lt;14 anos; 40 mg/dia se &#8805; 14 anos</td>
                  <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="left">104 semanas</td>
                  <td align="left">p &lt; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="left">C-LDL, TGs, CT, C-HDL, Lp(a), EMI da car&#243;tida, crescimento, matura&#231;&#227;o, n&#237;vel hormonal, enzimas do f&#237;gado e m&#250;sculos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Clauss et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, 2005</td>
                  <td align="left">35/19</td>
                  <td align="left">10-17 anos</td>
                  <td align="left">Lovastatina 20 mg/dia por 4 semanas; 40 mg/dia</td>
                  <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="left">24 semanas</td>
                  <td align="left">p &#8804; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="left">C-LDL, TGs, C-HDL, apo A-I, apo B, Lp(a), C-VLDL, ALT, AST, horm&#244;nios</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rodenburg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> 2006</td>
                  <td align="left">90/88</td>
                  <td align="left">8-8 anos</td>
                  <td align="left">Pravastatina 20 mg/dia se &lt;14 anos; 40 mg/dia se &#8805; 14 anos</td>
                  <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="left">104 semanas</td>
                  <td align="left">p &lt; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="left">C-LDL, CT, TGs, C-HDL, apo B, Lp(a), C-VLDL, carotid EMI, prote&#237;na C-reativva, marcadores LDLox, complexos imunes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">interven&#231;&#227;o/placebo</td>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Van der Graaf et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. 2008</td>
                  <td align="left">126/122</td>
                  <td align="left">10 -17 anos</td>
                  <td align="left">Simvastatina: (1) 10 mg/dia, 20 mg/dia, ou <break/> 40 mg/dia mais ezetimibe 10 mg/dia ou placebo por 6 semanas; Sinvastatina: (2) 40 mg/dia mais ezetimibe 10 mg/dia ou placebo por 27 semanas; Todos os pacientes receberam tratamento <italic>open-label</italic>: (3) sinvastatina 10 mg/dia ou 20 mg/dia mais ezetimibe 10 mg/dia por 20 semanas;</td>
                  <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="left">53 semanas</td>
                  <td align="left">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                  <td align="left">C-LDL, CT, TGs, C-HDL, apo B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Avis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> 2010</td>
                  <td align="left">131/46</td>
                  <td align="left">10- 17 anos</td>
                  <td align="left">Rosuvastatina: 5 mg/dia, 10 mg/dia, 20mg/dia</td>
                  <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="left">12 semanas</td>
                  <td align="left">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                  <td align="left">ALT, AST, CK, HFE, urina, CT, C-LDL, TGs, C-HDL, apo A-I, apoB</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Braamskamp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> 2013</td>
                  <td align="left">79/27</td>
                  <td align="left">6 -17 anos</td>
                  <td align="left">Pitavastatina: 1 mg/dia, 2 mg/dia, 4 mg/dia</td>
                  <td align="left">Placebo</td>
                  <td align="left">12 semanas</td>
                  <td align="left">p &lt; 0.05</td>
                  <td align="left">CT, C-LDL, C-HDL, TGs, apo A-I, apoB</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>PCRas: prote&#237;na c-reativa de alta sensibilidade, ALT: alanina aminotransferase, AST: aspartato aminotransferase, CK: creatina fosfoquinase, apo B: apolipoprote&#237;na B, apo A-I: apolipoprote&#237;na A-I, apo A-II: apolipoprote&#237;na A-II, DHEAS: cortisol e sulfato de desidroepiandrosterona, HFE: horm&#244;nio fol&#237;culo estimulante, LH: lutropina, EMI: espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea, CK: creatina quinase, TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; sPLA2: fosfolipase secretora A2, TGs: triglic&#233;rides, VLDP-C: lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade - colesterol, C-LDL: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, CT: colesterol total, C-HDL: lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade - colesterol, Lp(a ): lipoprote&#237;na, Lp-PLA2: fosfolipase A2 associada &#224; lipoprote&#237;na, marcadores de LDL-ox: lipoprote&#237;na oxidada de baixa densidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risco de vi&#233;s nos estudos selecionados</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Aloca&#231;&#227;o</title>
            <sec>
              <title>Gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncia</title>
              <p>A gera&#231;&#227;o da sequ&#234;ncia de aloca&#231;&#227;o foi adequada em dois estudos, pois foi gerada por computador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Os dez estudos restantes foram descritos como randomizados, mas nenhum outro detalhe do processo foi dado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
