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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NtFMCsK3XdmhrmjYtyJ3YBc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700699</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005017101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180202</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Vasodilation and Reduction of Systolic Blood Pressure after One Session of High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients With Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Beust de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saffi</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio Lumertz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piardi</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramm</surname>
            <given-names>Leila Denise Cardoso Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanini</surname>
            <given-names>Maurice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Rosane Maria Nery, Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Porto Alegre</city>
            <state>RS</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Juliana Beust de Lima,</bold> R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Postal Code 90035-007, Santa Cecilia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>julianabeustdelima@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lima JB, Silveira AD, Zanini M, Nery RM, Stein R; Acquisition of data: Lima JB, Silveira AD, Saffi MAL, Menezes MG, Piardi DS, Ramm LDCR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lima JB, Saffi MAL, Menezes MG, Piardi DS, Ramm LDCR, Stein R; Statistical analysis: Lima JB; Writing of the manuscript: Lima JB, Silveira AD, Stein R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lima JB, Silveira AD, Saffi MAL, Zanini M, Nery RM, Stein R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>699</fpage>
      <lpage>707</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by a limited exercising capacity. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an emerging strategy for exercise rehabilitation in different settings. In patients with HFpEF, HIIT subacute effects on endothelial function and blood pressure are still unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the subacute effect of one HIIT session on endothelial function and blood pressure in patients with HFpEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Sixteen patients with HFpEF underwent a 36-minute session of HIIT on a treadmill, alternating four minutes of high-intensity intervals with three minutes of active recovery. Brachial artery diameter, flow-mediated dilation, and blood pressure were assessed immediately before and 30 minutes after the HIIT session. In all analyses, p &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was an increase in brachial artery diameter (pre-exercise: 3.96 &#177; 0.57 mm; post-exercise: 4.33 &#177; 0.69 mm; p &lt; 0.01) and a decrease in systolic blood pressure (pre-exercise: 138 &#177; 21 mmHg; post-exercise: 125 &#177; 20 mmHg; p &lt; 0.01). Flow-mediated dilation (pre-exercise: 5.91 &#177; 5.20%; post-exercise: 3.55 &#177; 6.59%; p = 0.162) and diastolic blood pressure (pre-exercise: 81 &#177; 11 mmHg; post-exercise: 77 &#177; 8 mmHg; p = 1.000) did not change significantly. There were no adverse events throughout the experiment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>One single HIIT session promoted an increase in brachial artery diameter and reduction in systolic blood pressure, but it did not change flow-mediated dilation and diastolic blood pressure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilatation</kwd>
        <kwd>Brachial Artery</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium/function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex and prevalent clinical syndrome characterized by a significant limitation to exercising capacity, and pharmacological treatment has not evidenced any improvement in mortality rates in this scenario yet.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Therapeutic approaches are limited and they are mainly based on symptom management and control of cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure (BP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Hypertension is associated with increased oxidative stress and vascular inflammation, closely related to endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> On the other hand, attenuated endothelial function in individuals with HFpEF contributes to intolerance to exercising<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and it is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> As a non-pharmacological intervention, exercise training appears as a potential strategy to be included in HFpEF's therapeutic arsenal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as an exercise modality with a positive impact on some cardiovascular outcomes, and it is at least as effective as moderate-intensity continuous training in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Recent meta-analyses have demonstrated that HIIT, in a long-term basis, is more effective in promoting endothelial function improvement and BP reduction in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In previous studies, after one single HIIT session, patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension showed increased brachial artery diameter,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> improved endothelial function,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and reduced BP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is well known that HFpEF patients have attenuated vasodilator reserve while exercising and their ventricular-arterial coupling responses are impaired.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> However, the effect of one HIIT session on endothelial function and BP in these patients is still unknown. Considering this gap in the literature, the aim of this study was to evaluate brachial artery diameter, endothelial function, and BP 30 minutes after one HIIT session in patients with HFpEF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and patients</title>
