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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GkrRS7jcTHP6s64PdNWY6zk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001800772</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005013106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180167</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison of Cardiac and Vascular Parameters in Powerlifters and Long-Distance Runners: Comparative Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Vidaletti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Waclawovsky</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kramer</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Beatriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Cinara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eibel</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grezzana</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Brasil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaun</surname>
            <given-names>Maximiliano Isoppo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lehnen</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Sogipa de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Sogipa de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alexandre Machado Lehnen,</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395. Postal Code 90620-001, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>amlehnen@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva DV, Lehnen AM; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Silva DV, Waclawovsky G, Kramer AB, Stein C, Eibel B, Grezzana GB, Schaun MI, Lehnen AM; Obtaining financing: Waclawovsky G, Lehnen AM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Waclawovsky G, Eibel B, Grezzana GB, Schaun MI, Lehnen AM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>772</fpage>
      <lpage>781</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiac remodeling is a specific response to exercise training and time exposure. We hypothesized that athletes engaging for long periods in high-intensity strength training show heart and/or vascular damage.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare cardiac characteristics (structure and function) and vascular function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD] and peripheral vascular resistance [PVR]) in powerlifters and long-distance runners.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We evaluated 40 high-performance athletes (powerlifters [PG], n = 16; runners [RG], n = 24) and assessed heart structure and function (echocardiography), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), FMD, PVR, maximum force (squat, bench press, and deadlift), and maximal oxygen uptake (spirometry). A Student&#8217;s t Test for independent samples and Pearson&#8217;s linear correlation were used (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>PG showed higher SBP/DBP (p &lt; 0.001); greater interventricular septum thickness (p &lt; 0.001), posterior wall thickness (p &lt; 0.001) and LV mass (p &lt; 0.001). After adjusting LV mass by body surface area (BSA), no difference was observed. As for diastolic function, LV diastolic volume, wave E, wave e&#8217;, and E/e&#8217; ratio were similar for both groups. However, LA volume (p = 0.016) and BSA-adjusted LA volume were lower in PG (p &lt; 0.001). Systolic function (end-systolic volume and ejection fraction), and FMD were similar in both groups. However, higher PVR in PG was observed (p = 0.014). We found a correlation between the main cardiovascular changes and total weight lifted in PG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular adaptations are dependent on training modality and the borderline structural cardiac changes are not accompanied by impaired function in powerlifters. However, a mild increase in blood pressure seems to be related to PVR rather than endothelial function.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrohy,Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise MovementTechniques</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Resistance Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Running/physiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Exercise training induces cardiovascular adaptations secondary to changes in blood pressure as well as other hemodynamic and metabolic changes in response to physical exertion. These adaptive changes can induce left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in the long run.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Some authors claim that borderline physiological and anatomical changes occur as part of an adaptive process of high-performance training and they have sparked off debate on their implications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> They postulate that volume overload generally increases LV pumping ability producing eccentric hypertrophy while, in contrast, pressure overload decreases ventricular cavity size producing concentric hypertrophy. Moreover, peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) is an important factor of cardiac overload by specifically modulating LV afterload. Furthermore, the endothelium is central to vasodilation by producing nitric oxide (NO), which is a vasodilator and has a direct effect on PVR. Therefore, it is important to highlight that after exercise there is a stimulation of NO production and eNOS phosphorylation, which contributes directly to a reduction in PVR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Aerobic exercise increases shear stress leading to increased release and synthesis of NO and higher active muscle vasodilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> LV pressure overload is reduced over time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, high-intensity resistance training such as weightlifting and powerlifting involves a number of very slow-speed contractions that produce transient mechanical compression of resistance vessels, increasing PVR and LV pressure overload during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It has been postulated that chronic increase in afterload induces the parallel addition of new sarcomeres in the myocardium leading to concentric ventricular hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Yet, this form of ventricular hypertrophy has not been demonstrated in strength training athletes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and it is thus an inconsistent finding.</p>
      <p>Given the limited body of evidence in support of these cardiovascular adaptations as well as concerning endothelial function and PVR in strength athletes, this study aimed to compare structural and functional cardiac changes in powerlifters and long-distance runners. Secondarily, we compared endothelium-dependent vasodilation and PVR in these athletes. Our hypothesis is that athletes engaging in high-intensity strength training for long periods of time show changes in cardiac structure associated with reduced cardiac function when compared to long-distance runners. Furthermore, long-time exposure to high-intensity strength training could lead to a reduction of endothelial function caused by pressure overload.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study participant selection and groups</title>
        <p>The study convenience sample comprised 40 male individuals aged 18-40 years. We selected athletes of powerlifting (powerlifters group [PG], n = 16) and long-distance (over 10 km) running events (runners group [RG], n = 24). Eligible athletes were those competing for at least 3 years. Individuals with any medical condition in the preceding 6 months; those not competing in the preceding 6 months; those on use of illicit (doping) substances in the last 12 months; or those who refused to sign an informed consent were excluded.</p>
        <p>The study sample was recruited using an open invitation at training sites (gyms, health clubs and sports centers) and selected after applying the inclusion criteria. Participants were assessed as follows: on the first visit they underwent blood pressure assessment, echocardiographic assessment, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, peripheral vascular resistance assessments. In addition, they were administered a comprehensive questionnaire with questions about training including time of training experience; performance timeline; any awards/prizes; current training routine (volume, intensity, and duration of weekly training sessions, frequency of competitive participation, rest times, etc.) among others. On the next day, they underwent a maximum load test; and on the last visit (48 hours later), they underwent a maximum oxygen uptake test. All assessments were carried out within the same period of time (8 a.m. to 11 a.m.).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure assessment</title>
        <p>Blood pressure measurements were taken using a semi-automatic blood pressure monitor (OMROM 705CP), with the participant in a seated position with both feet on the floor, after a 10-minute rest; the cuff was placed and adjusted to the arm circumference. In a completely quiet room, blood pressure measurements were taken in duplicate on both arms, and the higher value of these readings was used in the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic examination</title>
        <p>Transthoracic echocardiographic examinations were performed by an echocardiography specialist (G.B.G.). An ultrasound device (EnVisor CHD, Philips, Bothell, WA, USA) equipped with a sector transducer probe (2-4 MHz) was used to obtain longitudinal, cross-sectional, two-dimensional 2- and 4-chamber, and M module images. Continuous-wave, pulsed-wave, and color Doppler techniques were used to examine ventricular tissues and walls. All images were stored and sent to a second echocardiography specialist (D.P.K.) for blind evaluation of images. Body surface area (BSA) was calculated using Du Bois method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and peripheral vascular resistance</title>
        <p>We used a high-resolution two-dimensional Doppler ultrasound device (EnVisor CHD, Philips, Bothell, WA, USA) equipped with a high-frequency (7-12 MHz) linear vascular transducer probe and electrocardiographic imaging and monitoring software. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) measurements were taken with the participants in the supine position, and a properly fitting pressure cuff was placed on the arm 5 cm above the cubital fossa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Baseline brachial artery longitudinal diameters were assessed. Following that, the occlusion cuff was inflated to 50 mmHg above the systolic blood pressure (SBP) for 5 minutes and then deflated. Brachial artery diameters were measured for 60 seconds after deflation of the cuff. All analyses were performed offline and brachial artery measurements were made at the end of diastole (at R-wave peak on the electrocardiogram). FMD responses were expressed as percentage change from the baseline brachial artery diameter.</p>
        <p>PVR was calculated from mean blood pressure (MBP) and baseline blood flow obtained in the FMD test (PVR = MBP/baseline blood flow in mmHg/cm.s<sup>-</sup>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Maximum load test</title>
        <p>Maximum strength was assessed in the one-repetition maximum test (1-RM) for the squat, bench press and deadlift exercises, which are specifically performed at competitions, and through the total sum of these three exercises (total load). Distance runners attended a familiarization session within 48 hours of the test when the order of strength exercises and proper performance were introduced. For the 1-RM, the participants performed the maximum number of repetitions with the proposed load, up to a maximum of 10 repetitions. Exercise loads were increased according to Lombardi (1989)up to a point where participants were able to perform only one repetition with a maximum of 3 attempts to achieve the maximum load.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Maximum oxygen uptake</title>
        <p>Maximum oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>peak or VO<sub>2</sub>max) was assessed through cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill with respiratory gases collected (VO2000 model, Inbramed, Porto Alegre, Brazil). Powerlifters attended a familiarization session within 48 hours of the test where test procedures were introduced (Bruce protocol and mask placement for gas collection). The highest value, either VO<sub>2</sub> peak or VO<sub>2</sub> max was recorded at the end of the test as VO<sub>2</sub> max.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>We performed the Shapiro-Wilk test to test normality of the data and homogeneity of variance was tested using Levene's test. All results are described as mean &#177; SD and confidence interval. We conducted Student's t Test for independent samples to assess differences between groups and calculated Pearson&#8217;s linear correlation coefficients (&#945; = 0.05 for all tests). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics (version 21 for Windows).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The participants had similar age and height (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). However, all anthropometric measurements for PG were greater compared to distance RG. In turn, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows loads for the squat, bench press, and deadlift exercises and total load (total sum of these three exercises). For all types of exercises, weight loads were higher in PG than RG as expected. The total load was greater by ~133% in PG than RG. The differences remained unchanged when loads were adjusted for body mass.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the study participants</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">PG (n = 16)<break/>Mean &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">RG (n = 24)<break/>Mean &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years) </td>
              <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 4.4 (27.5&#8211;32.2)<break/>Min 20 and Max 36</td>
              <td align="center">28.7 &#177; 5.7 (26.3&#8211;31.1)<break/>Min 18 and Max 40</td>
              <td align="center">0.490</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass (kg) </td>
              <td align="center">99.2 &#177; 21.5 (87.6&#8211;110.7)<break/>Min 75 and Max 135</td>
              <td align="center">71.7 &#177; 9.2 (67.7&#8211;75.6)<break/>Min 58 and Max 84</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm) </td>
              <td align="center">176 &#177; 0.8 (172&#8211;181)<break/>Min 164 and Max 195</td>
