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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="rapid-communication" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BgMF4xhH3K4gQgkjJ7Vkxdg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700733</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180228</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is it Possible to Easily Identify Metabolically Healthy Obese Women?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scorsatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mauara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Glorimar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Aline de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luiz</surname>
            <given-names>Ronir Raggio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Estudos de Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Estudos de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira,</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - Pr&#233;dio do HU 8&#186; andar - sala 6, UFRJ. Postal Code 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and acquisition of data: Scorsatto M, Rosa G, Pimentel AC, Luiz RR, Oliveira GMM; analysis and interpretation of the data: Scorsatto M, Rosa G, Pimentel AC, Oliveira GMM; statistical analysis: Luiz RR; writing of the manuscript: Scorsatto M, Rosa G, Oliveira GMM; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Scorsatto M, Rosa G, Luiz RR, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>733</fpage>
      <lpage>737</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Background: Obesity is recognized as a major risk factor for the development of several metabolic complications. However, some obese individuals have a favorable metabolic profile.</p>
        <p>Objective: The aim of this study was to identify an easy parameter for recognizing metabolically healthy obese (MHO) women.</p>
        <p>Methods: A total of 292 non-diabetic women with a body mass index (BMI) &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were selected, and 239 composed the final cohort. We classified the participants according to their metabolic state determined by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) into MHO or metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). Both groups were compared regarding biochemical, anthropometric, and body composition characteristics.</p>
        <p>Results: The average age of the cohort was 43.9 &#177; 10.9 years and the average BMI was 37.2 &#177; 5.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. In total, 75.7% of the participants were classified as MHO by HOMA. A cutoff of 108.2 cm for waist circumference (WC) identified MHO participants with a sensitivity of 72.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 59.8-82.3%), specificity of 66.9% (95% CI: 59.71-73.3%), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.41 (95% CI: 0.36-0.47). Additionally, a visceral adiposity index cutoff value of 99.2 identified MHO women with a sensitivity of 89.7% (95% CI: 79.2-95.2%), specificity of 48.6% (95% CI: 41.4-55.9%), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.21 (95% CI: 0.15-0.30).</p>
        <p>Conclusion: Women classified as MHO exhibited smaller WC measurements and lower body fat percentages, as well as lower blood glucose and insulin levels. WC emerged as an easy parameter for identifying MHO women.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity/prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The prevalence of obesity has increased sharply in recent decades. Between 1980 and 2013, it increased by 27% to affect 2.1 billion adults worldwide. A meta-analysis of 97 studies including over 2.88 million individuals and more than 270,000 deaths concluded that obesity is linked to a significantly higher risk of mortality from all causes, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), when compared with normal weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> According to recent data, 17% of the Brazilian population over 20 years of age is obese, and women have higher prevalence of diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and abdominal obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Obesity is recognized as a major risk factor for the development of several metabolic complications. However, some obese individuals have a favorable metabolic profile, characterized by normal homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index, blood pressure, and lipid profile. These individuals are identified as metabolically healthy obese (MHO),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> although there is a current lack of consensus on defining MHO. Recent meta-analysis based in 40 studies showed that almost one-third of obese individuals were MHO using the definition based on the cutoffs established by the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program&#8217;s Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III) or by those of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Among them, we have Pimentel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> whose studies on Brazilian women showed that around 70% were considered MHO according to HOMA and NCEP-ATP III criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.</p>
      <p>We hypothesized that individuals with MUO phenotype have increased abdominal adiposity and insulin resistance. Consequently, this study was conducted to identify an easy parameter for detecting MHO women.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The sample comprised 239 women recruited in the municipality of S&#227;o Gon&#231;alo, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), under certificate number 062/10. All participants signed an informed consent form. The study included women &#8805; 20 years of age with a body mass index (BMI) &#8805; 30 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. We excluded women who smoked, used drugs or supplements of any kind (including weight loss supplements), were pregnant or nursing, or had pacemakers or metal prostheses (since they would prevent the assessment of body composition by bioimpedance). We also excluded participants who self-reported diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or use of hypoglycemic drugs.</p>
