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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yqXnc3XL89NXFCjcPhnvtcD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700721</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005013107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180168</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Arterial Stiffness Use for Early Monitoring of Cardiovascular Adverse Events due to Anthracycline Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients. A Pilot Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Ant&#244;nio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Braga Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ang&#233;lica Navarro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zogeib</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Barroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bol&#237;var</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drummond-Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alberto Cavalcanti</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Cavalcanti, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Bruno Almeida Rezende,</bold> Rua Clementino Viana Dotti, 162 apto 802. Postal Code 30575-139, Buritis, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>bruno.rezende@cienciasmedicasmg.edu.br</email>, <email>brunorezende01@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Souza CA, Sim&#245;es R, Malachias MVB, Drummond-Lage AP, Rezende BA; Acquisition of data: Souza CA, Sim&#245;es R, Oliveira AN, Zogeib JB, Alves B; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Souza CA, Sim&#245;es R, Borges KBG, Oliveira AN, Zogeib JB, Alves B, Malachias MVB, Drummond-Lage AP, Rezende BA; Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Rezende BA; Writing of the manuscript: Souza CA, Sim&#245;es R, Borges KBG, Oliveira AN, Malachias MVB, Drummond-Lage AP, Rezende BA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>721</fpage>
      <lpage>728</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, although efficient for treating breast cancer, is associated with cardiovascular complications. Recent studies seek to identify methods that can early detect cardiological and vascular changes as a strategy to decrease the incidence of cardiovascular comorbidities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the role of arterial stiffness measurement in the monitoring of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective longitudinal study in 24 breast cancer patients undergoing treatment with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Patients underwent an indirect evaluation of arterial stiffness through non-invasive measurement of hemodynamic parameters such as pulse wave velocity with the Mobil-O-Graph&#174; 24H PWA device at three different times of the chemotherapy treatment (pre-chemotherapy, after the first and the fourth cycle). The left ventricular ejection fraction was also evaluated by Doppler echocardiography (pre-chemotherapy and after the fourth chemotherapy cycle). Data were considered significant when p &#8804; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Patients had a mean age of 52.33 &#177; 8.85 years and body mass index of 31 &#177; 5.87 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. There was no significant difference between the hemodynamic parameters evaluated by the oscillometric method or in the left ventricular ejection fraction in the different evaluated periods.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Evaluations of arterial stiffness by oscillometry and measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction by Doppler echocardiography showed equivalence in the values found, suggesting that the evaluation method of arterial stiffness studied could be used as a marker for cardiovascular adverse events associated with doxorrubicin-based chemotherapy drugs.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Breast Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume/drug effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorubicin/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Cyclophosphamide/adverse effects</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Brazil and in the world, second only to non-melanoma skin cancer, accounting for approximately 25% of new cases each year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Advances in cancer therapy have resulted both in the improvement of quality of life and in the increase of cancer patients survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> However, in spite of the evolution in the pharmacological treatment of the different neoplasms, several studies have indicated a significant increase in the occurrence of cardiovascular adverse events, mainly myocardial dysfunction in patients undergoing chemotherapy with cardiotoxic drugs, such as the anthracycline group and, to a lesser extent, cyclophosphamide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Chemotherapy regimens using doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide are the most commonly used in the treatment of breast cancer in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The cardiotoxic potential of these drugs is already established, and it is evaluated mainly by Doppler echocardiography in studies showing an increase in the incidence of Heart Failure (HF) in patients who received these drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The early identification of the appearance of cardiovascular alterations in patients during chemotherapy with drugs considered cardiotoxic could help adjust cancer treatment, with the adoption of preventive, substitutive measures or their interruption, aiming at minimizing cardiovascular adverse events caused by these agents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Arterial Stiffness (AS) is characterized by the reduction of the arteries elastic properties due to intrinsic structural or functional changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Aging is a normal evolutionary factor for vascular stiffening, and can be accelerated by several factors, such as diabetes and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies have related the increase in AS with the progression of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The early increase in AS can be estimated mainly through the evaluation of the Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) obtained from indirect imaging or hemodynamic methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Because cardiovascular changes are observed in some patients on doxorubicin, and AS measurement allows the detection of the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease, this study is warranted because it aims to estimate AS, based on PWV measurement, through oscillometric evaluation of the brachial artery, in patients with breast cancer in the initial phases of chemotherapy with doxorubicin combined with cyclophosphamide (AC regimen). In addition, it proposes to check if there is a correlation between AS and the values of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF), an altered condition in patients with cardiotoxicity due to chemotherapy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a prospective and longitudinal study with a convenience sample. Twenty-four women aged over 18 years with breast cancer and indication of at least four cycles (every 3 weeks) of adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy based on the AC regimen (at doses of 75 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for doxorubicin and 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for cyclophosphamide in each cycle, totaling 300 mg/m<sup>2</sup> and 2,400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, respectively) were followed. The recruitment took place in an Oncology Outpatient Clinic of a High Complexity Unit in Public Oncology of the city of Belo Horizonte (state of Minas Gerais), from July 2016 to December 2017.</p>
      <p>The following were excluded: pregnant and lactating women; patients with previous history of chemotherapy or radiotherapy; pre-chemotherapy assessment showing abnormal left ventricular systolic function (LVEF &lt; 50%) evaluated by Doppler echocardiography; history of/or active heart disease; moderate to severe hepatic or renal dysfunction; brain-degenerative diseases requiring caregiver's action; and those in use of other chemotherapeutics other than the AC regimen in the treatment of breast cancer.</p>
      <p>Randomization took place in an outpatient basis, under clinical evaluation by a cardiologist with experience in the area. Subsequently, patients underwent an echocardiographic study, according to the methodology proposed by Campos-Filho et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> to evaluate cardiac parameters that could contraindicate participation in the study and also to monitor the cardiac function at different treatment times of chemotherapy, as suggested by current guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Following these procedures, patients were referred for chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in the same hospital.</p>
