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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">k4JNsfjgjkd65s5DvmzbHWN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001800796</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005013110</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180171</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association Between Increased Levels of Cystatin C and the Development of Cardiovascular Events or Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Einwoegerer</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Fuchs</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domingueti</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Divin&#243;polis</city>
            <state>MG</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei, Divin&#243;polis, MG - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Caroline Pereira Domingueti,</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu Rua Sebasti&#227;o Gon&#231;alves Coelho, 400. CEP 35501-296, Chanadour, Divin&#243;polis, MG - Brazil E-mail: <email>caroldomingueti@ufsj.edu.br</email>, <email>caroldomingueti@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis e Writing of the manuscript: Einwoegerer CF, Domingueti CP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Domingueti CP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>796</fpage>
      <lpage>807</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cystatin C seems promising for evaluating the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association between high levels of cystatin C and the development of cardiovascular events or mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The articles were selected in the Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, and Scielo databases. The eligibility criteria were prospective cohort observational trials that assessed the association of high serum levels of cystatin C with the development of cardiovascular events or mortality in individuals with normal renal function. Only studies that evaluated the mortality outcome compared the fourth with the first quartile of cystatin C and performed multivariate Cox&#8217;s proportional hazard regression analysis were included in the meta-analysis. A p value &lt; 0,05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Among the 647 articles found, 12 were included in the systematic review and two in the meta-analysis. The risk of development of adverse outcomes was assessed by eight studies using the hazard ratio. Among them, six studies found an increased risk of cardiovascular events or mortality. The multivariate regression analysis was performed by six studies, and the risk of developing adverse outcomes remained significant after the analysis in four of these studies. The result of the meta-analysis [HR = 2.28 (1.70-3.05), p &lt; 0.001] indicated that there is a significant association between high levels of cystatin C and the risk of mortality in individuals with normal renal function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>There is a significant association between high levels of cystatin C and the development of cardiovascular events or mortality in individuals with normal renal function.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Cystatin C</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency, Chronic</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis as Topic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world, accounting for 31% of all deaths. In 2015, an estimated 17.7 million people died from cardiovascular diseases, mainly coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In addition to high mortality, cardiovascular diseases are also associated with high morbidity, contributing to a significant share of public expenditure on health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Chronic kidney disease is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular events, and is also responsible for increased morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Cystatin C consists of a marker of renal dysfunction that has been shown to be more sensitive than serum creatinine to assess the early stages of renal failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>. It consists of a relatively stable cysteine protease inhibitor, produced in all nucleated cells at a constant rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Because of the greater sensitivity of cystatin C for detecting the early and milder stages of renal dysfunction, the evaluation of serum levels has been shown to be promising for assessing the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in individuals with apparently normal renal function. In recent years, some studies have demonstrated an association between serum cystatin C levels and the development of AMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In addition, cystatin C has been shown to be useful for prognostic stratification in patients with ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, there is a divergence between the results of studies performed to date on the clinical utility of cystatin C to assess the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in individuals with normal renal function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Although some meta-analyses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> have been published on the subject, the population of the studies selected did not consist only of patients with normal renal function. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between high levels of cystatin C and the development of cardiovascular events or mortality in subjects with normal renal function.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This systematic review followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Articles Selection</title>
        <p>The articles selection was performed through the data bases <italic>Medline (PubMed)</italic> and <italic>Web of Science</italic>, using the descriptors &#8220;cystatin C&#8221;, &#8220;post-gamma-globulin&#8221;, &#8220;post-gamma globulin&#8221;, &#8220;neuroendocrine basic polypeptide&#8221;, &#8220;basic polypeptide, neuroendocrine&#8221;, &#8220;cystatin 3&#8221;, &#8220;gamma-trace&#8221;, &#8220;gamma trace&#8221;, combined with the descriptors &#8220;acute coronary syndrome&#8221;, &#8220;acute coronary syndromes&#8221;, &#8220;coronary syndrome, acute&#8221;, &#8220;coronary syndromes, acute&#8221;, &#8220;syndrome, acute coronary&#8221;, &#8220;syndromes, acute coronary&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial infarction&#8221;, &#8220;infarction, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;infarctions, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial infarctions&#8221;, &#8220;cardiovascular stroke&#8221;, &#8220;cardiovascular strokes&#8221;, &#8220;stroke, cardiovascular&#8221;, &#8220;strokes, cardiovascular&#8221;, &#8220;heart attack&#8221;, &#8220;heart attacks&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial infarct&#8221;, &#8220;infarct, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;infarcts, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial infarcts&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial ischemia&#8221;, &#8220;ischemia, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;ischemias, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial ischemias&#8221;, &#8220;ischemic heart disease&#8221;, &#8220;heart disease, ischemic&#8221;, &#8220;disease, ischemic heart&#8221;, &#8220;diseases, ischemic heart&#8221;, &#8220;heart diseases, ischemic&#8221;, &#8220;ischemic heart diseases&#8221;, using the connector &#8220;AND&#8221; between the terms. The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) was used to define these descriptors.</p>
        <p>The selection of the articles was also performed in <italic>Scielo</italic> database, using the descriptors &#8220;cystatin C&#8221; with the Boolean operators &#8220;acute coronary syndrome&#8221;, &#8220;coronary disease&#8221;, &#8220;coronary heart disease&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial infarction&#8221;, &#8220;heart attack&#8221;, &#8220;cardiac attack&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial ischemia&#8221;, &#8220;heart disease, ischemic&#8221;, &#8220;ischemia, myocardial&#8221; and &#8220;ischemic heart disease&#8221; using AND connector between the terms. The Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS) was used to define these descriptors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
        <p>The eligibility criteria were established according to the PRISMA recommendation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and consist of prospective cohort observational studies written in English, Portuguese or Spanish evaluating the association between high levels of cystatin C, and the development of cardiovascular events or mortality in individuals with normal renal function. There was no restriction of the period of publication of articles in the research. PECOS strategy was used to elaborate the research question:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Population of interest: Individuals with normal renal function.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Exposure: High levels of cystatin C.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Outcome: Cardiovascular events or mortality.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Study Design: Prospective cohort.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extracting data from selected articles</title>
        <p>The following data were obtained from the studies that met the eligibility criteria: method used for measuring serum levels of cystatin C, patient group size, patient follow-up time, patient age range, criterion used to define normal renal function, outcome obtained in the study, outcome assessed, study population, patient classification, and parameters included in Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality of the selected articles</title>
        <p>The methodological quality evaluation process of the studies included in the review was carried out by two reviewers using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> questionnaire for cohort studies, which contains the following categories of evaluation: cohort selection; comparability of the cohort and outcome. The quality of the study is indicated with a maximum of nine stars, with only one star being allowed to be assigned in the selection and outcome categories, and two stars in the comparability category. The articles reaching a score of five to six stars were considered as articles of good methodological quality, and those with seven or more stars were considered articles of excellent methodological quality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Meta-Analysis</title>
        <p>The meta-analysis included only those studies that assessed the outcome all-cause mortality comparing the fourth quartile of cystatin C with the first quartile and that conducted multivariate regression analysis of Cox proportional hazards. The <italic>hazard ratio</italic> value and the 95% confidence interval adjusted by the multivariate regression analysis were used in the meta-analysis and the I<sup>2</sup> test was used to assess the heterogeneity among the studies. The studies were considered heterogeneous when I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 50% and p &lt; 0.10. When there was homogeneity, the <italic>hazard ratio</italic> was calculated using the fixed effect model. The distribution of the studies included in the meta-analysis was analyzed by a funnel plot. The statistical software <italic>Review Manager</italic> version 5.3 was used to perform the statistical analysis. The p value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Literature search</title>
        <p>The initial search through the descriptors in the electronic databases resulted in a total of 647 articles. After completing the selection steps, 12 articles were included in the systematic review, and two were included in the meta-analysis. The flow chart for the selection of articles according to the eligibility criteria is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flow chart of the articles selected for review, according to the elegibility criteria used in the study.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0796-80171-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics and results of selected articles</title>
        <p>The studies that met the eligibility criteria were published between 2007 and 2016 and their characteristics are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of selected studies</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Author/Year</th>
                <th align="center">Number of patients/<break/>Age group</th>
                <th align="center">Study population</th>
                <th align="center">Patient follow-up time</th>
                <th align="center">Evaluated outcome</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sai et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">277/64</td>
                <td align="center">Patients undergoing PCI</td>
                <td align="center">5 years and 3 months</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death, cerebrovascular death, ACS including non-fatal AMI and unstable angina, non-fatal stroke and hospitalization due to worsening CHF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bansal et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2410/40,2 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">Patients at risk for cardiovascular events who underwent echocardiography</td>
                <td align="center">10 years</td>
                <td align="center">Left ventricular hypertrophy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abid et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">127/58 &#177; 11,65</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with STEMI and NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">1 year</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death, myocardial reinfarction, NSTEMI, HF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Woitas et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2356/64 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with CAD and healthy individuals</td>
                <td align="center">10 years</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death and death from any cause</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dupont et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">615/65 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with CHF who underwent coronary angiography</td>
                <td align="center">3 years</td>
                <td align="center">Death from any cause, non-fatal AMI and non-fatal stroke</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gao et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">13 8/65,4 &#177; 11,0</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with chronic or new onset systolic CHF</td>
                <td align="center">3 years</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death, development or progression of HF requiring hospitalization, intravenous treatment of HF within the first 3 days after admission, cardiac transplantation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Keller et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1827/62</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with stable CAD or ACS</td>