      <p>We measured participants&#8217; weight using an electronic scale (Welmy, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil). Height was measured using a stadiometer and BMI was calculated as the weight in kg divided by the square of the height in meters. We also measured waist circumference (WC) with a tape measure, body composition with bioelectrical impedance (Biodynamics 450, Seattle, WA, USA), and blood pressure with an aneroid sphygmomanometer (Missouri, Curitiba, Brazil). Finally, in all participants we calculated the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in cm/cm. The visceral adiposity index (VAI) was calculated using the following sex-specific formula for women:</p>
      <disp-formula id="e1">
        <mml:math id="e01">
          <mml:semantics>
            <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
              <mml:mi>VAI</mml:mi>
              <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                <mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mi>WC</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>36</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mn>58</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mn>89</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>BMI</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfenced>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mfrac>
              </mml:mfenced>
              <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                <mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mi>TG</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mn>81</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mfrac>
              </mml:mfenced>
              <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                <mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mn>52</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>HDL</mml:mi>
                </mml:mfrac>
              </mml:mfenced>
            </mml:mstyle>
          </mml:semantics>
        </mml:math>
      </disp-formula>
      <p>Blood samples were collected after a 12-hour overnight fast. Serum was obtained by centrifugation of the samples at 4000 rpm for 15 minutes (Excelsa Baby I, Fanem, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil). Serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and total cholesterol were determined by the enzymatic method in an automated biochemical analyzer (LabMax 240, Labtest Diagnostica SA, Brazil). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald formula. Serum insulin was measured by chemiluminescence, and insulin resistance was estimated using the HOMA index.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> We distributed the HOMA indices in quartiles and classified the participants as metabolically healthy when their indices were within the three lowest quartiles (2.78), based on Pimentel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The data are presented as mean and standard deviation (SD). The normality of the variables was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Intergroup comparisons were performed with the chi-square test for categorical variables and Student&#8217;s t-test for continuous variables. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to identify the cutoff points for WC and VAI values. The analyses were carried out with the statistical software SPSS 20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We selected 292 women, 53 of whom were excluded after reporting a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or use of hypoglycemic drugs. The final sample consisted of 239 individuals. A total of 181 participants (75.7%) were classified as MHO according to their HOMA index. The results showed that all anthropometric parameters and VAI were significantly greater in MUO, and that there were fewer hypertensive individuals and higher triglyceride values in the MHO group when compared with the MUO group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study participants</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">All (n = 239)</th>
              <th align="center">MHO (n = 181)</th>
              <th align="center">MUO (n = 58)</th>
              <th align="center">p value*</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">43.9 &#177; 10.9</td>
              <td align="center">44.0 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">43.6 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.810</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">93.6 &#177; 16.0</td>
              <td align="center">91.5 &#177; 15.1</td>
              <td align="center">100.2 &#177; 17.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">37.2 &#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">36.3 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">39.7 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">107.5 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">105.4 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td align="center">114.3 &#177; 13.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist/height ratio</td>
              <td align="center">67.9 &#177; 7.1</td>
              <td align="center">66.5 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">72.1 &#177; 8.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fat mass (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">39.6 &#177; 9.2</td>
              <td align="center">38.2 &#177; 8.5</td>
              <td align="center">44.1 &#177; 10.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fat mass (%)</td>
              <td align="center">41.9 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">41.4 &#177; 3.4</td>
              <td align="center">43.2 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lean mass (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">54.0 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">53.2 &#177; 7.4</td>