      <p>Brachial artery AS measurement was performed using the non-invasive device Mobil-O-Graph&#174; 24h PWA (IEM, Germany) through oscillometric measurements on the upper limb. The device has a device for Blood Pressure (BP) measurement and provides measures of PWV, systolic and central diastolic pressure, and <italic>augmentation index</italic>, which are used as an estimate of AS. This device was validated for use in scientific research by the <italic>European Society of Hypertension</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Measurements were made in the contralateral upper limb on the side affected by the tumor, seeking to exclude the influence of axillary dissection surgery and consequent lymphedema. After measuring the circumference of the limb and choosing the appropriate cuff, the device was positioned similarly to procedures defined by guidelines of cardiology societies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Mobil-O-Graph&#174; 24h PWA is able to offer a number of useful results of the cardiovascular condition of the evaluated patient, because the BP and PWV measurements are correlated with the weight, height and age data previously provided by the HMS Client-Server data management software.</p>
      <p>Follow-up chronology was implemented with measurements of hemodynamic parameters by Mobil-O-Graph&#174; 24H PWA at three different times: (1) prior to chemotherapy, when measurements of the hemodynamic parameters through the oscillometric method were taken 15 minutes before the beginning of chemotherapy infusion; (2) post-1chemo, measured up to 30 minutes after intravenous (IV) infusion of the first cycle of the AC regimen; there was a variation of 45 to 90 minutes in the chemotherapy infusion; and (3) post-4chemo, measured up to 30 minutes after IV infusion of the fourth cycle of the AC regimen; the time interval from the start of chemotherapy to its completion was 80 to 90 days.</p>
      <p>After 1 week of the fourth chemotherapeutic cycle, the patient underwent a new clinical-cardiological evaluation and an echocardiographic study for LVEF analysis and for comparison with the value before the first cycle.</p>
      <p>The results of all the variables that the Mobil-O-Graph&#174; 24H PWA instrument provided were tabulated and submitted to statistical treatment among the three measures of the patients studied.</p>
      <p>The protocol of this study is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, having been released by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution, and all the patients evaluated signed the Free Informed Consent Form (FICF).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The variables underwent the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and were presented as mean &#177; Standard Deviation (SD), in case of normality, or as median (Interquartile Distance - DI - which is the difference between the third and the first quartiles). Categorical variables were expressed in frequency. The three measurements provided by the device were expressed as mean &#177; SD. In the comparison between the three moments (pre-chemotherapy, soon after the first cycle of chemotherapy, and after the fourth cycle), we adopted the analysis of variance for repeated measures, with the sphericity check, or Friedman test. The comparison of measurements between two moments was performed by the Wilcoxon test for paired samples, including post hoc analysis. The analysis was developed in the free software R, version 3.3.2, with a significance level of 5% being adopted.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The sample consisted of 24 women, mean age of 52.33 &#177; 8.85 years, and mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of 31 &#177; 5.87 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Approximately 16.7% of the women were alcoholics, and 20.8% were smokers. More than half of them (58.3%) had hypertension, while 12.5% had type 2 diabetes mellitus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the patients evaluated in the sample</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="35%"/>
            <col width="65%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">n = 24</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">52,33 &#177; 8,85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">31 &#177; 5,87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking </td>
              <td align="center">5 (20,8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcoholism </td>
              <td align="center">4 (16,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus </td>
              <td align="center">3 (12,5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension </td>
              <td align="center">14 (58,3)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Results expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or n (%). BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>LVEF mean values obtained through transthoracic Doppler echocardiogram before and after the fourth cycle of chemotherapy were 67.8% &#177; 3% and 66.0% &#177; 3%, respectively, and showed no significant difference between the two times (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). We also did not observe differences in hemodynamic variables among the three periods analyzed (pre-chemo, post-1chemo, and post-4chemo - all with p &gt; 0.05), in relation to peripheral and central systolic and diastolic BP parameters, mean BP, pulse pressure, heart rate, pulse pressure augmentation, systolic volume, cardiac output, total vascular resistance, cardiac index, augmentation pressure, reflection coefficient and augmentation index (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). PWV, a variable that correlated most with arterial stiffness, did not show a statistically significant difference among the three periods analyzed, with p = 0.507 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) values measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in breast cancer patients before (pre-chemo) and after the fourth cycle of chemotherapy (post-4chemo) in the chemotherapy regimen with doxorubicin combined with cyclophosphamide. p values refer to Wilcoxon test.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0721-80168-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Longitudinal evaluation of heart parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Hemodynamic variables</th>
              <th align="center">Pre-chemo</th>
              <th align="center">Post-1chemo</th>
              <th align="center">Post-4chemo</th>
              <th align="center">p Value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral SBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">125.7 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">123.3 &#177; 18.2</td>
              <td align="center">123.7 &#177; 8.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.244<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral DBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">79.9 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">78.4 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td align="center">80 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.988<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean blood pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">100.3 &#177; 11.2</td>
              <td align="center">98.6 &#177; 11.4</td>
              <td align="center">100.3 &#177;10.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.879<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">45.8 &#177; 12.4</td>
              <td align="center">42.5 &#177; 16.1</td>
              <td align="center">43 &#177;7.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.527<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate, bpm</td>
              <td align="center">76.4 &#177; 18.1</td>
              <td align="center">73.9 &#177; 16.8</td>
              <td align="center">78 &#177;15.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.055<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Central SBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">117.1 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">115.3&#177; 13.3</td>
              <td align="center">116.2&#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.731<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Central DBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">79.7&#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">79.5 &#177; 10.9</td>
              <td align="center">81.8 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.815<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PP<sup>N</sup> amplification</td>
              <td align="center">1.30 &#177; 0.11</td>
              <td align="center">1.25 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">1.28 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.428<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke volume,mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">67.4 &#177; 14.5</td>
              <td align="center">68.2 &#177; 13.5</td>
              <td align="center">64.4 &#177;11.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.144<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac output, L/minute</td>
              <td align="center">5.1 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">5 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.521<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total vascular resistance, mmHg/mL</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.14</td>
