<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">9x7mnSBCNs5kfR3xM8WrrrL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001800762</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180240</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>From Evidence-Based Medicine to Precision Health: Using Data to Personalize Care</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Israelita de Ci&#234;ncia da Sa&#250;de Albert Einstein</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Medicina Preventiva do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e Faculdade de Medicina da Faculdade Israelita de Ci&#234;ncia da Sa&#250;de Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica - Hospital Universit&#225;rio e Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica (DASA), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcio Sommer Bittencourt</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Lineu Prestes, 2565, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>762</fpage>
      <lpage>763</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Evidence Based Medicine/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Precision Medicine/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Comprehensive Health Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Models,Educational</kwd>
        <kwd>Teaching/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Research</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The historical practice of medicine has evolved over centuries based on empirical knowledge derived from experience and observation rather than rigorous scientific data. Over the second half of the twentieth century, this form of medical knowledge progress was largely supplanted by rigorous scientific data collection, particularly in the realm of cardiovascular diseases, where virtually every new drug discovery has been thoroughly evaluated in randomized clinical trials (RCT). The impressive improvement in the quality of the information provided by such study design has led to the development of an entirely new field in the medical knowledge which became known as Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>EBM soughs to move away from empirical information by providing a structured grading of the epistemological strength of evidence available. It further requires the highest levels of evidence to give strong recommendations for or against the use of any particular therapy. By this approach, RCTs are considered among the highest quality study designs which support those stronger recommendations. Still, despite their capability to avoid confounding and other biases, RCTs conclusions can only be interpreted as an overall averaged benefit for the collective population included in the study. Although such information may suffice to document the effect of any given therapy at the population level, this does not necessarily apply to any individual patient. While some individuals may benefit considerably more than the average population included in the study, other might benefit significantly less, whereas no benefit or even significant harm may occur in some individuals.</p>
    <p>Moreover, the external validity in other subgroups of individuals is even more challenging. Although a significant proportion of drugs routinely used in medicine and cardiology are only approved to rather strict clinical indications, most clinicians extrapolate evidence beyond the validated population, including many subgroups of individuals in whom the benefit documented in the initial studies is unlikely to be replicated or in individuals whose risk for complications or side effects might be larger than in the initial cohort.</p>
    <p>Though much of these limitations have long been known by individuals working with EBM, not too long ago little more than simple subgroup analysis could be performed in the quest to identify individuals more or less likely to benefit from the tested therapy. Since the identification of those individuals with unexpected response to therapy is rather complex, the simple subgroup analysis lacked the nuance needed to sort the wheat from the chaff in most cases.</p>
    <p>Over the last decades, the development of two different fields has led medicine to change this paradigm. On one hand, the development of genetics and genomics provided extensive data on the differences between individuals that might, at least partially, explain the individual variability in risk for various diseases, its prognosis, response to therapy or risk for side effects. On the other hand, data science and computational power developed to an extent that allows data processing at orders of magnitude larger than previously known. This improvement in computational power allowed the capability to handle large amounts of data, such as those provided in genetic studies. Therefore, the insights provided by the combined use of those two fields can help tailor individualized treatment. Within this context, the concept of precision and individualized medicine have developed over the last couple of years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Precision medicine has been defined as a medical model using molecular profiling technologies to improve diagnostic accuracy, prognosis definition and tailor the right therapeutic strategy to the right person at the right time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, this definition has a limited scope on the potential of personalized care at the current state