              <td align="center">56.2 &#177; 8.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.011*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Blood glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">99.0 &#177; 32.7</td>
              <td align="center">94.1 &#177; 24.2</td>
              <td align="center">114.4 &#177; 48.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.003*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insulin (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">8.7 &#177; 7.0</td>
              <td align="center">6.0 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">17.4 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">200.2 &#177; 40.9</td>
              <td align="center">198.9 &#177; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">201.9 &#177; 41.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.607</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">128.0 &#177; 39.8</td>
              <td align="center">128.9 &#177; 39.1</td>
              <td align="center">124.8 &#177; 37.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.479</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">44.5 &#177; 9.3</td>
              <td align="center">44.7 &#177; 9.6</td>
              <td align="center">42.9 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.193</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">139.0 &#177; 75.5</td>
              <td align="center">128.4 &#177; 67.2</td>
              <td align="center">170.3 &#177; 89.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VAI</td>
              <td align="center">133.5 &#177; 92.0</td>
              <td align="center">119.4 &#177; 81.8</td>
              <td align="center">177.4 &#177; 107.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">124.1 &#177; 19.8</td>
              <td align="center">123.5 &#177; 20.2</td>
              <td align="center">126.1 &#177; 18.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.396</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">82.7 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">81.6 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td align="center">82.2 &#177; 10.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.671</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Skin color - non-whites % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">67.4(161)</td>
              <td align="center">71.3(129)</td>
              <td align="center">55.2(32)</td>
              <td align="center">0.064</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marital status - with partner % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">60.7(145)</td>
              <td align="center">59.7(108)</td>
              <td align="center">63.8(37)</td>
              <td align="center">0.944</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Education &#8804; 11 years % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">82.9(198)</td>
              <td align="center">82.9(150)</td>
              <td align="center">82.7(48)</td>
              <td align="center">0.918</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Income per capita in reais</td>
              <td align="center">658.1 &#177; 524.4</td>
              <td align="center">647.6 &#177; 496.3</td>
              <td align="center">691.1 &#177; 607.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.622</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">43.9(105)</td>
              <td align="center">38.7(70)</td>
              <td align="center">60.3(35)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipid-lowering drugs % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">5.0(12)</td>
              <td align="center">5.0(9)</td>
              <td align="center">5.2(3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.952</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypothyroidism % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">5.9(14)</td>
              <td align="center">6.6(12)</td>
              <td align="center">3.4(2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.369</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical exercise - Yes % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">18.8(45)</td>
              <td align="center">19.3(35)</td>
              <td align="center">17.2(17)</td>
              <td align="center">0.722</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Menopause - Yes % (n)</td>
              <td align="center">34.6(80)</td>
              <td align="center">35.6(62)</td>
              <td align="center">31.6(18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.577</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>The values are expressed in mean &#177; standard deviation or frequency (%/n). BMI: body mass index; VAI: visceral adiposity index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. To compare the MHO and MUO groups, we used Student's t-test (for continuous variables) or chi-square test (for categorical variables). P value*: statistically significant difference.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the values of WC and VAI and their accuracy in identifying MHO women. Both groups presented similar ROC curves; the WC curve had a better negative likelihood ratio to discriminate MHO at a cutoff value of 108.2 cm.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Accuracy and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for waist circumference and visceral adiposity index at cutoff values of 108.2 cm and 99.2, respectively. LR, Likelihood ratio; AUC: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; LR: Likelihood ratio; AUC: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0733-80228-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Regardless of the criteria used to define the MHO and MUO phenotypes, it is unclear whether MHO individuals have a lower risk of CVD or all-cause mortality when compared with MUO individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A systematic review of the 14 studies that focused on the risk of CVD showed that most of the studies failed to demonstrate a significant association between MHO and increased risk of CVD and mortality, although MHO individuals may indeed have a slightly increased risk of CVD when compared with individuals with normal weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Berezina et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> studied 503 patients with abdominal obesity and concluded that the MHO phenotype was associated with younger age, smaller WC, higher physical activity level, shorter duration of obesity, and presence of the G45G adiponectin genotype.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, the greatest challenge is establishing a cutoff point for WC that can be applied to different obese populations.</p>