        <p>This before-and-after (quasi-experimental) study was conducted between June 2014 and November 2015. Nineteen patients with HFpEF, according to the European Society of Cardiology criteria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> were sequentially recruited in an outpatient cardiology clinic of a tertiary hospital in southern Brazil. Eligibility criteria were presence of signs and symptoms of heart failure, preserved ejection fraction (&gt; 50%), diastolic dysfunction (left ventricular end-diastolic volume index &lt; 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) with increased filling pressure (E/e' &gt; 8), and in the case of E/e' &lt; 15, at least one diagnostic criterion for HFpEF, according to the abovementioned document. Age between 40-75 years, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I to III, and clinical stability under optimal drug therapy in previous 3 months, was also considered criteria for eligibility. Patients with severe lung disease, moderate-to-severe valvular disease and peripheral arterial disease were excluded. Similarly, autonomic neuropathy, unstable angina, a history of complex arrhythmias induced by stress, patients with implantable cardiac electronic devices and those with cognitive and/or limiting musculoskeletal conditions, were excluded.</p>
        <p>Firstly, patients underwent a Doppler echocardiography with color flow mapping to confirm the diagnosis criteria for HFpEF. Then, a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed to assess ventilatory thresholds and peak oxygen consumption, as well as heart rate response to exercise. Up to 14 days after the cardiopulmonary exercise testing, brachial artery diameter, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and endothelium-independent dilation were assessed immediately before and 30 minutes after a HIIT session. In the same experimental session, BP and heart rate were measured at two different moments before and after exercise as described below.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurements and instruments</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients' characteristics at baseline</title>
          <p>Demographic and clinical data were collected on the first day through a questionnaire and verified in the medical records of each patient. Anthropometric data were collected at the time the questionnaire was completed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram</title>
          <p>All echocardiographic examinations were performed using equipment Envisor C HD or HD 11 (Philips, USA) with a standard multifrequency sectorial transducer by a trained cardiologist. Images were acquired following a standardized protocol, following recommendations present in the current guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Cine loops and static images of 3 consecutive beats were recorded on standard 2D, M-mode, Doppler and tissue Doppler echocardiographic views. Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated using the Teichholz formula from the parasternal long-axis view. For patients with regional wall motion abnormalities, the Simpson rule was used to calculate the ejection fraction. Left atrium volume was measured at ventricular systole, just before mitral valve opening, and calculated from apical 4-and 2-chamber views using the biplane method of disks. Left ventricular diastolic function was evaluated with transmitral pulsed Doppler (peak E velocity, peak A velocity, E/A ratio and deceleration time) and mitral annulus tissue Doppler velocity (early diastolic velocity - e', late diastolic velocity - a').</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
          <p>The test was performed on a treadmill (General Electric T-2100, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, USA), and breath-by-breath expired gas analysis was carried out using a Cortex Metalyzer 3B system (Cortex Medical, Leipzig, Germany). Heart rate was monitored with a 12-lead electrocardiograph (Nihon Kohden Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), with electrode placement as described by Mason and Likar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> BP was measured with a sphygmomanometer (PA 2001, P.A. MED, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) every 3 minutes during the test and also at the physician's discretion. All tests were performed in the morning, with room temperature between 18 and 22&#186;C and relative humidity around 60%, and they were conducted always by the same researcher (ADS), a cardiologist with expertise in cardiopulmonary exercise testing, certified by the Department of Exercise Testing and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. An individualized ramp protocol was used as described elsewhere in this study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Tests were considered maximal when the respiratory quotient (R) was equal to or higher than 1.10.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure</title>
        <p>BP was measured with a digital device (G-Tech MA100, Shenzen, China) at four different points in time: 1) pre-assessment of endothelial function (after 15 minutes seating at rest); 2) immediately before HIIT session; 3) 5 minutes after HIIT session; 4) 30 minutes after HIIT session.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Endothelial function</title>
        <p>Patients were instructed not to do any type of exercise, not to smoke, and not to dear or drink any caffeine or alcohol for 24 hours before the evaluation. The evaluation started after 15 minutes of seated rest in a room with temperature between 18 and 22&#186;C. Patients stood in the supine position with their left arm positioned comfortably. Noninvasive measurements of endothelial function were performed using a two-dimensional Philips EnVisor Ultrasound system (Philips, USA) with an electrocardiogram module and a high-frequency (7-12 MHz) vascular transducer.</p>