              <table-wrap id="t4">
                <label>Tabela 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos selecionados</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col width="12%"/>
                    <col width="12%"/>
                    <col width="12%"/>
                    <col width="12%"/>
                    <col width="12%"/>
                    <col width="12%"/>
                    <col width="12%"/>
                    <col width="12%"/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Estudo, ano</th>
                      <th align="center">Gera&#231;&#227;o de sequ&#234;ncia adequada</th>
                      <th align="center">Aloca&#231;&#227;o sigilosa<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref></sup></th>
                      <th align="center">Investiga&#231;&#227;o cega</th>
                      <th align="center">Participante cego</th>
                      <th align="center">Avaliadores de resultados cegos</th>
                      <th align="center">An&#225;lise de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref></sup></th>
                      <th align="center">Descri&#231;&#227;o de perdas e exclus&#245;es</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Knipscheer et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>1996</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Incerto</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Stein et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>1999</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Incerto</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">de Jongh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> 2002</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Incerto</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">McCrindle et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> 2003</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Incerto</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Wiegman et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>2004</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                      <td align="center">Incerto</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Clauss et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> 2005</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                      <td align="center">Adequado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Rodenburg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> 2006</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Incerto</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Van der Graaf et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> 2008</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Incerto</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Avis et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>2010</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Incerto</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Braamskamp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> 2015</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Incerto</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">N&#227;o reportado</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                      <td align="center">Sim</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN5">
                    <label>a</label>
                    <p>Aloca&#231;&#227;o sigilosa: Adequado (m&#233;todo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o permite que cuidadores ou investigadores interfiram ou identifiquem antes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o; Incerto (randomiza&#231;&#227;o declarada, mas nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o adicional fornecida).</p>
                  </fn>
                  <fn id="TFN6">
                    <label>b</label>
                    <p>An&#225;lise da inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento: a inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento e a integralidade do acompanhamento s&#227;o avaliadas pelos resultados dispon&#237;veis no final do estudo. Sim (especificado pelos autores e confirmado por nossa an&#225;lise), N&#227;o (especificado ou n&#227;o especificado pelos autores, mas nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento confirmada por nossa an&#225;lise).</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Oculta&#231;&#227;o de aloca&#231;&#227;o</title>
              <p>Nenhum dos estudos descreveu como a sequ&#234;ncia de aloca&#231;&#227;o foi ocultada dos investigadores, dos avaliadores de resultados ou dos participantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Cegamento</title>
              <p>Todos os estudos foram descritos como duplo-cego, indicando que os participantes do estudo e dos procedimentos de tratamento estavam cegos para o tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Dados de resultados incompletos</title>
              <p>Dos estudos inclu&#237;dos, 90% relatavam an&#225;lises de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento e 80% descreviam perdas de acompanhamento e exclus&#245;es.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Efeitos das interven&#231;&#245;es</title>
            <sec>
              <title>Estatinas versus placebo</title>
