<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZS4XwCwvX7dtP9L9X5bW9PM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001800808</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180226</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cystatin C as a Candidate Biomarker of Cardiovascular Outcomes: Too Near, but too Far from Reality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz S&#233;rgio F. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Quinaglia AC</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Campinas</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cardiologia - Departamento de Medicina Interna - Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Bras&#237;lia</city>
          <state>DF</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Otavio Rizzi Coelho-Filho</bold> Disciplina de Cardiologia - Departamento de Medicina Interna - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) - Rua Vital Brasil, 251 - Cidade Universit&#225;ria "Zeferino Vaz". Postal Code 13083-888, Campinas, SP - Brasil Email: <email>orcfilho@unicamp.br</email> or <email>tavicocoelho@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>808</fpage>
      <lpage>809</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Cystatin C</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Glomerular Filtration Rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>While the development of novel risk factors for cardiovascular risk assessment is necessary to improve risk stratification, proving its clinical value on top of traditional risk factors is routinely challenging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Besides all the innovative and straightforward biomarker research published in the last decades, only very few markers of cardiovascular risk have shown clinical significance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Among many of them, cystatin C has emerged some years ago as a candidate for improving cardiovascular risk stratification.</p>
    <p>In the <italic>Cardiovascular Health Study</italic> (CHS),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> a community-based and longitudinal study with over 4,600 elderly individuals, cystatin C has shown to predict cardiovascular outcomes. As compared with the lowest quintile, the highest quintile of cystatin C was associated with a significantly increased risk of death from cardiovascular causes (hazard ratio [HR] 2.27 [1.73 to 2.97]), myocardial infarction (HR 1.48 [1.08 to 2.02]), and stroke (HR 1.47 [1.09 to 1.96]) after multivariate adjustment. However, cystatin C is typically known as a marker of renal function, being roughly correlated with glomerular filtration rate in early stages of kidney diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Reasonably, since glomerular function is a strong surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease, it suggests an obvious association between cystatin C and cardiovascular outcomes. A mechanism to avoid the impact of this inexorable bias was to study only individuals with normal kidney function. Yet, additional studies have shown inconsistent magnitudes of effect between cystatin C and cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
    <p>In that context, Einwoegerer and Domingueti<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> in this issue of the <italic>Brazilian Archives of Cardiology</italic> investigated the role of plasma cystatin C levels on the risk of all-cause mortality and other softer endpoints by pooling studies of individuals with normal renal function. Unfortunately, only two studies compared quartiles of cystatin C with multivariate regression analysis, hence providing a sample size that is not too far from the original <italic>Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health</italic> (LURIC) study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The meta-analysis suggested a robust association between high levels of cystatin C and the risk of all-cause mortality in individuals with normal renal function (HR 2.28 [1.70 - 3.05], p &lt; 0.001). Heterogeneity among studies was substantial (I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 50%) and no sensitivity analysis was provided. Besides the critical limitations in meta-analysis data, authors also provided substantial elements in a systematic review of studies on the same topic.</p>
    <p>Although a first step for a candidate biomarker is to show strong association with a clinical outcome, this is not sufficient to prove its complementary clinically usefulness beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity and aortic stenosis. A next fundamental step is to show whether cystatin C could improve risk prediction of cardiovascular outcomes in Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves models, net reclassification index (NRI) and integrated discrimination index (IDI) compared-to or added-to the Framinghan Heart Risk, ASCVD risk score, or any validated cardiovascular risk scores/engines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Besides the potential mechanistic link between cystatin C and atherosclerotic disease, this association is unlikely to be causal. By using a Mendelian randomization approach, which takes into account both the genetic association with cystatin C and CVD to triangulate the causal effect, and combining a set of cohorts of over 250,000 individuals with 63,000 cases of cardiovascular events from the <italic>Cystatin C Mendelian Randomization Consortium</italic> no association could be found.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> This finding in no way suggests that we should abandon the use of cystatin C for risk stratification purposes in kidney diseases, but there are two key messages in it: (i) it alerts against the chase of therapeutic strategies that target at lowering plasma cystatin C levels; (ii) it also indicates a low likelihood of association between cystatin C as a surrogate cardiovascular marker on top of classical risk factors. However, the last word in favor or against the use of cystatin C in clinical practice for cardiovascular risk stratification of individuals with normal renal function should be based on studies evaluating detrimental effects of this marker on established risk scores/engines.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article: Association Between Increased Levels of Cystatin C and the Development of Cardiovascular Events or Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Bots ML, Groenewegen KA, Anderson TJ, Britton AR, Dekker JM, Engstr&#246;m G, et al. Common carotid intima-media thickness measurements do not improve cardiovascular risk prediction in individuals with elevated blood pressure: the USE-IMT collaboration. Hypertension 2014; 63(6):1173-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bots</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Groenewegen</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Britton</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dekker</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Engstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Common carotid intima-media thickness measurements do not improve cardiovascular risk prediction in individuals with elevated blood pressure the USE-IMT collaboration</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1173</fpage>
          <lpage>1181</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Possner M, Liga R, Gaisl T, Vontobel J, Clerc OF, Mikulicic F, et al. Quantification of epicardial and intrathoracic fat volume does not provide an added prognostic value as an adjunct to coronary artery calcium score and myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;17(8):885-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Possner</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liga</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaisl</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vontobel</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clerc</surname>
              <given-names>OF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mikulicic</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quantification of epicardial and intrathoracic fat volume does not provide an added prognostic value as an adjunct to coronary artery calcium score and myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>885</fpage>