                <td align="center">4 years</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gao et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">160/60</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with stable, unstable angina and AMI and healthy individuals</td>
                <td align="center">6 months</td>
                <td align="center">AMI, cardiovascular death, refractory angina, PCI and angiography</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alehagen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">464/65 to 87</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with CHF</td>
                <td align="center">10 years</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acuna et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">203/66,6 &#177; 13,16</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with STEMI and NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">1 years and 3 months</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death and HF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Koenig et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">466 3/&#8805; 65</td>
                <td align="center">Elderly subjects (&#8805; 65 years)</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 years</td>
                <td align="center">Death from any cause, cardiovascular death, incident HF, stroke and AMI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ix et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">990/67</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with a history of AMI, angiographic evidence of stenosis greater than 50% in 1 or more coronary vessels, evidence of treadmill-induced ischemia or nuclear testing, or history of coronary artery bypass grafting</td>
                <td align="center">3 years and 1 month</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiovascular death, non-fatal AMI, stroke, death from all causes and HF</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>AMI: Acute Myocardial Infarction; HF: Heart failure; CHF: congestive heart failure; NSTEMI: Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; CAD: Coronary artery disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>The population of the studies analyzed consisted of patients at risk for cardiovascular events,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and stable coronary artery disease (CAD),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> ACS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> with congestive heart failure (CHF),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> with CHF who underwent coronary angiography,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> with stable angina and AMI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> with a history of AMI that had angiographic evidence of stenosis greater than 50%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> or healthy elderly individuals (older than 65 years).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample size, age group and follow-up time</title>
        <p>The sample size varied from 127 to 4,663 individuals, and the sample number of 25% (n = 3)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> of the studies ranged from 400 to 1000 individuals, 41.67% (n = 5)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> of the studies had a sample number of less than 300 patients, and 33.33% (n = 4)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> had a sample size greater than 1000. The mean age ranged from 37 to 87 years, with 41.66% (n =5)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> of the studies evaluating both adult and elderly population (over 60 years), 50% (n = 6)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> evaluating only the elderly population, and one study [8,33% (n = 1)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> analyzing only the adult population (below 60 years). The study follow-up time ranged from 6 months to 10 years, with 25% (n = 3)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> accompanying patients for less than 15 months, 41.67% (n = 5)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> following for 3 to 6 years, and 33.33% (n = 4)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> following for a period of more than 9 years.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcome</title>
        <p>The main outcomes evaluated by the studies were cardiovascular death (n = 10; 83.33%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> heart failure (n = 6; 50%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and acute myocardial infarction (n = 6; 50%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> followed by stroke (n = 4; 33,33%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> death from any cause (n = 3; 35%,)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and unstable angina (n = 2; 16,67%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Only one study (8.33%) evaluated each of the following outcomes: cerebrovascular death,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> left ventricular hypertrophy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> myocardial reinfarction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> need for percutaneous coronary intervention,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Method for dosing cystatin C and criteria for the definition of normal renal function</title>
        <p>The cystatin C dosing method and the criteria used to define normal renal function in the selected studies are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. The methods used for cystatin C dosing were immunonephelometry [41.67% (n = 5)],<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> immunoturbimetry [33.33% (n = 4)],<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and immunoenzymatic assay [8.33% (n = 1)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Two studies (16.66%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> did not report the method used for cystatin C dosing. The criteria used to define normal renal function were the GFR, estimated by the MDRD equation, above 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> [66.67% (n = 8)],<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> the GFR, estimated by the CKD-EPI equation based on cystatin C, above 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, and normal albuminuria [8,33% (n = 1)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and serum creatinine levels below 115 &#181;mol/L [8,33% (n = 1)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Two studies (16.67%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> did not mention the method of evaluation of renal function.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Method of dosing cystatin C and criteria for the definition of normal renal function in the selected studies</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="60%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Author/Year</th>
                <th align="center">Method of dosing cystatin C</th>
                <th align="center">Criteria used to define normal renal function</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sai et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Immunoturbimetry</td>
                <td align="center">GFR calculated using the MDRD equation &gt; 60 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bansal et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Immunonephelometry</td>
                <td align="center">GFR based on cystatin C using the equation CKD-EPI &gt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and normal albuminuria</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abid et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Immunoturbimetry</td>
                <td align="center">GFR calculated using the MDRD equation &gt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Woitas et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Immunonephelometry</td>
                <td align="center">GFR calculated using the MDRD equation &gt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dupont et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Immunoturbimetry</td>
                <td align="center">GFR calculated using the MDRD equation &gt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gao et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Keller et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Immunonephelometry</td>
                <td align="center">GFR calculated using the MDRD equation &gt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gao et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Enzyme immunoassay</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alehagen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Immunoturbimetry</td>
                <td align="center">Creatinine &lt; 115 &#181;mol/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acuna et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Immunonephelometry</td>
                <td align="center">GFR calculated using the MDRD equation &gt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Koenig et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
                <td align="center">GFR calculated using the MDRD equation &gt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ix et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Immunonephelometry</td>
                <td align="center">GFR calculated using the MDRD equation &gt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>MDRD: Modification of diet in renal disease; NI: Not informed; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Classification of patients and variables included in the multivariate regression analysis</title>
        <p>The way patients were classified in each of the selected studies, and the variables included in the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, while the results of the studies are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>. Among the studies included in this systematic review, five (41.66%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> classified patients according to cystatin C quartiles; three (25%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> classified patients according to whether or not there were fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events; two (16.66%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> divided the patients according to the median of cystatin C; one study (8.33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> classified patients according to whether or not they developed cardiovascular death; another study (8.33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> compared patients with coronary disease in relation to the healthy control group; a study (8.33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> classified the patients into four groups: stable angina, unstable angina, AMI and healthy control group; another study (8.33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> classified patients according to the GFR estimated by the CKD-EPI equation based on cystatin C: between 60 and 75 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>; between 76 and 90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>; and above 90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>; two other studies (16.66%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> further divided patients into two groups according to cystatin C levels above or below 0.95 mg/L and above and below 1.2 mg/L; and one study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> divided them according to high or low levels of cystatin C without mentioning the cutoff point.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of patients and variables included in multivariate regression analysis of Cox proportional hazards in selected studies</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="40%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Author/Year</th>
                <th align="center">Classification of patients</th>
                <th align="center">Variables included in the multivariate regression analysis</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sai et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with cystatin C levels above (n = 138) and below (n = 139) median. (Median = 0.637)</td>
                <td align="center">BMI, hypertension, HbA1c, HDL, BNP, cystatin C.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bansal et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">GFR between 60 and 75 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (n = 29).GFR between 76 and 90 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> (n = 153).GFR &gt; 90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (n = 2228).</td>
                <td align="center">Age, gender, race, smoking, DM, LDL, HDL, albuminuria, BMI, systolic blood pressure.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abid et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients who developed fatal (n = 6) or non-fatal (n = 26) cardiovascular events and patients who did not develop these events.Patients with cystatin C levels&gt; 1.2 mg/L and &lt;1.2 mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Woitas et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with coronary disease (n = 2,346) and control group (n = 652).First quartile &lt; 0.8 mg/L (n = 731).Second quartile 0.81 to 0.91 mg/L (n=769).Third quartile 0.91 to 1.06 mg/L (n=752).Fourth quartile &gt; 1.07 mg/L (n=746)</td>
                <td align="center">Hypertension, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, statin use, smoking, DM, usPCR, GFR CKD-EPI based on creatinine, age, gender, BMI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dupont et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Cystatin C quartiles.</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gao et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients who developed fatal or non-fatal (n = 21) cardiovascular events and patients who did not develop these events (n = 117).Patients with cystatin C levels above the median and below the median (0.9 mg/L).</td>
                <td align="center">Male gender, history of hypertension, high creatinine, reduced triglycerides, high homocysteine, high usPCR, high cystatin C.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Keller et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with cardiovascular death (n = 66) and patients without cardiovascular death (n = 1761).Cystatin C quartiles. </td>
                <td align="center">Age, gender, BMI, smoking, DM, hypertension, LDL/HDL ratio, PCR, GNP.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gao et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with stable angina (n = 34), patients with unstable angina (n = 56), patients with AMI (n = 36) and control group (n = 34).Patients who developed fatal or non-fatal (n = 26) cardiovascular events and patients who did not develop these events (n = 22).</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alehagen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">First quartile: &lt; 1.22 mg/L (n = 109).Second quartile: 1.22 to 1.42 mg/L (n = 120).Third quartile: 1.43 to 1.66 mg/L (n = 117).Fourth quartile: &gt; &lt; 1.66 mg/L (n = 118).</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acuna et al., 2009<sup>16</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Patients with cystatin C levels&gt; 0.95 mg/L (n = 63) and &#8804; 0.95 mg/L (n = 76)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Koenig et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with high (n = 1261) and reduced levels of cystatin C (n = 1347)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ix et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">First quartile: &#8804; &lt;0.91 mg/L (n = 239).Second quartile: 0.92 to 1.05 mg/L (n = 248).Third quartile: 1.06 to 1.29 mg/L (n = 262).Fourth quartile:&gt; &#8805; &lt;1.30 mg/L (n = 241).</td>