              <p>Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos descrevem terapia com estatinas: atorvastatina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> lovastatina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> pravastatina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> rosuvastatina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> sinvastatina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e pitavastatina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> A dosagem e a dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com estatinas variaram (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). As an&#225;lises detalhadas est&#227;o nos <xref ref-type="app" rid="app7">Ap&#234;ndices II</xref>, <xref ref-type="app" rid="app8">III</xref>, <xref ref-type="app" rid="app9">IV</xref>, e <xref ref-type="app" rid="app10">V</xref>.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Mudan&#231;a no colesterol total</title>
              <p>Dez dos estudos inclu&#237;dos avaliaram o efeito da terapia com estatina nos n&#237;veis de CT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> An&#225;lise de subgrupo foi realizada de acordo com a dose de estatina, classificada de acordo com o efeito esperado na redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol LDL;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>: &#8804;30% baixa; 30 a 40%, intermedi&#225;ria e &#8805; 40%, alta. Nesta an&#225;lise, todos os subgrupos mantiveram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas nos n&#237;veis de colesterol (-104,61 mg/dl, -67,60 mg/dl, -56,96 mg/dl) e a heterogeneidade intragrupos foi menor (18%, 99,7%, 95,4%). Essa an&#225;lise explicou 99,4% da heterogeneidade original encontrada na principal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
              <p>
                <fig id="f5">
                  <label>Figura 2</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>Gr&#225;fico mostrando o efeito da terapia com estatinas (dose alta, intermedi&#225;ria e baixa) nos n&#237;veis de colesterol total. </title>
                  </caption>
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0810-80180-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
              </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Change in LDL-cholesterol level</title>
            <sec>
              <title>Mudan&#231;a no n&#237;vel de colesterol LDL</title>
              <p>Dez estudos inclu&#237;dos avaliaram o efeito da terapia com estatinas no n&#237;vel de colesterol LDL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Todas as an&#225;lises de subgrupos demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa neste n&#237;vel: [-105,03 mg/dl (IC95% -115,76, -94,30), I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> 19,2%], [-67,85 mg/dl (IC95% -83,36, -52,35), I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> 99,8%], [-58,97 mg/dl (IC95% -7,83, -50,11), I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> 93,8%], (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
              <p>
                <fig id="f6">
                  <label>Figura 3</label>
                  <caption>
                    <title>Gr&#225;fico mostrando o efeito da terapia com estatinas (dose alta, intermedi&#225;ria e baixa) nos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL </title>
                  </caption>
                  <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0810-80180-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
              </p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Analisamos quantitativamente dez ensaios randomizados controlados por placebo em crian&#231;as com HF. Estudos mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o clinicamente significativa nos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL em crian&#231;as tratadas com estatina quanod comparadas &#224;s tratadas com placebo. Al&#233;m disso, as estatinas aumentaram ligeiramente o colesterol HDL. A redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL variou entre os estudos, provavelmente devido a diferentes tipos de estatinas e dosagens, e, possivelmente, a diferentes configura&#231;&#245;es de HFHe.</p>
        <p>Em nossa meta-an&#225;lise, foram combinados os resultados de todos os estudos com estatinas. Todas as estatinas inclu&#237;das apresentam um mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o comum, ou seja, inibi&#231;&#227;o da hidroxi-metil-glutaril-Coa. Todas mostraram efeitos ben&#233;ficos de redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos e tinham sido aprovadas para uso em pacientes adultos com dislipidemia.</p>
