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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">n8FGQ8kLDYgZFK3tgxkdZMP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700750</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180192</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Counterpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Counterpoint: Flexibilization of Fasting for Laboratory Determination of the Lipid Profile in Brazil: Science or Convenience?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar,</bold> Alameda Das Dracenas, 290. Postal Code 06539-240, Alphaville 5, Santana de Parna&#237;ba, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mcoizar@cardiol.br</email>, <email>mcoizar@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Izar MCO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>750</fpage>
      <lpage>752</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipids</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglycerides</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, HDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Fasting</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>National and international guidelines for the management of dyslipidemias classically recommend measuring lipid profiles after fasting for at least 8 h.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Lipid targets for assessing cardiovascular risk traditionally rely on plasma total-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) levels, with the latter being calculated by the Friedewald equation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Some imprecision due to low or high triglycerides in calculating LDL-cholesterol may affect cardiovascular risk assessment, the definition of a therapeutic target, and the need to intensify the treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Accurate results require triglyceride levels below 400 mg/dL, but above 100 mg/dL the calculated LDL-c starts to be underestimated, when compared to ultracentrifugation measurements. Another limitation to the use of the formula is that samples must not contain beta-VLDL, as in the case of type III hyperlipoproteinemia. When one of these conditions are not satisfied, the equation cannot be used due to imprecision.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Other lipid parameters, such as apolipoprotein-B and non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) reflect the pool of atherogenic lipoproteins and have emerged as good markers to improve cardiovascular risk assessment, and also to guide lipid-lowering therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> These variables can be used in both the fasting and non-fasting states, and non-fasting lipoproteins are regarded as better atherosclerotic risk predictors, when compared with fasting ones, for they reflect remnant, atherogenic lipoproteins, with higher correlation with cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>To avoid the interference of triglycerides, direct measurements of LDL-cholesterol have been developed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> but these techniques lack proper standardization, and were tested in few clinical trials that use LDL-c as target.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Since then, many papers, as result of important and broad studies, were carried out comparing fasting and non-fasting lipid parameters, mainly total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and triglycerides, concluding that non-fasting lipids do not clinically differ from fasting ones, except for triglycerides, that require different reference values for non-fasting state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Here we present a second opinion for what has been stated in the article: <italic>&#8220;Flexibilization of fasting for laboratory determination of the lipid profile in Brazil</italic>: <italic>science or convenience?&#8221;</italic></p>
    <p>Our second opinion uses steps for building a scientific statement. The first step is to find an issue of interest to be debated. The second step requires full understanding of what is currently known about what is being explained. This basically deals with scientific publications, citations seeking other scientific papers, and books on the topic. Although it is possible to defer to the scientific consensus, you cannot really have a personal scientific viewpoint on anything without understanding what current research says about it.</p>
    <p>Keep in mind that all scientific papers should be found in peer-reviewed well-reputed journals. It is best to approach scientific literature with no prior judgements; however, it can be a difficult task. After reviewing all relevant papers to the matter, it is possible to develop a scientific view and an opinion. If the scientific material collected reaches the same conclusion, it is unlikely that you can hold a different viewpoint at this moment. But, if some papers disagree, there is room for debate and to raise a plausible second opinion, if there is good research supporting this view. High-quality, well-designed studies, with a large number of participants, in the opposite direction of what had been stated, <italic>do</italic> reinforce the validity of a second opinion.</p>
    <p>This article will address the interpretation, applications and limitations of a non-fasting lipid profile for daily clinical practice.</p>
