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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TnbLgP3CKwDnfkvQp8658px</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700747</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180174</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Flexibilization of Fasting for Laboratory Determination of the Lipid Profile in Brazil: Science or Convenience?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordova</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Maur&#237;cio Mendes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galgowski</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universidade Regional de Blumenau</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Blumenau</city>
            <state>SC</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, SC - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Caio Maur&#237;cio Mendes de Cordova,</bold> Rua S&#227;o Paulo, 2171, Campus 3, FURB. Postal Code 89030-001, Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cmcordova@furb.br</email>, <email>profcaiocordova@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cordova CMM; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cordova CMM, Galgowski C; Writing of the manuscript: Galgowski C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>747</fpage>
      <lpage>749</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Fasting</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipids</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglycerides</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, HDL</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A statement endorsed by medical specialty associations has been published in our country recommending the flexibilization of fasting before blood drawing for the laboratory determination of the lipid profile encompassing total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG) content and the corresponding calculation of non-HDL-cholesterol (TC - HDL-c).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It was considered that non-fasting results do not clinically differ from fasting ones, and prospective studies and meta-analyses have consistently demonstrated that non-HDL-C at a non-fasting state would be at least as good as LDL-c in the prediction of CVD. It was also recommended that when TG &gt; 4.52 mmol/L the formula proposed by Martin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> should be used for LDL-c estimation.</p>
    <p>The statement was based on the European Consensus on the matter published by Nordestgaard et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, the automatic application of this approach in Brazil deserves deeper consideration, considering the impact that it may cause on patient care. Furthermore, it is far from a consensus among clinical laboratory scientists and professionals in the country, as it became evident during the 44<sup>th</sup> Brazilian Congress of Clinical Analysis held last June 11-14<sup>th</sup>, 2017, and the 51<sup>st</sup> Brazilian Congress of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, held last September 26-29<sup>th</sup>, 2017.</p>
    <p>Indeed, a non-fasting non-HDL-c result would be at least equivalent to LDL-c for goal setting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, a non-fasting LDL-cholesterol, as well as non-fasting non-HDL-c, could be less sensitive for CVD prediction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> especially in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> This possible issue ought to be evaluated judiciously and independently in our specific population.</p>
    <p>Secondly, it should be noted that the treatment target for non-HDL-c is simply 0.8 mmol/L (30 mg/dL) higher than the respective target for LDL-c.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This was set in an empirical manner, considering an average value of 0.8 mmol/L for VLDL-c. Obviously, this is not consistent with reality, especially in a post-prandial state. On the other hand, the treatment target levels for LDL-c are well established, based on large prospective studies for decades of sound scientific work.</p>
    <p>Third, the main motives for a non-fasting blood draw as suggested by the European consensus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and the Brazilian statement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> seem to be more commercially driven than scientifically. The rationale included an alleged &#8220;inconvenience by having to return on a separate visit for a fasting lipid profile&#8230;, a laboratory burden due to a large volume of patients coming for tests in the morning&#8230;, a burden for clinicians to review and make decisions based on the findings of the lipid profile at a later date&#8230;&#8221;, and a hypothesized improved &#8220;patient compliance with lipid testing&#8221;.</p>