              <td align="center">1.25 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td align="center">1.24 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.675<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac index, L/min/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">2.8 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.918<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Augmentation pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.7 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.7 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.110<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reflection coefficient, %</td>
              <td align="center">67.2 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">69.8 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">67.6 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.136<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Augmentation index</td>
              <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td align="center">23.2 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">24.4 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.144<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PWV,m/s</td>
              <td align="center">7.61 &#177; 1.28</td>
              <td align="center">7.49 &#177; 1.20</td>
              <td align="center">7.45 &#177; 1.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.507<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>Results expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, or median &#177; difference between the third and first quartiles. For all measured variables, there were three missing data on the measurements after four cycles.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Friedman test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>
              <sup>&#8224;</sup>
            </label>
            <p>analysis of variance for repeated measures. Pre-chemo: before chemotherapy; post-1chemo: after the first cycle of chemotherapy; post-4chemo: after the fourth cycle of chemotherapy; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure; PWV: pulse wave velocity.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Box diagrams for pulse wave velocity (PWV) at the three times assessed: before, after the first cycle of chemotherapy, and after the fourth cycle (pre-chemo, post-1chemo, and post-4chemo). p value refers to analysis of single-factor variance.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0721-80168-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Since the 1970s, chemotherapy with doxorubicin is known to be related to an increase in the prevalence of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> To a lesser extent, but used in high doses, cyclophosphamide has also been shown to be toxic to the cardiovascular system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Currently, the main guidelines for chemotherapy of the most prevalent types of cancer, especially breast cancer, recommend the combination of these agents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Several studies have shown a large increase in the incidence of cardiovascular changes following cancer chemotherapy. Frequently, such changes are only clinically observed months or years after the use of these medications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The protocol for adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer at the institution where the research was performed is based on the doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide regimen. The use of other regimens with taxane and 5-fluorouracil can be applied as an adjuvant and as a neoadjuvant; in our study, we chose not to include patients taking these drugs, because the incidence of HF is lower when compared to anthracyclics (5% to 35% of cases vs. 2% to 10%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Also, the number of patients using 5-fluorouracil-doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide, or 5-fluorouracil-epirubicin-cyclophosphamide in the institution is lower when compared to the AC regimen. As the incidence of cardiovascular toxicity with the use of trastuzumab alone is low in prospective clinical studies, ranging from 1% to 4%, commonly reversible if detected early, and with a good response to clinical treatment, we chose to exclude patients on their use.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), oncological diseases are currently the second largest cause of death in the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The continuous therapeutic developments of the last decades allowed an increase in the survival of these patients. The adverse effects caused by chemotherapy, especially in the cardiovascular area, have become an important cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. It is estimated that the mortality rate among oncological patients who develop some cardiovascular event is high, with values higher than 60% when evaluated within 2 years. With this, cardiovascular disease has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The main mechanism established for the increase in HF secondary to the use of doxorubicin is the direct myocardial damage of these agents (type I cardiotoxicity). The severity of the heart diseases triggered by chemotherapeutic agents seems to depend on the frequency and dose of the medicines administered; on the genetic characteristics; and on other cardiovascular comorbidities previously present.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> The mechanism related to myocardial damage seems to occur due to the production of free radicals from the reduction of the quinone group of B ring in the anthracyclic structure, leading to the production of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, which saturate the antioxidant systems and react with the cellular structures, mainly in the membranes, causing cytotoxicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> However, recently, some authors have shown that, in addition to already established myocardial dysfunction, vascular alterations resulting from endothelial dysfunction also occur secondary to the use of anthracyclics and can be used as predictors for the cardiovascular toxicity induced by these agents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> These changes may occur early, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> and the mechanism proposed for these vascular changes is also related to the production of free radicals, with consequent cell death, or changes in the production of vasoactive endothelial factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some authors have already proposed the use of clinical tools to assess the vascular status of individuals undergoing antineoplastic therapies with anthracyclic drugs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> These vascular changes could also justify an increase in the incidence of systemic arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, and thromboembolic events in patients after chemotherapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Early detection of dysfunctions in the vascular system is always difficult when non-histochemical methods are used, and it appears to develop from endothelial dysfunction, leading to progressive vascular remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In addition, vascular changes could contribute to the increase of the preload and, consequently, to decrease of the cardiac output. Thus, in addition to direct myocardial damage, vascular alterations could, at least in part, be related to the decrease in LVEF in patients undergoing chemotherapy.</p>
      <p>Several studies have tried to find early markers that can predict the occurrence of these changes in patients on chemotherapy with potential cardiovascular toxicity and, consequently, to detect patients at risk.</p>
      <p>Currently, LVEF measurement by transthoracic Doppler echocardiogram is considered the main tool to monitor myocardial dysfunction induced by chemotherapy, and is used in several follow-up protocols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> LVEF can also be measured by other techniques. Drafts et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in a study involving 53 patients who received anthracyclic chemotherapy, showed that changes in LVEF can be detected within 30 days of the beginning of chemotherapy sessions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, these authors, in addition to using larger sampling, applied more accurate techniques, involving magnetic resonance imaging for the early detection of changes in ventricular volumes, compared to the classic Doppler echocardiogram routinely used in cancer treatment services and also in our study. Although other studies have shown a reduction in LVEF in patients at different times of treatment with these agents, our study was not able to show a significant reduction in LVEF between the values measured before the beginning of chemotherapy and in the post-4chemo. This fact may be due to the short period of patients follow-up, which does not allow the demonstration of a clinical change through this method - although structural and molecular microalterations have been shown early in this profile of patients, in the first months after treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> There are studies suggesting that most cardiovascular alterations occur in the early stage, from the third month after the end of chemotherapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Furthermore, because it is a pilot study, the reduced sampling may have contributed to this result.</p>