of healthcare delivery. First, individualized care now extends towards the broader spectrum of health care including primary and primordial prevention, as well as health promotion. Consequently, the broader term of precision health, not precision medicine may seem more appropriate. Within this concept, one can only naturally understand that to provide the full board of precision health to patients there is a compelling need to extend the data collection beyond genetic, molecular or genomic profiling to incorporate a more "holistic" definition of health. This health profiling should further embrace other social and environmental data but should also include the entirely new field of patient-generated data provided by newer devices such as smartphones, smartwatches and other wearables that can provide vast amounts of continuous monitoring data from each individual through exceedingly long periods of time. Finally, in order to provide truly personalized precision health, each healthcare provider will need to factor in individual patients' preferences.</p>
    <p>This entire concept of personalized health is still at its early stages, and the exact blending of those parameters are not yet known. However, with the fast pace of experimentation allowed by studies derived for large datasets of real-life information, one can foresee this becoming routine standard of care in a not too distant future.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. <italic>JAMA</italic>,1992;268(17):2420-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evidence-based medicine A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>268</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>2420</fpage>
          <lpage>2425</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Erden A. Personalized medicine. <italic>Yale J Biol Med</italic>. 2015;88(4):349</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Erden</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Personalized medicine</article-title>
          <source>Yale J Biol Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>349</fpage>
          <lpage>349</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Nimmesgern E, Benediktsson I, Norstedt I. Personalized medicine in Europe. <italic>Clin Trans Sci</italic>. 2017; 10(2):61-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nimmesgern</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benediktsson</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Norstedt</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Personalized medicine in Europe</article-title>
          <source>Clin Trans Sci</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Da Medicina Baseada em Evid&#234;ncias para a Sa&#250;de de Precis&#227;o: Uso de Dados para Personalizar o Atendimento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Medicina Preventiva do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e Faculdade de Medicina da Faculdade Israelita de Ci&#234;ncia da Sa&#250;de Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica - Hospital Universit&#225;rio e Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica (DASA), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcio Sommer Bittencourt</bold> Hospital Universit&#225;rio- Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Lineu Prestes, 2565, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Medicina Baseada em Evid&#234;ncias/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina de Precis&#227;o/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia Integral &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Modelos Educacionais</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesquisa</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A pr&#225;tica hist&#243;rica da medicina evoluiu ao longo dos s&#233;culos com base no conhecimento emp&#237;rico derivado da experiencia e observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e n&#227;o em dados cient&#237;ficos rigorosos. Ao longo da segunda metade do s&#233;culo XX, esta forma de progresso do conhecimento m&#233;dico foi amplamente substituida pela coleta rigorosa de dados cient&#237;ficos, particularmente no campo das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, onde praticamente todas as novas descobertas de f&#225;rmacos foram amplamente avaliadas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR). A melhoria impressionante da qualidade da informa&#231;&#227;o fornecida por esse desenho de estudo conduziu ao desenvolvimento de uma nova &#225;rea do conhecimento m&#233;dico que ficou conhecida como Medicina Baseada em Evid&#234;ncias (MBE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A MBE tenta afastar-se da informa&#231;&#227;o emp&#237;rica, fornecendo uma classifica&#231;&#227;o estruturada da for&#231;a epistemol&#243;gica da evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel. Al&#233;m disso, exige os mais altos n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia para embasar recomenda&#231;&#245;es seguras a favor ou contra o uso de qualquer terapia em particular. Por essa abordagem, os ECR est&#227;o entre os desenhos de estudo de mais alta qualidade que apoiam tais recomenda&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, apesar de sua capacidade de evitar vieses de confus&#227;o e outros vieses, as conclus&#245;es dos ECR s&#243; podem ser interpretadas como a m&#233;dia geral do benef&#237;cio para a popula&#231;&#227;o global inclu&#237;da no estudo. Embora essa