    <p>Only the last motivation may have some scientific background but it yet remains to be proved. It also should be noted that blood sample drawing procedures in Brazil are quite different from those practiced in Western Europe and in the USA. In those countries, biological samples are often drawn right after the consultation with the clinician, at the clinic or hospital; the samples are collected at scheduled times by the laboratory logistics and the result is directly reported to the physician. The patients do not even know what a clinical laboratory is; they just know that their blood samples go somewhere to be analyzed by people who they have no idea what their skills and background are. In Brazil, by law, the laboratory results belong to the patients, and non-hospitalized patients often come to the laboratory collection facility, unless a home visit is scheduled, for blood drawing or other biological sample collection days after the first consultation, where they receive adequate instructions regarding the pre-analytical requirements for each requested test. The realities are completely different.</p>
    <p>Fourth, precisely derived from the point above, the impact of these recommendations have not yet been evaluated on the patient's behavior regarding the required fasting for <italic>other</italic> laboratory tests. And even worse, we have already observed movements by some corporations indicating that fasting for <italic>any</italic> laboratory test would be no longer necessary. From the technical and scientific point of view, non-fasting blood samples are not suitable for measurement of several analytes that are influenced by meals, such as blood cell counts, hemoglobin, albumin, bilirubin, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, potassium,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> insulin, growth hormone, glucagon, chloride, urine pH, and also those affected by diurnal variation, such as ACTH, catecholamines, TSH, PTH, renin, aldosterone, ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen and iron,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> to name a few. As it has been said,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> in clinical laboratory medicine, no sample would be preferred to a bad sample, if one wishes to attain rigorous standards when providing clinicians with reliable laboratory information. The overall impact of the proposed non-fasting blood sample draw on the eventual rejection of the patient&#8217;s samples has yet to be determined, due to the presence of other requested laboratory tests that need fasting and/or morning draw.</p>
    <p>And fifth, finally, the suggested Martin&#8217;s formula still uses TG in its calculations, a parameter that has been demonstrated by many authors not to be correlated with LDL-c or TC. Martin et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> have made a huge mathematical effort to achieve a satisfactory result to include TG in the calculation. And most importantly, this equation has to be validated or at least evaluated, in other populations before being universally recommended. For instance, the proposed Martin&#8217;s formula, as well as ours, was evaluated in comparison to newly proposed formulas for LDL-c estimation in Iran, and the former was demonstrated to not add value to the estimations in a small cohort.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Anyway, LDL-c remains a frequent parameter requested at clinical laboratories in medical routine, and will likely continue to be so, hence precise methods for its estimation are needed when its direct measurement is not available. A simple and accurate equation developed and evaluated in the Brazilian population has already been developed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> It should be noted that this equation performs equally well, for instance, in populations from Germany and United Kingdom,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> but not as well in others, such as in South Africa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Spain,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and Thailand.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> It seems that the debate on which method to use for LDL-c determination, in each particular population of the globe, is more open than defined.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Sadly, history is full of examples demonstrating that when corporate interests meet with poor science, the only losers are science itself, and patient care. It is apparent and worthy of concern that the Brazilian 'consensus' has recommended the use of an equation for LDL-c estimation that was not validated in the local population and was moved by reasons that are driven more by convenience than by rigorous and unbiased science.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Flexibiliza&#231;&#227;o do Jejum para Determina&#231;&#227;o Laboratorial do Perfil Lip&#237;dico no Brasil: Ci&#234;ncia ou Conveni&#234;ncia?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordova</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Maur&#237;cio Mendes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galgowski</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, SC - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Caio Maur&#237;cio Mendes de Cordova,</bold> Rua S&#227;o Paulo, 2171, Campus 3, FURB. CEP 89030-001, Itoupava Seca, Blumenau, SC - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cmcordova@furb.br</email>, <email>profcaiocordova@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cordova CMM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cordova CMM, Galgowski C; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Galgowski C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Jejum</kwd>