                <td align="center">Age, gender, race, smoking, DM, hypertension, previous AMI, smoking, HDL, BMI, CRP.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>DM: Diabetes mellitus; HDL-high density lipoprotein; AMI: Acute Myocardial Infarction; BMI: Body mass index; LDL: low density lipoprotein; NA: Not applicable; CRP: C-reactive protein; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; usPCR: Ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Results of selected studies</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="80%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Author/Year</th>
                <th align="center">Result</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sai et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Proportion of patients with cystatin C levels&gt; 0.637 mg/L who developed fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events was higher than in patients with cystatin C &lt; 0.637 mg/L [22 (15.9%) x 7 (5, 0%), p = 0.0025].Risk of fatal or non - fatal cardiovascular events in patients with cystatin C levels &gt; 0.637 mg/L was greater than in patients with cystatin levels &lt; 0.637 mg/L [(univariate) HR = 1.37 (1.10 - 1.66), p = 0.004; HR (multivariate) = 1.30 (1.01 - 1.63), p = 0.0038].</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bansal et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Risk of left ventricle hypertrophy was higher in patients with GFR between 60 and 75 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> than in those with GFR &gt; 90 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> [(univariate) HR = 10.12 (5.22 - 15.02), p &lt; 0.001; HR (multivariate analysis) = 5.63 (0.90 - 10.36), p = 0.02]Risk of left ventricular hypertrophy was higher in patients with GFR between 76 and 90 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> than in those with GFR&gt; 90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> [HR (univariate analysis) = 3.48 (1, 29 - 5.68), p = 0.002].</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abid et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients who developed non-fatal cardiovascular events showed higher levels of cystatin C compared to patients who did not develop these events (1.19 &#177; 0.4 mg/L x 1.01 &#177; 0.35 mg/L, p = 0.01)Patients who developed fatal cardiovascular events showed higher levels of cystatin C compared to patients who did not develop these events (1.21 &#177; 0.36 mg/L x 0.96 &#177; 0.27 mg/L, p = 0.03)Survival of patients with cystatin C levels &lt; 1.2 mg/L was higher than in patients with cystatin levels &gt; 1.2 mg/L (p &lt; 0.01).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Woitas et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with CAD showed higher levels of cystatin C than the control group (1.02 &#177; 0.44 mg/L x 0.92 &#177; 0.26 mg/L, p = 0.065Risk of cardiovascular death and death from any cause of fourth quartile patients was higher than that of first quartile patients [HR (univariate) = 4.82 (3.69 - 6.29), p &lt; 0.001; HR (multivariate) = 2.05 (1.48 - 2.84), p &lt; 0.001].Risk of cardiovascular death and death from any cause of third quartile patients was higher than that of first quartile patients [HR (univariate) = 2.11 (1.58 - 2.81), p &lt; 0.001; HR (multivariate) = 1.20 (0.88 - 1.65), p &lt; 0.243].</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dupont et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Risk of death from any cause and non-fatal cardiovascular event of patients in the fourth quartile was higher than in patients in the first quartile (p = 0.002).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gao et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients who developed fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events showed higher levels of cystatin C compared to patients who did not develop these events (1.63 &#177; 0.81 mg/L x 0.91 &#177; 0.27 mg/L, p = 0.001)Risk of fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events in patients with cystatin C levels&gt; 0,9 mg/L was higher than in patients with cystatin levels &lt; 0.9 mg/L [(univariate) HR = 3.58 (2.61 - 4.82), p = 0.033; HR (multivariate) = 7.10 (3.36 - 23.75), p = 0,006].</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Keller et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with cardiovascular death had higher levels of cystatin C than patients without cardiovascular death [0.94 (0.79 - 1.08 x 0.79 (0.70 - 0.90), p &lt; 0.001].Risk of cardiovascular death of patients in the fourth quartile was higher than in patients in the other quartiles [OD (univariate) = 3.87 (2.33-6.42), p &lt; 0.001; OD (multivariate) = 1.86 (0.90-3.81), p = 0.09].</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gao et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Patients with AMI and unstable angina had higher levels of cystatin C than the control group (2873.55 &#177; 1148.48 ng/mL x 1509.99 &#177; 408.65 ng/mL, p &lt; 0.01 and 2013.83 &#177; 633.85 ng/mL x 1509.99 &#177; 408.65 ng/mL, p &lt; 0.05, respectively).Patients with AMI and unstable angina had higher levels of cystatin C than the patients with stable angina (2873.55 &#177; 1148.48 ng/mL x 1348.41 &#177; 369.62 ng/mL, p &lt; 0.01 and 2013.83 &#177; 633.85 ng/mL x 1348.41 &#177; 369.62 ng/mL, p &lt; 0.01, respectively).Patients with AMI had higher levels of cystatin C than the patients with stable angina (2873.55 &#177; 1148.48 ng/mL x 2013.83 &#177; 633.85 ng/mL, p &lt; 0.05).Patients who developed fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events showed higher levels of cystatin C compared to patients who did not develop these events (2356,73 &#177; 897,64 ng/L x 1469.51 &#177; 574.83 ng/L, p = 0.006)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alehagen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Risk of cardiovascular death of fourth quartile patients was higher than that of first quartile patients [HR (univariate analysis) = 3.61 (1.81 - 7.14)].</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acuna et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">The proportion of patients with cystatin C levels &gt; 0.95 mg/L who had cardiovascular death was higher than that of patients with cystatin C levels &#8804; 0.95 mg/L [16 (27.1%) x 6 (7.8%), p = 0.01].The proportion of patients with cystatin C levels&gt; 0.95 mg/L who develop HF was higher than that of patients with cystatin C levels &#8804; 0.95 mg/L [22 (40.7%) x 6 (7.5%), p = 0.01].</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Koenig et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Each increase of 0.18 mg/L cystatin C was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death [OD = 1.42 (1.30 -1.54)], death from any cause [OD = 1.33 1.25-1.40)], HF [OD = 1.28 (1.17-1.40)], stroke [OD = 1.22 (1.08-1.38)] and AMI [OD = 1.20 (1.06-1.36)].Patients with high levels of cystatin C had more adverse events than those with reduced levels of cystatin C (p &lt; 0.001).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ix et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Risk of death from any cause of fourth quartile patients was higher than that of first quartile patients [HR (univariate) = 5,7 (3,1 - 10,5), p &lt; 0.001; HR (multivariate) = 3,6 (1,8 - 7,0), p &lt; 0.001].Risk of cardiovascular events of fourth quartile patients was higher than that of first quartile patients [HR (univariate) = 3.8 (2.1 - 6.9), p &lt; 0.001; HR (multivariate) = 2.0 (1.0 - 3.8), p &lt; 0.04].Risk of CHF in patients in the fourth quartile was higher than in patients in the first quartile [HR (univariate) = 6.1 (2.5 - 14.5), p = 0.001; HR (multivariate) = 2.6 (1.0 - 6.9), p = 0.05].</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>CAD: Coronary artery disease; AMI: Acute Myocardial Infarction; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; HR: Hazard Ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Studies results</title>
        <p>Among the included studies, two (16.66%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> analyzed the difference between the proportion of patients with high levels of cystatin C who developed fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> cardiovascular death,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and CHF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> compared with the proportion of patients with reduced levels of Cystatin C that developed these events, and all of them found a significant difference. A study (8.33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> further observed that patients with high levels of cystatin C had more adverse cardiovascular events than those with reduced levels of cystatin C. The difference between cystatin C levels in patients who developed fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events, and those who did not develop these events was evaluated by four studies (33.33%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and all found significantly higher levels of cystatin C in the group of patients who developed the events. A study (8.33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> also found that cystatin C levels in patients with CAD were higher than in the control group and another study (8.33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> observed that cystatin C levels in patients with AMI were higher than in patients with unstable angina, stable angina, and control group, and that cystatin C levels in patients with unstable angina were higher than in those with stable angina and control group. Another study (8.33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> found a higher survival rate in patients with lower levels of cystatin C.</p>
        <p>The risk of developing adverse outcomes was assessed by eight studies (66.66%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> calculating the hazard ratio. Among these, two studies (22,22%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> found an increased risk of fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events in patients with higher levels of cystatin C; one study (11.11%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> observed a higher risk of death from any cause and non-fatal cardiovascular events; another study found an increased risk of cardiovascular death and death from any cause; two studies (22.22%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> found an increased risk of cardiovascular death; one study (11.11%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> found an increased risk of death from any cause, cardiovascular events and CHF; and one study (11.11%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> still observed a higher risk of left ventricular hypertrophy. Finally, one study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> found that each increase of 0.18 mg/L of cystatin C was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death, death from any cause, HF, stroke and AMI. The multivariate regression analysis was performed by six (50%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> of these studies, with the risk of developing evaluated adverse outcomes remaining significant after the performance of this analysis in four of these studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methodological quality</title>
        <p>The results of the evaluation of the methodological quality of the studies included in this review are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>, and the detailed description of the criteria used for the distribution of the stars is presented in the legend. After the quality analysis, a study (8.33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> was found to have good methodological quality and 11 studies (91.66%) had excellent methodological quality.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evaluation of study quality according to Newcastle-Ottawa Scale</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Author/Year</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4">Selection 1 2 3 4</th>
                <th align="center">Comparability 5</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Outcomes 6 7 8</th>
                <th align="center">Total score</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sai <italic>et al</italic>., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bansal et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abid et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Woitas <italic>et al</italic>., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dupont et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gao et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Keller <italic>et al</italic>., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gao et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alehagen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acuna et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Koenig <italic>et al</italic>., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ix et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>1 - Representativeness of the exposed cohort: all the studies received one star, because the exposed cohort was a little representative of the average in the community; 2 - Selection of the unexposed cohort: all studies received one star, because the unexposed cohort was obtained in the same community of the exposed cohort; 3- Determination of exposure: only studies that dosed cystatin C using the immunonephelometry or immunoturbidimetry methods received a star; 4 - Demonstration that the outcome of interest was not present at the beginning of the study: studies in which patients did not present any cardiovascular disease at the beginning of the study received one star; 5 - Cohort comparability based on design and analysis: studies that performed multivariate regression analysis of Cox proportional hazards and defined normal renal function as GFR &gt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> received 2 stars. Studies that only defined normal renal function as GFR &gt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> but did not perform multivariate regression analysis of Cox proportional hazards received 1 star. 6 - Determination of outcome: all studies received one star, because the evaluation of the outcome was performed by the physicians independently; 7 - Adequate follow-up period for the occurrence of outcome (s): studies in which patients were followed for at least six months received one star, and studies in which patients were followed for less than six months did not receive a star; 8 - Adequacy of the follow-up period of the cohort: studies in which at least 90% of the patients were followed to the end or who did not comment if there were significant loss of patients during follow-up received one star.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Meta-analysis</title>