      <p>The generic term &#8220;arterial stiffness&#8221; refers to changes in arterial mechanical properties, in response to acute or chronic phenomena, resulting in atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction, and correlating with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Currently, the best way to estimate AS is by measuring the PWV, obtained through the measurement of the time required for a wave formed by vascular distension to travel a certain distance between two points of an arterial segment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Thus, the greater the values of the PWV, the greater the AS. Some techniques do it with imaging tests, such as ultrasound techniques and magnetic resonance imaging with great precision. However, non-invasive devices, coupled with computerized systems, have been increasingly used for AS measurements.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>AS has been shown to be an early marker of cardiovascular diseases. A 2010 study showed, for the first time, a significant increase in aortic artery PWV, measured by magnetic resonance imaging, in patients after 4 months of chemotherapy with anthracyclics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In 2013, the same methodology was applied to patients in earlier stages of the same chemotherapy regimen, showing that it is possible to observe changes in PWV only 1 month after the administration of these agents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Despite the relevance of these studies in the predictability of AS changes in patients receiving anthracyclics, they apply methods that demand higher costs and specialized professionals for their technical performance. From 2010 onwards, portable devices appeared that were capable of simple estimation of AS of the brachial artery through oscillometric measurements of the upper limb, providing several hemodynamic data, which may be predictive markers of cardiovascular changes, such as PWV, augmentation index and cardiac index.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Since this is an easy-to-use methodology, several studies have evaluated the potential of increased AS as a marker for cardiovascular diseases in various clinical conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Clinical studies have confirmed the validity of this instrument, which uses several algorithms to obtain hemodynamic variables such as PWV, which is the gold standard for assessing AS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> With the same equipment, it is possible to measure central BP and other variables, which can be used to estimate arterial stiffness, but they are influenced by pathophysiological conditions, drugs and age, which make them less reliable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Due to the practicality of estimating AS through this method, our study proposed to evaluate the application of this methodology and correlate it with the data obtained by the LVEF through Doppler echocardiogram. The use of this tool could simplify the monitoring of cardiovascular toxicity induced by chemotherapy, since the use of Doppler echocardiography, as is routinely done for this purpose, is a method that requires higher cost, a qualified medical professional, and scheduled appointment at a specific time and place. This difficulty of access could reduce the guarantee of cardiotoxicity monitoring in patients who underwent chemotherapy.</p>
      <p>In our study, all patients were monitored by this system at three different times (immediately before and after the first and fourth cycles of chemotherapy). In contrast to what was observed in other studies, which made these measurements early during chemotherapy, mainly by imaging tests,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> we were unable to show any significant statistical difference in the parameters evaluated at different times.</p>
      <p>This study used the oscillometric method in the upper limb to show an increase in PWV and other hemodynamic parameters in 53 children with malignant tumors treated with anthracyclics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> However, there was no difference in PWV after treatment with anthracyclines for a period of at least 1 year and without evaluation in the early stages of treatment. No other study in the literature that was researched evaluated any immediate changes in hemodynamic parameters shortly after the chemotherapy infusion of the AC regimen. Although we performed this assessment, we did not observe significant changes at this stage of treatment.</p>
      <p>Our study showed an agreement between the parameters related to the estimation of AS by the oscillometric method and those observed in the LVEF values obtained from transthoracic Doppler echocardiography, in an early period of administration of chemotherapeutic agents. These data suggest that later studies, with longer follow-up and a larger sample, should test AS estimation through the method described as a practical and accessible tool for cardiovascular monitoring of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and using drugs with known cardiovascular toxicity potential.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The application of measures of hemodynamic parameters that correlate with arterial stiffness, evaluated by oscillometric method of the upper limb, as well as the values of left ventricular ejection fraction, measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiogram, was not changed in the early phase of chemotherapy - up to the fourth cycle of chemotherapy - in women with breast cancer on doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPEMIG.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Cl&#225;udio Ant&#244;nio de Souza, from Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CAAE 38538714.2.0000.5149) under the protocol number 1408811. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso da Rigidez Arterial para Monitoramento Precoce de Eventos Adversos Cardiovasculares por Antrac&#237;clicos em Pacientes com C&#226;ncer de Mama. Um Estudo Piloto</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Ant&#244;nio de</given-names>
          </name>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Karina Braga Gomes</given-names>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ang&#233;lica Navarro de</given-names>
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            <given-names>Juliana Barroso</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
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            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bol&#237;var</given-names>
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      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alberto Cavalcanti, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
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      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Almeida Rezende,</bold> Rua Clementino Viana Dotti, 162 apto 802. CEP 30575-139, Buritis, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil E-mail: <email>bruno.rezende@cienciasmedicasmg.edu.br</email>, <email>brunorezende01@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Souza CA, Sim&#245;es R, Malachias MVB, Drummond-Lage AP, Rezende BA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Souza CA, Sim&#245;es R, Oliveira AN, Zogeib JB, Alves B; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Souza CA, Sim&#245;es R, Borges KBG, Oliveira AN, Zogeib JB, Alves B, Malachias MVB, Drummond-Lage AP, Rezende BA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rezende BA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Souza CA, Sim&#245;es R, Borges KBG, Oliveira AN, Malachias MVB, Drummond-Lage AP, Rezende BA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O tratamento quimioter&#225;pico com doxorrubicina e ciclofosfamida, apesar de eficiente no combate ao c&#226;ncer de mama, est&#225; associado a complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Trabalhos recentes identificam m&#233;todos que possam detectar altera&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas e vasculares precocemente, visando a uma estrat&#233;gia para diminui&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de comorbidades cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o papel da medida da rigidez arterial no acompanhamento da ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos cardiovasculares induzidos por doxorrubicina e ciclofosfamida em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo longitudinal prospectivo realizado com 24 pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama em tratamento com doxorrubicina e ciclofosfamida. As pacientes foram submetidas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o indireta da rigidez arterial, por mensura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, como a velocidade de onda de pulso, pelo equipamento Mobil-O-Graph&#174; 24H PWA em tr&#234;s diferentes momentos do tratamento quimioter&#225;pico (pr&#233;-quimioterapia, ap&#243;s o primeiro e ap&#243;s o quarto ciclos). Foi avaliada tamb&#233;m a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo ecoDopplercardiograma (pr&#233;-quimioterapia e ap&#243;s o quarto ciclo quimioter&#225;pico). Os valores de p &#8804; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As pacientes apresentaram m&#233;dia de idade de 52,33 &#177; 8,85 anos e &#237;ndice de massa corporal de 31 &#177; 5,87 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos avaliados pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico ou na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, nos diferentes per&#237;odos avaliados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es de rigidez arterial por oscilometria e medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por ecoDopplercardiograma mostraram equival&#234;ncia nos valores encontrados, sugerindo que o m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial estudado possa ser utilizado como mais um marcador para eventos adversos cardiovasculares associados aos medicamentos quimioter&#225;picos baseados em doxorrubicina.