          <lpage>891</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Mortensen MB, Afzal S, Nordestgaard BG, Falk E. The high-density lipoprotein-adjusted SCORE model worsens SCORE-based risk classification in a contemporary population of 30,824 Europeans: the Copenhagen General Population Study. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(36):2446-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mortensen</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afzal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nordestgaard</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falk</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The high-density lipoprotein-adjusted SCORE model worsens SCORE-based risk classification in a contemporary population of 30,824 Europeans the Copenhagen General Population Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>2446</fpage>
          <lpage>2453</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Mahabadi AA, Mohlenkamp S, Lehmann N, K&#228;lsch H, Dykun I, Pundt N, et al; Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigators. CAC score improves coronary and CV risk assessment above statin indication by ESC and AHA/ACC primary prevention guidelines. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(2):143-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mahabadi</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mohlenkamp</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>K&#228;lsch</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dykun</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pundt</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>CAC score improves coronary and CV risk assessment above statin indication by ESC and AHA/ACC primary prevention guidelines</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>143</fpage>
          <lpage>153</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Bhatia LS, Curzen NP, Calder PC, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new and important cardiovascular risk factor? Eur Heart J. 2012;33(10):1190-200.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bhatia</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curzen</surname>
              <given-names>NP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calder</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byrne</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease a new and important cardiovascular risk factor?</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1190</fpage>
          <lpage>1200</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Shlipak MG, Sarnak MJ, Katz R, Fried LF, Seliger SL, Newman AB, et al. Cystatin C and the risk of death and cardiovascular events among elderly persons. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(20):2049-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shlipak</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarnak</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fried</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seliger</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newman</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cystatin C and the risk of death and cardiovascular events among elderly persons</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>352</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>2049</fpage>
          <lpage>2060</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Briguori C, Visconti G, Rivera NV, Focaccio A, Golia B, Giannone R, et al. Cystatin C and contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Circulation. 2010;121(19):2117-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Briguori</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Visconti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rivera</surname>
              <given-names>NV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Focaccio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Golia</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannone</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cystatin C and contrast-induced acute kidney injury</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2117</fpage>
          <lpage>2122</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Malyszko J, Sitniewska E, Malyszko JS, Poniatowski B, Pawlak K, Dobrzycki S. NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and cystatin C: are they good predictors of contrast nephropathy after percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with stable angina and normal serum creatinine? Int J Cardiol. 2008;127(2):290-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bachorzewska-Gajewska</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malyszko</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sitniewska</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malyszko</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poniatowski</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pawlak</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobrzycki</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and cystatin C are they good predictors of contrast nephropathy after percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with stable angina and normal serum creatinine?</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>290</fpage>
          <lpage>291</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Einwoegerer CF, Domingueti CP. Association between increased levels of cystatin C and the development of cardiovascular events or mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; 111(6):796-807.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Einwoegerer</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Domingueti</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between increased levels of cystatin C and the development of cardiovascular events or mortality a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>796</fpage>
          <lpage>807</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Woitas RP, Kleber ME, Meinitzer A, Grammer TB, Silbernagel G, Pilz S, et al. Cystatin C is independently associated with total and cardiovascular mortality in individuals undergoing coronary angiography. The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. Atherosclerosis. 2013;229(2):541-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Woitas</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleber</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meinitzer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grammer</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silbernagel</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pilz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cystatin C is independently associated with total and cardiovascular mortality in individuals undergoing coronary angiography The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>229</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>541</fpage>
          <lpage>548</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D'Agostino RB, Gibbons R, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S49-73. Erratum in: Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S74-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goff</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bennett</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coady</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbons</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>American College of Cardiology</collab>
            <collab>American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>129</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>S49</fpage>
          <lpage>S73</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S74-5.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 D'Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117(6):743-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D'Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB Sr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasan</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pencina</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolf</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cobain</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massaro</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care the Framingham Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>743</fpage>
