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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">znvFTmXj6TcHyNSL6q5w48g</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700731</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180227</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Real World of Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in the Public Health System in Rio de Janeiro: How Can It Be Improved?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzon</surname>
            <given-names>Stefano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Expedito E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Expedito E. Ribeiro,</bold> Rua Tom&#225;s Carvalhal, 555 Apt 62. Postal Code 04006-001, Para&#237;so, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>expribeiro@terra.com.br</email>, <email>expedito@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>731</fpage>
      <lpage>732</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>Unified Health System/economics</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are currently the leading cause of death in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and in the world,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> with 80% of the cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> occurring in low- and middle-income countries. It impacts these countries economies negatively,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> with reductions in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and increases in the burden on already precarious health care systems. The risk factors associated with CVD are largely preventable, and raising awareness<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and increasing access to primary health care for prevention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> are key factors for reducing events.</p>
    <p>The present study examined mortality rates in patients who underwent percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for both stable coronary disease (SCD) and acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in the State of Rio de Janeiro Public Health System (SUS) from 1999 to 2010. It provides us with interesting data regarding mortality outcomes in such patients, dividing them by gender, age groups, and type of intervention (balloon coronary angioplasty, stenting with bare metal stents and primary PCI for STEMI). It has obvious limitations: it is a retrospective populational cohort; its data were extracted from different databases, and the information had to be paired (hospital admissions versus death certificates, which are not in the same dataset); the mortality outcome was death by any cause, and although the authors cite that the cause of death was divided into two groups (cardiovascular death and any other cause), it is not clear which data was used; there is no information regarding comorbidities, single vessel versus multivessel disease, or medications prescribed; and patients with more than one PCI were excluded.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The authors also state that, compared with other studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the present study showed higher mortality rates, attributing that to the difficulties of extrapolating randomized clinical trials (RCT) results to real-world practice. Although external validity of RCTs and generalizability of their results is a known issue,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> it is also reasonable to consider the precariousness of the Brazilian Public Health Care System (SUS), with restricted access to primary care and preventive medicine, unsteady supply of medication, unavailability of drug-eluting stents, and insufficient secondary and tertiary health care structure. Above all, low socio-economic conditions and education contribute to a scenario where there are many confounding factors to this higher mortality rates. We also have to consider that there is no evidence that PCI for SCD reduces mortality when compared to optimized medical treatment;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> therefore, perhaps a better primary outcome could be major cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) rather than death alone, although it is understandable that the lack of a unified registry, with thorough information, makes it virtually impossible.</p>
    <p>Finally, it would be interesting to investigate the costs of cardiovascular disease to SUS, and to compare the financial burden of CVD in Brazil to that in other countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Besides its limitations, the present study has strong points: a large number of individuals, a long follow-up time, and a real-world setting. It should be used to generate questions rather than providing answers, and it is a big step towards providing better care for our patients in Brazil.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Up to 15-Year Survival of Men and Women after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Paid by the Brazilian Public Healthcare System in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2010</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mundo Real da Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea no Sistema de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica no Rio de Janeiro: Como Podemos Melhor&#225;-lo?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzon</surname>
            <given-names>Stefano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Expedito E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Expedito E. Ribeiro,</bold> Rua Tom&#225;s Carvalhal, 555 Apt 62. CEP 04006-001, Para&#237;so, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>expribeiro@terra.com.br</email>, <email>expedito@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea/economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) / economia</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o atualmente a principal causa de morte no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e no mundo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> com 80% dos casos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> ocorrendo em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda. Ela afeta negativamente as economias desses pa&#237;ses,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> com redu&#231;&#245;es do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), e aumentos da carga sobre os sistemas de sa&#250;de j&#225; prec&#225;rios. Os fatores de risco associados &#224;s DCV s&#227;o amplamente evit&#225;veis, e a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e o aumento do acesso aos cuidados prim&#225;rios de sa&#250;de para a preven&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> s&#227;o fatores-chave para reduzir os eventos.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo avaliou as taxas de mortalidade em pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) tanto na doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel (DF) como nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) no per&#237;odo de 1999 a 2010. Ele fornece dados interessantes sobre os desfechos de mortalidade nesses pacientes, dividindo-os por sexo, faixa et&#225;ria e tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o (angioplastia coronariana por bal&#227;o, implante de stent com stents convencionais e ICP prim&#225;ria para IAMST). Ele tem limita&#231;&#245;es evidentes: trata-se de uma coorte populacional retrospectiva; seus dados foram extra&#237;dos de diferentes bases de dados, e as informa&#231;&#245;es tiveram que ser pareadas (interna&#231;&#245;es versus atestados de &#243;bito, que n&#227;o est&#227;o no mesmo conjunto de dados); o desfecho mortalidade foi morte por qualquer causa, e embora os autores citem que a causa da morte foi dividida em dois grupos (morte cardiovascular e qualquer outra causa), n&#227;o est&#225; claro quais dados foram utilizados; n&#227;o h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es sobre comorbidades, doen&#231;a de vaso &#250;nico versus doen&#231;a multiarterial, ou medicamentos prescritos; e pacientes com mais de uma ICP foram exclu&#237;dos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Os autores tamb&#233;m afirmam que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O presente estudo apresentou taxas de mortalidade mais elevadas, atribuindo isso &#224;s dificuldades de extrapolar resultados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR) para a pr&#225;tica no mundo real. Embora a validade externa dos ECR e a generabilidade de seus resultados sejam uma quest&#227;o conhecida,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> tamb&#233;m &#233; razo&#225;vel considerar a precariedade do SUS, com acesso restrito &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e &#224; medicina preventiva, oferta inst&#225;vel de medicamentos, indisponibilidade de stents farmacol&#243;gicos e estrutura insuficiente de aten&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e terci&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de. Acima de tudo, as prec&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas e de educa&#231;&#227;o contribuem para um cen&#225;rio em que h&#225; muitos fatores de confus&#227;o para essas taxas de mortalidade mais altas. Tamb&#233;m temos que considerar que n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a ICP para DCE reduza a mortalidade quando comparada com o tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> portanto, talvez um desfecho prim&#225;rio melhor possa ser eventos card&#237;acos e cerebrovasculares maiores (ECCM) do que apenas morte, embora seja compreens&#237;vel que a falta de um registro unificado, com informa&#231;&#245;es completas, torne isso praticamente imposs&#237;vel.</p>
      <p>Por fim, seria interessante investigar os custos das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares para o SUS e comparar a carga financeira das DCV no Brasil &#224;quela de outros pa&#237;ses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m de suas limita&#231;&#245;es, o presente estudo tem pontos fortes: um grande n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos, um longo tempo de acompanhamento e um cen&#225;rio do mundo real. Ele deve ser usado para gerar perguntas em vez de fornecer respostas, e &#233; um grande passo em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; oferta de melhor atendimento aos nossos pacientes no Brasil.</p>
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          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Sobrevida em at&#233; 15 Anos de Homens e Mulheres ap&#243;s Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea Paga pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2010</p>
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