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Neoplasias da Mama</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico/efeitos de farm&#225;cos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorrubicina/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ciclofosfamida/efeitos adversos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O c&#226;ncer de mama &#233; o mais comum entre as mulheres no Brasil e no mundo, depois do c&#226;ncer de pele n&#227;o melanoma, respons&#225;vel por, aproximadamente, 25% de novos casos a cada ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Os avan&#231;os na terap&#234;utica oncol&#243;gica resultaram tanto na melhora da qualidade de vida, quanto no aumento da sobrevida dos pacientes com c&#226;ncer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No entanto, a despeito da evolu&#231;&#227;o no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico das diferentes neoplasias, v&#225;rios trabalhos t&#234;m apontado aumento significativo na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos cardiovasculares, sobretudo a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes submetidos a tratamento quimioter&#225;pico com drogas cardiot&#243;xicas, como do grupo das antraciclinas e, em menor grau, a ciclofosfamida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Esquemas quimioter&#225;picos que utilizam doxorrubicina e ciclofosfamida s&#227;o os mais empregados atualmente no tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> J&#225; &#233; estabelecido o potencial cardiot&#243;xico destas drogas, que &#233; avaliado principalmente por ecoDopplercardiograma em trabalhos que mostram aumento na incid&#234;ncia de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) em pacientes que receberam estes medicamentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce do aparecimento de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em pacientes durante o tratamento quimioter&#225;pico com f&#225;rmacos considerados cardiot&#243;xicos poderia adequar o tratamento do c&#226;ncer, no sentido da ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas preventivas, substitutivas ou de sua interrup&#231;&#227;o, com o objetivo de minimizar eventos adversos cardiovasculares causados por estes agentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A Rigidez Arterial (RA) caracteriza-se pela redu&#231;&#227;o das propriedades el&#225;sticas das art&#233;rias devido a altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais ou funcionais intr&#237;nsecas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O envelhecimento &#233; um fator evolutivo normal para o enrijecimento vascular e que pode ser acelerado por fatores diversos, como diabetes e hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m relacionado o aumento na RA com a progress&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O aumento precoce na RA pode ser estimado principalmente por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o da Velocidade de Onda de Pulso (VOP) obtida por m&#233;todos de imagem ou hemodin&#226;micos indiretos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma vez que altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares s&#227;o observadas em alguns pacientes sob o uso de doxorrubicina, e a medida de RA possibilita detectar o in&#237;cio e a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, este estudo se justifica no sentido que objetiva estimar a RA, a partir da mensura&#231;&#227;o da VOP, por avalia&#231;&#227;o oscilom&#233;trica da art&#233;ria braquial, em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama em fases iniciais do tratamento quimioter&#225;pico com doxorrubicina combinado com ciclofosfamida (esquema AC). Al&#233;m disso, prop&#245;e verificar se h&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o da RA com os valores da Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE), condi&#231;&#227;o alterada nos pacientes com cardiotoxicidade, devido ao quimioter&#225;pico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo prospectivo e longitudinal com amostra de conveni&#234;ncia. Foram acompanhadas 24 mulheres com idade acima de 18 anos, portadoras de c&#226;ncer de mama e indica&#231;&#227;o de, pelo menos, quatro ciclos (a cada 3 semanas) de quimioterapia adjuvante ou neoadjuvante baseada no esquema AC (nas doses de 75 mg/m<sup>2</sup>para doxorrubicina e 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup>para ciclofosfamida em cada um dos ciclos, perfazendodose total de 300 mg/m<sup>2</sup>e 2.400 mg/m<sup>2</sup>para a doxorrubicina e ciclofosfamida, respectivamente). O recrutamento foi feito em um Ambulat&#243;rio de Oncologia de uma Unidade de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia p&#250;blica de Belo Horizonte (MG), no per&#237;odo de julho de 2016 e dezembro de 2017.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;das gestantes e lactantes; pacientes com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de quimioterapia ou radioterapia; avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-quimioterapia mostrando fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda anormal (FEVE &lt; 50%) avaliada por ecoDopplercardiograma; hist&#243;ria de/ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ativa; disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica ou renal moderada &#224; grave; doen&#231;as c&#233;rebro-degenerativas que requeressem a&#231;&#227;o de cuidadores; e aquelas em uso de outros quimioter&#225;picos que n&#227;o fosse o esquema AC no tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama.</p>
        <p>A randomiza&#231;&#227;o deu-se em regime ambulatorial, em avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica por cardiologista com experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea. A seguir, as pacientes foram submetidas a estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, de acordo com a metodologia proposta por Campos-Filho et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> para avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros card&#237;acos que pudessem contraindicar a participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo e tamb&#233;m para acompanhamento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em diferentes tempos do tratamento quimioter&#225;pico, como sugerido pelas diretrizes atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Ap&#243;s estes procedimentos, as pacientes eram encaminhadas para a quimioterapia com doxorrubicina e ciclofosfamida, no mesmo hospital.</p>
        <p>A medida da RA, em art&#233;ria braquial, foi realizada por meio do equipamento n&#227;o invasivo Mobil-O-Graph&#174; 24h PWA (I.E.M, Alemanha), por meio de aferi&#231;&#227;o oscilom&#233;trica no membro superior. O equipamento possui um dispositivo para a medi&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) e fornece medidas de VOP, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;licas centrais, e <italic>augmentation index</italic>, que s&#227;o utilizadas como estimativa da RA. Este aparelho foi devidamente validado para uso em pesquisa cient&#237;fica pela <italic>European Society of Hypertension</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As medidas foram feitas no membro superior contralateral ao lado acometido pelo tumor, procurando excluir a influ&#234;ncia de cirurgia de esvaziamento axilar e o consequente linfedema. Ap&#243;s a medida do per&#237;metro do membro e a escolha do manguito adequado, o aparelho foi posicionado de maneira semelhante aos procedimentos definidos por diretrizes das sociedades de cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O Mobil-O-Graph&#174; 24h PWA &#233; capaz de oferecer uma s&#233;rie de resultados &#250;teis da condi&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular da paciente avaliada, pois as medidas de PA e VOP s&#227;o correlacionadas com os dados de peso, altura e idade previamente fornecidos pelo programa do aparelho (<italic>software</italic> HMS Client-Server data management).</p>