        <p>Comparando alguns resultados: no estudo com lovastatina que avaliou efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a em crian&#231;as, com foco na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina, o grupo lovastatina teve redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL de 23% para 27%, contra um aumento de 5% no grupo placebo (p &lt; 0,001), 17% a 22% de CT e 20% a 23% de APOB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em outro estudo com pacientes jovens do sexo masculino,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> com dura&#231;&#227;o de 24 semanas, a lovastatina reduziu significativamente os n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL em todas as dosagens em compara&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (17%, 24%, 27% com dosagem de 10, 20 e 40 mg/dia, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,001). O tratamento adicional com a dose de lovastatina a 40 mg/dia (de 24 a 48 semanas) reduziu o colesterol LDL em 25% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>Em um estudo com a pravastatina, o desfecho prim&#225;rio de efic&#225;cia avaliado foi o EMI, com diferen&#231;a significativa entre pravastatina e placebo (p = 0,02).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a pravastatina reduziu os n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL (-24,1%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao placebo (+0,3%) com p &lt; 0,001. Os autores sugerem que os achados de EMI e a efic&#225;cia do tratamento com pravastatina neste estudo devem ser limitados a crian&#231;as com HF.</p>
        <p>Os resultados de efic&#225;cia deste estudo foram semelhantes a outros. Ao final de 48 semanas, os pacientes tratados com sinvastatina apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas nos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL (-41%), CT (31%), APOB (-34%), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de densidade muito baixa (VLDL) (- 21%) e triglicer&#237;deos (TG) (-9%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No estudo com a atorvastatina <italic>versus</italic> placebo, houve redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de colesterol LDL (40%), CT (32%), TG (12%) e APOB (34%) no grupo atorvastatina comparado ao grupo placebo (p &lt; 0,001). O aumento nos n&#237;veis de colesterol HDL (2,8%) tamb&#233;m foi estatisticamente significativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> No estudo que comparou rosuvastatina e placebo, as altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL, CT e APOB foram estatisticamente significativas para todas as doses (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg) (p &lt; 0,001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maioria dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta meta-an&#225;lise se concentrou no efeito das estatinas sobre o LDL. Pelos resultados em crian&#231;as com FH, as estatinas s&#227;o eficazes na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL e CT. A efic&#225;cia da redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL e CT com o tratamento com estatinas foi consistente em todos os ECRs analisados. Os efeitos das estatinas sobre outros n&#237;veis de lip&#237;dios, como colesterol HDL e TG, n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#227;o consistentes; por isso, os resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o extrapolados para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Pacientes sem FH devem focar em mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida antes de depender de uma droga que melhore seus n&#237;veis de colesterol.</p>
        <p>Os estudos inclu&#237;dos tinham elementos essenciais que determinam a qualidade dos estudos e que s&#227;o importantes para gerar evid&#234;ncias. Estudos controlados randomizados na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#227;o comuns quanto em adultos. No entanto, n&#227;o existe uma metodologia reconhecida que avalie a qualidade dos estudos com crian&#231;as. Por isso usamos o formato de ensaio cl&#237;nico para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta.</p>
        <p>O perfil de eventos adversos de um agente farmacol&#243;gico &#233; uma importante preocupa&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Assim, em geral, os dados sugerem que o risco de eventos adversos em crian&#231;as tratadas com estatinas &#233; semelhante ao de adultos tratados com estatina, pelo menos a curto prazo. Alguns estudos avaliaram o efeito da terapia com estatina sobre os resultados cl&#237;nicos, estado hormonal, medidas bioqu&#237;micas de crescimento, nutri&#231;&#227;o e toxicidade hep&#225;tica ou renal. Para a maioria destes par&#226;metros, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos tratamento e placebo. N&#227;o h&#225; relatos de eventos adversos graves. A eleva&#231;&#227;o das transaminases hep&#225;ticas e a creatinofosfoquinase, que s&#227;o particularmente preocupantes em adultos, n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos estudados.</p>
        <p>As diretrizes atuais para a HF recomendam tratamento farmacol&#243;gico em indiv&#237;duos acometidos com idade entre 8 a 10 anos e, em crian&#231;as mais jovens, apenas com eleva&#231;&#227;o extrema do colesterol LDL e fatores de risco associados, havendo risco de DAC prematura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> As estatinas podem ser consideradas tratamento de primeira linha em crian&#231;as com HFHe e aumento de LDL ap&#243;s mudan&#231;as na dieta e estilo de vida. A resposta ao tratamento com estatinas deve ser avaliada 1 a 3 meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da terapia e, depois periodicamente, de acordo com as diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Crian&#231;as tratadas com estatinas tamb&#233;m devem ser monitoradas com frequ&#234;ncia para eventos adversos (por exemplo, transaminases hep&#225;ticas, creatina quinase, enzimas hep&#225;ticas), e as estatinas s&#227;o contraindicadas durante a gravidez.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> H&#225; tamb&#233;m a necessidade de mais estudos para avaliar a seguran&#231;a para os pacientes pedi&#225;tricos ao longo de suas vidas. Os resultados para o crescimento e desenvolvimento sexual devem ser considerados em crian&#231;as menores de 10 anos. Estudos futuros devem procurar incluir pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com formas secund&#225;rias de dislipidemia e come&#231;ar a examinar terapia combinada em crian&#231;as.</p>