informa&#231;&#227;o seja suficiente para documentar o efeito de qualquer terapia em um n&#237;vel populacional, isso n&#227;o se aplica necessariamente a qualquer paciente individualmente. Enquanto alguns indiv&#237;duos podem beneficiar-se consideravelmente mais do que a popula&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia inclu&#237;da no estudo, outros podem beneficiar-se significativamente menos, ao passo que nenhum benef&#237;cio, e at&#233; mesmo dano significativo, pode ocorrer em alguns indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a validade externa para outros subgrupos de indiv&#237;duos &#233; ainda mais desafiadora. Embora uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de f&#225;rmacos de uso rotineiro em medicina e cardiologia somente sejam aprovados para indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas bastante espec&#237;ficas, a maioria dos m&#233;dicos extrapola as evid&#234;ncias para al&#233;m da popula&#231;&#227;o validada, incluindo muitos subgrupos de indiv&#237;duos nos quais o benef&#237;cio documentado nos estudos iniciais provavelmente n&#227;o &#233; replic&#225;vel ou em indiv&#237;duos cujo risco de complica&#231;&#245;es ou efeitos colaterais pode ser maior do que na coorte inicial.</p>
      <p>Embora muitas dessas limita&#231;&#245;es sejam conhecidas h&#225; muito tempo por indiv&#237;duos que trabalham com MBE, at&#233; pouco tempo as estrat&#233;gias para identificar individuos com maior ou menor probabilidade de se beneficias da terapia estuda estava limitada a estratifica&#231;&#245;es simples de subgrupos. Como a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos com resposta inesperada &#224; terapia &#233; bastante complexa, a simples an&#225;lise de subgrupos carecia da nuance necess&#225;ria para separar o joio do trigo na maior parte dos casos.</p>
      <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o desenvolvimento de dois campos diferentes permitiu a medicina a mudar esse paradigma. Por um lado, o desenvolvimento da gen&#233;tica e da gen&#244;mica forneceu dados extensos sobre as diferen&#231;as entre os indiv&#237;duos que poderiam, pelo menos parcialmente, explicar a variabilidade individual do risco para v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, seu progn&#243;stico, resposta &#224; terapia ou risco de efeitos colaterais. Por outro lado, O desenvolvimento da ci&#234;ncia de dados com aumento do poder computacional permitiram o processamento de dados em ordens de magnitude maiores do que anteriormente conhecidas. Esta melhoria no poder computacional permitiu lidar com grandes quantidades de dados, como os fornecidos em estudos gen&#233;ticos. Com os insights fornecidos pelo uso combinado desses dois campos permitiu o uso de dado para a personaliza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento. Nesse contexto, os conceitos de medicina de precis&#227;o e medicina individualizada desenvolveu-se nos &#250;ltimos dois anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A medicina de precis&#227;o foi definida como um modelo cl&#237;nico que usa o perfil gen&#233;tico e molecular do individuo para melhorar a precis&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico, a defini&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico e adequar a estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica correta &#224; pessoa certa no momento certo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, esta defini&#231;&#227;o tem um escopo limitado considerando-se o potencial dos cuidados personalizados no nos modelos atuais de presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados de sa&#250;de. Primeiro, o atendimento individualizado agora se estende para um espectro mais amplo da sa&#250;de, incluindo a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e primordial, bem como a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de. Consequentemente, o termo mais amplo de sa&#250;de de precis&#227;o, e n&#227;o de medicina de precis&#227;o, pode parecer mais apropriado. Dentro desse conceito, &#233; natural que, para fornecer uma abordagem completa de sa&#250;de de precis&#227;o para os pacientes, torna-se necess&#225;rio estender a coleta de dados para al&#233;m do perfil gen&#233;tico, molecular ou gen&#244;mico, incorporando uma defini&#231;&#227;o mais "hol&#237;stica" de sa&#250;de. Esse perfil de sa&#250;de deve adotar outros dados sociais e ambientais, al&#233;m de incluir todo o novo campo de dados gerados pelo paciente, fornecido por dispositivos novos, como smartphones, rel&#243;gios inteligentes e outros utilit&#225;rios que podem fornecer grandes quantidades de dados de monitoramento cont&#237;nuo de cada indiv&#237;duo durante per&#237;odos de tempo prolongados. Finalmente, para fornecer uma verdadeira sa&#250;de de precis&#227;o personalizada, cada profissional de sa&#250;de precisar&#225; levar em conta as prefer&#234;ncias individuais dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Todo esse conceito de sa&#250;de personalizada ainda est&#225; em seus est&#225;gios iniciais e a combina&#231;&#227;o exata desses par&#226;metros ainda n&#227;o est&#225; definida. Entretanto, com o ritmo acelerado de experimenta&#231;&#227;o possibilitado por estudos derivados de grandes bancos de dados de informa&#231;&#245;es de vida real, pode-se prever que isso se tornar&#225; padr&#227;o rotineiro de atendimento em um futuro n&#227;o muito distante.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