        <p>A cronologia do acompanhamento foi feita com medi&#231;&#245;es dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos pelo Mobil-O-Graph&#174; 24H PWA em tr&#234;s momentos distintos: (1) pr&#233;-QT, pr&#233;vio &#224; quimioterapia, quando as medi&#231;&#245;es dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos por m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico foram feitas 15 minutos antes do in&#237;cio da infus&#227;o dos quimioter&#225;picos; (2) p&#243;s-1QT, medida at&#233; 30 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o por infus&#227;o Intravenosa (IV) do primeiro ciclo do esquema AC; houve uma varia&#231;&#227;o na infus&#227;o do quimioter&#225;pico de 45 a 90 minutos; e (3) p&#243;s-4QT, medida at&#233; 30 minutos ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o IV do quarto ciclo do esquema AC; o intervalo de tempo desde o in&#237;cio da quimioterapia e seu t&#233;rmino foi de 80 a 90 dias.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 1 semana do quarto ciclo quimioter&#225;pico, a paciente foi submetida a uma nova avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-cardiol&#243;gica e a estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, para an&#225;lise da FEVE e para compara&#231;&#227;o com o valor antes do primeiro ciclo.</p>
        <p>Os resultados de todas as vari&#225;veis que o aparelho Mobil-O-Graph&#174; 24H PWA fornece foram tabulados e submetidos a tratamento estat&#237;stico entre as tr&#234;s medidas das pacientes estudadas.</p>
        <p>O protocolo deste estudo est&#225; em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, tendo sido liberado pelo Comit&#234; de &#233;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, e todos os pacientes avaliados assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis foram submetidas ao teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk e apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP), em caso de normalidade, ou como mediana (Dist&#226;ncia Interquart&#237;lica &#8722; DI &#8722;, que &#233; a diferen&#231;a entre o terceiro e o primeiro quartis). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncia. As tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es fornecidas pelo aparelho foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os tr&#234;s momentos (pr&#233;-quimioterapia, logo ap&#243;s o primeiro ciclo de quimioterapia e ap&#243;s o quarto ciclo), adotou-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas, sob a verifica&#231;&#227;o de esfericidade, ou teste de Friedman. A compara&#231;&#227;o das medidas entre dois momentos foi realizada pelo teste de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas, inclusive na an&#225;lise <italic>post hoc</italic>. A an&#225;lise foi desenvolvida no programa gratuito R vers&#227;o 3.3.2, tendo sido adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra foi composta por 24 mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idade de 52,33 &#177; 8,85 anos e &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) m&#233;dio de 31 &#177; 5,87 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Cerca de 16,7% das mulheres eram etilistas, e 20,8% eram tabagistas. Mais da metade delas (58,3%) apresentava hipertens&#227;o arterial, enquanto 12,5% tinham diabetes melito tipo 2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas das pacientes avaliadas na amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="60%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">n = 24</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">52,33 &#177; 8,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">31 &#177; 5,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etilismo</td>
                <td align="center">4 (16,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">14 (58,3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>Resultados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n (%). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os valores medianos de FEVE obtidos por ecoDopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico antes e ap&#243;s o quarto ciclo de quimioterapia foram 67,8% &#177; 3% e 66,0% &#177; 3%, respectivamente, e n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois tempos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas entre os tr&#234;s per&#237;odos analisados (pr&#233;-QT, p&#243;s-1QT e p&#243;s-4QT- todos com p &gt; 0,05), em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica perif&#233;ricas e centrais, PA m&#233;dia, press&#227;o de pulso, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, amplifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de pulso, volume sist&#243;lico, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, resist&#234;ncia vascular total, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, press&#227;o de aumenta&#231;&#227;o, coeficiente de reflex&#227;o e <italic>augmentation index</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>)<italic>.</italic> A VOP, vari&#225;vel que mais se correlacionou &#224; rigidez arterial, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os tr&#234;s per&#237;odos analisados, com p = 0,507 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) medidos por ecoDopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama antes (pr&#233;-QT) e ap&#243;s o quarto ciclo de quimioterapia (p&#243;s-4QT) no esquema de tratamento quimioter&#225;pico com doxorrubicina combinado com ciclofosfamida. Valores de p referem-se ao teste de Wilcoxon.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0721-80168-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal dos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas</th>
                <th align="center">Pr&#233;-QT</th>
                <th align="center">P&#243;s-1QT</th>
                <th align="center">P&#243;s-4QT</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS perif&#233;rica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">125,7 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">123,3 &#177; 18,2</td>
                <td align="center">123,7 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,244<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD perif&#233;rica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">79,9 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">78,4 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,988<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">100,3 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center">98,6 &#177; 11,4</td>
                <td align="center">100,3 &#177;10,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,879<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">45,8 &#177; 12,4</td>
                <td align="center">42,5 &#177; 16,1</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177;7,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,527<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">76,4 &#177; 18,1</td>
                <td align="center">73,9 &#177; 16,8</td>
                <td align="center">78 &#177;15,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,055<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS central, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">117,1 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">115,3&#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center">116,2&#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,731<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD central, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">79,7&#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">79,5 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">81,8 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,815<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amplifica&#231;&#227;o da PP<sup>N</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,30 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,25 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,28 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,428<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico,mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">67,4 &#177; 14,5</td>
                <td align="center">68,2 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td align="center">64,4 &#177;11,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,144<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D&#233;bito card&#237;aco, L/minuto</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,521<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resist&#234;ncia vascular total, mmHg/mL</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,25 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,675<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice card&#237;aco, L/min/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,8 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,918<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o de aumenta&#231;&#227;o, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,110<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coeficiente de reflex&#227;o, %</td>