    <p>First, large observational data, with population-based studies and registries, including 111,048 women, 98,132 men, 12,744 children, and patients with diabetes, in which non-fasting lipid profiles were compared with those obtained under fasting conditions, have demonstrated that the maximal changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins occurred between 1-6 hrs. after a usual meal. These trials have established that only minor changes occurred in response to habitual food intake in the majority of individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Total cholesterol, LDL-c, remnant cholesterol, varied 8 mg/dL, whereas HDL-c, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) were not affected by fasting/non-fasting status. These data were derived from the Women&#8217;s Health Study, the Copenhagen General Population Study, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and the Calgary Laboratory Services in Canada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Among all studies, only minor increases in plasma triglycerides and minor decreases in total and LDL cholesterol concentrations were observed, in non-fasting conditions, with no change in HDL cholesterol concentrations. In subjects with diabetes, calculated LDL-c obtained 1-3 hours after a meal decreased 23 mg/dL, and could imply in statin withhold; however, when corrected for albumin, reflecting fluid intake, the difference disappeared, and was attributed to the fluid and <italic>not</italic> to the diet.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Second, we live most of our time in non-fasting state. Non-fasting and fasting lipid concentrations vary similarly over time and are at least equivalent in the prediction of cardiovascular disease. In fact, data from the Calgary Laboratory Services in Canada demonstrated that in ~200,000 men and women, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL-cholesterol did not vary as a function of the period of fasting after the last meal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Third, reference plasma lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein concentration values based on desirable concentration cutoff points, do not vary when non-fasting, except for triglycerides, which should be flagged as abnormal in laboratory reports &gt; 175 mg/dL. However, non-fasting triglycerides were better predictors than in the fasting state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Fourth, the risk of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction in 92,285 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study recruited from 2003 through 2014, could be predicted by non-fasting lipids (reported in Nordestgaard et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>).</p>
    <p>Fifth, a novel method to estimate LDL-C using an adjustable factor for the TG:VLDL-C ratio provided a more accurate guideline risk classification than the Friedewald equation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The authors used a large convenience sample of consecutive clinical lipid profiles obtained from 2009 through 2011 (n = 1,350,908), including children, adolescents, and adults in the United States). The sample was randomly assigned to derivation (n = 900,605) or validation (n = 450,303) data sets. Results closely matched those in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). This estimation method provided higher-fidelity estimates than the Friedewald equation. The greatest improvement in concordance occurred when classifying LDL-C lower than 70 mg/dL, especially in patients with high triglyceride levels. Indeed, there is a need for external validation, and assessment of its clinical importance. However, this novel method could be implemented in most laboratory reporting systems with virtually <italic>no</italic> cost.</p>
    <p>Finally, what would be the problem to add convenience to science? Postprandial measurements are more practical and provide the patient a greater access to the laboratory, and also can decrease the number of missed working days and medical appointments due to missed tests; blood collection in the postprandial state is safer in several circumstances and help prevent hypoglycemia secondary to the use of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus, in pregnant women, children, and elderly individuals, reducing complications and increasing adherence to the tests and to medical appointments; flexibilization of fasting for lipid profiling, can bring more comfort to the patient and greater amplitude of schedules in the laboratories, especially in the morning; technological advances in diagnostic methods, can mitigate the interference of sample turbidity when triglycerides are high.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
		</p>
    <p>If, fasting is not routinely required for assessing the plasma lipid profile, some recommendations should be made in specific situations: 1) when non-fasting plasma triglyceride concentration exceed 440 mg/dL, consideration should be given to repeating the lipid profile in the fasting state; 2) laboratory reports should flag abnormal values based on desirable concentration cut-off points; 3) life-threatening or extremely high concentrations should trigger an immediate referral to a lipid clinic or to a physician with special interest in lipids.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
		</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Contraponto</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Flexibiliza&#231;&#227;o do Jejum para Determina&#231;&#227;o Laboratorial do Perfil Lip&#237;dico no Brasil: Ci&#234;ncia ou Conveni&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar,</bold> Alameda Das Dracenas, 290. CEP 06539-240, Alphaville 5, Santana de Parna&#237;ba, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mcoizar@cardiol.br</email>, <email>mcoizar@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Izar MCO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Lip&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglicerides</kwd>