        <p>Only two studies evaluated the outcome of all-cause mortality, compared the fourth quartile of cystatin C with the first quartile, and performed a multivariate regression analysis of Cox proportional hazards and were therefore included in the meta-analysis, the result of which is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. Homogeneity was observed among the studies (I<sup>2</sup> = 53,423 and p = 0,14); therefore, the fixed-effect model was used to calculate the hazard ratio. The result of the meta-analysis [HR = 2.28 (1.70 - 3.05), p &lt; 0.001] indicates that there is a significant association between high levels of cystatin C and the risk of all-cause mortality in individuals with normal renal function. A symmetric distribution of the articles included in the meta-analysis was observed in the <italic>funnel plot</italic>, indicating that there is no publication bias.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Metanalysis of studies evaluating the association between high levels of cystatin C and the risk of mortality from any cause through the comparison between the fourth and first quartiles of cystatin C.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0796-80171-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study aimed to evaluate the association between high levels of cystatin C and the risk of cardiovascular events or mortality in subjects with normal renal function through a systematic review of the scientific literature and meta-analysis.</p>
      <p>The difference between the proportion of patients with high levels of cystatin C who developed cardiovascular events or mortality, compared with the proportion of patients with reduced levels of Cystatin C that developed these events was evaluated by two studies and both of them found a significant difference. The difference between cystatin C levels in patients who developed fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events and those who did not develop these events was assessed by four studies (33.3%) and all found significantly higher levels of cystatin C in the group of patients who had the events. The risk of developing adverse outcomes was assessed by eight studies (66.66%) calculating the hazard ratio. Among these, six studies found an increased risk of cardiovascular events or mortality. The multivariate regression analysis was performed by six (50%) of these studies, with the risk of developing the adverse outcomes remaining significant after the performance of this analysis in four of these studies.</p>
      <p>The meta-analysis also demonstrated that there is a significant association between high levels of cystatin C and the risk of all-cause mortality. Thus, the results presented by the studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that there is a significant association between high levels of cystatin C and the development of cardiovascular events or mortality in subjects with normal renal function assessed by serum creatinine-based GFR.</p>
      <p>A possible mechanism for the association between high levels of cystatin C and the development of cardiovascular events is related to the atherogenic process. The development of lesions in the arteries endothelium results in the accumulation of cholesterol in the artery wall, and in the development of the atherosclerotic plaque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> It has been suggested that lysosomal cathepsins, whose production is stimulated by inflammatory cytokines, may contribute to the degradation of the atherosclerotic plaque. As cystatin C is able to inhibit lysosomal cathepsins, it is possible to suggest that elevated levels of cystatin C may contribute to non-degradation of atherosclerotic plaque, resulting in increased risk of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another possible mechanism is related to the fact that cystatin C presents a greater sensitivity for the detection of the initial stages of renal dysfunction than serum creatinine or creatinine-based GFR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Several authors have already demonstrated that renal dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Thus, it is possible to suggest that patients who have normal renal function assessed by GFR based on creatinine or serum creatinine but who have high levels of cystatin C may present with renal dysfunction at an earlier stage, which could be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>Although cystatin C is a more sensitive marker for detecting the early stages of CKD than creatinine, especially in groups at risk for CKD, such as patients with diabetes mellitus and renal transplant recipients, it has some limitations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> High doses of glucocorticoids and hyperthyroidism may result in increased serum levels of cystatin C, whereas hypothyroidism may result in a decrease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Some factors, such as age, male gender, body weight, smoking, C-reactive protein, cancer, inflammatory processes and steroid therapy may also influence serum levels of cystatin C, limiting its assessment in clinical practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Renal weight and volume decrease gradually between the ages of 30 and 90 years, resulting in a natural decline of renal function with increasing age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Thus, elderly patients have a lower GFR, which may be associated with higher levels of cystatin C and an increased risk of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> As most of the studies that performed the multivariate regression analysis [66.66% (n = 4)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> included age in this analysis, and nonetheless found a significant association between high levels of cystatin C and the development of adverse outcomes, it is possible to conclude that this association is age-independent. It should be noted that the two studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> that were included in the meta-analysis are among these studies that included age in the multivariate regression analysis, indicating that the association between high levels of cystatin C and any cause-related mortality observed in meta-analysis is age-independent.</p>
      <p>All selected studies have described the renal function of patients as being normal. The estimated GFR calculated by the MDRD formula, greater than 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, was used as a criterion for normal renal function in 66.67% of the studies, and 8.33% used serum creatinine levels below 115 &#181;mol/L. The estimated GFR is a better marker for renal function evaluation than serum creatinine, because it undergoes interference of muscle mass, gender, age, physical activity and diet. Moreover, unlike GFR, serum creatinine is not able to detect the presence of chronic renal disease early because its levels increase only when renal disease is already at an advanced stage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> The inclusion of individuals with estimated GFR greater than 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> by most studies, including studies of the meta-analysis, supports the information that the association between high levels of cystatin C and the risk of cardiovascular events or mortality is not dependent on the renal function of the patient evaluated by creatinine-based estimated GFR, which is a marker that has good sensitivity for the detection of renal dysfunction in the early stages.</p>
      <p>Immunonephelometry and immunoturbidimetry were the most commonly used methods [75% (n = 9)] for the laboratory dosage of cystatin C and were even used by the studies included in the meta-analysis. These methods have good precision, specificity, adequate time to result, and minimum amount of sample required, being the methods of choice for cystatin C<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> dosage. Therefore, the use of these methods by most of the studies included in the systematic review brings greater reliability to the results.</p>
      <p>The sample size of the studies ranged from 127 to 4,663 individuals, with most of them having more than 400 individuals [58.33% (n = 7)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> that obtained the smallest sample size still included more than 100 individuals, which can be considered a significant number if the follow-up is performed for an adequate time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> It should be noted that this study found a significant difference between patients who developed fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events and those who did not develop these events.</p>
      <p>This systematic review had some limitations, such as the population studied, which varied widely among the studies. Only one study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> included healthy elderly subjects, while the population of the other studies consisted of patients at risk for cardiovascular events,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> with STEMI and NSTEMI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> with stable CAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> SCA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> with CHF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> with CHF who underwent coronary angiography,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> with stable angina and AMI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and with a history of AMI that had angiographic evidence of stenosis greater than 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> This variation may lead to bias in the results, because cardiovascular impairment varied among the populations at the beginning of the studies, which may influence cystatin C levels, since patients with CHF or AMI could present higher levels of cystatin C at the beginning of the study if compared to patients who only present risk of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Since most studies evaluated a population at risk of cardiovascular events or who already have some degree of cardiovascular impairment, it is possible to suggest that cystatin C is an interesting marker for assessing the risk of cardiovascular events or mortality in these population groups and may complement the currently available markers.</p>
      <p>In addition to the variation of the study population, follow-up time, patient classification, and outcomes also varied widely across studies. The follow-up time ranged from six months to ten years, and three studies (25%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> followed the patients for less than 15 months and four studies (33.33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> have followed for more than nine years. The prevalent time of follow-up of the studies was three to six years [41.67% (n = 5)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The follow-up time should be adequate for the outcome to be observed, and should be greater for the detection of mortality than for cardiovascular events. The study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> with shorter follow-up (6 months) found higher levels of cystatin C among patients who developed fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events compared to patients who did not develop these outcomes, indicating that even shorter follow-up time was sufficient for the detection of both outcomes and for the observation of a significant association with Cystatin C levels. Both studies included in the meta-analysis assessed the outcome for all-cause mortality. One of them followed the patients for three years and the other for ten years, with these times being adequate for the evaluation of the outcome.</p>
      <p>Patients classification to carry out the statistical analysis also varied considerably among the studies. Only five studies (41.66%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> including the studies of the meta-analysis, classified patients according to quartiles of cystatin C, which is the best classification to establish a cutoff point above which the risk of developing cardiovascular events or mortality would be higher.</p>
      <p>Despite these study limitations, of the articles selected in this systematic review, 11 have excellent methodological quality and only one has good quality.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The systematic review has shown that there is a significant association between high levels of cystatin C and the risk of cardiovascular events or mortality in subjects with normal renal function. The meta-analysis also demonstrated that there is a significant association between high levels of cystatin C and the risk of all-cause mortality. As individuals included in the studies had normal renal function, it is possible to conclude that the association between high levels of cystatin C and the risk of cardiovascular events or mortality does not depend on the presence of renal dysfunction assessed by serum creatinine-based GFR. Therefore, cystatin C is a very interesting marker to assess the risk of cardiovascular events or mortality, especially in populations at risk of cardiovascular events or that already have some degree of cardiovascular impairment, and can complement the currently available markers.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre N&#237;veis Elevados de Cistatina C e o Desenvolvimento de Eventos Cardiovasculares ou Mortalidade: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Meta-An&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Einwoegerer</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Fuchs</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domingueti</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei, Divin&#243;polis, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Caroline Pereira Domingueti,</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu Rua Sebasti&#227;o Gon&#231;alves Coelho, 400. CEP 35501-296, Chanadour, Divin&#243;polis, MG - Brasil E-mail: <email>caroldomingueti@ufsj.edu.br</email>, <email>caroldomingueti@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Einwoegerer CF, Domingueti CP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Domingueti CP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A cistatina C tem-se mostrado promissora para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos foi realizada por meio das bases de dados <italic>Medline/PubMed, Web of Science</italic> e <italic>Scielo</italic>. Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram estudos observacionais de coorte prospectivos que avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal. Apenas os estudos que avaliaram o desfecho mortalidade, que compararam o quarto com o primeiro quartil de cistatina C e que realizaram an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de riscos proporcionais de Cox foram inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise. Foi considerado significativo o valor p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dentre os 647 artigos encontrados, 12 foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e dois na meta-an&#225;lise. O risco de desenvolvimento dos desfechos adversos foi avaliado por oito estudos por meio do c&#225;lculo do <italic>hazard ratio</italic>. Dentre estes, seis estudos encontraram um maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada foi realizada por seis destes estudos, e o risco de desenvolvimento dos desfechos adversos permaneceu significativo ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o desta an&#225;lise em quatro destes estudos. O resultado da meta-an&#225;lise [HR = 2,28 (1,70-3,05), p &lt; 0,001] indicou que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o risco de mortalidade nos indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>H&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Cistatina C</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise como Assunto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares consistem na principal causa de morte no mundo, sendo respons&#225;veis por 31% de todas as mortes. Em 2015, estima-se que cerca de 17,7 milh&#245;es de pessoas tenham morrido em decorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, principalmente doen&#231;a coronariana, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Al&#233;m da elevada mortalidade, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares tamb&#233;m est&#227;o associadas com elevada morbidade, contribuindo para uma parcela significativa dos gastos p&#250;blicos com sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica &#233; um fator de risco importante para o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares, sendo ainda respons&#225;vel por aumento de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A cistatina C &#233; um marcador da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal que se mostrou mais sens&#237;vel do que a creatinina s&#233;rica para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos est&#225;gios iniciais da insufici&#234;ncia renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Ela consiste em um inibidor de ciste&#237;no proteases relativamente est&#225;vel, produzida em todas as c&#233;lulas nucleadas a uma taxa constante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; maior sensibilidade da cistatina C para detec&#231;&#227;o dos est&#225;gios iniciais e mais leves da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos seus n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos tem-se mostrado promissora para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal aparentemente normal. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de IAM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a cistatina C ainda mostrou-se &#250;til para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de progn&#243;stico em pacientes com SCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Contudo, h&#225; diverg&#234;ncia entre os resultados dos estudos realizados at&#233; o momento sobre a utilidade cl&#237;nica da cistatina C para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Apesar de algumas meta-an&#225;lises<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> terem sido publicadas sobre o tema, a popula&#231;&#227;o dos estudos selecionados nestas n&#227;o foi constitu&#237;da apenas por pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal. Portanto, o objetivo desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses</italic> (PRISMA) <italic>statement.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos</title>
          <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos foi realizada por meio das bases de dados <italic>Medline (PubMed)</italic> e <italic>Web of Science</italic>, utilizando os descritores &#8220;cystatin C&#8221;, &#8220;post-gamma-globulin&#8221;, &#8220;post gamma globulin&#8221;, &#8220;neuroendocrine basic polypeptide&#8221;, &#8220;basic polypeptide, neuroendocrine&#8221;, &#8220;cystatin 3&#8221;, &#8220;gamma-trace&#8221;, &#8220;gamma trace&#8221;, em combina&#231;&#227;o com os descritores &#8220;acute coronary syndrome&#8221;, &#8220;acute coronary syndromes&#8221;, &#8220;coronary syndrome, acute&#8221;, &#8220;coronary syndromes, acute&#8221;, &#8220;syndrome, acute coronary&#8221;, &#8220;syndromes, acute coronary&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial infarction&#8221;, &#8220;infarction, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;infarctions, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial infarctions&#8221;, &#8220;cardiovascular stroke&#8221;, &#8220;cardiovascular strokes&#8221;, &#8220;stroke, cardiovascular&#8221;, &#8220;strokes, cardiovascular&#8221;, &#8220;heart attack&#8221;, &#8220;heart attacks&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial infarct&#8221;, &#8220;infarct, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;infarcts, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial infarcts&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial ischemia&#8221;, &#8220;ischemia, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;ischemias, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial ischemias&#8221;, &#8220;ischemic heart disease&#8221;, &#8220;heart disease, ischemic&#8221;, &#8220;disease, ischemic heart&#8221;, &#8220;diseases, ischemic heart&#8221;, &#8220;heart diseases, ischemic&#8221;, &#8220;ischemic heart diseases&#8221;, utilizando-se o conector &#8220;AND&#8221; entre os termos. O Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) foi utilizado para defini&#231;&#227;o destes descritores.</p>
          <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos tamb&#233;m foi realizada por meio da base de dados <italic>Scielo</italic>, utilizando os descritores "cystatin C&#8221; com os operadores booleanos "acute coronary syndrome&#8221;, &#8220;coronary disease&#8221;, &#8220;coronary heart disease&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial infarction&#8221;, &#8220;heart attack&#8221;, &#8220;cardiac attack&#8221;, &#8220;myocardial ischemia&#8221;, &#8220;heart disease, ischemic&#8221;, &#8220;ischemia, myocardial&#8221;, &#8220;isquemic heart disease&#8221;, utilizando-se o conector &#8220;AND&#8221; entre os termos. O Descritores em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (DeCS) foi utilizado para defini&#231;&#227;o destes descritores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram estabelecidos de acordo com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o PRISMA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e consistem em estudos observacionais de coorte prospectivos, redigidos em ingl&#234;s, portugu&#234;s ou espanhol, que avaliam a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal. N&#227;o houve restri&#231;&#227;o de per&#237;odo de publica&#231;&#227;o dos artigos na pesquisa. Foi utilizada a estrat&#233;gia PECOS para elabora&#231;&#227;o da quest&#227;o de pesquisa, sendo ela:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Popula&#231;&#227;o de interesse: Indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Exposi&#231;&#227;o: N&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Desfecho: Eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Desenho do estudo: Coorte prospectiva.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados dos artigos selecionados</title>
          <p>Foram extra&#237;dos os seguintes dados dos estudos que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade: m&#233;todo utilizado para dosagem dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de cistatina C, tamanho do grupo de pacientes, tempo de acompanhamento dos pacientes, faixa et&#225;ria dos pacientes, crit&#233;rio utilizado para defini&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal, resultado obtido no estudo, desfecho avaliado, popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e par&#226;metros inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de riscos proporcionais de Cox.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade dos artigos selecionados</title>
          <p>O processo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o foi realizado por dois revisores, utilizando-se o question&#225;rio <italic>Newcastle-Ottawa Scale</italic> (NOS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> para estudos de coorte, o qual cont&#233;m as seguintes categorias de avalia&#231;&#227;o: sele&#231;&#227;o da coorte; comparabilidade da coorte e desfecho. A qualidade do estudo &#233; indicada com o m&#225;ximo de nove estrelas, sendo que no m&#225;ximo uma estrela pode ser atribu&#237;da nas categorias sele&#231;&#227;o e desfecho, e duas estrelas na categoria comparabilidade. Aqueles artigos que atingiram uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de cinco a seis estrelas foram considerados como artigos de boa qualidade metodol&#243;gica e aqueles com sete ou mais estrelas foram considerados artigos de excelente qualidade metodol&#243;gica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Meta-An&#225;lise</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise apenas os estudos que avaliaram o desfecho mortalidade por qualquer causa, que compararam o quarto quartil de cistatina C com o primeiro quartil e que realizaram an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de riscos proporcionais de Cox. O valor de <italic>hazard ratio</italic> e o intervalo confian&#231;a de 95% ajustados pela an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada foram empregados na meta-an&#225;lise e o teste I<sup>2</sup> foi utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da heterogeneidade entre os estudos. Os estudos foram considerados heterog&#234;neos quando I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 50% e p &lt; 0,10. Na presen&#231;a de homogeneidade, o <italic>hazard ratio</italic> foi calculado utilizando o modelo de efeito fixo. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise foi analisada por meio de <italic>funnel plot</italic>. O programa estat&#237;stico <italic>Review Manager</italic> vers&#227;o 5.3 foi empregado na realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Foi considerado significativo o valor p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Busca na literatura</title>
          <p>A busca inicial por meio dos descritores nas bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas resultou em um total de 647 artigos. Ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o das etapas de sele&#231;&#227;o, 12 artigos foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e dois foram inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise. O fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma dos artigos selecionados para a revis&#227;o segundo os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade empregados no estudo</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0796-80171-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas e resultados dos artigos selecionados</title>
          <p>Os estudos que estavam em conformidade com os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram publicados entre o ano de 2007 e 2016 e suas caracter&#237;sticas se encontram na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos selecionados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autor/Ano</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#250;mero de pacientes/Faixa et&#225;ria</th>
                  <th align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</th>
                  <th align="center">Tempo de acompanhamento dos pacientes</th>
                  <th align="center">Desfecho avaliado</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sai et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">277 / 64</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP</td>
                  <td align="center">5 anos e 3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte cardiovascular, morte cerebrovascular, SCA incluindo IAM n&#227;o fatal e angina inst&#225;vel, AVE n&#227;o fatal e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o devido ao agravamento da ICC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bansal et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2410 / 40,2 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com risco de eventos cardiovasculares que realizaram ecocardiograma</td>
                  <td align="center">10 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Abid et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">127 / 58 &#177; 11,65</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com STEMI e NSTEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">1 ano</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte cardiovascular, reinfarto do mioc&#225;rdio, NSTEMI, IC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Woitas et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">2356 / 64 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com DAC e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis</td>
                  <td align="center">10 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte cardiovascular e morte por qualquer causa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dupont et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">615 / 65 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com ICC que foram submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">3 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte por qualquer causa, IAM n&#227;o fatal e AVE n&#227;o fatal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gao et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">13 8/ 65,4 &#177; 11,0</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com ICC sist&#243;lica cr&#244;nica ou de in&#237;cio novo</td>
                  <td align="center">3 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte cardiovascular, desenvolvimento ou progress&#227;o de IC que exigia hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, tratamento por via intravenosa da IC nos primeiros 3 dias ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o, transplante card&#237;aco</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Keller et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1827 / 62</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel ou SCA</td>
                  <td align="center">4 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte cardiovascular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ge et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">160 / 60</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com angina est&#225;vel, inst&#225;vel e IAM e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis</td>
                  <td align="center">6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">IAM, morte cardiovascular, angina refrat&#225;ria, ICP e angiografia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alehagen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">464 / 65 a 87</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com ICC</td>
                  <td align="center">10 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte cardiovascular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acuna et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">203/ 66,6 &#177; 13,16</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com STEMI e NSTEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">1 ano e 3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte cardiovascular e IC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Koenig et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">466 3/ &#8805; 65</td>