                <td align="center">67,2 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">69,8 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">67,6 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,136<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Augmentation index</td>
                <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">23,2 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">24,4 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,144<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VOP,m/s</td>
                <td align="center">7,61 &#177; 1,28</td>
                <td align="center">7,49 &#177; 1,20</td>
                <td align="center">7,45 &#177; 1,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,507<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>Resultados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, ou mediana &#177; diferen&#231;a entre o terceiro e o primeiro quartis. Para todas as vari&#225;veis medidas, existiram tr&#234;s dados faltantes nas medi&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s quatro ciclos.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Friedman;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>
                <sup>&#8224;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas. Pr&#233;-QT: antes da quimioterapia; p&#243;s-1QT: ap&#243;s o primeiro ciclo de quimioterapia; p&#243;s-4QT: ap&#243;s o quarto ciclo de quimioterapia; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PP: press&#227;o de pulso; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagramas de caixa para a velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) nos tr&#234;s tempos avaliados: antes, ap&#243;s o primeiro ciclo de quimioterapia e ap&#243;s o quarto ciclo (pr&#233;-QT, p&#243;s-1QT e p&#243;s-4QT). Valor de p refere-se &#224; an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de fator &#250;nico.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0721-80168-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Desde a d&#233;cada de 1970, sabe-se que o tratamento quimioter&#225;pico com doxorrubicina est&#225; relacionado a um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de IC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Em menor grau, mas usada em altas doses, a ciclofosfamida tamb&#233;m tem se mostrado t&#243;xica para o sistema cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Atualmente, as principais diretrizes para o tratamento quimioter&#225;pico dos tipos de c&#226;ncer mais prevalentes, sobretudo o c&#226;ncer de mama, recomendam o uso combinado destes agentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m mostrado um grande aumento na incid&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares que se seguem ao tratamento quimioter&#225;pico do c&#226;ncer. Muitas vezes, tais altera&#231;&#245;es s&#243; s&#227;o clinicamente observadas meses ou anos ap&#243;s o uso destes medicamentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O protocolo para adjuv&#226;ncia e neoadjuv&#226;ncia para o tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama da institui&#231;&#227;o onde se realizou a pesquisa &#233; baseado no esquema com doxorrubicina e ciclofosfamida. O uso de outros esquemas com taxanos e 5-fluoruracil pode ser aplicado na adjuv&#226;ncia e na neoadjuv&#226;ncia; no nosso estudo, optamos por n&#227;o incluir as pacientes em uso destes medicamentos, visto que a incid&#234;ncia de IC &#233; menor quando comparada aos antrac&#237;clicos (5% a 35% dos casos vs. 2% a 10%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Tamb&#233;m o n&#250;mero de pacientes em uso de 5-fluorouracil-doxorrubicina-ciclofosfamida ou 5-fluorouracil-epirrubicina-ciclofosfamida na institui&#231;&#227;o &#233; menor quando comparado ao esquema AC. Como a incid&#234;ncia de toxicidade cardiovascular com o uso do exclusivo de trastuzumabe &#233; baixa, nos estudos cl&#237;nicos prospectivos, com varia&#231;&#227;o de 1% a 4%, comumente revers&#237;vel se detectada precocemente e com boa resposta ao tratamento cl&#237;nico, optamos por excluir as pacientes em seu uso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Segundo os dados da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), as doen&#231;as oncol&#243;gicas constituem, na atualidade, a segunda maior causa de mortes no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Os cont&#237;nuos desenvolvimentos terap&#234;uticos das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas permitiram aumento da sobrevida destes doentes. Os efeitos adversos causados pelos quimioter&#225;picos, principalmente na &#225;rea cardiovascular, passaram a constituir importante causa de morbimortalidade desta popula&#231;&#227;o. Estima-se que a taxa de mortalidade entre os doentes oncol&#243;gicos que desenvolvem algum evento cardiovascular seja elevada, com valores superiores a 60% quando avaliados dentro de 2 anos. Com isso, a doen&#231;a cardiovascular tornou-se uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade entre os sobreviventes de c&#226;ncer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O principal mecanismo estabelecido para o aumento na IC secund&#225;rio ao uso de doxorrubicina &#233; o dano mioc&#225;rdico direto destes agentes (cardiotoxicidade tipo I). A gravidade das cardiopatias desencadeadas por agentes quimioter&#225;picos parece depender da frequ&#234;ncia e da dose dos medicamentos administrados; das caracter&#237;sticas gen&#233;ticas; e de outras comorbidades cardiovasculares previamente presentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> O mecanismo relacionado ao dano mioc&#225;rdico parece ocorrer por produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres a partir da redu&#231;&#227;o do grupo quinona do anel B na estrutura dos antrac&#237;clicos, levando &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de &#226;nions super&#243;xido e per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio, que saturam os sistemas antioxidantes e reagem com as estruturas celulares, principalmente nas membranas, ocasionando a citotoxicidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> No entanto, recentemente, alguns autores t&#234;m mostrado que, al&#233;m da disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica j&#225; estabelecida, altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares resultantes da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tamb&#233;m ocorrem secundariamente ao uso dos antrac&#237;clicos e podem ser utilizados como preditores para a toxicidade cardiovascular induzida por estes agentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Estas altera&#231;&#245;es podem ocorrer precocemente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> e o mecanismo proposto para estas altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares tamb&#233;m se relaciona &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres, com consequente morte celular ou altera&#231;&#245;es na produ&#231;&#227;o de fatores vasoativos endoteliais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Alguns autores j&#225; prop&#245;em o uso de ferramentas cl&#237;nicas para se avaliar a condi&#231;&#227;o vascular dos indiv&#237;duos submetidos a terapias antineopl&#225;sicas com medicamentos antrac&#237;clicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Estas altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares poderiam justificar inclusive o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, aterosclerose e acidentes tromboemb&#243;licos em pacientes ap&#243;s o tratamento quimioter&#225;pico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> A detec&#231;&#227;o precoce das disfun&#231;&#245;es no sistema vascular &#233; sempre dif&#237;cil de ser identificada por m&#233;todos n&#227;o histoqu&#237;micos e parece se desenvolver a partir de uma disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, ocasionando remodelamento vascular progressivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Al&#233;m disso, as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares poderiam contribuir para o aumento da pr&#233;-carga e, consequentemente, diminuir o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Assim, al&#233;m do dano mioc&#225;rdico direto, altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares poderiam, pelo menos em parte, estar relacionadas &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o na FEVE em pacientes submetidos &#224; quimioterapia.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios trabalhos t&#234;m tentado encontrar marcadores precoces, que possam prever a ocorr&#234;ncia destas altera&#231;&#245;es em pacientes sob quimioterapia com potencial toxicidade cardiovascular e, consequentemente, detectar pacientes em risco.