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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hCtMBVqFPdm4WgyzHPB6Yhh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700729</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180214</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Aggression by Doxorubicin: The Search for Mechanisms</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Wolney de Andrade Martins,</bold> Rua Marques do Paran&#225;, 303, 6&#186; Andar. Postal Code 24030-215, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>wolney_martins@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>729</fpage>
      <lpage>730</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorubicin</kwd>
        <kwd>Cyclophosphamida</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardio-oncology is an emerging subject in cardiology events and journals. Increased cancer (CA) incidence and survival rates, easier access to health care and the multiplicity of chemotherapy regimens all contribute to the increase in the diagnosis of cardiovascular complications in patients with CA. The increase in CA prevalence and mortality, as well as its cardiovascular complications, is the price that nations pay for the aging of their populations in an oncogenic environment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Therefore, we are faced with an epidemiological problem and major clinical challenges.</p>
    <p>The discovery, in the 1960s, in the Adriatic Sea coast, of a red pigment produced by a fungus with great cytotoxic power has changed paradigms and introduced the concept of cure in clinical cancerology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Reports of toxicity previously presented with other chemotherapeutic agents had also been confirmed with the new class of anthracyclines. The novelty was the real possibility of cure. In the risk-benefit evaluation, adverse effects were neglected on behalf of the decision to use it.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Warnings on the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOXO) came with the description of the classic &#8216;von Hoff curve&#8217;, where the risk of heart failure incidence at cumulative doses above 500 mg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> was demonstrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Initially, the mechanism was said to be an oxidative effect of the chemotherapeutic agent. Later, it was demonstrated that DOXO had a blocking effect on topoisomerases II alpha (neoplastic cells) and beta (cardiomyocyte), as well as its consequence to the structure of DNA, which caused cell death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Other mechanisms of cellular aggression did not become clear until recently, when the action on the mechanical properties of cancerous and healthy cells was demonstrated, especially their effect on the cellular membrane.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Today, there is a pertinent criticism about the lack of studies using judicious methodology and satisfactory casuistry in cardio-oncology. Indeed, there is a lack of basic science research addressing the aggression mechanisms in cardiovascular disease in CA patients. The study published in Arq Bras Cardiol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> investigates the relationships between arterial stiffness and ventricular dysfunction in patients undergoing DOXO and cyclophosphamide.</p>
    <p>Theoretically, the cytotoxic impairment of DOXO could affect the endothelium, with consequences to blood pressure variables, secondarily becoming one of the multiple ventricular myocardial aggressions. Actually, there are no significant clinical reports of arterial hypertension in DOXO users, unlike patients undergoing angiogenesis inhibitors that act by blocking one of several endothelial growth pathways.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The decision to study DOXO is justified by the high prevalence of its use in solid tumors such as breast cancer and hematological tumors.</p>
    <p>In the cohort studied, which comprised 24 middle-aged women, high global cardiovascular risk was clearly observed. On average, the women were hypertensive and obese. There was no change in blood pressure variables in left ventricular function according to measurements by pulse wave velocity and two-dimensional echocardiography. The negative result should not be viewed with dismay. We need all the information we can find on these mechanisms. It is urgent to understand the pathophysiology of these cardiovascular aggressions. Only then will we be able to design ethical clinical trials with the highest possibility of results that might interfere with the reduction of cardiovascular lesions and, above all, with the improvement of survival of patients with cancer.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Arterial Stiffness Use for Early Monitoring of Cardiovascular Adverse Events due to Anthracycline Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients. A Pilot Study</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Agress&#227;o Cardiovascular por Doxorrubicina: A Busca de Mecanismos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Wolney de Andrade Martins,</bold> Rua Marques do Paran&#225;, 303, 6&#186; Andar. CEP 24030-215, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>wolney_martins@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorrubicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Ciclofosfamida</kwd>