              <td align="center">175 &#177; 0.8 (172&#8211;179)<break/>Min 161 and Max 193</td>
              <td align="center">0.736</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chest circumference (cm) </td>
              <td align="center">113.2 &#177; 13.4 (106&#8211;120.4)<break/>Min 94.5 and Max 144</td>
              <td align="center">86.9 &#177; 8.6 (83.2&#8211;90.5)<break/>Min 61 and Max 100</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm) </td>
              <td align="center">95.1 &#177; 12.9 (88.2&#8211;102)<break/>Min 78 and Max 117</td>
              <td align="center">78.6 &#177; 5.7 (76.2&#8211;81.1)<break/>Min 69 and Max 92</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of training (years) </td>
              <td align="center">5.12 &#177; 2.0 (4.0&#8211;6.2)<break/>Min 3 and Max 10</td>
              <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 2.6 (6.7&#8211;8.9)<break/>Min 3 and Max 10</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weekly duration of training (days)</td>
              <td align="center">3.9 &#177; 1.0 (3.3&#8211;4.4)<break/>Min 3 and Max 5</td>
              <td align="center">5.4 &#177; 1.0 (4.9&#8211;5.8)<break/>Min 3 and Max 7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Daily duration of training (min/day)</td>
              <td align="center">69.3 &#177; 14.4 (61.7&#8211;77.0)<break/>Min 60 and Max 90</td>
              <td align="center">98.7 &#177; 28.6 (86.6&#8211;110.8)<break/>Min 60 and Max 120</td>
              <td align="center">0.001 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>PG: powerlifters group; RG: long-distance runners group. Weekly number of training sessions and session average time correspond to the average duration for the last 3 months. Differences between means were assessed using Student&#8217;s t Test for independent samples.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Maximum load test results in absolute values and adjusted for body mass</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="30%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="3%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">PG (n = 16)<break/>Mean &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">RG (n = 24)<break/>Mean &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Squat (kg) </td>
              <td align="center">212.2 &#177; 46.4 (187.4&#8211;236.9)<break/>Min 140 and Max 302</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">98.9 &#177; 27.1 (87.4&#8211;110.6)<break/>Min 56 and Max 160</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Squat/body mass </td>
              <td align="center">2.16 &#177; 0.27 (2.01&#8211;2.30)<break/>Min 1.6 and Max 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.37 &#177; 0.30 (1.24&#8211;1.50)<break/>Min 1.0 and Max 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bench press (kg) </td>
              <td align="center">145.5 &#177; 32.9 (127.9&#8211;163.1)<break/>Min 110 and Max 220</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">59.0 &#177; 16.5 (52.0&#8211;66.0)<break/>Min 40 and Max 94</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bench press/body mass </td>
              <td align="center">1.49 &#177; 0.26 (1.35&#8211;1.62)<break/>Min 1.1 and Max 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.17 (0.74&#8211;0.89)<break/>Min 0.6 and Max 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Deadlift (kg) </td>
              <td align="center">239.0 &#177; 66.5 (203.6&#8211;274.5)<break/>Min 150 and Max 370</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">102.4 &#177; 27.8 (90.6&#8211;114.2)<break/>Min 53 and Max 140</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Deadlift/body mass </td>
              <td align="center">2.43 &#177; 0.49 (2.16&#8211;2.69)<break/>Min 1.5 and Max 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.45 &#177; 0.41 (1.28&#8211;1.63)<break/>Min 0.6 and Max 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total load (kg) </td>
              <td align="center">596.8 &#177; 137.4 (532.6&#8211;670.1)<break/>Min 413 and Max 890</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">260.4 &#177; 43.8 (241.9&#8211;278.9)<break/>Min 191 and Max 341</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total load/body mass </td>
              <td align="center">6.07 &#177; 0.89 (5.59&#8211;6.55)<break/>Min 4.4 and Max 7.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">3.64 &#177; 0.48 (3.44&#8211;3.85)<break/>Min 2.6 and Max 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>PG: powerlifters group; RG: long-distance runners group. Differences between means were assessed by Student's t Test for independent samples.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary parameters. Powerlifters had higher resting SBP (~10%) and resting DBP (~12%); the absolute differences between the two groups were 13.6 mmHg and 10.1 mmHg, respectively. Resting heart rate was higher in PG compared to RG (~19%, &#916;15.7 bpm). VO<sub>2</sub>max was much higher in RG than PG (~65%): the highest VO<sub>2</sub> max value among powerlifters was lower than the lowest VO<sub>2</sub> max value among runners.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="30%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="30%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">PG (n = 16)<break/>Mean &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">RG (n = 24)<break/>Mean &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Resting SBP (mmHg) </td>
              <td align="center">130.0 &#177; 8.2 (124.5&#8211;134.0)<break/>Min 120 and Max 140</td>
              <td align="center">116.4 &#177; 8.6 (112.8&#8211;120.1)<break/>Min 110 and Max 140</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Resting DBP (mmHg) </td>
              <td align="center">82.1 &#177; 6.9 (78.1&#8211;68.1)<break/>Min 70 and Max 95</td>
              <td align="center">72.0 &#177; 6.5 (69.3&#8211;74.8)<break/>Min 60 and Max 80</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Resting heart rate (bpm) </td>
              <td align="center">80.4 &#177; 7.5 (76.0&#8211;84.8)<break/>Min 69 and Max 94</td>
              <td align="center">64.7 &#177; 10.3 (60.3&#8211;69.1)<break/>Min 45 and Max 90</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum heart rate (bpm) </td>
              <td align="center">180.2 &#177; 13.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref> (173.2&#8211;188.2)<break/>Min 158 and Max 209</td>
              <td align="center">184.3 &#177; 14.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8225;</xref> (178.1&#8211;190.5)<break/>Min 167 and Max 224</td>
              <td align="center">0.403</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> max (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">33.9 &#177; 7.5 (29.6&#8211;38.9)<break/>Min 24 and Max 43</td>
              <td align="center">56.0 &#177; 7.3 (52.7&#8211;62.1)<break/>Min 45 and Max 74</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VCO<sub>2</sub> max (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">36.6 &#177; 9.3 (31.2&#8211;42.0)<break/>Min 24 and Max 57</td>
              <td align="center">58.0 &#177; 7.5 (55.2&#8211;61.6)<break/>Min 45 and Max 87</td>
              <td align="center">0.028</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary ventilation (L.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">103.5 &#177; 17.6 (93.3&#8211;113.7)<break/>Min 76 and Max 136</td>
              <td align="center">112.4 &#177; 14.9 (106.1&#8211;118.7)<break/>Min 85 and Max 157</td>
              <td align="center">0.106 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PG: powerlifters group; RG: long-distance runners group. VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen uptake; VCO<sub>2</sub>: carbon dioxide production. Differences between means were assessed by Student&#8217;s t Test for independent samples.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>
              <sup>&#8225;</sup>
            </label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. baseline value within the same group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the echocardiographic results. As for cardiovascular adaptations, aorta diameter, left atrium (LA) diameter, right ventricle diameter, LV systolic diameter, and LV diastolic diameter were similar in both groups. However, PG showed greater interventricular septum thickness (&#916;2.4 mm) and posterior wall thickness (&#916;1.2 mm). They also showed greater LV mass (&#916;46.5 g), but this difference disappeared after adjusting for BSA. As for diastolic function, LV diastolic volume, transmitral E wave, e' wave, and E/e' ratio were similar in both groups. However, LA volume (~22%), and LA volume adjusted for BSA (~40%) were found in PG, when compared to RG, but they were all within normal ranges. Although PG showed some degree of anatomical remodeling and different diastolic function parameters compared to RG, systolic function reflected in LV systolic volume, ejection fraction, and ejection fraction calculated by Simpson&#8217;s rule were similar in both groups. Of the 40 participants, 9 (22.5%) had physiological ventricular hypertrophy in response to exercise; 10 (all powerlifters) had interventricular septum thickness greater than 11 mm. Of the 27 participants with LV mass greater than 225 g and LV mass adjusted by BSA greater than 115g/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, 13 (82%) were PG and 14 (63%) RG.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="35%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="3%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">PG (n = 16)<break/>Mean &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">RG (n = 24)<break/>Mean &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Anatomical structures</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aorta diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">31.3 &#177; 3 (29.7&#8211;32.9)<break/>Min 25 and Max 36</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">32.0 &#177; 2.7 (30.8&#8211;33.2)<break/>Min 29 and Max 38</td>
              <td align="center">0.410</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA diameter (mm) </td>
              <td align="center">36.0 &#177; 2.5 (34.6&#8211;37.3)<break/>Min 30 and Max 39</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">35.6 &#177; 2 (34.7&#8211;36.5)<break/>Min 32 and Max 39</td>
              <td align="center">0.632</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV diameter (mm) </td>
              <td align="center">20.3 &#177; 1.2 (19.6&#8211;20.9)<break/>Min 18 and Max 22</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">20.5 &#177; 2 (19.6&#8211;21.4)<break/>Min 16 and Max 25</td>
              <td align="center">0.689</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV end-systolic diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">30.7 &#177; 3.9 (28.6&#8211;32.8)<break/>Min 23 and Max 37</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">30.2 &#177; 2.9 (28.9&#8211;31.5)<break/>Min 25 and Max 36</td>
              <td align="center">0.671</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV end-diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">53.4 &#177; 3.3 (51.5&#8211;55.3)<break/>Min 45 and Max 60</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">53.7 &#177; 3.3 (52.2&#8211;55.2)<break/>Min 45 and Max 57</td>
              <td align="center">0.770</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Interventricular septum thickness (mm) </td>
              <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 1.0 (10.6&#8211;12.3)<break/>Min 10 and Max 14</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 0.4 (9.4&#8211;9.9)<break/>Min 9 and Max 10</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ventricular posterior wall thickness (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 0.9 (9.9&#8211;10.9)<break/>Min 9 and Max 12</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 0.5 (8.9&#8211;9.4)<break/>Min 8 and Max 10</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV mass (g) </td>
              <td align="center">282.2 &#177; 73.4 (243&#8211;321.4)<break/>Min 150 and Max 406</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">235.7 &#177; 26.0 (224.2&#8211;247.3)<break/>Min 179 and Max 276</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV mass/BSA (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">135.6 &#177; 24.9 (136.1&#8211;133.6)<break/>Min 90 and Max 173</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">127.8 &#177; 16.9 (120.3&#8211;135.4)<break/>Min 104 and Max 166</td>
              <td align="center">0.262 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diastolic function</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">End-diastolic volume (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">145.0 &#177; 18.9 (134.9&#8211;155.1)<break/>Min 92 and Max 173</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">138.1 &#177; 17.2 (130.5&#8211;145.8)<break/>Min 92 and Max 160</td>
              <td align="center">0.251</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Transmitral E-wave velocity </td>
              <td align="center">0.83 &#177; 0.15 (0.75&#8211;0.90)<break/>Min 0.6 and Max 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.91 &#177; 0.15 (0.84&#8211;0.97)<break/>Min 0.6 and Max 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.124</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">e&#8217; wave </td>
              <td align="center">0.15 &#177; 0.03 (0.13&#8211;0.17)<break/>Min 0.1 and Max 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.17 &#177; 0.34 (0.15&#8211;0.19)<break/>Min 0.1 and Max 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.062</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/e&#8217; ratio </td>
              <td align="center">5.69 &#177; 1.05 (5.12&#8211;6.24)<break/>Min 4.1 and Max 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">5.56 &#177; 1.76 (4.78&#8211;6.34)<break/>Min 3.0 and Max 11.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.808</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Transmitral A-wave velocity </td>
              <td align="center">0.35 &#177; 0.03 (0.33&#8211;0.37)<break/>Min 0.3 and Max 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.38 &#177; 0.04 (0.36&#8211;0.40)<break/>Min 0.3 and Max 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.047</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA volume (mL) </td>
              <td align="center">35.7 &#177; 8.5 (31.2&#8211;40.2)<break/>Min 22 and Max 53</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">43.6 &#177; 10.2 (39.1&#8211;48.2)<break/>Min 32 and Max 76</td>