      <p>In our study, the prevalence of metabolic health was high; approximately 76% of obese individuals were MHO, and these results were influenced by which definition of metabolic health was used. According to those results, increased waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, fat mass, blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, VAI, and hypertension were associated with the MUO phenotype, suggesting that the criterion applied could identify individuals with higher CVD risk. This phenotype overlaps the so-called hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype, associated with atherosclerosis, diabetes, and coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Also, this higher prevalence of MHO suggests lack of evidence that BMI is a good marker of cardiometabolic risk and that there is a need for the development and validation of other markers that may help to guide diagnosis and treatment of obese individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a recent study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> including 296,535 participants of both sexes from the UK Biobank followed up for an average of 5 years, one standard deviation increase in waist circumference (12.6 cm for women and 11.4 cm for men) was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.16 (95% CI: 1.13-1.19) for women and 1.10 (95% CI 1.08-1.13) for men for CVD events. In our study, WC had greater measurement values and was an inexpensive and easy tool to apply in a clinical setting in order to discriminate Brazilian women with MHO from those with MUO. Also, WC and VAI identified MHO women with a similar area under the ROC curve.</p>
      <p>The VAI was a positive independent indicator of arterial stiffness, measured by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in 5,158 individuals over the age of 40 in a cross-sectional study conducted in Nanjing, China.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> However, VAI is not so easily obtained in clinical practice. It is possible that WC and VAI could be markers of different aspects of MHO. The former is a tool that easily identifies MHO individuals, and the later assesses the effects of obesity on arterial stiffness and transition into an unhealthy state.</p>
      <p>Hamer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> followed up 2,422 men and women for over 8 years as part of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. These authors showed that the MHO phenotype is relatively unstable, since 44.5% of MHO individuals transitioned into an unhealthy state, and emphasized that the progress to an unhealthy state was linked with a significant increase in WC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Visceral obesity is associated with pro-inflammatory activity and increased production of adiponectin linked to deterioration of insulin sensitivity, increased risk of diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and higher mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The primary issue is that the number of obese individuals is continually increasing, and it would be unaffordable to treat all of them in the same fashion. When it comes to obese individuals, as a rule, they all exhibit higher WC measures than the values proposed as cutoff points by IDF and NCEP-ATP III.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In our study, there is a lack of information regarding some other variables that have been used to define MHO, such as production of adiponectin and inflammatory markers. The strengths of this study include the sample size and the study setting. Furthermore, by easily identifying high-risk obese individuals, this study may make lifestyle modification possible.</p>
      <p>There has been much interest in the paradoxical findings of individuals considered MHO despite increased adiposity. The major challenge was to determine a single parameter for detecting MHO women, given that there is no consensus in literature and that few studies have been conducted in Brazil. Therefore, our study suggests that waist circumference is an easy parameter for identifying MHO women.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Mauara Scorsatto, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#201; Poss&#237;vel Identificar Facilmente Mulheres Obesas Metabolicamente Saud&#225;veis?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scorsatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mauara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Glorimar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Aline de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luiz</surname>
            <given-names>Ronir Raggio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Estudos de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira,</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - Pr&#233;dio do HU 8&#186; andar - sala 6, UFRJ. CEP 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Scorsatto M, Rosa G, Pimentel AC, Luiz RR, Oliveira GMM; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Scorsatto M, Rosa G, Pimentel AC, Oliveira GMM; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Luiz RR; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Scorsatto M, Rosa G, Oliveira GMM; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Scorsatto M, Rosa G, Luiz RR, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Fundamento: A obesidade &#233; reconhecida como um fator de risco importante no desenvolvimento de v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas. Por&#233;m, alguns indiv&#237;duos obesos apresentam um perfil metab&#243;lico favor&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar um par&#226;metro f&#225;cil para reconhecer mulheres obesas metabolicamente saud&#225;veis (OMS)</p>