        <kwd>LDL-Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>HDL-Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Jejum</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Diretrizes nacionais e internacionais para o tratamento de dislipidemias classicamente recomendam a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos perfis lip&#237;dicos ap&#243;s jejum de pelo menos 8 horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Os alvos lip&#237;dicos para avaliar o risco cardiovascular tradicionalmente dependem dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de colesterol total (CT) e colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c), sendo este &#250;ltimo calculado por meio da equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Algumas imprecis&#245;es causadas por concentra&#231;&#245;es baixas ou altas de triglic&#233;rides no c&#225;lculo do LDL-c podem afetar a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular, a defini&#231;&#227;o de um alvo terap&#234;utico e a necessidade de intensificar o tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Resultados precisos requerem n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides abaixo de 400 mg/dL, mas, acima de 100 mg/dL, o LDL-c calculado come&#231;a a ser subestimado, quando comparado &#224;s medidas de ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o ao uso da f&#243;rmula &#233; que as amostras n&#227;o devem conter lipoprote&#237;na de densidade intermedi&#225;ria (IDL), como no caso da hiperlipoproteinemia do tipo III. Quando uma destas condi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o &#233; satisfeita, a equa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser utilizada, devido &#224; imprecis&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Outros par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos, como a apolipoprote&#237;na-B e o colesterol n&#227;o HDL (n&#227;o-HDL-c) refletem o <italic>pool</italic> de lipoprote&#237;nas aterog&#234;nicas e surgiram como bons marcadores para melhorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular e tamb&#233;m para orientar a terapia de redu&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Estas vari&#225;veis podem ser utilizadas tanto nos estados de jejum quanto sem jejum, e as lipoprote&#237;nas sem jejum s&#227;o consideradas melhores preditores de risco ateroscler&#243;tico, quando comparadas &#224;s de jejum, por refletirem lipoprote&#237;nas aterog&#234;nicas remanescentes, com maior correla&#231;&#227;o com o risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Para evitar a interfer&#234;ncia dos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides, medidas diretas de LDL-c foram desenvolvidas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> mas estas t&#233;cnicas carecem de padroniza&#231;&#227;o adequada e foram testadas em poucos ensaios cl&#237;nicos que usam a LDL-c como alvo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Desde ent&#227;o, muitos trabalhos, como resultado de estudos importantes e abrangentes, foram realizados comparando os par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos de jejum e sem jejum, principalmente CT, HDL-c, LDL-c e triglic&#233;rides, concluindo que os n&#237;veis de lip&#237;deos sem jejum n&#227;o diferem clinicamente daqueles de jejum - exceto os triglic&#233;rides, que requerem diferentes valores de refer&#234;ncia para o estado sem jejum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Aqui, apresentamos uma segunda opini&#227;o para o que foi declarado no artigo: &#8220;Flexibiliza&#231;&#227;o do jejum para determina&#231;&#227;o laboratorial do perfil lip&#237;dico no Brasil: ci&#234;ncia ou conveni&#234;ncia?&#8221;.</p>
      <p>Nossa segunda opini&#227;o utiliza etapas para construir uma declara&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica. O primeiro passo &#233; encontrar uma quest&#227;o de interesse a ser debatida. O segundo passo requer compreens&#227;o total do que se sabe atualmente sobre o que est&#225; sendo explicado. Isto consiste basicamente em publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas, cita&#231;&#245;es que buscam outros artigos cient&#237;ficos e livros sobre o tema. Embora seja poss&#237;vel submeter-se ao consenso cient&#237;fico, n&#227;o se pode realmente ter um ponto de vista cient&#237;fico pessoal sobre qualquer assunto sem entender o que a pesquisa atual diz sobre o mesmo.</p>
      <p>Tenha em mente que todos os artigos cient&#237;ficos devem ser encontrados em peri&#243;dicos com boa reputa&#231;&#227;o e revisados por pares. &#201; melhor abordar a literatura cient&#237;fica sem julgamentos pr&#233;vios; entretanto, isso pode ser uma tarefa dif&#237;cil. Depois de revisar todos os artigos relevantes sobre o assunto, &#233; poss&#237;vel desenvolver uma vis&#227;o cient&#237;fica e uma opini&#227;o. Se o material cient&#237;fico coletado chegar &#224; mesma conclus&#227;o, &#233; improv&#225;vel que voc&#234; tenha um ponto de vista diferente neste momento. Por&#233;m, se alguns artigos discordarem, h&#225; espa&#231;o para debate e uma segunda opini&#227;o plaus&#237;vel, se houver uma boa pesquisa apoiando tal vis&#227;o. Estudos de alta qualidade e bem planejados, com um grande n&#250;mero de participantes, na dire&#231;&#227;o oposta ao que foi dito, realmente refor&#231;am a validade de uma segunda opini&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Este artigo abordar&#225; a interpreta&#231;&#227;o, as aplica&#231;&#245;es e as limita&#231;&#245;es de um perfil lip&#237;dico no estado sem jejum para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>Em primeiro lugar, uma grande quantidade de dados observacionais, com estudos e registros de base populacional, incluindo 111.048 mulheres, 98.132 homens, 12.744 crian&#231;as e pacientes com diabetes, nos quais os perfis lip&#237;dicos em estado sem jejum foram comparados com aqueles obtidos em condi&#231;&#245;es de jejum, demonstrou que o m&#225;ximo de altera&#231;&#245;es nos lip&#237;deos e lipoprote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas ocorreram entre 1 e 6 horas depois de uma refei&#231;&#227;o usual. Estes ensaios cl&#237;nicos mostraram que somente pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es ocorreram em resposta &#224; ingest&#227;o habitual de alimentos na maioria dos indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> O CT, o LDL-c e as lipoprote&#237;nas remanescentes variaram 8 mg/dL, enquanto o HDL-c, a apolipoprote&#237;na A1, a apolipoprote&#237;na B e a lipoprote&#237;na (a) n&#227;o foram afetados pelo estado de jejum/sem jejum. Estes dados foram derivados dos estudos <italic>Women&#8217;s