              <td align="center">0.016 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA volume/BSA (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7 &#177; 4.1 (14.5&#8211;18.8)<break/>Min 11 and Max 27</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">23.4 &#177; 4.6 (21.4&#8211;25.5)<break/>Min 16 and Max 37</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Systolic function</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">End-systolic volume (mL)</td>
              <td align="center">38.0 &#177; 11.2 (31.9&#8211;44)<break/>Min 18 and Max 58</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">34.8 &#177; 9.3 (30.6&#8211;38.9)<break/>Min 22 and Max 54</td>
              <td align="center">0.348</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%) </td>
              <td align="center">73.0 &#177; 4.5 (70.5&#8211;75.4)<break/>Min 67 and Max 80</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">74.3 &#177; 4.6 (72.3&#8211;76.3)<break/>Min 65 and Max 86</td>
              <td align="center">0.383</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction by Simpson&#8217;s rule (%)</td>
              <td align="center">71.6 &#177; 4.8 (69.1&#8211;74.2)<break/>Min 62 and Max 79</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">72.7 &#177; 5.9 (70.1&#8211;75.4)<break/>Min 61 and Max 81</td>
              <td align="center">0.568 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>PG: powerlifters group; RG: long-distance runners group; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; BSA: body surface area. Differences between means were assessed using Student&#8217;s t Test for independent samples.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows FMD (%) and PVR measurements. Interestingly, FMD values were similar in both groups ([PG] 14.7 &#177; 2.3 vs. [RG] 15.9 &#177; 2.5%). However, PG had higher PVR values compared to RG ([PG] 12.6 &#177; 5.3 vs. [RG] 8.2 &#177; 3.8 mmHg/cm.s<sup>(-1)</sup>, &#916;35%).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flow-mediated dilation measurements and peripheral vascular resistance. PG: powerlifters group, RG: long-distance runners group. The differences were assessed by Student&#8217;s t Test for independent samples.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0772-80167-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The correlations between training parameters and echocardiographic and cardiopulmonary variables in PG are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>. There was a direct correlation between interventricular septum thickness and weight load in the deadlift, squat, and total load. Interestingly, no correlation was found with time of exposure, i.e., duration in years of strength training among powerlifters. SBP levels were directly correlated with training intensity; and DBP showed a stronger correlation with duration of strength training. For runners, interventricular septum thickness and resting heart rate were inversely correlated with VO<sub>2</sub>max and duration of strength training (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pearson linear correlation coefficients between training parameters and echocardiographic /cardiopulmonary variables (PG = 16)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Total load (kg)</th>
              <th align="center">Duration of strength<break/>training (years)</th>
              <th align="center">Weekly duration of<break/>training (days)</th>
              <th align="center">Daily duration of<break/>training (min/day)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Interventricular septum thickness (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.733<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.411</td>
              <td align="center">0.286</td>
              <td align="center">0.212 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Posterior ventricular wall thickness (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.680<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.365</td>
              <td align="center">0.274</td>
              <td align="center">0.225 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV mass (g)</td>
              <td align="center">0.689<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.407</td>
              <td align="center">0.213</td>
              <td align="center">0.248 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Resting heart rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.706<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.505</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.149</td>
              <td align="center">0.201 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Baseline SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
              <td align="center">0.377</td>
              <td align="center">0.258</td>
              <td align="center">0.453 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Baseline DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">0.490</td>
              <td align="center">0.762<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.581<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.151 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> max (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.459</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.093</td>
              <td align="center">0.048</td>
              <td align="center">0.135 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VCO<sub>2</sub> max (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.623<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.133</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.051</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.022 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <p>PG: powerlifters group; 1-RM: one-repetition maximum test; LV: left ventricle, SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen uptake; VCO<sub>2</sub>: carbon dioxide production. Significance level</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <label>
              <sup>&#8224;</sup>
            </label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.001 and</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN08">
            <label>
              <sup>*</sup>
            </label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pearson linear correlation coefficients between training parameters and echocardiographic variables (RG = 24)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> max<break/> (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
              <th align="center">VCO<sub>2</sub> max<break/>(mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
              <th align="center">Pulmonary<break/>ventilation<break/>(L.min<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
              <th align="center">Duration of strength<break/>training (years)</th>
              <th align="center">Weekly duration<break/>of training (days)</th>
              <th align="center">Daily duration of<break/>training (min/day)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Interventricular septum thickness (mm) </td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.640<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.362</td>
              <td align="center">0.303</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.630<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.150</td>
              <td align="center">0.136</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Posterior ventricular wall thickness (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.016</td>
              <td align="center">0.209</td>
              <td align="center">0.260</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.139</td>
              <td align="center">0.032</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV mass (g) </td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.140</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.137</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.015</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.110</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.248</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.100</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Resting heart rate (bpm) </td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.650<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.550</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.414</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.659<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.163</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.244</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Baseline SBP (mmHg) </td>
              <td align="center">0.177</td>
              <td align="center">0.311</td>
              <td align="center">0.341</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.074</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.023</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.212</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Baseline DBP (mmHg) </td>
              <td align="center">0.183</td>
              <td align="center">0.279</td>
              <td align="center">0.258</td>
              <td align="center">0.701</td>
              <td align="center">0.254</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.101 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN09">
            <p>RG: long-distance runners group; LV: left ventricle; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen uptake, VCO<sub>2</sub>: carbon dioxide production. Significance level</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>
              <sup>*</sup>
            </label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Finally, FMD measurements were directly proportional to training intensity (% 1-RM) in PG and weight load for the squat (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref>). For RG, no correlation of FMD values was found with cardiopulmonary variables and resting heart rate. Furthermore, FMD values were correlated with duration of powerlifting training (years) and daily duration of training session. However, this same correlation was not seen among runners.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t7">
        <label>Table 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pearson linear correlation coefficients between training parameters and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation measurements</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
            <col width="6%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Squat (kg)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Bench<break/>press (kg)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Deadlift (kg)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> max (mL.<break/>kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Resting heart<break/>rate (bpm)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Duration<break/>of strength<break/>training (years)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Weekly<break/>duration of<break/>training (days)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Daily duration<break/>of training (min/<break/>day)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">PG</td>
              <td align="center">RG</td>
              <td align="center">PG</td>
              <td align="center">RG</td>
              <td align="center">PG</td>
              <td align="center">RG</td>
              <td align="center">PG</td>
              <td align="center">RG</td>
              <td align="center">PG</td>
              <td align="center">RG</td>
              <td align="center">PG</td>
              <td align="center">RG</td>
              <td align="center">PG</td>
              <td align="center">RG</td>
              <td align="center">PG</td>
              <td align="center">RG </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FMD (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.710<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.351</td>
              <td align="center">0.242</td>
              <td align="center">0.165</td>
              <td align="center">0.654<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.383</td>
              <td align="center">0.073</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.349</td>
              <td align="center">0.489</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.107</td>
              <td align="center">0.688<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.165</td>
              <td align="center">0.491</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.123</td>
              <td align="center">0.770<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&#8211;0.079 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <p>PG: powerlifters group; RG: long-distance runners group; FMD: flow-mediated dilation. Significance level</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>
              <sup>&#8224;</sup>
            </label>
            <p>&lt; 0.001,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <label>
              <sup>*</sup>
            </label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Discussion</p>
      <p>Our study found that, compared with long-distance runners, powerlifters showed greater interventricular septum thickness, LV posterior wall thickness and LV mass. However, after adjusting for BSA, no difference was observed in LV mass.Cardiac function was similar in powerlifters and runners. Together, these parameters suggest that specific cardiac remodeling may occur as a result of training, but with no impairment of cardiac functions. A major finding of our study was similar FMD measurements in both powerlifters and runners despite PVR being higher in powerlifters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Although our findings are comparative and derive from a cross-sectional design, they suggest that high-intensity strength training does not necessarily cause damaging cardiovascular changes as it has been generally believed.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac parameters</title>
        <p>Regarding cardiac parameters (anatomical structure, and diastolic and systolic function), the echocardiographic assessments showed increased interventricular septum thickness with slight or no chamber diameter reduction and slight increase in posterior wall thickness in powerlifters compared to runners. These changes may be because powerlifting involves a great amount of slow-speed contractions using high loads close to the maximum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> in daily training sessions leading to LV pressure overload.</p>