          <lpage>753</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 van der Laan SW, Fall T, Soumare A, Teumer A, Sedaghat S, Baumert J, et al. Cystatin C and cardiovascular disease: a Mendelian Randomization study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(9):934-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>van der Laan</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fall</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soumare</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teumer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sedaghat</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumert</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cystatin C and cardiovascular disease a Mendelian Randomization study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>934</fpage>
          <lpage>945</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cistatina C como um Candidato a Biomarcador de Desfechos Cardiovasculares: Bem Perto, mas Longe Demais da Realidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz S&#233;rgio F. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Quinaglia AC</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Cardiologia - Departamento de Medicina Interna - Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Otavio Rizzi Coelho-Filho</bold> Disciplina de Cardiologia - Departamento de Medicina Interna - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) - Rua Vital Brasil, 251 - Cidade Universit&#225;ria "Zeferino Vaz". CEP 13083-888, Campinas, SP - Brasil Email: <email>orcfilho@unicamp.br</email> ou <email>tavicocoelho@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Cistatina C</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Embora o desenvolvimento de novos fatores de risco para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular seja necess&#225;rio para melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, comprovar seu valor cl&#237;nico al&#233;m dos fatores de risco tradicionais &#233; um desafio rotineiro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m de toda a pesquisa inovadora e direta de biomarcadores publicada nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, apenas muito poucos marcadores de risco cardiovascular mostraram signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Entre muitos deles, a cistatina C surgiu h&#225; alguns anos como candidata para melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>No <italic>Cardiovascular Health Study</italic> (CHS),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> um estudo de base comunit&#225;ria e longitudinal com mais de 4.600 idosos, a cistatina C mostrou predizer desfechos cardiovasculares. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o quintil mais baixo, o quintil mais alto de cistatina C foi associado a um risco significativamente aumentado de morte devido a causas cardiovasculares (raz&#227;o de risco [RR] 2,27 [1,73-2,97]), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (HR 1,48 [1,08-2,02]) e AVC (HR 1,47 [1,09 a 1,96]) ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado. No entanto, a cistatina C &#233; tipicamente conhecida como um marcador da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, sendo grosseiramente correlacionada com a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular nos est&#225;gios iniciais das doen&#231;as renais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Razoavelmente, como a fun&#231;&#227;o glomerular &#233; um forte marcador substituto de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, ela sugere uma associa&#231;&#227;o &#243;bvia entre a cistatina C e os desfechos cardiovasculares. Um mecanismo para evitar o impacto desse vi&#233;s inexor&#225;vel foi estudar apenas indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal. No entanto, estudos adicionais mostraram magnitudes inconsistentes de efeito entre a cistatina C e desfechos cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, Einwoegerer e Domingueti,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia investigaram o papel dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de cistatina C no risco de mortalidade por todas as causas e outros desfechos mais brandos, agrupando estudos de indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal. Infelizmente, apenas dois estudos compararam quartis de cistatina C com an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, fornecendo assim um tamanho de amostra que n&#227;o est&#225; muito longe do estudo original <italic>Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health</italic> (LURIC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A metan&#225;lise sugeriu uma associa&#231;&#227;o robusta entre altos n&#237;veis de cistatina C e o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal (RR 2,28 [1,70 - 3,05], p &lt; 0,001). A heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi substancial (I<sup>2</sup>&gt; 50%) e nenhuma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi fornecida. Al&#233;m das limita&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas em dados de meta-an&#225;lise, os autores tamb&#233;m forneceram elementos substanciais em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos sobre o mesmo tema.</p>
      <p>Embora um primeiro passo para um biomarcador candidato seja mostrar forte associa&#231;&#227;o com um desfecho cl&#237;nico, isso n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para provar sua utilidade cl&#237;nica complementar al&#233;m dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais, como idade, sexo, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, hiperlipidemia, obesidade e estenose a&#243;rtica. Um pr&#243;ximo passo fundamental &#233; mostrar se a cistatina C poderia melhorar a previs&#227;o de risco de desfechos cardiovasculares em modelos de curvas da Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (ROC), &#237;ndice de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida (NRI) e &#237;ndice de discrimina&#231;&#227;o integrado (IDI) em compara&#231;&#227;o com ou adicionado ao Risco Framinghan para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, escore de risco de ASCVD ou qualquer escore/mecanismo de risco cardiovascular validado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m do potencial elo mecan&#237;stico entre a cistatina C e a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, &#233; improv&#225;vel que essa associa&#231;&#227;o seja causal. Utilizando uma abordagem de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana, que leva em considera&#231;&#227;o tanto a associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica com cistatina C como a DCV para triangular o efeito causal, e combinando um conjunto de coortes de mais de 250.000 indiv&#237;duos com 63.000 casos de eventos cardiovasculares do <italic>Cons&#243;rcio de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana da Cistatina C</italic>, nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o pode ser encontrada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Esse achado n&#227;o sugere de maneira alguma que devemos abandonar o uso da cistatina C para fins de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em doen&#231;as renais, mas h&#225; duas mensagens principais nele: (i) alerta contra a persegui&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas que visam reduzir os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de cistatina C; (ii) tamb&#233;m indica uma baixa probabilidade de associa&#231;&#227;o entre a cistatina C como marcador cardiovascular substituto sobre os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos. No entanto, a &#250;ltima palavra a favor ou contra o uso de cistatina C na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular de indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal deve ser baseada em estudos que avaliem os efeitos prejudiciais desse marcador nos escores de risco/motores estabelecidos.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o entre N&#237;veis Elevados de Cistatina C e o Desenvolvimento de Eventos Cardiovasculares ou Mortalidade: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Meta-An&#225;lise</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