Health Study, Copenhagen General Population Study, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> e os Servi&#231;os Laboratoriais de Calgary, no Canad&#225;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Entre todos os estudos, foram observados apenas pequenos aumentos nos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides plasm&#225;ticos e pequenas diminui&#231;&#245;es nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de CT e LDL, em condi&#231;&#245;es de n&#227;o jejum, sem altera&#231;&#245;es nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL-c. Em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes, o LDL-c calculado, obtido 1 a 3 horas ap&#243;s a refei&#231;&#227;o, apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o de 23 mg/dL e poderia implicar em suspens&#227;o da estatina. No entanto, quando corrigida para os n&#237;veis de albumina, refletindo a ingest&#227;o de l&#237;quidos, a diferen&#231;a desapareceu e foi atribu&#237;da ao fluido &#8722; e n&#227;o &#224; dieta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em segundo lugar, vivemos a maior parte do nosso tempo em estado de n&#227;o jejum. As concentra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas sem jejum e em jejum variam de maneira similar ao longo do tempo e s&#227;o pelo menos equivalentes na predi&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. De fato, dados dos Servi&#231;os Laboratoriais de Calgary demonstraram que em aproximadamente 200 mil homens e mulheres, o CT, o HDL e o LDL-c n&#227;o variavam em fun&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de jejum ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima refei&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Terceiro, os valores dos n&#237;veis de lip&#237;deos, lipoprote&#237;nas e apolipoprote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas de refer&#234;ncia baseados em pontos de corte de concentra&#231;&#245;es desej&#225;veis n&#227;o variam quando sem jejum, exceto pelos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides, que devem ser marcados como anormais em laudos laboratoriais quando &gt; 175 mg/dL. No entanto, triglic&#233;rides sem jejum foram melhores preditores do que no estado de jejum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Quarto, o risco de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em 92.285 indiv&#237;duos do <italic>Copenhagen General Population Study</italic> recrutados de 2003 a 2014 pode ser predito por n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos sem jejum (relatados por Nordestgaard et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>).</p>
      <p>Quinto, um novo m&#233;todo para estimar a LDL-C utilizando um fator ajust&#225;vel para a rela&#231;&#227;o triglicer&#237;deos/VLDL-c forneceu uma classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais precisa do que a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Os autores utilizaram uma grande amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de perfis lip&#237;dicos cl&#237;nicos consecutivos obtidos de 2009 a 2011 (n = 1.350.908), incluindo crian&#231;as, adolescentes e adultos nos Estados Unidos). A amostra foi aleatoriamente atribu&#237;da a conjuntos de dados de deriva&#231;&#227;o (n = 900.605) ou de valida&#231;&#227;o (n = 450.303). Os resultados foram parecidos com os do <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> (NHANES). Este m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o forneceu estimativas com maior fidelidade do que a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald. A maior melhora na concord&#226;ncia ocorreu ao se classificar o LDL-c abaixo de 70 mg/dL, especialmente em pacientes com altos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides. De fato, h&#225; necessidade de valida&#231;&#227;o externa e avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. No entanto, este novo m&#233;todo poderia ser implementado na maioria dos sistemas de laudos laboratoriais praticamente sem custo.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, qual seria o problema em adicionar conveni&#234;ncia &#224; ci&#234;ncia? As medidas p&#243;s-prandiais s&#227;o mais pr&#225;ticas e proporcionam ao paciente maior acesso ao laborat&#243;rio, al&#233;m de diminuir o n&#250;mero de perda de dias de trabalho e consultas m&#233;dicas devido a testes perdidos. A coleta de sangue no estado p&#243;s-prandial &#233; mais segura em v&#225;rias circunst&#226;ncias e ajuda a prevenir a hipoglicemia secund&#225;ria ao uso de insulina em pacientes com diabetes melito, em gestantes, crian&#231;as e idosos, reduzindo complica&#231;&#245;es e aumentando a ades&#227;o aos exames e &#224;s consultas m&#233;dicas. A flexibiliza&#231;&#227;o do jejum para o perfil lip&#237;dico pode trazer mais conforto ao paciente e maior amplitude de hor&#225;rios nos laborat&#243;rios, principalmente no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;. Ainda, os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos em m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos podem mitigar a interfer&#234;ncia de turbidez da amostra quando os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides forem altos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Se o jejum n&#227;o for rotineiramente requerido para a an&#225;lise do perfil lip&#237;dico plasm&#225;tico, algumas recomenda&#231;&#245;es devem ser feitas em situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas: (1) quando a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de triglic&#233;rides sem jejum exceder 440 mg/dL, deve-se considerar a repeti&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico em jejum; (2) os laudos de laborat&#243;rio devem sinalizar valores anormais, com base em pontos de corte desej&#225;veis; (3) concentra&#231;&#245;es potencialmente fatais ou extremamente altas devem implicar em encaminhamento imediato para uma cl&#237;nica de lip&#237;deos ou para um m&#233;dico com interesse especial em lip&#237;deos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