        <kwd>Lip&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>Triglicer&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol- LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol- HDL</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Uma declara&#231;&#227;o endossada por associa&#231;&#245;es de especialidades m&#233;dicas foi publicada em nosso pa&#237;s, recomendando a flexibiliza&#231;&#227;o do jejum antes do exame de sangue para a determina&#231;&#227;o laboratorial do perfil lip&#237;dico, incluindo Colesterol Total (CT), Lipoprote&#237;na de Alta Densidade-Colesterol (HDL-colesterol) e Triglicer&#237;deos (TG), al&#233;m do c&#225;lculo correspondente do Colesterol N&#227;o HDL (CT-HDL-colesterol).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Considerou-se que os resultados de n&#227;o jejum n&#227;o diferiam clinicamente daqueles obtidos ap&#243;s jejum, e estudos prospectivos e metan&#225;lises t&#234;m demonstrado consistentemente que o n&#227;o HDL-colesterol em um estado de n&#227;o jejum seria pelo menos t&#227;o eficiente quanto a Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade (LDL-colesterol) na predi&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular (DCV). Tamb&#233;m foi recomendado que, quando TG &gt; 4,52 mmol/L, a f&#243;rmula proposta por Martin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> deve ser utilizada para a estimativa de LDL-colesterol.</p>
      <p>A declara&#231;&#227;o foi baseada no consenso europeu sobre o assunto publicado por Nordestgaard et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, a aplica&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica desta abordagem no Brasil merece considera&#231;&#245;es mais profundas, considerando o impacto que ela pode causar no atendimento ao paciente. Al&#233;m disso, est&#225; longe de ser um consenso entre cientistas e profissionais de laborat&#243;rios cl&#237;nicos no pa&#237;s, como ficou evidente durante o 44&#186; Congresso Brasileiro de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas, realizado de 11 a 14 de junho de 2017, e o 51&#186; Congresso Brasileiro de Patologia Cl&#237;nica e Medicina Laboratorial, realizada de 26 a 29 de setembro de 2017.</p>
      <p>De fato, um resultado de n&#227;o HDL-colesterol em estado de n&#227;o jejum seria pelo menos equivalente &#224; LDL-colesterol para o estabelecimento de metas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> No entanto, um valor de LDL-colesterol em n&#227;o jejum, bem como a n&#227;o HDL-colesterol em estado de n&#227;o jejum, poderia ser menos sens&#237;vel para a predi&#231;&#227;o de DCV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> especialmente em mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Esta poss&#237;vel quest&#227;o deve ser avaliada judiciosa e independentemente em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
      <p>Em segundo lugar, deve-se notar que o alvo do tratamento para a n&#227;o HDL-colesterol &#233; simplesmente 0,8 mmol/L (30 mg/dL) mais alto do que o respectivo alvo para LDL-colesterol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Isto foi estabelecido de maneira emp&#237;rica, considerando-se um valor m&#233;dio de 0,8 mmol/L para lipoprote&#237;na de densidade muito baixa (VLDL-colesterol). Obviamente, isso n&#227;o &#233; consistente com a realidade, especialmente em um estado p&#243;s-prandial. Por outro lado, os n&#237;veis-alvo de tratamento para a LDL-colesterol est&#227;o bem estabelecidos, baseados em grandes estudos prospectivos ap&#243;s d&#233;cadas de s&#243;lido trabalho cient&#237;fico.</p>
      <p>Terceiro, os principais motivos para a coleta de sangue sem jejum pr&#233;vio, conforme sugerido pelo consenso europeu<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e pela declara&#231;&#227;o brasileira,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> parecem estar mais relacionados a quest&#245;es comerciais do que cient&#237;ficas. A base l&#243;gica incluiu uma alegada &#8220;inconveni&#234;ncia por ter que retornar em uma consulta separada para obter o perfil lip&#237;dico em jejum [ ...], uma carga para o laborat&#243;rio por ter um grande volume de pacientes que chegam para realizar testes pela manh&#227; [...], uma carga para os m&#233;dicos revisarem e tomarem decis&#245;es com base nos achados do perfil lip&#237;dico em uma data posterior [...]&#8221;, e uma hip&#243;tese de melhora &#8220;na ades&#227;o do paciente ao teste lip&#237;dico&#8221; .</p>
      <p>Apenas a &#250;ltima motiva&#231;&#227;o pode ter algum fundamento cient&#237;fico, mas ainda precisa ser provada. Deve-se notar tamb&#233;m que os procedimentos de coleta de amostras de sangue no Brasil s&#227;o bem diferentes daqueles praticados na Europa Ocidental e nos Estados Unidos. Nesses pa&#237;ses, as amostras biol&#243;gicas s&#227;o frequentemente coletadas logo ap&#243;s a consulta com o m&#233;dico, na cl&#237;nica ou hospital; as amostras s&#227;o coletadas em hor&#225;rios programados pela log&#237;stica do laborat&#243;rio, e o resultado &#233; enviado diretamente ao m&#233;dico. Os pacientes nem sabem o que &#233; um laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico; eles apenas sabem que suas amostras de sangue s&#227;o enviadas para algum lugar para serem analisadas por pessoas de quem eles n&#227;o t&#234;m ideia quais s&#227;o suas habilidades e forma&#231;&#227;o. No Brasil, por lei, os resultados laboratoriais pertencem aos pacientes, e os pacientes n&#227;o hospitalizados, muitas vezes, v&#227;o ao centro de coleta do laborat&#243;rio, a menos que uma visita domiciliar seja agendada, para coleta de sangue ou outra coleta biol&#243;gica, dias ap&#243;s a primeira consulta, onde recebem instru&#231;&#245;es adequadas sobre os requisitos pr&#233;-anal&#237;ticos para cada teste solicitado. As realidades s&#227;o completamente diferentes.</p>