                  <td align="center">Indiv&#237;duos idosos (&#8805; 65 anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,3 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte por qualquer causa, morte cardiovascular, IC incidente, AVE e IAM</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ix et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">990 / 67</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com hist&#243;ria de IAM, evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de estenose maior que 50% em 1 ou mais vasos coron&#225;rios, evid&#234;ncia de isquemia induzida por exerc&#237;cio por esteira ou teste nuclear e ou hist&#243;ria de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">3 anos e 1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte cardiovascular, IAM n&#227;o fatal, AVE, morte por qualquer causa e IC</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; NSTEMI: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; STEMI: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o dos estudos analisados era constitu&#237;da por pacientes com risco de eventos cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (STEMI), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (NSTEMI),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225;vel,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> SCA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> com ICC que foram submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> com angina est&#225;vel e IAM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> com hist&#243;ria de IAM que tivesse evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de estenose maior que 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> ou indiv&#237;duos idosos saud&#225;veis (idade superior a 65 anos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tamanho amostral, faixa et&#225;ria e tempo de acompanhamento</title>
          <p>O tamanho amostral dos estudos variou de 127 a 4.663 indiv&#237;duos, sendo que o n&#250;mero amostral de 25% (n = 3)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> dos estudos estava compreendido entre 400 e 1000 indiv&#237;duos, 41,67% (n = 5)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> dos estudos obtiveram um n&#250;mero amostral menor que 300 pacientes e 33,33% (n = 4)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> possu&#237;ram tamanho amostral superior a 1000. A idade m&#233;dia variou de 37 a 87 anos sendo que 41,66% (n = 5)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> dos estudos avaliaram popula&#231;&#227;o tanto adulta quanto idosa (acima de 60 anos), 50% (n = 6)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> avaliaram apenas popula&#231;&#227;o idosa e um estudo [8,33% (n = 1)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> analisou apenas popula&#231;&#227;o adulta (abaixo de 60 anos). O tempo de acompanhamento dos estudos foi compreendido entre 6 meses e 10 anos, sendo que 25% (n = 3)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> acompanharam os pacientes por um per&#237;odo inferior a 15 meses, 41,67% (n = 5)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> acompanharam durante 3 a 6 anos e 33,33% (n = 4)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> acompanharam por um per&#237;odo superior a 9 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfecho</title>
          <p>Os principais desfechos avaliados pelos estudos foram morte cardiovascular (n = 10; 83,33%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (n = 6; 50%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (n = 6; 50%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> seguidos por acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (n = 4; 33,33%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> morte por qualquer causa (n = 3; 35%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e angina inst&#225;vel (n = 2; 16,67%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Apenas um estudo (8,33%) avaliou cada um dos seguintes desfechos: morte cerebrovascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> reinfarto do mioc&#225;rdio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e de angiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo de dosagem da cistatina C e crit&#233;rio para defini&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal</title>
          <p>O m&#233;todo de dosagem da cistatina C e o crit&#233;rio utilizado para defini&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal nos estudos selecionados encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>. Os m&#233;todos empregados para dosagem da cistatina C foram imunonefelometria [41,67% (n = 5)],<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> imunoturbimetria [33,33% (n = 4)],<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico [8,33% (n = 1)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Dois estudos (16,66%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> n&#227;o relataram o m&#233;todo empregado para dosagem de cistatina C. Os crit&#233;rios utilizados para defini&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal foram a TFG estimada por meio da equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD acima de 60 mL/min/1,73m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> [66,67% (n = 8)],<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> a TFG estimada pela equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI baseada na cistatina C acima de 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> e albumin&#250;ria normal [8,33% (n = 1)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica inferiores a 115 &#181;mol/L [8,33% (n = 1)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Dois estudos (16,67%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> n&#227;o citaram o m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>M&#233;todo de dosagem da cistatina C e crit&#233;rio utilizado para defini&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal nos estudos selecionados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="40%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autor/Ano</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;todo de dosagem da cistatina C</th>
                  <th align="center">Crit&#233;rio utilizado para defini&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sai et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Imunoturbimetria</td>
                  <td align="center">TFG calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD &gt; 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bansal et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Imunonefelometria</td>
                  <td align="center">TFG baseada na cistatina C usando a equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI &gt; 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> e albumin&#250;ria normal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Abid et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Imunoturbimetria</td>
                  <td align="center">TFG calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD &gt; 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Woitas et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Imunonefelometria</td>
                  <td align="center">TFG calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD &gt; 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dupont et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Imunoturbimetria</td>
                  <td align="center">TFG calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD &gt; 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gao et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Keller et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Imunonefelometria</td>
                  <td align="center">TFG calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD &gt; 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ge et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alehagen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Imunoturbimetria</td>
                  <td align="center">Creatinina &lt; 115 &#181;mol/L</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acuna et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Imunonefelometria</td>
                  <td align="center">TFG calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD &gt; 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Koenig et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">NI</td>
                  <td align="center">TFG calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD &gt; 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ix et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Imunonefelometria</td>
                  <td align="center">TFG calculada usando a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD &gt; 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>MDRD: modifica&#231;&#227;o da dieta na doen&#231;a renal; NI: n&#227;o informado; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada</title>
          <p>O modo como foi realizada a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em cada um dos estudos selecionados e as vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de riscos proporcionais de Cox s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>, enquanto que os resultados dos estudos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>. Dentre os estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, cinco (41,66%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> classificaram os pacientes de acordo com os quartis de cistatina C; tr&#234;s (25%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> classificaram os pacientes de acordo com o desenvolvimento ou n&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o fatais; dois (16,66%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> dividiram os pacientes de acordo com a mediana da cistatina C; um estudo (8,33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> classificou os pacientes de acordo com o desenvolvimento ou n&#227;o de morte cardiovascular; outro estudo (8,33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> comparou os pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle saud&#225;vel; um estudo (8,33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> classificou os pacientes em quatro grupos: com angina est&#225;vel, com angina inst&#225;vel, com IAM e grupo controle saud&#225;vel; outro estudo (8,33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> classificou os pacientes de acordo com a TFG estimada pela equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI baseada na cistatina C: entre 60 e 75 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, entre 76 e 90 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> e acima de 90 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>; outros dois estudos (16,66%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> ainda dividiram os pacientes em dois grupos de acordo com n&#237;veis de cistatina C acima ou abaixo de 0,95 mg/L e acima e abaixo de 1,2 mg/L; e um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> dividiu-os de acordo com n&#237;veis elevados ou reduzidos de cistatina C sem citar o ponto de corte.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de riscos proporcionais de Cox nos estudos selecionados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="40%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autor/Ano</th>
                  <th align="center">Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</th>
                  <th align="center">Vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sai et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C acima (n = 138) e abaixo (n = 139) da mediana. (Mediana = 0,637)</td>
                  <td align="center">IMC, hipertens&#227;o, HbA1c, HDL, PNB, cistatina C.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bansal et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">TFG entre 60 e 75 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (n = 29).TFG entre 76 e 90 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (n = 153).TFG entre &gt; 90 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (n = 2.228).</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, tabagismo, DM, LDL, HDL, albumin&#250;ria, IMC, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Abid et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais (n = 6) ou n&#227;o fatais (n = 26) e pacientes n&#227;o desenvolveram estes eventos.Pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &gt; 1,2 mg/L e &lt; 1,2 mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Woitas et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana (n = 2.346) e grupo controle (n = 652).Primeiro quartil &lt; 0,8 mg/L (n = 731).Segundo quartil 0,81 a 0,91 mg/L (n = 769).Terceiro quartil 0,91 a 1,06 mg/L (n = 752).Quarto quartil &gt; 1,07 mg/L (n = 746)</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o, HDL, LDL, triglic&#233;rides, uso de estatina, tabagismo, DM, usPCR, TFG CKD-EPI baseada na creatinina, idade, sexo, IMC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dupont et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Quartis de cistatina C.</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gao et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o fatais (n = 21) e pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram estes eventos (n = 117).Pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C acima da mediana e abaixo da mediana (0,9 mg/L).</td>
                  <td align="center">Sexo masculino, hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o, creatinina elevada, triglic&#233;rides reduzidos, homociste&#237;na elevada, usPCR elevada, cistatina C elevada.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Keller et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com morte cardiovascular (n = 66) e pacientes sem morte cardiovascular (n = 1761).Quartis de Cistatina C</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade, sexo, IMC, tabagismo, DM, hipertens&#227;o, taxa LDL/HDL, PCR, PNB.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ge et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com angina est&#225;vel (n = 34), pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel (n = 56), pacientes com IAM (n = 36) e grupo controle (n = 34).Pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o fatais (n = 26) e pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram estes eventos (n = 22).</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alehagen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Primeiro quartil: &lt; 1,22 mg/L (n = 109).Segundo quartil: 1,22 a 1,42 mg/L (n = 120).Terceiro quartil: 1,43 a 1,66 mg/L (n = 117).Quarto quartil: &gt; 1,66 mg/L (n = 118)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acuna et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &gt; 0,95 mg/L (n = 63) e &#8804; 0,95 mg/L (n = 76)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Koenig et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados (n = 1261) e reduzidos de cistatina C (n = 1347)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ix et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Primeiro quartil: &#8804; 0,91 mg/L (n = 239).Segundo quartil: 0,92 a 1,05 mg/L (n = 248).Terceiro quartil: 1,06 a 1,29 mg/L (n = 262).Quarto quartil: &#8805; 1,30 mg/L (n = 241).</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, tabagismo, DM, hipertens&#227;o, IAM pr&#233;vio, tabagismo, HDL, IMC, PCR.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>DM: diabetes mellitus; HDL: lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL: lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade; NA: n&#227;o se aplica; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; usPCR: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados dos estudos selecionados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="180%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autor/Ano</th>