        <p>M&#233;todos: Foram selecionadas 292 mulheres n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas com &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e a coorte final foi composta de 239. De acordo com o estado metab&#243;lico determinado pelo modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase (HOMA), as participantes foram classificadas como obesas metabolicamente saud&#225;veis (OMS) ou obesas metabolicamente n&#227;o saud&#225;veis (OMNS). Compararam-se ambos os grupos quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas, antropom&#233;tricas e de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal.</p>
        <p>Resultados: A idade m&#233;dia da coorte foi de 43,9 &#177; 10,9 anos e o IMC m&#233;dio foi 37,2 &#177; 5,3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. No total, 75,7% das participantes foram classificadas como OMS pelo HOMA. O ponto de corte para a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) de 108,2 identificou mulheres OMS com sensibilidade de 72,4% (intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%: 59,8-82,3%), especificidade de 66,9% (IC 95%: 59,71-73,3%) e raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa (RVN) de 0,41 (IC 95%: 0,36-0,47). Adicionalmente, o ponto de corte de 99,2 para o &#237;ndice de adiposidade visceral (IAV) identificou mulheres OMS com sensibilidade de 89,7% (IC 95%: 79.2-95.2%), especificidade de 48,6% (IC 95%: 41,4-55,9%) e RVN de 0,21 (IC 95%: 0.15-0.30).</p>
        <p>Conclus&#245;es: Mulheres classificadas como OMS apresentaram menor CC, menor percentual de gordura corporal e menores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose e de insulina. A CC foi identificada como um par&#226;metro f&#225;cil para identificar mulheres OMS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade/preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade aumentou acentuadamente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. Entre 1980 e 2013, ocorreu um incremento de 27% chegando a afetar 2,1 bilh&#245;es de adultos em todo o mundo. Uma meta-an&#225;lise de 97 estudos incluindo mais de 2,88 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos e mais de 270.000 mortes concluiu que a obesidade est&#225; associada a um risco significativamente maior de mortalidade por todas as causas, incluindo doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao peso normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Segundo dados recentes, a obesidade afeta 17% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira acima de 20 anos de idade e as mulheres apresentam maior preval&#234;ncia de diabetes, hipercolesterolemia e obesidade abdominal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A obesidade &#233; reconhecida como um fator de risco importante no desenvolvimento de v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas. Por&#233;m, alguns indiv&#237;duos obesos apresentam um perfil metab&#243;lico favor&#225;vel, caracterizado pelo &#237;ndice do modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da homeostase (HOMA), press&#227;o arterial e perfil lip&#237;dico. Estes indiv&#237;duos s&#227;o identificados como obesos metabolicamente saud&#225;veis (OMS),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> embora haja atualmente uma falta de consenso sobre a defini&#231;&#227;o de OMS. Uma meta-an&#225;lise recente baseada em 40 estudos demonstrou que quase um ter&#231;o de indiv&#237;duos obesos eram OMS, segundo a defini&#231;&#227;o baseada nos pontos de corte estabelecidos pelo Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program&#8217;s Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III) ou nos da International Diabetes Federation (IDF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Entre esses estudos, h&#225; o de Pimentel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> cuja pesquisa com mulheres brasileiras demonstrou que cerca de 70% eram consideradas OMS de acordo com o HOMA e os crit&#233;rios do NCEP-ATP III para o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
        <p>N&#243;s hipotetizamos que os indiv&#237;duos com fen&#243;tipo OMNS apresentam maior adiposidade abdominal e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina. Consequentemente, realizou-se o presente estudo para identificar um par&#226;metro simples para detectar mulheres OMS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>A amostra foi composta de 239 mulheres recrutadas no munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Gon&#231;alo, RJ. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Estudos e Pesquisas do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) e encontra-se registrado sob o protocolo n&#250;mero 062/10. Todas as participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O estudo incluiu mulheres com idade &#8805; 20 anos de idade e com &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &#8805; 30 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Foram exclu&#237;das mulheres fumantes, usu&#225;rias de drogas ou de quaisquer suplementos (incluindo aqueles para emagrecimento), gr&#225;vidas ou lactantes e que tinham marca-passo ou pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica (visto que esses impedem a avalia&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal por bioimped&#226;ncia), e aquelas que autorrelataram um diagn&#243;stico de diabetes mellitus ou uso de hipoglicemiantes.</p>
        <p>Mediu-se o peso das participantes com uma balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica (Welmy, SP). Aferiu-se a estatura com estadi&#244;metro e o IMC foi calculado com o peso em kg dividido pela altura ao quadrado em metros. Mediu-se a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) com fita m&#233;trica, a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal por imped&#226;ncia bioel&#233;trica (Biodynamics 450, Seattle, Washington, EUA) e a press&#227;o arterial com esfigmoman&#244;metro aner&#243;ide (Missouri, Curitiba, PA). Finalmente, calculou-se a raz&#227;o cintura-estatura (RCE) de todas as participantes em cm/cm. Calculou-se o &#237;ndice de adiposidade visceral (IAV) utilizando a seguinte f&#243;rmula sexo-espec&#237;fica para mulheres:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e2">