        <p>As for the cutoff values, several studies with high-performance athletes have used to determine pathological hypertrophy cutoff values of 12-13 mm for maximum interventricular septum thickness and 55-60 mm for end-diastolic dimension, as described below.Whyte (2004) examined 306British elite male athletes (judo, n = 22; skiing, n = 10; pole vault, n = 10; kayak, n = 11; rowing, n = 17; cycling, n = 11; power lifters, n = 29; triathlon, n = 51; modern pentathlon, n = 22; middle distance, n = 45; rugby, n=30; tennis, n = 33; swimming, n = 19) and found interventricular septum thickness &gt; 13 mm in ~3.0% of them. Riding (2012) examined 836 athletes (soccer, n = 586; basketball, n = 75; volleyball, n = 41 and handball, n = 35) and found interventricular septum thickness &gt; 12 mm and typical features of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in ~2.0%. Pelliccia (1999) examined 1,309 Italian elite athletes engaged in different sporting disciplines (soccer, n = 119; gymnastics, n = 87; rowing, n = 80; tennis, n = 64;basketball, n = 62; track and field, n = 59; alpine skiing, n = 59; shooting, n = 57; handball, n = 56; cycling, n = 49; water polo, n=43; ice hockey, n = 42; cross-country skiing, n = 41; canoeing, n = 39; rugby, n = 39; skating, n = 36; fencing, n= 35; yachting, n = 33; swimming, n = 29; equestrian sports, n = 24; karate, n = 24; volleyball, n = 21; bobsledding, n = 17; boxing, n = 15; wrestling, n = 14; judo, n = 13; luge, n = 13; field hockey, n = 13; table tennis, n=11; pentathlon, n = 7; weight-lifting, n = 7; golfing, n = 6; baseball, n=5; triathlon, n = 3; motor-racing, n = 3; body-building, n=3; other modalities n = 72) and found interventricular septum thickness &gt; 13 mm in 1.1% of them. Moreover, they also found that 45% and 14% of the athletes studied exhibited end-diastolic dimension &gt; 55 mm and &gt; 60 mm, respectively. Thus, if we use these cutoffs, despite some anatomical cardiac changes, none of the study participants showed cardiac dimensions consistent with pathological hypertrophy. However, it is important to note a strong correlation between weight loads lifted in the squat and total load and cardiac dimensions including septum thickness, posterior wall thickness, and LV mass. Yet again, a possible explanation is that powerlifting involves a great amount of slow-speed contractions using high loads close to the maximum leading to a pressure overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>With regard to LV mass, Gardin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> reported values of 225 g and 115 g/m&#178; adjusted by BSA in individuals chronically exposed to pressure overload. LV mass was also measured in our study and we found values of 282 g and 135 g/m<sup>2,</sup> among powerlifters. Interestingly, runners also showed high LV mass (236 g and 128 g/m<sup>(2 )</sup>adjusted by BSA). Regardless of the training modality, cardiac remodeling occurred in response to exercise training in both groups. Though still controversial, echocardiographic measurements indexed to BSA allow to comparing individuals of different body sizes. BSA is affected by fat mass, and fat mass is neither correlated with nor predicts LV mass.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> An alternative approach is to adjust echocardiographic parameters for lean mass. However, accurate measurements are not widely available and substitute methods such as skin-fold thickness measurements are relatively inaccurate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diastolic function assessment in the study revealed consistently normal values in long-distance runners.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In contrast, lower LA volume and transmitral A-wave velocity measures were found in powerlifters although these values were within normal limits. The difference of LA volume measures between both groups was ~22%, and it was even more pronounced after adjustment for BSA (~40%). D&#8217;Andrea et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and coworkers have assessed LA volume and BSA-indexed LA volume in 350 endurance athletes and 245 strength athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> For BSA-indexed measures, these authors defined values between 29 and 33 mL/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> as mild LA enlargement and values greater than 33 mL/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> as moderate LA enlargement. Thus, our results were all below the cutoff values set in D'Andrea et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> As for LV systolic function assessed through estimates of ejection fraction and ejection fraction calculated by Simpson's rule, the echocardiographic assessment showed values within the normal range in all cases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure</title>
        <p>The association of aerobic training with lower resting blood pressure is well established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> But a growing body of evidence shows that strength training can have a similar effect on blood pressure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> though there is not yet a consensus in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> However, high-intensity strength training has been reported to negatively affect blood pressure. A meta-analysis showed that training modalities that basically consist of strength training (powerlifting<italic>,</italic> bodybuilding, and Olympic weightlifting) are associated with a higher risk of high blood pressure with mean SBP of 131.3 &#177; 5.3 mmHg and mean DBP of 77.3 &#177; 1.4 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> These values are consistent with those found in our study (SBP 130.0 &#177; 8.2 and DBP 82.1 &#177; 6.9 mmHg).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular function</title>
        <p>FMD measurements were similar in both powerlifters and runners. This is an interesting finding given that these two training modalities have different biomechanical and metabolic characteristics. Exercise training has been shown as an effective means for the improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation capacity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Among high-performance athletes, long-distance runners with above average normal cardiac function show lower arterial stiffness, lower oxidative stress, and increased endothelium-dependent dilation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> capacity when compared to sedentary individuals of the same age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> These data suggest that outstanding cardiac performance in athletes may be associated with improved vascular function induced by aerobic exercise training.</p>
        <p>It is well known that aerobic exercise improves endothelial function by producing increased shear stress on the vessel walls during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Yet, it has been suggested that strength training can increase hemodynamic stress due to the mechanical compression of blood vessels during active movements together with excessive vascular tension produced during strength exercises.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Thus, we can speculate that high-intensity strength training could acutely affect endothelium-dependent vasodilation and lead to permanent damage in the long run. In this regard, impaired vascular function has been demonstrated in strength athletes, though it appears to be related to the use of anabolic agents rather than an effect of training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Heffernan et al. found increased forearm reactive hyperemia in healthy young individuals after 6-month strength training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> The most likely explanation for increased endothelium-dependent dilation in strength training is the assumption of the mechanical compression of resistance vessel walls during exercise, followed by blood flow release after cessation of exercise, producing a sharp increase in vessel wall shear stress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Although training modalities involve different stimuli (running training: increased continuous blood flow; strength training: intermittent compression of the muscles and restoring blood flow) they ultimately produce the same effects on vessel wall shear stress.</p>
        <p>It is important to note that, despite increased blood pressure levels and greater posterior wall thickness and LV mass found in our study among powerlifters, they showed no cardiac and endothelial function impairment when compared to runners and all the parameters were above average. Therefore, high blood pressure found in powerlifters seems to be related to increased PVR rather than endothelial function impairment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study strengths and limitations</title>
        <p>The key strengths of our study are the use of a homogeneous sample (within each group) and that all echocardiographic images were assessed by two independent examiners, one of them blinded. However, our data should be interpreted with caution due to some limitations including the small sample size (due to recruitment challenges as anabolic steroid use is common among powerlifters and few met our inclusion criteria), and the challenge of recruiting a sample of untrained healthy subjects; however, all parameters evaluated were compared with those findings of other studies and/or current guidelines.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our study showed that cardiac remodeling seems dependent on training modalities and not on structural difference, as in BSA-indexed LV mass in both powerlifters and long-distance runners. Systolic and diastolic functions were preserved in both modalities. Powerlifters showed higher resting blood pressure, which can be explained by increased PVR. However, FMD measurements were similar in both groups studied and were well above average. Although our findings are comparative in nature and derive from a cross-sectional design, it is possible to speculate that high-intensity strength training for a significant number of years (~5 years or more) may be associated to borderline structural cardiac changes, though they are not accompanied by reduced cardiac function.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted Diego Vidaletti Silva, from Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
        <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia do RS / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia under the protocol number #417492. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de Par&#226;metros Card&#237;acos e Vasculares em Powerlifters e Corredores de Longa Dist&#226;ncia: Um Estudo Transversal Comparativo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Vidaletti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Waclawovsky</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kramer</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Beatriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Cinara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eibel</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grezzana</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Brasil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaun</surname>
            <given-names>Maximiliano Isoppo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lehnen</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Sogipa de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre Machado Lehnen,</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 395. CEP 90620-001, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>amlehnen@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva DV, Lehnen AM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva DV, Waclawovsky G, Kramer AB, Stein C, Eibel B, Grezzana GB, Schaun MI, Lehnen AM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Waclawovsky G, Lehnen AM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Waclawovsky G, Eibel B, Grezzana GB, Schaun MI, Lehnen AM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Remodelamento card&#237;aco &#233; uma resposta espec&#237;fica ao tempo e modalidade de treinamento. N&#243;s hipotetizamos que atletas de treinamento de for&#231;a de alta intensidade, por longo tempo, mostram dano &#224; estrutura card&#237;aca e/ou vascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar as caracter&#237;sticas card&#237;acas (estrutura e funcionalidade) e fun&#231;&#227;o vascular (dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada, FMD e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, PVR) em <italic>powerlifters</italic> e corredores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>N&#243;s avaliamos 40 atletas de alto-desempenho (<italic>powerlifters</italic> [PG], n = 16; corredores [RG], n = 24). Mensuramos estrutura e funcionalidade card&#237;aca (ecocardiografia), press&#227;o arterial (SBP/DBP), FMD, PVR, for&#231;a m&#225;xima (agachamento, supino e levantamento terra) e consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (ergoespirometria). Foi utilizado teste T de Student e correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>PG mostrou maior SBP/DBP (p &lt; 0,001), espessura de septo interventricular (p &lt; 0,001), parede posterior (p &lt; 0,001) e massa do VE (p &lt; 0,001); ap&#243;s ajuste pela superf&#237;cie corporal (BSA), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na massa do VE. O volume do VE, onda E, onda e&#8217;, e a raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; foram similares entre os grupos. O volume do AE (p = 0,016), mesmo ajustado pela BSA (p &lt; 0,001) foi menor no PG. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (volume sist&#243;lico final e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o) e FMD foram similares nos grupos. Contudo, foi observada maior PVR no PG (p = 0,014). Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e a carga total levantada no PG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>As adapta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares s&#227;o dependentes da modalidade e os valores encontrados na estrutura do cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o acompanhados por preju&#237;zo na funcionalidade. Entretanto, um leve aumento na press&#227;o arterial pode estar associado com maior PVR e n&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Exerc&#237;cio e Movimento Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Treinamento de Resist&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Corrida/fisiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico induz adapta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares secund&#225;rias a altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial, assim como outras altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e metab&#243;licas em resposta ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. Tais mudan&#231;as adaptivas podem induzir o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) a hipertrofia a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Alguns autores defendem que mudan&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas e anat&#244;micas lim&#237;trofes ocorrem como parte de um processo adaptivo de treinamento de alto-desempenho e tem motivado o debate quando a suas implica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Eles defendem que a sobrecarga de volume geralmente aumenta a capacidade de bombeamento do VE, produzindo hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica enquanto, em contraste, a sobrecarga de press&#227;o reduz o tamanho da cavidade ventricular, produzindo hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica. Sobretudo, a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica (PVR) &#233; um fator importante da sobrecarga card&#237;aca, ao modular especificamente a p&#243;s-carga do VE. Al&#233;m disso, o endot&#233;lio &#233; fundamental para a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o por produzir &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO), que &#233; vasodilatador e tem um efeito direto sobre a PVR. Assim, &#233; importante destacar que ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio h&#225; um est&#237;mulo na produ&#231;&#227;o de NO e fosforila&#231;&#227;o de eNOS, que contribui diretamente para a redu&#231;&#227;o de PVR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos aumentam o estresse de cisalhamento, o que conduz a uma libera&#231;&#227;o aumentada e s&#237;ntese de NO e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o aumentada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A sobrecarga de press&#227;o do VE &#233; reduzida ao longo do tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, treinamentos de resist&#234;ncia de alta intensidade como levantamento de peso e <italic>powerlifting</italic> envolvem um n&#250;mero de contra&#231;&#245;es de velocidade muito baixa que produzem compress&#227;o mec&#226;nica transit&#243;ria de vasos de resist&#234;ncia, aumentando a PVR e a sobrecarga de press&#227;o do VE durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Foi postulado que aumento cr&#244;nico na p&#243;s-carga induz a adi&#231;&#227;o paralela de novos sarc&#244;meros no mioc&#225;rdio, conduzindo &#224; hipertrofia ventricular conc&#234;ntrica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Ainda assim, este modo de hipertrofia ventricular n&#227;o foi demonstrado em atletas de treinamento de for&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> sendo, assim, uma descoberta inconsistente.</p>
        <p>Dado o corpo de prova limitado que oferece suporte a essas adapta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, bem como &#224;quelas relativas &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e &#224; PVR em atletas de for&#231;a, o objetivo deste estudo foi o de comparar as mudan&#231;as card&#237;acas estruturais e funcionais em <italic>powerlifters</italic> e corredores de longa dist&#226;ncia. Em segundo lugar, comparamos a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio e a PVR nesses atletas. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que atletas empenhados em treinamento de for&#231;a de alta-intensidade por longos per&#237;odos de tempo apresentam mudan&#231;as na estrutura card&#237;aca associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, quando comparados a corredores de longa dist&#226;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, exposi&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo a treinamento de for&#231;a de alta-intensidade pode levar a redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial causada por sobrecarga de press&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de participantes e grupos no estudo</title>
          <p>A amostra conveniente para o estudo compreendeu 40 indiv&#237;duos, do sexo masculino, com idades entre 18 e 40 anos de idade. Selecionamos atletas de <italic>powerlifting</italic> (grupo dos <italic>powerlifters</italic> [PG], n = 16) e de corrida de longa-dist&#226;ncia (acima de 10 km) (grupo dos corredores [RG], n = 24). Os atletas eram eleg&#237;veis se estivessem competindo por, pelo menos, 3 anos. Indiv&#237;duos com qualquer problema m&#233;dico nos 6 meses precedentes; os que n&#227;o competiram nos 6 meses precedentes; os que utilizaram subst&#226;ncias il&#237;citas (doping) nos 12 meses anteriores; ou os que se recusaram a assinar um termo de consentimento foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
          <p>A amostra do estudo foi recrutada atrav&#233;s de um convite aberto feito em locais de treino (academias e centros esportivos) e selecionada ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o. Os participantes foram avaliados conforme a seguir: na primeira visita, foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial, avalia&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma, dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial, avalia&#231;&#245;es de resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica. Al&#233;m disso, responderam a um question&#225;rio abrangente com perguntas sobre o treinamento, incluindo tempo de experi&#234;ncia com treinamento; linha do tempo de desempenho; quaisquer pr&#234;mios; rotina atual de treinamento (volume, intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o das sess&#245;es de treino semanais, frequ&#234;ncia de participa&#231;&#227;o em competi&#231;&#245;es, tempos de repouso, etc.) entre outras. No dia seguinte, foram submetidos a um teste de carga m&#225;xima; e, na &#250;ltima visita (48 horas depois), foram submetidos a um teste de consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio. Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas dentro do mesmo per&#237;odo de tempo (entre 8 e 11 da manh&#227;).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial foram feitas utilizando um monitor semi-autom&#225;tico de press&#227;o card&#237;aca (OMROM 705CP), com o participante sentado com ambos os p&#233;s no ch&#227;o, ap&#243;s um repouso de 10 minutos o manguito foi colocado e ajustado &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. Em uma sala absolutamente sossegada, as medi&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial foram realizadas em duplicata, e o valor mais alto dentre essas leituras foi utilizado no estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
          <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos transtor&#225;cicos foram realizados por um especialista em ecocardiografia (G.B.G.). Foi utilizado um aparelho de ultrassom (EnVisor CHD, Philips, Bothell, WA, USA) equipado com uma sonda transdutora de setor (2-4 MHz) para obter imagens longitudinais, transversais, bi-dimensionais de 2 e 4 c&#226;maras e de m&#243;dulo M. T&#233;cnicas de onda cont&#237;nua, onda pulsada e Doppler em cores foram usadas para examinar tecidos e paredes ventriculares. Todas as imagens foram armazenadas e enviadas a um segundo especialista em ecocardiografia (D.P.K.) para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cega das imagens. A &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal (BSA) foi calculada usando o m&#233;todo Du Bois.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica</title>
          <p>Utilizamos um aparelho de ultrassom Doppler bi-dimensional de alta-resolu&#231;&#227;o (EnVisor CHD, Philips, Bothell, WA, USA) equipado com sonda transdutora vascular linear de alta frequ&#234;ncia (7-12 MHz) e software de monitoramento e imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Foram feitas medi&#231;&#245;es mediadas por fluxo (FMD) com os participantes em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, e um manguito de press&#227;o de ajuste adequado foi disposto no bra&#231;o 5 cm acima da fossa cubital.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Foram avaliados os di&#226;metros longitudinais da linha de base da art&#233;ria braquial. Ap&#243;s isso, o manguito oclus&#227;o foi inflado at&#233; 50 mmHg acima da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (SBP) por cinco minutos e, em seguida, desinflado. Os di&#226;metros da art&#233;ria braquial foram medidos por 60 segundos, ap&#243;s a defla&#231;&#227;o do manguito. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas offline e as medi&#231;&#245;es braquiais foram realizadas ao fim da di&#225;stole (no pico da onda-R no eletrocardiograma). As respostas de medi&#231;&#245;es mediadas por fluxo (FMD) foram expressas como percentual de mudan&#231;a do di&#226;metro da linha de base da art&#233;ria braquial.</p>
          <p>A resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica (PVR) foi calculada a partir da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (MBP) e do fluxo arterial da linha de base obtidos no teste FMD (PVR = MBP/fluxo arterial da linha de base em mmHg/cm.s<sup>-1</sup>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de carga m&#225;xima</title>
          <p>A carga m&#225;xima foi avaliada no teste m&#225;ximo de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o (1-RM) para os exerc&#237;cios de agachamento, supino e levantamento terra, que s&#227;o especificamente feitos em competi&#231;&#245;es, e atrav&#233;s da soma total desses tr&#234;s exerc&#237;cios (carga total). Os corredores de longa dist&#226;ncia compareceram a uma sess&#227;o de familiariza&#231;&#227;o dentro das 48 horas do teste, quando foi apresentada a ordem de exerc&#237;cios de for&#231;a e desempenho adequado. Para o 1-RM, os participantes realizaram o n&#250;mero m&#225;ximo de repeti&#231;&#245;es com a carga proposta, at&#233; um m&#225;ximo de 10 repeti&#231;&#245;es. As cargas do exerc&#237;cio foram aumentadas de acordo com Lombardi (1989) at&#233; ao ponto em que os participantes pudessem realizar apenas uma repeti&#231;&#227;o com um m&#225;ximo de 3 tentativas para atingir a carga m&#225;xima.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio</title>
          <p>O consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> de pico ou VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x.) foi avaliado atrav&#233;s do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar em esteira, com cole&#231;&#227;o dos gases da respira&#231;&#227;o (modelo VO2000, Inbramed, Porto Alegre, Brasil). Os powerlifters compareceram a uma sess&#227;o de familiariza&#231;&#227;o dentro das 48 horas do teste, quando foram apresentados os procedimentos do teste (protocolo Bruce e coloca&#231;&#227;o de m&#225;scara para cole&#231;&#227;o de gases). O maior valor, de VO<sub>2</sub> de pico ou VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x., foi registrado ao t&#233;rmino do teste como VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Realizamos o teste Shapiro-Wilk para testar a normalidade dos dados e a homogeneidade da varia&#231;&#227;o foi testada atrav&#233;s do teste de Levene. Todos os resultados est&#227;o descritos como m&#233;dia &#177; SD e intervalo de confian&#231;a. Realizamos o teste T de Student para amostras independentes para verificar diferen&#231;as entre grupos, e calculamos os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson (&#945; = 0,05 para todos os testes). Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o SPSS Statistics (vers&#227;o 21 para Windows).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os participantes tinham idade e peso semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 1</xref>). Entretanto, todas as medidas antropom&#233;tricas para o PG eram maiores, quando comparadas &#224;s do RG de longa dist&#226;ncia. Por sua vez, a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as cargas para os exerc&#237;cios de agachamento, supino e levantamento terra e a carga total (a soma total desses tr&#234;s exerc&#237;cios). Para todos os tipos de exerc&#237;cios as cargas de peso foram maiores no PG do que no RG, conforme esperado. A carga total foi ~133% maior no PG do que no RG. As diferen&#231;as permaneceram inalteradas quando as cargas foram ajustadas &#224; massa corp&#243;rea.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos participantes do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">PG (n = 16)<break/>M&#233;dia &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">RG (n = 24)<break/>M&#233;dia &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 4,4 (27,5&#8211;32,2)<break/>M&#237;n. 20 e M&#225;x. 36</td>
                <td align="center">28,7 &#177; 5,7 (26,3&#8211;31,1)<break/>M&#237;n. 18 e M&#225;x. 40</td>
                <td align="center">0,490</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa corporal (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">99,2 &#177; 21,5 (87,6&#8211;110,7)<break/>M&#237;n. 75 e M&#225;x. 135</td>
                <td align="center">71,7 &#177; 9,2 (67,7&#8211;75,6)<break/>M&#237;n. 58 e M&#225;x. 84</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">176 &#177; 0,8 (172&#8211;181)<break/>M&#237;n. 164 e M&#225;x. 195</td>
                <td align="center">175 &#177; 0,8 (172&#8211;179)<break/>M&#237;n. 161 e M&#225;x. 193</td>
                <td align="center">0,736</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia do peito (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">113,2 &#177; 13,4 (106&#8211;120,4)<break/>M&#237;n. 94.5 e M&#225;x. 144</td>
                <td align="center">86,9 &#177; 8,6 (83,2&#8211;90,5)<break/>M&#237;n. 61 e M&#225;x. 100</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">95,1 &#177; 12,9 (88,2&#8211;102)<break/>M&#237;n. 78 e M&#225;x. 117</td>
                <td align="center">78,6 &#177; 5,7 (76,2&#8211;81,1)<break/>M&#237;n. 69 e M&#225;x. 92</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">5,12 &#177; 2,0 (4,0&#8211;6,2)<break/>M&#237;n. 3 e M&#225;x. 10</td>
                <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 2,6 (6,7&#8211;8,9)<break/>M&#237;n. 3 e M&#225;x. 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o semanal do treinamento (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 1,0 (3,3&#8211;4,4)<break/>M&#237;n. 3 e M&#225;x. 5</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 &#177; 1,0 (4,9&#8211;5,8)<break/>M&#237;n. 3 e M&#225;x. 7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria do treinamento (min/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">69,3 &#177; 14,4 (61,7&#8211;77,0)<break/>M&#237;n. 60 e M&#225;x. 90</td>