                  <th align="center">Resultado</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sai et al., 2016</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &gt; 0,637 mg/L que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o fatais foi maior do que dos pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &lt; 0,637 mg/L [22 (15,9%) x 7 (5,0%), p = 0,0025].Risco de eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o fatais dos pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &gt; 0,637 mg/L foi maior do que dos pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &lt; 0,637 mg/L [HR (univariada) = 1,37 (1,10 - 1,66), p = 0,004; HR (multivariada) = 1,30 (1,01 - 1,63), p = 0,0038].</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Bansal et al., 2016</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Risco de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi maior nos pacientes com TFG entre 60 e 75 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> do que naqueles com TFG &gt; 90 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> [HR (an&#225;lise univariada) = 10,12 (5,22 - 15,02), p &lt; 0,001; HR (an&#225;lise multivariada) = 5,63 (0,90 - 10,36), p = 0,02].Risco de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi maior nos pacientes com TFG entre 76 e 90 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> do que naqueles com TFG &gt; 90 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> [HR (an&#225;lise univariada) = 3,48 (1,29 - 5,68), p = 0,002].</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Abid et al., 2016</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares n&#227;o fatais apresentaram n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C do que pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram estes eventos (1,19 &#177; 0,4 mg/L x 1,01 &#177; 0,35 mg/L, p = 0,01).Pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais apresentaram n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C do que pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram estes eventos (1,21 &#177; 0,36 mg/L x 0,96 &#177; 0,27 mg/L, p = 0,03).Sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &lt; 1,2 mg/L foi maior do que dos pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &gt; 1,2 mg/L (p &lt; 0,01).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Woitas et al., 2013</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com DAC apresentaram n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C do que grupo controle (1,02 &#177; 0,44 mg/L x 0,92 &#177; 0,26 mg/L, p = 0,065).Risco de morte cardiovascular e morte por qualquer causa dos pacientes do quarto quartil foi maior do que dos pacientes do primeiro quartil [HR (univariada) = 4,82 (3,69 - 6,29), p &lt; 0,001; HR (multivariada) = 2,05 (1,48 - 2,84), p &lt; 0,001].Risco de morte cardiovascular e morte por qualquer causa dos pacientes do terceiro quartil foi maior do que dos pacientes do primeiro quartil [HR (univariada) = 2,11 (1,58 - 2,81), p &lt; 0,001; HR (multivariada) = 1,20 (0,88 - 1,65,) p = 0,243].</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dupont et al., 2012</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Risco de morte por qualquer causa e de evento cardiovascular n&#227;o fatal dos pacientes do quarto quartil foi maior do que dos pacientes do primeiro quartil (p = 0,002).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Gao et al., 2011</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o fatais apresentaram n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C do que pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram estes eventos (1,63 &#177; 0,81 mg/L x 0,91 &#177; 0,27 mg/L, p &lt; 0,001).Risco de eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o fatais foi maior nos pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &gt; 0,9 mg/L do que naqueles com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &lt; 0,9 mg/L [HR (univariada) = 3,58 (2,61 - 4,82), p = 0,033; HR (multivariada) = 7,10 (3,36 - 23,75), p = 0,006].</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Keller et al., 2009</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com morte cardiovascular apresentaram n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C do que pacientes sem morte cardiovascular [0,94 (0,79 - 1,08 x 0,79 (0,70 - 0,90), p &lt; 0,001].Risco de morte cardiovascular dos pacientes do quarto quartil foi maior do que dos pacientes dos outros quartis [OD (univariada) = 3,87 (2,33-6,42), p &lt; 0,001; OD (multivariada) = 1,86 (0,90-3,81), p = 0,09].</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Ge et al., 2009</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com IAM e com angina inst&#225;vel apresentaram n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C do que grupo controle (2873,55 &#177; 1148,48 ng/mL x 1509,99 &#177; 408,65 ng/mL, p &lt; 0,01 e 2013,83 &#177; 633,85 ng/mL x 1509,99 &#177; 408,65 ng/mL, p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente).Pacientes com IAM e com angina inst&#225;vel apresentaram n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C do que pacientes com angina est&#225;vel (2873,55 &#177; 1148,48 ng/mL x 1348,41 &#177; 369,62 ng/mL, p &lt; 0,01 e 2013,83 &#177; 633,85 ng/mL x 1348,41 &#177; 369,62 ng/mL, p &lt; 0,01, respectivamente).Pacientes com IAM apresentaram n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C do que pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel (2873,55 &#177; 1148,48 ng/mL x 2013,83 &#177; 633,85 ng/mL, p &lt; 0,05).Pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o fatais apresentaram n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C do que pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram estes eventos (2356,73 &#177; 897,64 ng/mL x 1469,51 &#177; 574,83 ng/mL, p = 0,006).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Alehagen et al., 2009</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Risco de morte cardiovascular dos pacientes do quarto quartil foi maior do que dos pacientes do primeiro quartil [HR (an&#225;lise univariada) = 3,61 (1,81 - 7,14)].</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Acuna et al., 2009</bold>
                    <sup>16</sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &gt; 0,95 mg/L que apresentaram morte cardiovascular foi maior do que dos pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &#8804; 0,95 mg/L [16 (27,1%) x 6 (7,8%), p = 0,01].Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &gt; 0,95 mg/L que desenvolveram IC foi maior do que dos pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &#8804; 0,95 mg/L [22 (40,7%) x 6 (7,5%), p = 0,01].</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Koenig et al., 2007</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Cada aumento de 0,18 mg /L de cistatina C foi associado a um aumento do risco de morte cardiovascular [OD = 1,42 (1,30 -1,54)], morte por qualquer causa [OD = 1,33 (1,25 - 1,40)], IC [OD = 1,28 (1,17 - 1,40)], AVE [OD = 1,22 (1,08 - 1,38)] e IAM [OD = 1,20 (1,06 - 1,36)].Pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C apresentaram mais eventos adversos do que aqueles com n&#237;veis reduzidos de cistatina C (p &lt; 0,001).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Ix et al., 2007</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Risco de morte por qualquer causa dos pacientes do quarto quartil foi maior do que dos pacientes do primeiro quartil [HR (univariada) = 5,7 (3,1 - 10,5), p &lt; 0,001; HR (multivariada) = 3,6 (1,8 - 7,0), p &lt; 0,001].Risco de eventos cardiovasculares dos pacientes do quarto quartil foi maior do que dos pacientes do primeiro quartil [HR (univariada) = 3,8 (2,1 - 6,9), p &lt; 0,001; HR (multivariada) = 2,0 (1,0 - 3,8), p = 0,04].Risco de ICC dos pacientes do quarto quartil foi maior do que dos pacientes do primeiro quartil [HR (univariada) = 6,1 (2,5 - 14,5), p = 0,001; HR (multivariada) = 2,6 (1,0 - 6,9), p = 0,05].</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; HR: Hazard Ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados dos estudos</title>
          <p>Dentre os estudos inclu&#237;dos, dois (16,66%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> analisaram a diferen&#231;a entre a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> morte cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e ICC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> em compara&#231;&#227;o com a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com n&#237;veis reduzidos de cistatina C que desenvolveram estes eventos e todos eles encontraram uma diferen&#231;a significativa. Um estudo (8,33%)<sup>(24 )</sup>ainda observou que pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C apresentaram mais eventos cardiovasculares adversos do que aqueles com n&#237;veis reduzidos de cistatina C. A diferen&#231;a entre os n&#237;veis de cistatina C dos pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o fatais e aqueles que n&#227;o desenvolveram estes eventos foi avaliada por quatro estudos (33,33%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e todos encontraram n&#237;veis significativamente maiores de cistatina C no grupo de pacientes que desenvolveram os eventos. Um estudo (8,33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> ainda verificou que os n&#237;veis de cistatina C dos pacientes com DAC foram maiores do que do grupo controle e outro estudo (8,33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> observou que os n&#237;veis de cistatina C dos pacientes com IAM foram maiores do que dos pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel, angina est&#225;vel e grupo controle, e que os n&#237;veis de cistatina C dos pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel foram maiores do que daqueles com angina est&#225;vel e do grupo controle. Outro estudo (8,33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> verificou uma maior sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes que possuem n&#237;veis menores de cistatina C.</p>
          <p>O risco de desenvolvimento de desfechos adversos foi avaliado por oito estudos (66,66%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> por meio do c&#225;lculo do <italic>hazard ratio</italic>. Dentre estes, dois estudos (22,22%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> encontraram um maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o fatais nos pacientes com n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C; um estudo (11,11%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> observou um maior de risco de morte por qualquer causa e de eventos cardiovasculares n&#227;o fatais; outro estudo verificou um maior risco de morte cardiovascular e morte por qualquer causa; dois estudos (22,22%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> encontraram um maior risco de morte cardiovascular; um estudo (11,11%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> verificou um maior risco de morte por qualquer causa, de eventos cardiovasculares e de ICC; e um estudo (11,11%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> ainda observou um maior risco de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Por fim, um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> verificou que cada aumento de 0,18 mg/L de cistatina C foi associado a um aumento do risco de morte cardiovascular, morte por qualquer causa, IC, Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) e IAM. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada foi realizada por seis (50%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> destes estudos, sendo que o risco de desenvolvimento dos desfechos adversos avaliados permaneceu significativo ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o desta an&#225;lise em quatro destes estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade metodol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>O resultado da avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>, sendo que a descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada dos crit&#233;rios utilizados para a distribui&#231;&#227;o das estrelas &#233; apresentada na legenda. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise da qualidade, foi verificado que um estudo (8,33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> apresenta boa qualidade metodol&#243;gica e 11 estudos (91,66%) possuem excelente qualidade metodol&#243;gica.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos estudos, segundo Newcastle-Ottawa Scale</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autor/Ano</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4">Sele&#231;&#227;o 1 2 3 4</th>
                  <th align="center">Comparabilidade 5</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Desfechos 6 7 8</th>
                  <th align="center">Total de pontos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sai et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bansal et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Abid et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Woitas et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dupont et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gao et al., 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Keller et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ge et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Alehagen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acuna et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Koenig et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ix et al., 2007<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">*</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>1- Representatividade da coorte exposta: todos os estudos receberam uma estrela, pois a coorte exposta foi um pouco representativa da m&#233;dia na comunidade; 2- Sele&#231;&#227;o da coorte n&#227;o exposta: todos os estudos receberam uma estrela, pois a coorte n&#227;o exposta foi obtida na mesma comunidade da coorte exposta; 3- Determina&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o: somente os estudos que dosaram a cistatina C utilizando os m&#233;todos de imunonefelometria ou imunoturbidimetria receberam uma estrela; 4- Demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que o desfecho de interesse n&#227;o estava presente no in&#237;cio do estudo: estudos em que os pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam nenhuma doen&#231;a cardiovascular no in&#237;cio do estudo receberam uma estrela; 5- Comparabilidade da coorte baseada no desenho e an&#225;lise: estudos que realizaram an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de riscos proporcionais de Cox e que definiram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal como TFG &gt; 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> receberam 2 estrelas. Os estudos que apenas definiram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal como TFG &gt; 60 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>, mas que n&#227;o realizaram an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de riscos proporcionais de Cox receberam 1 estrela.; 6- Determina&#231;&#227;o do desfecho: todos os estudos receberam uma estrela, pois a avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho foi realizada pelos m&#233;dicos de modo independente; 7- Per&#237;odo de acompanhamento suficiente para ocorr&#234;ncia do(s) desfecho(s): os estudos em que os pacientes foram acompanhados por pelo menos seis meses receberam uma estrela e os estudos em que os pacientes foram acompanhados por menos de seis meses n&#227;o receberam estrela; 8- Adequa&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento da coorte: os estudos em que pelo menos 90% dos pacientes foram acompanhados at&#233; o final ou que n&#227;o comentaram se houve perda significativa de pacientes durante o acompanhamento dos mesmos receberam uma estrela.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Meta-an&#225;lise</title>