          <mml:math id="e02">
            <mml:semantics>
              <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                <mml:mi>IVA</mml:mi>
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mi>CC</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>36</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>58</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mn>89</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mi>IMC</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:mfenced>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mfenced>
                <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>Triglic</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>&#233;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>rides</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>81</mml:mn>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mfenced>
                <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(">
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mi>,</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>52</mml:mn>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>HDL</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mfenced>
              </mml:mstyle>
            </mml:semantics>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>Foram colhidas as amostras de sangue ap&#243;s jejum noturno de 12 horas. O soro foi obtido por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o das amostras a 4000 rpm durante 15 minutos (Excelsa Baby I, Fanem, SP). Determinaram-se as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de glicose, triglic&#233;rides, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) e colesterol total pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico com um analisador bioqu&#237;mico automatizado (LabMax 240, Labtest Diagnostica SA, Brasil). Calculou-se a lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) com a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald. Mediu-se a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de insulina com quimioluminesc&#234;ncia e estimou-se a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina utilizando o &#237;ndice HOMA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Os &#237;ndices de HOMA foram distribu&#237;dos em quartis e classificou-se como metabolicamente saud&#225;veis as participantes cujos &#237;ndices estavam dentro dos tr&#234;s quartis inferiores (2,78), com base em Pimentel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Realizou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para analisar a normalidade das vari&#225;veis. Realizaram-se compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos com o teste qui quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e o teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Foi considerado p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. Utilizou-se a Curva ROC para identificar pontos de corte para valores de CC e IAV. Realizaram-se as an&#225;lises com o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS 20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Selecionou-se inicialmente 292 mulheres, 53 das quais foram exclu&#237;das ap&#243;s auto-relatarem diagn&#243;stico de diabetes mellitus ou uso de hipoglicemiantes. A amostra final foi composta por 239 indiv&#237;duos. Um total de 181 participantes (75,7%) foram classificadas como OMS de acordo com os &#237;ndices de HOMA. Os resultados mostram que o IAV e todos os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos eram significativamente maiores nas mulheres OMNS e que havia menos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e valores de triglic&#233;rides maiores no grupo OMS em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo OMNS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base das participantes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Todas (n = 239)</th>
                <th align="center">OMS (n = 181)</th>
                <th align="center">OMNS (n = 58)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">43,9 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">44,0 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">43,6 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,810</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">93,6 &#177; 16,0</td>
                <td align="center">91,5 &#177; 15,1</td>
                <td align="center">100,2 &#177; 17,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">37,2 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">36,3 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">39,7 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">107,5 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">105,4 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td align="center">114,3 &#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o estatura-cintura</td>
                <td align="center">67,9 &#177; 7,1</td>
                <td align="center">66,5 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">72,1 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa gorda (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">39,6 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">38,2 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">44,1 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa gorda (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41,9 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">41,4 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">43,2 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa livre de gordura (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">54,0 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">53,2 &#177; 7,4</td>
                <td align="center">56,2 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,011*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">99,0 &#177; 32,7</td>