                <td align="center">98,7 &#177; 28,6 (86,6&#8211;110,8)<break/>M&#237;n. 60 e M&#225;x. 120</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>PG: grupo dos powerlifters; RG: grupo dos corredores de longa-dist&#226;ncia. O n&#250;mero semanal de sess&#245;es de treinamento e o tempo m&#233;dio por sess&#227;o correspondem &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o media nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses. As diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias foram avaliadas usando o teste t de Student para amostras independentes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados do teste de carga m&#225;xima em valores absolutos e ajustados &#224; massa corporal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="35%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="3%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">PG (n = 16)<break/>M&#233;dia &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">RG (n = 24)<break/>M&#233;dia &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Agachamento (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">212,2 &#177; 46,4 (187,4&#8211;236,9)<break/>M&#237;n. 140 e M&#225;x. 302</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">98,9 &#177; 27,1 (87,4&#8211;110,6)<break/>M&#237;n. 56 e M&#225;x. 160</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Agachamento/massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">2,16 &#177; 0,27 (2,01&#8211;2,30)<break/>M&#237;n. 1,6 e M&#225;x. 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 &#177; 0,30 (1,24&#8211;1,50)<break/>M&#237;n. 1,0 e M&#225;x. 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Supino (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">145,5 &#177; 32,9 (127,9&#8211;163,1)<break/>M&#237;n. 110 e M&#225;x. 220</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">59,0 &#177; 16,5 (52,0&#8211;66,0)<break/>M&#237;n. 40 e M&#225;x. 94</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Supino/massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">1,49 &#177; 0,26 (1,35&#8211;1,62)<break/>M&#237;n. 1,1 e M&#225;x. 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,17 (0,74&#8211;0,89)<break/>M&#237;n. 0,6 e M&#225;x. 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Levantamento terra (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">239,0 &#177; 66,5 (203,6&#8211;274,5)<break/>M&#237;n. 150 e M&#225;x. 370</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">102,4 &#177; 27,8 (90,6&#8211;114,2)<break/>M&#237;n. 53 e M&#225;x. 140</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Levantamento terra/massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">2,43 &#177; 0,49 (2,16&#8211;2,69)<break/>M&#237;n. 1,5 e M&#225;x. 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,45 &#177; 0,41 (1,28&#8211;1,63)<break/>M&#237;n. 0,6 e M&#225;x. 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carga total (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">596,8 &#177; 137,4 (532,6&#8211;670,1)<break/>M&#237;n. 413 e M&#225;x. 890</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">260,4 &#177; 43,8 (241,9&#8211;278,9)<break/>M&#237;n. 191 e M&#225;x. 341</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carga total/massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">6,07 &#177; 0,89 (5,59&#8211;6,55)<break/>M&#237;n. 4,4 e M&#225;x. 7,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,64 &#177; 0,48 (3,44&#8211;3,85)<break/>M&#237;n. 2,6 e M&#225;x. 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>PG: grupo dos powerlifters; RG: grupo dos corredores de longa-dist&#226;ncia. Diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias foram avaliadas usando o teste t de Student para amostras independentes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 3</xref> mostra os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e cardiopulmonares. Os <italic>powerlifters</italic> tiveram uma press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de repouso SBP (~10%) e press&#227;o diast&#243;lica de repouso DBP (~12%) mais altas; as diferen&#231;as absolutas entre os dois grupos foram de 13,6 mmHg e 10,1 mmHg, respectivamente. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso foi maior no PG quando comparada ao RG (~19%, &#916;15,7 bpm). A VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x. foi muito maior no RG que no PG (~65%): o valor mais alto de VO<sub>2</sub>max entre os <italic>powerlifters</italic> foi mais baixo do que o menor valor de VO<sub>2</sub>max entre os corredores.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e cardiopulmonares</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">PG (n = 16)<break/>M&#233;dia &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">RG (n = 24)<break/>M&#233;dia &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP em repouso (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">130,0 &#177; 8,2 (124,5&#8211;134,0)<break/>M&#237;n. 120 e M&#225;x. 140</td>
                <td align="center">116,4 &#177; 8,6 (112,8&#8211;120,1)<break/>M&#237;n. 110 e M&#225;x. 140</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP em repouso (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">82,1 &#177; 6,9 (78,1&#8211;68,1)<break/>M&#237;n. 70 e M&#225;x. 95</td>
                <td align="center">72,0 &#177; 6,5 (69,3&#8211;74,8)<break/>M&#237;n. 60 e M&#225;x. 80</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">80,4 &#177; 7,5 (76,0&#8211;84,8)<break/>M&#237;n. 69 e M&#225;x. 94</td>
                <td align="center">64,7 &#177; 10,3 (60,3&#8211;69,1)<break/>M&#237;n. 45 e M&#225;x. 90</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">180,2 &#177; 13,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8225;</xref> (173,2&#8211;188,2)<break/>M&#237;n. 158 e M&#225;x. 209</td>
                <td align="center">184,3 &#177; 14,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8225;</xref> (178,1&#8211;190,5)<break/>M&#237;n. 167 e M&#225;x. 224</td>
                <td align="center">0,403</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">33,9 &#177; 7,5 (29,6&#8211;38,9)<break/>M&#237;n. 24 e M&#225;x. 43</td>
                <td align="center">56,0 &#177; 7,3 (52,7&#8211;62,1)<break/>M&#237;n. 45 e M&#225;x. 74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VCO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">36,6 &#177; 9,3 (31,2&#8211;42,0)<break/>M&#237;n. 24 e M&#225;x. 57</td>
                <td align="center">58,0 &#177; 7,5 (55,2&#8211;61,6)<break/>M&#237;n. 45 e M&#225;x. 87</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (L.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">103,5 &#177; 17,6 (93,3&#8211;113,7)<break/>M&#237;n. 76 e M&#225;x. 136</td>
                <td align="center">112,4 &#177; 14,9 (106,1&#8211;118,7)<break/>M&#237;n. 85 e M&#225;x. 157</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>SBP: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; DBP: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PG: grupo dos powerlifters; RG: grupo dos corredores de longa-dist&#226;ncia; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VCO<sub>2</sub>: produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono. As diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias foram avaliadas pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 versus o valor da linha de base dentro do mesmo grupo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 4</xref> mostra os resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. No tocante &#224;s adapta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, o di&#226;metro da aorta, o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), o di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo direito, o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Entretanto, o PG mostrou maior espessura do septo interventricular (&#916;2,4 mm) e maior espessura da parede posterior (&#916;1,2 mm). Eles tamb&#233;m mostraram uma maior massa de VE (&#916;46,5 g), mas essa diferen&#231;a desaparecia ap&#243;s se ajustar a BSA. Quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, o volume diast&#243;lico do VE, a onda E transmitral, a onda e', e a raz&#227;o E/e' foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Entretanto, foram encontrados um volume do AE (~22%) e um volume do AE ajustado &#224; BSA (~40%) no PG, quando comparados ao RG, mas estavam todos dentro das varia&#231;&#245;es normais. Apesar de o PG mostrar algum grau de remodelamento anat&#244;mico e par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica diferentes, comparados ao RG, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica refletida no volume sist&#243;lico do VE, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o calculada pela regra de Simpson foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Dentre os 40 participantes, 9 (22,5%) apresentaram hipertrofia ventricular fisiol&#243;gica em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio; 10 (todos <italic>powerlifters</italic>) apresentaram espessura do septo interventricular maior que 11 mm. Dos 27 participantes com massa de VE maior que 225 g e massa de VE ajustada pela BSA maior que 115 g/m<sup>2</sup>, 13 (82%) eram do PG e 14 (63%) eram do RG.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">PG (n = 16)<break/>M&#233;dia &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">RG (n = 24)<break/>M&#233;dia &#177; SD (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estruturas anat&#244;micas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro da Aorta (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">31,3 &#177; 3 (29,7&#8211;32,9)<break/>M&#237;n. 25 e M&#225;x. 36</td>
                <td align="center">32,0 &#177; 2,7 (30,8&#8211;33,2)<break/>M&#237;n. 29 e M&#225;x. 38</td>
                <td align="center">0,410</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do LA (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">36,0 &#177; 2,5 (34,6&#8211;37,3)<break/>M&#237;n. 30 e M&#225;x. 39</td>
                <td align="center">35,6 &#177; 2 (34,7&#8211;36,5)<break/>M&#237;n. 32 e M&#225;x. 39</td>
                <td align="center">0,632</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do RV (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">20,3 &#177; 1,2 (19,6&#8211;20,9)<break/>M&#237;n. 18 e M&#225;x. 22</td>
                <td align="center">20,5 &#177; 2 (19,6&#8211;21,4)<break/>M&#237;n. 16 e M&#225;x. 25</td>
                <td align="center">0,689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do LV(mm)</td>
                <td align="center">30,7 &#177; 3,9 (28,6&#8211;32,8)<break/>M&#237;n. 23 e M&#225;x. 37</td>
                <td align="center">30,2 &#177; 2,9 (28,9&#8211;31,5)<break/>M&#237;n. 25 e M&#225;x. 36</td>
                <td align="center">0,671</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do LV (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">53,4 &#177; 3,3 (51,5&#8211;55,3)<break/>M&#237;n. 45 e M&#225;x. 60</td>
                <td align="center">53,7 &#177; 3,3 (52,2&#8211;55,2)<break/>M&#237;n. 45 e M&#225;x. 57</td>
                <td align="center">0,770</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura do septo interventricular (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 1,0 (10,6&#8211;12,3)<break/>M&#237;n. 10 e M&#225;x. 14</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 0,4 (9,4&#8211;9,9)<break/>M&#237;n. 9 e M&#225;x. 10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura da parede ventricular posterior (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 0,9 (9,9&#8211;10,9)<break/>M&#237;n. 9 e M&#225;x. 12</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 0,5 (8,9&#8211;9,4)<break/>M&#237;n. 8 e M&#225;x. 10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa do LV (g)</td>
                <td align="center">282,2 &#177; 73,4 (243&#8211;321,4)<break/>M&#237;n. 150 e M&#225;x. 406</td>
                <td align="center">235,7 &#177; 26,0 (224,2&#8211;247,3)<break/>M&#237;n. 179 e M&#225;x. 276</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa do LV/BSA (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">135,6 &#177; 24,9 (136,1&#8211;133,6)<break/>M&#237;n. 90 e M&#225;x. 173</td>
                <td align="center">127,8 &#177; 16,9 (120,3&#8211;135,4)<break/>M&#237;n. 104 e M&#225;x. 166</td>
                <td align="center">0,262</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume diast&#243;lico final (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">145,0 &#177; 18,9 (134,9&#8211;155,1)<break/>M&#237;n. 92 e M&#225;x. 173</td>
                <td align="center">138,1 &#177; 17,2 (130,5&#8211;145,8)<break/>M&#237;n. 92 e M&#225;x. 160</td>
                <td align="center">0,251</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade da onda-E transmitral</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,15 (0,75&#8211;0,90)<break/>M&#237;n. 0,6 e M&#225;x. 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 &#177; 0,15 (0,84&#8211;0,97)<break/>M&#237;n. 0,6 e M&#225;x. 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda e&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center">0,15 &#177; 0,03 (0,13&#8211;0,17)<break/>M&#237;n. 0,1 e M&#225;x. 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 &#177; 0,34 (0,15&#8211;0,19)<break/>M&#237;n. 0,1 e M&#225;x. 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o E/e&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center">5,69 &#177; 1,05 (5,12&#8211;6,24)<break/>M&#237;n. 4,1 e M&#225;x. 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,56 &#177; 1,76 (4,78&#8211;6,34)<break/>M&#237;n. 3,0 e M&#225;x. 11,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,808</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade da onda-A transmitral</td>
                <td align="center">0,35 &#177; 0,03 (0,33&#8211;0,37)<break/>M&#237;n. 0,3 e M&#225;x. 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,38 &#177; 0,04 (0,36&#8211;0,40)<break/>M&#237;n. 0,3 e M&#225;x. 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume do LA (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">35,7 &#177; 8,5 (31,2&#8211;40,2)<break/>M&#237;n. 22 e M&#225;x. 53</td>
                <td align="center">43,6 &#177; 10,2 (39,1&#8211;48,2)<break/>M&#237;n. 32 e M&#225;x. 76</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume do LA/BSA (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7 &#177; 4,1 (14,5&#8211;18,8)<break/>M&#237;n. 11 e M&#225;x. 27</td>
                <td align="center">23,4 &#177; 4,6 (21,4&#8211;25,5)<break/>M&#237;n. 16 e M&#225;x. 37</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico final (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">38,0 &#177; 11,2 (31,9&#8211;44)<break/>M&#237;n. 18 e M&#225;x. 58</td>