        <kwd>Efeitos Colaterais e Rea&#231;&#245;es Adversas Relacionadas a Medicamentos</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A cardio-oncologia &#233; um tema emergente em eventos e peri&#243;dicos de cardiologia. O aumento da incid&#234;ncia de c&#226;ncer (CA) e das taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia, o acesso facilitado a cuidados m&#233;dicos e a multiplicidade de regimes de quimioterapia contribuem para o crescimento do diagn&#243;stico de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em pacientes com CA. O aumento da preval&#234;ncia e mortalidade por CA, bem como suas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, s&#227;o o pre&#231;o que as na&#231;&#245;es pagam pelo envelhecimento de suas popula&#231;&#245;es em um ambiente oncog&#234;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Portanto, estamos diante de um problema epidemiol&#243;gico e de grandes desafios cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>A descoberta, na d&#233;cada de 1960 na costa do Mar Adri&#225;tico, de um pigmento vermelho produzido por um fungo com grande poder citot&#243;xico alterou paradigmas e introduziu o conceito de cura na cancerologia cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Os relatos de toxicidade apresentados anteriormente acerca de outros agentes quimioter&#225;picos tamb&#233;m se confirmaram com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; nova classe de antraciclinas. A novidade era a real possibilidade de cura. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio, os efeitos adversos foram negligenciados em nome da decis&#227;o de utiliz&#225;-las.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O alerta sobre a cardiotoxicidade da doxorrubicina (DOXO) veio com a descri&#231;&#227;o da cl&#225;ssica curva de von Hoff, onde o risco de incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em doses cumulativas acima de 500 mg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> foi demonstrado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Inicialmente, afirmou-se que o mecanismo seria um efeito oxidativo do agente quimioter&#225;pico. Posteriormente, foi demonstrado que a DOXO exercia um efeito bloqueador sobre as topoisomerases II alfa (c&#233;lulas neopl&#225;sicas) e beta (cardiomi&#243;citos), bem como suas consequ&#234;ncias para a estrutura do DNA, causando a morte celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Outros mecanismos de agress&#227;o celular tornar-se-iam claros apenas recentemente, quando a a&#231;&#227;o sobre as propriedades mec&#226;nicas das c&#233;lulas cancerosas e saud&#225;veis foi demonstrada, particularmente seus efeitos sobre a membrana celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Atualmente, h&#225; cr&#237;ticas pertinentes acerca da falta de estudos com metodologia criteriosa e casu&#237;stica satisfat&#243;ria em cardio-oncologia. De fato, h&#225; uma falta de pesquisas em ci&#234;ncia b&#225;sica abordando os mecanismos de agress&#227;o das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em pacientes com CA. O estudo publicado nos ABC Cardiol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> investiga as rela&#231;&#245;es entre a rigidez arterial e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes submetidos a DOXO e ciclofosfamida.</p>
      <p>Teoricamente, o comprometimento citot&#243;xico da DOXO poderia afetar o endot&#233;lio, com consequ&#234;ncias sobre as vari&#225;veis da press&#227;o arterial, tornando-se secundariamente uma das v&#225;rias agress&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas ventriculares. Na verdade, n&#227;o h&#225; relatos cl&#237;nicos significativos de hipertens&#227;o arterial em usu&#225;rios de DOXO, diferentemente de pacientes submetidos a inibidores da angiog&#234;nese que atuam bloqueando uma das v&#225;rias vias de crescimento endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A decis&#227;o de estudar a DOXO se justifica pela alta preval&#234;ncia de seu uso em tumores s&#243;lidos, como c&#226;ncer de mama e tumores hematol&#243;gicos.</p>
      <p>Na coorte estudada, composta por 24 mulheres de meia-idade, observou-se claramente um alto risco cardiovascular global. Em m&#233;dia, as mulheres eram hipertensas e obesas. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis de press&#227;o arterial na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, conforme as mensura&#231;&#245;es por velocidade de onda de pulso e por ecocardiografia bidimensional. O resultado negativo n&#227;o deve ser visto com des&#226;nimo. Precisamos de toda informa&#231;&#227;o sobre esses mecanismos. Faz-se urgente entender a fisiopatologia dessas agress&#245;es cardiovasculares. S&#243; assim poderemos elaborar ensaios cl&#237;nicos &#233;ticos com maior possibilidade de resultados que possam interferir na redu&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es cardiovasculares e, sobretudo, na melhora da sobrevida dos pacientes com c&#226;ncer.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Uso da Rigidez Arterial para Monitoramento Precoce de Eventos Adversos Cardiovasculares por Antrac&#237;clicos em Pacientes com C&#226;ncer de Mama. Um Estudo Piloto</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