                <td align="center">94,1 &#177; 24,2</td>
                <td align="center">114,4 &#177; 48,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,003*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insulina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">8,7 &#177; 7,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">17,4 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">200,2 &#177; 40,9</td>
                <td align="center">198,9 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">201,9 &#177; 41,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,607</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">128,0 &#177; 39,8</td>
                <td align="center">128,9 &#177; 39,1</td>
                <td align="center">124,8 &#177; 37,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,479</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">44,5 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">44,7 &#177; 9,6</td>
                <td align="center">42,9 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,193</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">139,0 &#177; 75,5</td>
                <td align="center">128,4 &#177; 67,2</td>
                <td align="center">170,3 &#177; 89,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAV</td>
                <td align="center">133,5 &#177; 92,0</td>
                <td align="center">119,4 &#177; 81,8</td>
                <td align="center">177,4 &#177; 107,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">124,1 &#177; 19,8</td>
                <td align="center">123,5 &#177; 20,2</td>
                <td align="center">126,1 &#177; 18,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,396</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">82,7 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">81,6 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">82,2 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,671</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etnicidade - n&#227;o branca %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">67,4(161)</td>
                <td align="center">71,3(129)</td>
                <td align="center">55,2(32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado civil - com companheiro %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">60,7(145)</td>
                <td align="center">59,7(108)</td>
                <td align="center">63,8(37)</td>
                <td align="center">0,944</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Educa&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 11 anos %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">82,9(198)</td>
                <td align="center">82,9(150)</td>
                <td align="center">82,7(48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,918</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renda per capita (reais)</td>
                <td align="center">658,1 &#177; 524,4</td>
                <td align="center">647,6 &#177; 496,3</td>
                <td align="center">691,1 &#177; 607,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,622</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">43,9(105)</td>
                <td align="center">38,7(70)</td>
                <td align="center">60,3(35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de hipolipemiantes %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">5,0(12)</td>
                <td align="center">5,0(9)</td>
                <td align="center">5,2(3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,952</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipotireoidismo %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9(14)</td>
                <td align="center">6,6(12)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4(2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,369</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico - Sim %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">18,8(45)</td>
                <td align="center">19,3(35)</td>
                <td align="center">17,2(17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,722</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Menopausa - Sim %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">34,6(80)</td>
                <td align="center">35,6(62)</td>
                <td align="center">31,6(18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,577</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou frequ&#234;ncia (%/n). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IAV: &#237;ndice de adiposidade visceral; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Para comparar os grupos OMS e OMNS, utilizamos o teste t de Student (para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas ou qui quadrado (para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas). Valor p*: diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> mostra os valores de CC e IAV e a acuracia desses na identifica&#231;&#227;o de mulheres OMS. Os dois grupos apresentaram curvas ROC semelhantes; a curva da CC tinha uma Raz&#227;o de Verossimilhan&#231;a Negativa melhor para distinguir mulheres OMS com o ponto de corte de 108,2 cm.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Precis&#227;o e curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) para circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e &#237;ndice de adiposidade visceral com os valores de corte de 108,2 cm 99,2, respectivamente. RV: raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a; ASC: &#225;rea sob a curva ROC; IC 95 %: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0733-80228-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Independente dos crit&#233;rios utilizados para definir os fen&#243;tipos OMS e OMNS, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se indiv&#237;duos OMS t&#234;m um risco menor de DCV ou mortalidade por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos OMNS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 14 estudos que avaliaram o risco de DCV mostrou que a maioria dos estudos n&#227;o conseguiu demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre OMS e aumento do risco de DCV e mortalidade, embora os indiv&#237;duos OMS possam apresentar um risco levemente maior de DCV em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos de peso normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Berezina et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> estudaram 503 pacientes com obesidade abdominal e conclu&#237;ram que o fen&#243;tipo OMS estava associado com menor idade, menor CC, maior n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, menor tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da obesidade e a presen&#231;a do gen&#243;tipo adiponectina G45G.