                <td align="center">34,8 &#177; 9,3 (30,6&#8211;38,9)<break/>M&#237;n. 22 e M&#225;x. 54</td>
                <td align="center">0,348</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">73,0 &#177; 4,5 (70,5&#8211;75,4)<break/>M&#237;n. 67 e M&#225;x. 80</td>
                <td align="center">74,3 &#177; 4,6 (72,3&#8211;76,3)<break/>M&#237;n. 65 e M&#225;x. 86</td>
                <td align="center">0,383</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pela regra de Simpson (%)</td>
                <td align="center">71,6 &#177; 4,8 (69,1&#8211;74,2)<break/>M&#237;n. 62 e M&#225;x. 79</td>
                <td align="center">72,7 &#177; 5,9 (70,1&#8211;75,4)<break/>M&#237;n. 61 e M&#225;x. 81</td>
                <td align="center">0,568</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <p>PG: grupo dos powerlifters; RG: grupo dos corredores de longa-dist&#226;ncia; LA: &#225;trio esquerdo; RV: ventr&#237;culo direito; LV: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; BSA: superf&#237;cie corporal. As diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias foram avaliadas usando o teste t de Student para amostras independentes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> mostra percentuais de dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada (FMD %) e medidas de resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica (PVR). Interessantemente, os valores de FMD foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos ([PG] 14,7&#177;2,3 contra [RG] 15,9 &#177; 2,5%). Entretanto, o PG teve valores de PVR maiores, quando comparados aos de RG ([PG] 12,6&#177;5,3 contra [RG] 8.2 &#177; 3,8 mmHg/cm.s<sup>-1</sup>, &#916;35%)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medidas de dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica. PG: grupo dos powerlifters, RG: grupo dos corredores de longa-dist&#226;ncia. As diferen&#231;as foram avaliadas por teste t de Student para amostras independentes</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-06-0772-80167-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es entre par&#226;metros de treinamento e vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e cardiopulmonares no PG s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 5</xref>. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre espessura do septo interventricular e carga de peso no levantamento terra, no agachamento e na carga total. Interessantemente, n&#227;o foi encontrada nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o com o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o, quer dizer, com a dura&#231;&#227;o, em anos, de treinamento de for&#231;a entre <italic>powerlifters</italic>. Os n&#237;veis de SBP foram diretamente correlacionados com a intensidade de treino; e a DBP mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o mais forte com a dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento de for&#231;a. Para corredores, a espessura do septo interventricular e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso foram inversamente correlacionadas com o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x. e a dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento de for&#231;a (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coeficientes da correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson entre os par&#226;metros de treinamento e as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas / cardiopulmonares (PG = 16)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Carga total (kg)</th>
                <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento<break/>de for&#231;a (anos)</th>
                <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o semanal do<break/>treinamento (dias)</th>
                <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria do<break/>treinamento (min/dia)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura do septo interventricular (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,733<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,411</td>
                <td align="center">0,286</td>
                <td align="center">0,212</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura da parede ventricular posterior (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,680<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,365</td>
                <td align="center">0,274</td>
                <td align="center">0,225</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa do LV (g)</td>
                <td align="center">0,689<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,407</td>
                <td align="center">0,213</td>
                <td align="center">0,248</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,706<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,505</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,149</td>
                <td align="center">0,201</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Linha de base da SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
                <td align="center">0,377</td>
                <td align="center">0,258</td>
                <td align="center">0,453</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Linha de base da DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,490</td>
                <td align="center">0,762<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,581<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,151</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x. (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,459</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,093</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
                <td align="center">0,135</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VCO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x. (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,623<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,133</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,051</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,022</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>PG: grupo dos powerlifters; 1-RM: teste m&#225;ximo de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o; LV: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, SBP: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; DBP: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VCO<sub>2</sub>: produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>
                <sup>&#8224;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,001 e</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>
                <sup>*</sup>
              </label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t13">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coeficientes da correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson entre os par&#226;metros de treinamento e vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (PG = 24)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x.<break/>(mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
                <th align="center">VCO2 m&#225;x.<break/>(mL.kg-1.min-1)</th>
                <th align="center">Ventila&#231;&#227;o<break/>pulmonar<break/>(L.min<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
                <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o do<break/>treinamento de<break/>for&#231;a (anos)</th>
                <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o semanal do<break/>treinamento (dias)</th>
                <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria<break/>do treinamento<break/>(min/dia)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura do septo interventricular (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,640<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,362</td>
                <td align="center">0,303</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,630<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,150</td>
                <td align="center">0,136</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura da parede ventricular posterior (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,016</td>
                <td align="center">0,209</td>
                <td align="center">0,260</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,139</td>
                <td align="center">0,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa do LV (g)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,140</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,137</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,015</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,110</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,248</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,650<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,550</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,414</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,659<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,163</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,244</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Linha de base da SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,177</td>
                <td align="center">0,311</td>
                <td align="center">0,341</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,074</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,023</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,212</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Linha de base da DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,183</td>
                <td align="center">0,279</td>
                <td align="center">0,258</td>
                <td align="center">0,701</td>
                <td align="center">0,254</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,101</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <p>RG: grupo dos corredores de longa-dist&#226;ncia; LV: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SBP: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; DBP: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VCO<sub>2</sub>: produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>
                <sup>*</sup>
              </label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Finalmente as medi&#231;&#245;es da dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada (FMD) estavam diretamente proporcionais ao treinamento de intensidade (% 1-RM) no PG e a carga de peso ao agachamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 7</xref>). Para o RG, n&#227;o foi encontrada nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de FMD com vari&#225;veis cardiopulmonares e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso. Al&#233;m disso, os valores de FMD foram correlacionados com a dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento de powerlifting (em anos) e dura&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria da sess&#227;o de treino. Entretanto, essa mesma correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi vista entre corredores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t14">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coeficientes da correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson entre os par&#226;metros de treinamento e as medidas da dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada da art&#233;ria braquial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Agachamento<break/>(kg)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Supino (kg)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Levantamento<break/>terra (kg)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x.<break/>(mL.kg-1.min-1)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia<break/>card&#237;aca em<break/>repouso (bpm)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Dura&#231;&#227;o do<break/>treinamento de<break/>for&#231;a (anos)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Dura&#231;&#227;o<break/>semanal do<break/>treinamento<break/>(dias)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Dura&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria<break/>do treinamento<break/>(min/dia)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">PG</td>
                <td align="center">RG</td>
                <td align="center">PG</td>
                <td align="center">RG</td>
                <td align="center">PG</td>
                <td align="center">RG</td>
                <td align="center">PG</td>
                <td align="center">RG</td>
                <td align="center">PG</td>
                <td align="center">RG</td>
                <td align="center">PG</td>
                <td align="center">RG</td>
                <td align="center">PG</td>
                <td align="center">RG</td>
                <td align="center">PG</td>
                <td align="center">RG</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FMD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,710<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,351</td>
                <td align="center">0,242</td>
                <td align="center">0,165</td>
                <td align="center">0,654<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,383</td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,349</td>
                <td align="center">0,489</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,107</td>
                <td align="center">0,688<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,165</td>
                <td align="center">0,491</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,123</td>
                <td align="center">0,770<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;0,079</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <p>PG: grupo dos powerlifters; RG: grupo dos corredores de longa-dist&#226;ncia; FMD: dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada. N&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>
                <sup>&#8224;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,001,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>
                <sup>*</sup>