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, a aferi&#231;&#227;o da FEVE por ecoDopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico &#233; considerada a principal ferramenta para se monitorar a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica induzida pela quimioterapia, sendo usada em v&#225;rios protocolos de acompanhamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> A FEVE pode tamb&#233;m ser mensurada por outras t&#233;cnicas. Drafts et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> em estudo envolvendo 53 pacientes que receberam quimioter&#225;picos antrac&#237;clicos, mostraram que &#233; poss&#237;vel detectar altera&#231;&#245;es na FEVE em 30 dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio das sess&#245;es de quimioterapia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No entanto, estes autores, al&#233;m de usarem amostragem maior, aplicaram t&#233;cnicas mais acuradas, envolvendo resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce das altera&#231;&#245;es nos volumes ventriculares, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao cl&#225;ssico ecoDopplercardiograma usado rotineiramente nos servi&#231;os de tratamento do c&#226;ncer e tamb&#233;m em nosso estudo. Apesar de outros estudos terem mostrado redu&#231;&#227;o na FEVE em pacientes em diferentes tempos de tratamento com estes agentes, nosso estudo n&#227;o foi capaz de evidenciar redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na FEVE entre os valores medidos antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento quimioter&#225;pico e no p&#243;s-4QT. Tal fato pode ser devido ao curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento das pacientes, que n&#227;o permite mostrar uma altera&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica por este m&#233;todo &#8722; apesar de microaltera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e moleculares terem sido demostradas precocemente neste perfil de pacientes, logo nos primeiros meses seguintes ao tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> H&#225; trabalhos apontando que a maior parte das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares ocorre em fase precoce, a partir do terceiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da quimioterapia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Al&#233;m disso, por ser um estudo piloto, a amostragem reduzida pode ter contribu&#237;do para este resultado.</p>
        <p>O termo gen&#233;rico &#8220;rigidez arterial&#8221; refere-se a altera&#231;&#245;es nas propriedades mec&#226;nicas arteriais, em resposta a fen&#244;menos agudos ou cr&#244;nicos, resultando em aterosclerose e em disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e correlacionando-se com aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Atualmente, a melhor maneira de se estimar a RA &#233; por meio da aferi&#231;&#227;o da VOP, obtida medindo-se o tempo necess&#225;rio para que uma onda formada pela distens&#227;o vascular percorra determinada dist&#226;ncia entre dois pontos de um segmento arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Assim, quanto maiores forem os valores da VOP, maior se mostra a RA. Algumas t&#233;cnicas o fazem com exames de imagem, como t&#233;cnicas ultrassonogr&#225;ficas e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica com grande precis&#227;o. No entanto, dispositos n&#227;o invasivos, acoplados a sistemas computadorizados, t&#234;m sido cada vez mais utilizados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de medidas de RA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A RA tem mostrado ser um marcador precoce de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Um estudo de 2010 mostrou, pela primeira vez, aumento significativo na VOP da art&#233;ria aorta, medida por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, em pacientes ap&#243;s 4 meses de quimioterapia com antrac&#237;clicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Em 2013, a mesma metodologia foi aplicada a pacientes em est&#225;gios mais precoces do mesmo esquema quimioter&#225;pico, mostrando que &#233; poss&#237;vel observar altera&#231;&#245;es na VOP apenas 1 m&#234;s depois da administra&#231;&#227;o destes agentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Apesar da relev&#226;ncia destes trabalhos na previsibilidade de altera&#231;&#245;es na RA em pacientes recebendo antrac&#237;clicos, os mesmos aplicam m&#233;todos que demandam maior custo e profissionais especializados para sua execu&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica. A partir de 2010, surgiram aparelhos port&#225;teis capazes de estimar de maneira simples a RA da art&#233;ria braquial pela aferi&#231;&#227;o oscilom&#233;trica do membro superior, fornecendo diversos dados hemodin&#226;micos, que podem ser marcadores preditores de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, como a VOP, o <italic>augmentation index</italic> e &#237;ndice card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Por se tratar de metodologia de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o, v&#225;rios trabalhos t&#234;m avaliado o potencial do aumento da RA como marcador para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Estudos cl&#237;nicos confirmaram a validade deste instrumento que utiliza diversos algoritmos na obten&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas como a VOP, que &#233; o padr&#227;o-ouro para avaliar a RA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Com o mesmo equipamento, &#233; poss&#237;vel medir a PA central e outras vari&#225;veis, que podem ser utilizadas para estimar a rigidez arterial, mas eles s&#227;o influenci&#225;veis pelas condi&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas, medicamentosas e idade, o que os torna menos fidedignos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; praticidade em se estimar a RA por este m&#233;todo, nosso trabalho prop&#244;s avaliar a aplica&#231;&#227;o desta metodologia e correlacion&#225;a-la com os dados obtidos pela FEVE pelo ecoDopplercardiograma. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o desta ferramenta poderia simplificar o monitoramento da toxicidade cardiovascular induzida por quimioterapia, uma vez que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ecoDopplercardiografia, como &#233; feita rotineiramente para este prop&#243;sito, &#233; um m&#233;todo que exige maior custo, profissional m&#233;dico qualificado, e consulta agendada em hor&#225;rio e local espec&#237;ficos. Esta dificuldade de acesso poderia diminuir a garantia do monitoramento da cardiotoxicidade em pacientes que tenham recebido tratamento quimioter&#225;pico.</p>
        <p>Em nosso trabalho, todas as pacientes foram monitoradas por este sistema em tr&#234;s tempos diferentes (imediatamente antes e ap&#243;s o primeiro e o quarto ciclos de quimioterapia). Ao contr&#225;rio do que foi observado em outros estudos, que fizeram estas medi&#231;&#245;es precocemente durante o tratamento quimioter&#225;pico, principalmente por exames de imagem,<sup>(3,11 )</sup>n&#227;o conseguimos mostrar nenhuma diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significante nos par&#226;metros avaliados nos diferentes tempos.</p>
        <p>Estudo utilizou o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico em membro superior para mostrar aumento na VOP e outros par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos em 53 crian&#231;as com tumores malignos submetidas a tratamento com antrac&#237;clicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> No entanto, n&#227;o ficou demonstrada diferen&#231;a na VOP ap&#243;s o tratamento com antraciclinas por per&#237;odo de pelo menos 1 ano e sem avalia&#231;&#227;o em momentos precoces do tratamento. Nenhum outro estudo, na literatura pesquisada, avaliou qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o imediata nos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos logo ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de quimioter&#225;picos do esquema AC. Apesar de termos feito esta avalia&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o observamos altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nesta fase do tratamento.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo mostrou concord&#226;ncia entre os par&#226;metros relacionados &#224; estimativa da RA por m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico e aqueles observados nos valores da FEVE obtidos por ecoDopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico, em per&#237;odo de tempo precoce da administra&#231;&#227;o de agentes quimioter&#225;picos. Estes dados sugerem que estudos posteriores, com acompanhamento mais longo e amostra maior, deveriam testar a estimativa da RA pelo m&#233;todo descrito como ferramenta pr&#225;tica e acess&#237;vel ao monitoramento cardiovascular de pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama em tratamento quimioter&#225;pico, utilizando drogas com potencial de toxicidade cardiovascular conhecido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o de medidas de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos que se correlacionam com a rigidez arterial, avaliada por metodologia oscilom&#233;trica do membro superior, bem como os valores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, medidos pelo ecoDopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico, n&#227;o se mostrou alterada em fase precoce de tratamento quimioter&#225;pico &#8722; at&#233; o quarto ciclo de quimioterapia &#8722; em mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama em tratamento com doxorrubiucina e ciclofosfamida.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPEMIG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Cl&#225;udio Ant&#244;nio de Souza pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CAAE 38538714.2.0000.5149) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1408811. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