          <p>Apenas dois estudos avaliaram o desfecho mortalidade por qualquer causa, compararam o quarto quartil de cistatina C com o primeiro quartil e realizaram an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada de riscos proporcionais de Cox e, portanto, foram inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise, cujo resultado se encontra na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>. Foi observada presen&#231;a de homogeneidade entre os estudos (I<sup>2</sup>= 53,423 e p = 0,14) e, portanto, o modelo de efeito fixo foi utilizado para o c&#225;lculo do <italic>hazard ratio</italic>. O resultado da meta-an&#225;lise [HR = 2,28 (1,70 - 3,05), p &lt; 0,001] indica que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o risco de mortalidade por qualquer causa nos indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal. Foi observada uma distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica dos artigos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise no <italic>funnel plot</italic>, indicando que n&#227;o h&#225; vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Meta-an&#225;lise dos estudos que avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o risco de mortalidade por qualquer causa por meio da compara&#231;&#227;o entre o quarto e o primeiro quartis de cistatina C.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0796-80171-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal por meio de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura cient&#237;fica e meta-an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>A diferen&#231;a entre a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com n&#237;veis reduzidos de cistatina C que desenvolveram estes eventos foi avaliada por dois estudos e ambos encontraram uma diferen&#231;a significativa. A diferen&#231;a entre os n&#237;veis de cistatina C dos pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o fatais e aqueles que n&#227;o desenvolveram estes eventos foi avaliada por quatro estudos (33,3%) e todos encontraram n&#237;veis significativamente maiores de cistatina C no grupo de pacientes que desenvolveram os eventos. O risco de desenvolvimento de desfechos adversos foi avaliado por oito estudos (66,6%) por meio do c&#225;lculo do <italic>hazard ratio</italic>. Dentre estes, seis estudos encontraram um maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada foi realizada por seis (50,0%) destes estudos, sendo que o risco de desenvolvimento dos desfechos adversos permaneceu significativo ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o desta an&#225;lise em quatro destes estudos.</p>
        <p>A meta-an&#225;lise ainda demonstrou que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o risco de mortalidade por qualquer causa. Dessa forma, os resultados apresentados pelos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise indicam que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal avaliada por meio da TFG baseada na creatinina s&#233;rica.</p>
        <p>Um poss&#237;vel mecanismo para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares est&#225; relacionado ao processo aterog&#234;nico. O desenvolvimento de les&#245;es no endot&#233;lio das art&#233;rias resulta no ac&#250;mulo de colesterol na parede das mesmas e no desenvolvimento da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Tem sido sugerido que catepsinas lisossomais, cuja produ&#231;&#227;o &#233; estimulada por citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, podem contribuir para a degrada&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica. Como a cistatina C &#233; capaz de inibir as catepsinas lisossomais, &#233; poss&#237;vel sugerir que n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C podem contribuir para a n&#227;o degrada&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, resultando em aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro poss&#237;vel mecanismo est&#225; relacionado ao fato de que a cistatina C apresenta uma maior sensibilidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o dos est&#225;gios iniciais da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal do que a creatinina s&#233;rica ou a TFG baseada na creatinina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> V&#225;rios autores j&#225; demonstraram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal est&#225; associada com um aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel sugerir que pacientes que possuem fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal avaliada por meio da TFG baseada na creatinina ou da creatinina s&#233;rica, mas que possuem n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C, podem apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o renal em um est&#225;gio mais precoce, o que poderia estar associado a um maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Apesar da cistatina C consistir em um marcador mais sens&#237;vel para a detec&#231;&#227;o dos est&#225;gios iniciais da DRC do que a creatinina, principalmente em grupos de risco para DRC, tais como pacientes com diabetes mellitus e transplantados renais, ela possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Doses elevadas de glicocorticoides e hipertireoidismo podem resultar em aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de cistatina C, enquanto que o hipotireoidismo pode resultar em diminui&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Alguns fatores, tais como idade, sexo masculino, peso corporal, tabagismo, prote&#237;na C reativa, c&#226;ncer, processos inflamat&#243;rios e terapia com esteroides tamb&#233;m podem influenciar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da cistatina C, limitando a sua avalia&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O peso e o volume renal diminuem gradativamente entre as idades de 30 a 90 anos, resultando em um decl&#237;nio natural da fun&#231;&#227;o renal com o aumento da idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Dessa forma, pacientes idosos apresentam uma menor TFG, o que pode estar associado a maiores n&#237;veis de cistatina C e a um maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Como a maioria dos estudos que realizaram a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada [66,66% (n = 4)]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> inclu&#237;ram a idade nesta an&#225;lise, e mesmo assim encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento dos desfechos adversos, &#233; poss&#237;vel concluir que esta associa&#231;&#227;o independe da idade. Cabe ressaltar que os dois estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> que foram inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise est&#227;o compreendidos entre estes estudos que inclu&#237;ram a idade na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, indicando que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e a mortalidade por qualquer causa observada na meta-an&#225;lise &#233; independente da idade.</p>
        <p>Todos os estudos selecionados descreveram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal dos pacientes como sendo normal. A TFG estimada, calculada pela f&#243;rmula MDRD, superior a 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, foi utilizada como crit&#233;rio de fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal por 66,67% dos estudos e 8,33% utilizaram como crit&#233;rio n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina inferiores a 115 &#181;mol/L. A TFG estimada consiste em um melhor marcador para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal do que a creatinina s&#233;rica, j&#225; que esta sofre interfer&#234;ncia da massa muscular, sexo, idade, pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica e dieta. Al&#233;m disso, ao contr&#225;rio da TFG, a creatinina s&#233;rica n&#227;o &#233; capaz de detectar precocemente a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, pois seus n&#237;veis aumentam somente quando a doen&#231;a renal j&#225; est&#225; em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A inclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com TFG estimada superior a 60 mL/min/1,73 m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> pela maioria dos estudos, inclusive os estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise, refor&#231;a que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade independe da fun&#231;&#227;o renal do paciente avaliada por meio da TFG estimada baseada na creatinina, a qual consiste em um marcador que apresenta boa sensibilidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal nos est&#225;gios iniciais.</p>
        <p>A imunonefelometria e a imunoturbidimetria foram os m&#233;todos mais utilizados pelos estudos [75% (n = 9)] para a dosagem laboratorial da cistatina C, sendo inclusive utilizados pelos estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise. Estes m&#233;todos apresentam boa precis&#227;o, especificidade, tempo h&#225;bil para resultado e quantidade m&#237;nima de amostra necess&#225;ria, consistindo nos m&#233;todos de escolha para dosagem da cistatina C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Portanto, o emprego destes m&#233;todos pela maioria dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica traz uma maior confiabilidade aos resultados.</p>
        <p>O tamanho amostral dos estudos variou de 127 a 4.663 indiv&#237;duos, sendo que em sua maioria o tamanho amostral foi superior a 400 indiv&#237;duos [58,33% (n = 7)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> O estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> que obteve o menor tamanho amostral ainda incluiu mais de 100 indiv&#237;duos, o que pode ser considerado um n&#250;mero significativo se o acompanhamento for realizado por tempo adequado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Cabe ressaltar que este estudo encontrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o e aqueles que n&#227;o desenvolveram estes eventos.</p>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, que variou amplamente entre os estudos. Apenas um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> incluiu indiv&#237;duos idosos saud&#225;veis, enquanto que a popula&#231;&#227;o dos demais estudos era constitu&#237;da por pacientes com risco de eventos cardiovasculares,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> com STEMI e NSTEMI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> DAC est&#225;vel,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> SCA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> com ICC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> com ICC que foram submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> com angina est&#225;vel e IAM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e com hist&#243;ria de IAM que tivesse evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de estenose maior que 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Essa varia&#231;&#227;o pode ocasionar vi&#233;s nos resultados, uma vez que o comprometimento cardiovascular variou entre as popula&#231;&#245;es no in&#237;cio dos estudos, o que pode influenciar nos n&#237;veis de cistatina C, j&#225; que pacientes com ICC ou IAM poderiam apresentar maiores n&#237;veis de cistatina C no in&#237;cio do estudo do que pacientes que apenas apresentam risco de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Como a maioria dos estudos avaliou uma popula&#231;&#227;o com risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou que j&#225; possui algum grau de comprometimento cardiovascular, &#233; poss&#237;vel sugerir que a cistatina C consiste em um marcador interessante para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade nestes grupos populacionais, podendo complementar os marcadores atualmente dispon&#237;veis.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da varia&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, o tempo de acompanhamento, classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e os desfechos tamb&#233;m variaram amplamente entre os estudos. O tempo de acompanhamento variou de seis meses a dez anos, sendo que tr&#234;s estudos (25%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> acompanharam os pacientes por um per&#237;odo inferior a 15 meses e quatro estudos (33,33%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> acompanharam por um per&#237;odo superior a nove anos. Prevaleceu entre os estudos o acompanhamento durante tr&#234;s a seis anos [41,67% (n = 5)].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O tempo de acompanhamento deve ser adequado para o desfecho que se pretende observar, devendo ser maior para a detec&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade do que de eventos cardiovasculares. O estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> com menor tempo de acompanhamento (seis meses) encontrou n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C dentre os pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolveram estes desfechos, indicando que mesmo este menor tempo de acompanhamento foi suficiente para a detec&#231;&#227;o de ambos os desfechos e para a observa&#231;&#227;o de uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com os n&#237;veis de cistatina C. Ambos os estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise avaliaram o desfecho mortalidade por qualquer causa. Um deles acompanhou os pacientes por tr&#234;s anos e o outro por dez anos, sendo estes tempos adequados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho.</p>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes para realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica tamb&#233;m variou bastante entre os estudos. Apenas cinco estudos (41,66%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> inclusive os estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise, classificaram os pacientes de acordo com os quartis de cistatina C, a qual consiste na melhor classifica&#231;&#227;o para se estabelecer um ponto de corte acima do qual o risco de desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade seria maior.</p>
        <p>Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, dentre os artigos selecionados nessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, 11 possuem excelente qualidade metodol&#243;gica e apenas um possui boa qualidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica demonstrou que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal. A meta-an&#225;lise corroborou este resultado, demonstrando que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o risco de mortalidade por qualquer causa. Como os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos nos estudos apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal, &#233; poss&#237;vel concluir que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade independe da presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal avaliada por meio da TFG baseada na creatinina s&#233;rica. Portanto, a cistatina C &#233; em um marcador bastante interessante para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade, especialmente em popula&#231;&#245;es com risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou que j&#225; possuem algum grau de comprometimento cardiovascular, podendo complementar os marcadores atualmente dispon&#237;veis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