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O maior desafio, por&#233;m, &#233; o estabelecimento de um ponto de corte para CC que possa ser aplicado a popula&#231;&#245;es obesas diferentes.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, observou-se baixa prevale&#770;ncia dos fatores de risco metabo&#769;licos, considerando-se que aproximadamente 76% dos indivi&#769;duos obesos eram OMS. Estes resultados podem ter sido influenciados pela definic&#807;a&#771;o de risco metabo&#769;lico. Segundo estes resultados, CC elevada, raz&#227;o cintura-estatura, glicemia, insulina, triglic&#233;rides, IAV e hipertens&#227;o estavam associados com o fen&#243;tipo OMNS. Isto sugere que o crit&#233;rio aplicado possa identificar indiv&#237;duos com risco maior de DCV. Este fen&#243;tipo coincide com o assim chamado fen&#243;tipo cintura hipertriglicerid&#234;mica que est&#225; associado com aterosclerose, diabetes e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Adicionalmente, a preval&#234;ncia elevada de OMS sugere que faltam evid&#234;ncias de que o IMC seja um bom indicador de risco cardiometab&#243;lico, e que existe a necessidade de desenvolver e validar outros indicadores que possam ajudar a guiar o diagn&#243;stico, e tratamento de indiv&#237;duos obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em um estudo recente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> que acompanhou 296.535 participantes de ambos os sexos do Biobanco do Reino Unido durante cinco anos, em m&#233;dia, verificou-se que o aumento de um desvio padr&#227;o na CC (12,6 cm para mulheres e 11,4 cm para homens) esteve associado &#224; raz&#227;o dos riscos (hazard ratio) de 1,16 (IC 95%: 1,13-1,19) para mulheres e 1,10 (IC 95%: 1,08-1,13) para homens para desfechos relacionados com DCV. No presente estudo, a CC apresentou maiores valores de medida e foi uma ferramenta econ&#244;mica facilmente aplic&#225;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para distinguir mulheres brasileiras OMS das OMNS. Al&#233;m disso, a CC e o IAV identificaram mulheres OMS com uma &#225;rea semelhante sob a curva ROC.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo transversal realizado em Nanjing, China,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> o IAV foi um indicador independente positivo de rigidez arterial, o qual foi avaliado pela velocidade da onda de pulso tornozelo-braquial em 5.158 indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 40 anos. Por&#233;m, o IAV n&#227;o &#233; de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a CC e o IAV possam ser indicadores de aspetos diferentes de OMS. A primeira &#233; uma ferramenta para facilmente identificar indiv&#237;duos OMS, enquanto o segundo avalia os efeitos da obesidade na modifica&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial, e a transi&#231;&#227;o para um estado metab&#243;lico n&#227;o saud&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>Hamer et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> acompanharam 2.422 homens e mulheres durante mais de 8 anos como parte do English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Os autores mostraram que o fen&#243;tipo OMS &#233; relativamente inst&#225;vel, visto que 44,5% de indiv&#237;duos OMS progrediu para um estado n&#227;o saud&#225;vel, e enfatizaram que o progresso para um estado metab&#243;lico n&#227;o saud&#225;vel estava associado com um aumento significativo na CC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A obesidade visceral est&#225; associada &#224; atividade pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria, e &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o elevada de adiponectina devido &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade &#224; insulina, ao aumento do risco de diabetes, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o e aterosclerose e &#224; maior taxa de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A quest&#227;o principal &#233; que o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos obesos est&#225; aumentando de maneira cont&#237;nua e seria economicamente invi&#225;vel trat&#225;-los da mesma forma. Quando consideramos os indiv&#237;duos obesos, como regra, todos apressentam valores de CC superiores aos pontos de corte propostos pela IDF e pelo NCEP-ATP III.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No presente estudo, h&#225; falta de informa&#231;&#227;o sobre outras vari&#225;veis que t&#234;m sido utilizadas para definir OMS, por exemplo, a produ&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina e indicadores inflamat&#243;rios. Os pontos fortes do presente estudo incluem o tamanho da amostra e o local de estudo. Al&#233;m disso, o presente estudo pode possibilitar a modifica&#231;&#227;o no estilo de vida por meio da f&#225;cil identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos obesos de alto risco.</p>
        <p>H&#225; grande interesse nos achados paradoxais observados nos indiv&#237;duos considerados OMS, apesar da adiposidade aumentada. O desafio principal foi determinar um &#250;nico par&#226;metro para detectar mulheres OMS, visto que n&#227;o h&#225; consenso na literatura e que poucos estudos foram realizados no Brasil. Portanto, o presente estudo sugere que a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura seja um par&#226;metro f&#225;cil para identificar mulheres OMS.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Mauara Scorsatto realizada na Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