      <p>Quarto, precisamente derivado do ponto anterior, o impacto destas recomenda&#231;&#245;es ainda n&#227;o foi avaliado sobre o comportamento dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao jejum necess&#225;rio para outros testes laboratoriais. E, pior ainda, j&#225; observamos movimentos de algumas corpora&#231;&#245;es indicando que o jejum para qualquer teste de laborat&#243;rio n&#227;o seria mais necess&#225;rio. Do ponto de vista t&#233;cnico e cient&#237;fico, as amostras de sangue em n&#227;o jejum n&#227;o s&#227;o adequadas para a medi&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios analitos que s&#227;o influenciados pelas refei&#231;&#245;es, como hemograma, hemoglobina, albumina, bilirrubina, fosfato, c&#225;lcio, magn&#233;sio, pot&#225;ssio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> insulina, horm&#244;nio do crescimento, glucagon, cloreto, pH urin&#225;rio e tamb&#233;m aqueles afetados por varia&#231;&#245;es diurnas, como Horm&#244;nio Adrenocorticotr&#243;fico (ACTH), catecolaminas, Horm&#244;nio Estimulante da Tireoide (TSH), Paratorm&#244;nio (PTH), renina, aldosterona, Alanina (ALT), Aspartato Aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina, nitrog&#234;nio ureico e ferro,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> para citar alguns. Como foi dito anteriormente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> em Medicina de laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico, nenhuma amostra seria prefer&#237;vel a uma amostra ruim, se algu&#233;m deseja alcan&#231;ar padr&#245;es rigorosos, ao fornecer aos m&#233;dicos informa&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais confi&#225;veis. O impacto geral da amostra de sangue proposta coletada sem jejum sobre a eventual rejei&#231;&#227;o das amostras do paciente ainda n&#227;o foi determinada, devido &#224; presen&#231;a de outros exames laboratoriais solicitados que precisam de jejum e/ou coleta matinal.</p>
      <p>E quinto, finalmente, a f&#243;rmula de Martin sugerida ainda usa TG em seus c&#225;lculos, um par&#226;metro que tem sido demonstrado por muitos autores como n&#227;o estando correlacionado com LDL-colesterol ou CT. Martin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> fizeram um enorme esfor&#231;o matem&#225;tico para alcan&#231;ar um resultado satisfat&#243;rio para incluir TG no c&#225;lculo. E, o mais importante, esta equa&#231;&#227;o precisa ser validada ou, pelo menos, avaliada em outras popula&#231;&#245;es, antes de ser universalmente recomendada. Por exemplo, a f&#243;rmula de Martin proposta, assim como a nossa, foi avaliada em compara&#231;&#227;o com as novas f&#243;rmulas propostas para estimativa de LDL-colesterol no Ir&#227;, e a primeira demonstrou n&#227;o agregar valor &#224;s estimativas em uma pequena coorte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>De qualquer forma, a LDL-colesterol continua sendo um par&#226;metro frequente solicitado em laborat&#243;rios cl&#237;nicos na rotina m&#233;dica e, provavelmente, continuar&#225; sendo assim. Portanto, m&#233;todos precisos para sua estimativa s&#227;o necess&#225;rios quando sua medi&#231;&#227;o direta n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel. Uma equa&#231;&#227;o simples e precisa, desenvolvida e avaliada na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, j&#225; foi desenvolvida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Deve-se notar que essa equa&#231;&#227;o funciona igualmente bem, por exemplo, em popula&#231;&#245;es da Alemanha e do Reino Unido,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> mas n&#227;o t&#227;o bem em outras, como na &#193;frica do Sul,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Espanha<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e Tail&#226;ndia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Parece que o debate sobre qual m&#233;todo utilizar para a determina&#231;&#227;o da LDL-colesterol em cada popula&#231;&#227;o em particular do globo est&#225; mais aberto do que definido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Infelizmente, a hist&#243;ria est&#225; repleta de exemplos que demonstram que quando os interesses corporativos v&#227;o de encontro &#224; ci&#234;ncia deficiente, os &#250;nicos perdedores s&#227;o a pr&#243;pria ci&#234;ncia e o cuidado com o paciente. &#201; aparente e digno de preocupa&#231;&#227;o que o &#8220;consenso&#8221; brasileiro tenha recomendado o uso de uma equa&#231;&#227;o para a estimativa de LDL-colesterol que n&#227;o foi validada na popula&#231;&#227;o local, e que foi movido por raz&#245;es que s&#227;o dirigidas mais por conveni&#234;ncia do que por uma ci&#234;ncia rigorosa e imparcial.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