              </label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo descobriu que, comparados aos corredores de longa-dist&#226;ncia, os <italic>powerlifters</italic> mostraram maiores espessura de septo interventricular, espessura de parede posterior e massa de VE. Entretanto, ap&#243;s ajustar &#224; BSA, n&#227;o foi observada nenhuma diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; massa do VE. A fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca era semelhante em <italic>powerlifters</italic> e corredores. Juntos, esses par&#226;metros sugerem que pode ocorrer um remodelamento card&#237;aco espec&#237;fico, como resultado de treinamento, mas sem comprometimento de fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. Uma descoberta importante de nosso estudo foi medidas semelhantes de FMD tanto <italic>powerlifters</italic>, quanto em corredores, apesar de a PVR ser maior em <italic>powerlifters</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Apesar de nossas descobertas serem comparativas e derivarem de um projeto transversal, elas sugerem que o treinamento de for&#231;a de alta-intensidade n&#227;o necessariamente causa mudan&#231;as cardiovasculares danosas como se acreditava em geral.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros card&#237;acos</title>
          <p>Quanto aos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos (estrutura anat&#244;mica e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica), as avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas mostraram um aumento na espessura do septo interventricular com pouca ou nenhuma redu&#231;&#227;o de di&#226;metro do c&#226;mber e um pequeno aumento na espessura da parede posterior em <italic>powerlifters</italic>, comparativamente aos corredores. Tais mudan&#231;as podem ser causadas porque powerlifting envolve uma grande quantidade de contra&#231;&#245;es de baixa-velocidade utilizando cargas altas, pr&#243;ximas da m&#225;xima,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> nas sess&#245;es de treino di&#225;rio, o que leva a sobrecarga de press&#227;o do VE.</p>
          <p>Quanto aos valores de corte, diversos estudos com atletas de alto-desempenho t&#234;m usado para determinar hipertrofia patol&#243;gica os valores de corte de 12-13 mm para espessura de septo interventricular m&#225;xima e 55-60 mm para dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final, conforme descrito abaixo. Whyte (2004) examinou 306 atletas brit&#226;nicos de elite do sexo masculino (jud&#244;, n = 22; esqui, n = 10; salto com vara, n = 10; caiaque, n = 11; remo, n = 17; ciclismo, n = 11; <italic>powerlifters</italic>, n = 29; triatlo, n = 51; pentatlo moderno, n = 22; corrida de m&#233;dia-dist&#226;ncia, n = 45; r&#250;gbi, n = 30; t&#234;nis, n = 33; nata&#231;&#227;o, n = 19) e encontrou espessura de septo interventricular de &gt; 13 mm em ~3,0% deles. Riding (2012) examinou 836 atletas (futebol, n = 586; basquete, n = 75; v&#244;lei, n = 41 e handball, n = 35) e encontrou espessura de septo interventricular de &gt; 12 mm e caracter&#237;sticas t&#237;picas de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda conc&#234;ntrica em ~2,0%. Pelliccia (1999) examinou 1.309 atletas italianos de elite envolvidos em disciplinas esportivas diversas (futebol, n = 119; gin&#225;stica ol&#237;mpica, n = 87; remo, n = 80; t&#234;nis, n = 64; basquete, n = 62; atletismo, n = 59; esqui alpino, n = 59; tiro, n = 57; handball, n=56; ciclismo, n = 49; p&#243;lo aqu&#225;tico, n = 43; h&#243;quei no gelo, n = 42; esqui n&#243;rdico, n = 41; canoagem, n = 39; r&#250;gbi, n = 39; patina&#231;&#227;o, n = 36; esgrima, n=35; iatismo, n = 33; nata&#231;&#227;o, n = 29; esportes equestres, n = 24; carat&#234;, n = 24; v&#244;lei, n = 21; bobsleigh, n = 17; boxe, n = 15; luta greco-romana, n = 14; jud&#244;, n = 13; luge, n = 13; h&#243;quei de campo, n = 13; t&#234;nis de mesa, n = 11; pentatlo, n = 7; levantamento de peso, n = 7; golf, n = 6; beisebol, n = 5; triatlo, n = 3; corrida de motos, n = 3; fisiculturismo, n = 3; outras modalidades, n = 72) e encontrou espessura de septo interventricular de &gt; 13 mm em 1,1% deles. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m descobriram que 45% e 14% dos atletas estudados possu&#237;am uma dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final &gt; 55 mm e &gt; 60 mm, respectivamente. Assim, usando esses cortes, apesar de algumas mudan&#231;as anat&#244;micas e card&#237;acas, nenhum dos participantes estudados apresentou dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas consistentes com hipertrofia patol&#243;gica. Entretanto, &#233; importante notar uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre as cargas de peso levantadas no agachamento e a carga total e dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas, incluindo espessura do septo, espessura da parede posterior e massa do VE. Novamente, uma explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel &#233; que powerlifting envolve uma grande quantidade de contra&#231;&#245;es de baixa-velocidade utilizando cargas altas pr&#243;ximas da m&#225;xima, conduzindo a uma sobrecarga de press&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa do VE, Gardin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> relatou valores de 225 g e 115 g/m&#178; ajustados pela BSA em indiv&#237;duos cronicamente expostos a sobrecarga de press&#227;o. A massa do VE tamb&#233;m foi medida em nosso estudo e encontramos valores de 282 g e 135 g/m<sup>2</sup>, entre <italic>powerlifters</italic>. Interessantemente, corredores tamb&#233;m apresentaram alta massa de VE (236 g e 128 g/m<sup>2</sup>ajustados &#224; BSA). Independentemente da modalidade de treino, houve remodelamento card&#237;aco em resposta ao treinamento f&#237;sico em ambos os grupos. Embora ainda sejam controversas, as medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas indexadas &#224; BSA permitem comparar indiv&#237;duos com tamanho corporais diferentes. A superf&#237;cie corporal (BSA) &#233; afetada pela massa adiposa, e a massa adiposa n&#227;o &#233; correlacionada, nem prediz a massa do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Uma abordagem alternativa &#233; ajustar os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos &#224; massa magra. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; medidas precisas amplamente dispon&#237;veis, e m&#233;todos substitutos, como a medi&#231;&#227;o da espessura da dobra de pele, s&#227;o relativamente imprecisos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica no estudo revelou valores consistentemente normais em corredores de longa-dist&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Em contraste, foram encontrados um volume mais baixo de AE e medidas de velocidade de onda-A transmitral, em <italic>powerlifters</italic>, apesar de tais valores estarem dentro dos limites normais. A diferen&#231;a de medida de volume de AE em ambos os grupos foi de ~22% e foi ainda mais pronunciada ap&#243;s os ajuste &#224; BSA (~40%). D&#8217;Andrea et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> avaliaram o volume do AE e o volume do AE indexado pela BSA em 350 atletas de resist&#234;ncia e em 245 atletas de for&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Para medidas indexadas pela BSA, tais autores definiram valores entre 29 e 33 mL/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> como de leve aumento de AE e valores acima de 33 mL/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> como de aumento moderado. Assim, todos os nossos resultados estavam abaixo dos valores de corte estabelecidos em D'Andrea et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE avaliada atrav&#233;s de estimativas de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o calculada pela regra de Simpson, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica apresentou valores dentro da escala normal em todos os casos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de treino aer&#243;bico com press&#227;o arterial inferior em repouso est&#225; bem estabelecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Mas um crescente conjunto de provas mostra que o treinamento de for&#231;a pode ter um efeito semelhante sobre a press&#227;o arterial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> apesar de ainda n&#227;o haver um consenso na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Entretanto, j&#225; foi relatado que o treinamento de for&#231;a de alta-intensidade afeta a press&#227;o arterial de maneira negativa. Uma meta-an&#225;lise mostrou que o treino de modalidades que basicamente consistam de treinamento de for&#231;a (<italic>powerlifting,</italic> fisiculturismo, e levantamento de peso ol&#237;mpico) &#233; associado a um mais alto risco de press&#227;o arterial alta com SBP m&#233;dia de 131,3 &#177; 5,3 mmHg e DBP m&#233;dia de 77,3 &#177; 1,4 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Tais valores s&#227;o consistentes com os encontrados em nosso estudo (SBP 130,0 &#177; 8,2 e DBP 82,1 &#177; 6,9 mmHg).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o vascular</title>
          <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es de dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada (FMD) foram semelhantes em ambos: tanto em <italic>powerlifters</italic>, quanto em corredores. Essa &#233; uma descoberta interessante dado que essas duas modalidades de treino possuem caracter&#237;sticas biomec&#226;nicas e metab&#243;licas diferentes. Treinamento f&#237;sico tem se mostrado um meio eficaz para a melhoria da capacidade de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Entre os atletas de alto-desempenho, os corredores de longa dist&#226;ncia com fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal acima da m&#233;dia mostram menor rigidez arterial, menor stress oxidativo e capacidade de dilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio aumentada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> se comparados com indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios da mesma idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Tais dados sugerem que um desempenho card&#237;aco excelente em atletas pode ser associado &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o vascular melhorada induzida por treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico.</p>
          <p>&#201; bem sabido que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial por produzir um estresse de cisalhamento aumentado nas paredes dos vasos durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Ainda assim, tem sido sugerido que o treino de for&#231;a pode aumentar o stress hemodin&#226;mico devido &#224; compress&#227;o mec&#226;nica dos vasos sangu&#237;neos durante os movimentos ativos juntamente com a tens&#227;o vascular excessiva produzida durante exerc&#237;cios de for&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Assim, podemos especular que tal treinamento de for&#231;a de alta-intensidade pode afetar agudamente a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio e levar a danos permanentes em longo prazo. A esse respeito, tem se demonstrado fun&#231;&#227;o vascular comprometida em atletas de for&#231;a, embora ela pare&#231;a estar mais relacionada ao uso de agentes anab&#243;licos, do que ser um efeito do treinamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Heffernan et al. descobriram um aumento da hiperemia reativa do antebra&#231;o em jovens indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis ap&#243;s um treinamento de for&#231;a de 6 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> A explica&#231;&#227;o mais prov&#225;vel para uma dilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio aumentada em treinamento de for&#231;a &#233; a hip&#243;tese da compress&#227;o mec&#226;nica das paredes dos vasos de resist&#234;ncia durante o exerc&#237;cio, seguida pela libera&#231;&#227;o de fluxo sangu&#237;neo quando da cessa&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, levando ao aumento agudo de estresse de cisalhamento na parede do vaso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Apesar de as modalidades de treinamento envolverem est&#237;mulos diferentes (treinamento de corrida: aumento do fluxo de cont&#237;nuo de sangue; treino de for&#231;a: compress&#227;o intermitente dos m&#250;sculos e restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo), no fim, elas produzem os mesmos efeitos sobre o estresse de cisalhamento da parede do vaso.</p>
          <p>&#201; importante observar que, apesar dos n&#237;veis aumentados de press&#227;o arterial e maiores espessura da parede posterior e massa de VE descobertos em nosso estudo entre <italic>powerlifters</italic>, eles n&#227;o apresentaram comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ou endotelial, quando comparados aos corredores, e todos os par&#226;metros estavam acima da m&#233;dia. Assim, a press&#227;o arterial alta encontrada em <italic>powerlifters</italic> parece estar relacionada ao aumento da PVR, mais do que a um comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Os pontos fortes chave de nosso estudo s&#227;o o uso de uma amostra homog&#234;nea (dentro de cada grupo) e que todas as imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram avaliadas por dois examinadores independentes, um dos quais atrav&#233;s de exame cego. Entretanto, nossos dados devem ser interpretados com cautela devido a algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, incluindo o tamanho pequeno da amostra (devido aos desafios de recrutamento, considerando que o uso de ester&#243;ides anabolizantes &#233; comum entre <italic>powerlifters</italic> e poucos atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o), e o desafio de recrutar uma amostra de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis n&#227;o-treinados; entretanto, todos os par&#226;metros avaliados foram comparados aos encontrados em outros estudos e/ou diretrizes atuais.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que o remodelamento card&#237;aco parece depender das modalidades de treinamento e n&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais, como a massa do VE indexada pela BSA, tanto em <italic>powerlifters</italic> quanto em corredores de longa-dist&#226;ncia. As fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica estavam preservadas em ambas as modalidades. Os <italic>powerlifters</italic> mostraram uma maior press&#227;o arterial de repouso, o que pode ser explicado pelo aumento na PVR. Entretanto, as medidas de FMD foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos estudados e estavam bem acima da m&#233;dia. Apesar de nossas descobertas serem comparativas em sua natureza, e derivarem de um projeto transversal, &#233; poss&#237;vel especular que treinamento de for&#231;a de alta-intensidade por um n&#250;mero significativo de anos (~5 anos ou mais) pode ser associado a mudan&#231;as estruturais card&#237;acas lim&#237;trofes, apesar de estas n&#227;o serem acompanhadas por redu&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Diego Vidaletti Silva pelo Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia do RS / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo (#417492. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