        <p>No entanto, encontramos algumas limita&#231;&#245;es nesses estudos. Uma delas &#233; a dura&#231;&#227;o da terapia com estatinas, que variou de 8 a 104 semanas, enquanto na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica os pacientes com HF s&#227;o submetidos a tratamento com estatina pelo resto de suas vidas, uma vez iniciado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi terem sido conduzidos apenas com crian&#231;as com HF, n&#227;o tendo sido inclu&#237;das crian&#231;as com dislipidemia secund&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre altas doses de estatinas, como as usadas em adultos. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; dados de efic&#225;cia a longo prazo dispon&#237;veis, permanecendo desconhecidos.</p>
        <p>Braamskamp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> publicaram o primeiro estudo que avaliou as concentra&#231;&#245;es hormonais de indiv&#237;duos com HF antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento com estatinas e 10 anos depois, em compara&#231;&#227;o a seus irm&#227;os n&#227;o afetados, o que minimiza a varia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica e ambiental entre os grupos. De acordo com os resultados, as concentra&#231;&#245;es hormonais em pacientes com HF est&#227;o entre os valores de refer&#234;ncia na compara&#231;&#227;o com irm&#227;os n&#227;o afetados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com base nas evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis nesta meta-an&#225;lise, as estatinas reduziram significativamente o colesterol LDL em crian&#231;as com HFHe. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; dados sobre resultados de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a a longo prazo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Graciane Radaelli pelo Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC-FUC).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app6">
          <label>Ap&#234;ndice I</label>
          <sec>
            <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca no PubMed</title>
            <p>#1. Search (Child OR Adolescent)</p>
            <p>#2. Search (Hypercholesterolemia OR Statin OR Dyslipidemias OR Cholesterol OR Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase inhibitors)</p>
            <p>#3. Search (randomized controlled trial[pt] OR controlled clinical trial[pt] OR randomized controlled trials[mh] OR random allocation [mh] OR double-blind method[mh] OR single-blind method[mh] OR clinical trial[pt] OR clinical trials[mh] OR ("clinical trial"[tw]) OR ((singl*[tw] OR doubl*[tw] OR trebl*[tw] OR tripl*[tw]) AND (mask*[tw] OR blind*[tw])) OR ("latin quare"[tw]) OR placebos[mh] OR placebo*[tw] OR random*[tw] OR research design[mh:noexp] OR comparative studies[mh] OR evaluation studies[mh] OR follow-up studies[mh] OR prospective studies[mh] OR cross-over studies[mh] OR control* [tw] OR prospectiv*[tw] OR olunteer*[tw]) NOT (animal[mh] NOT human[mh])</p>
            <p>#4. Search (#1 AND #2 AND #3)</p>
          </sec>
        </app>
        <app id="app7">
          <label>Ap&#234;ndice II</label>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Ap&#234;ndice 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico mostrando o efeito da terapia com estatinas nos n&#237;veis de colesterol total.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0810-80180-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </app>
        <app id="app8">
          <label>Ap&#234;ndice III</label>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Ap&#234;ndice 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico mostrando o efeito da terapia com estatinas nos n&#237;veis de colesterol lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0810-80180-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </app>
        <app id="app9">
          <label>Ap&#234;ndice IV</label>
          <p>
            <fig id="f13">
              <label>Ap&#234;ndice 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico mostrando o efeito da terapia com estatinas nos n&#237;veis de colesterol lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0810-80180-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </app>
        <app id="app10">
          <label>Ap&#234;ndice V</label>
          <p>
            <fig id="f14">
              <label>Ap&#234;ndice 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Forest plots showing the effect of statin therapy on apolipoprotein B levels.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0810-80180-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