        <p>An image of the brachial artery was obtained 2-5 cm from the antecubital fossa on a longitudinal plane. Artery diameter was manually measured from the anterior and posterior intimal layer. Visual inspection of single frames was performed and calipers were placed at discrete points along the long axis of the B-mode image, when means were calculated.</p>
        <p>After measurements of brachial artery diameter were taken at baseline, a sphygmomanometer was inflated on patient's left forearm with 50 mmHg above the systolic BP, remaining there for 5 minutes. Sixty seconds after deflation of the sphygmomanometer cuff, a new image was recorded synchronized with the R wave of the electrocardiogram to identify the artery diameter, enabling FMD measurements.</p>
        <p>After 15 minutes (for normalization), the artery diameter was measured again. Then, a dose (0.4 mg) of nitroglycerin spray was administered sublingually. After 5 minutes, another image was recorded to measure endothelium-independent dilation. These data were obtained before exercise and 30 minutes after the HIIT session.</p>
        <p>FMD was expressed as the relative change in brachial artery diameter during the hyperemic phase, as follows: [(post-hyperemic diameter - baseline diameter) / baseline diameter] &#215; 100.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>High-intensity interval training protocol</title>
        <p>The HIIT session was performed on a treadmill according to the protocol recommended by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The session started with an 8-minute warm-up at moderate intensity followed by four blocks of 4 minutes each at 85-95% maximal heart rate, 15 to 17 on Borg rating of perceived exertion scale,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> alternated with 3 minutes at 60-70% maximal heart rate, 11 to 13 on Borg scale. It ended with 3 minutes of cool-down at moderate intensity, totaling 36 minutes. The heart rate target zone stipulated for each block was based on the maximal heart rate reached at cardiopulmonary exercise testing and was continuously measured during training through 12-lead electrocardiographic monitoring (Nihon Kohden Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 20.0. Categorical variables are described as absolute frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables with normal distribution are described as means and standard deviations. The only variable without normal distribution (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope) was described as median and interquartile range. After meeting the assumptions of normality, the Student t-test for paired samples was used to compare means of the endothelial function variables (brachial artery diameter, FMD, and endothelium-independent dilation) pre- and post-exercise. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to compare mean BP and heart rate between four different moments during the experiment. In all analyses, p &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Initially nineteen patients were included in the study. After the first evaluation, two patients who did not complete the cardiopulmonary exercise testing and one who had a limiting medical condition were excluded, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study flow diagram.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0699-80202-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics of the sample.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Participants&#8217; characteristics at baseline</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center">n = 16</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">9 (56%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">59 &#177; 7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">87 &#177; 28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">159 &#177; 10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">34 &#177; 7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">110 &#177; 27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Smoking</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active smoker</td>
              <td align="center">2 (12%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Former smoker</td>
              <td align="center">7 (44%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>NYHA functional classification</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">12 (75%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">4 (25%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">7(44%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rheumatic disease (gout)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (12%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">1 (6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRF</td>
              <td align="center">4 (25%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AMI</td>
              <td align="center">2 (12%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">3 (19%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medications</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI/ARA</td>
              <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">13 (81%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">13 (81%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcium channel blockers</td>
              <td align="center">11 (69%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statins</td>
              <td align="center">10 (62%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antiplatelets</td>
              <td align="center">9 (56%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vasodilators</td>
              <td align="center">7 (44%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypoglycemic drugs</td>
              <td align="center">7 (44%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values are described as mean &#177; standard deviation or absolute frequency (percentage). Former smoker: more than 1 year without smoking; NYHA: New York Heart Association; CRF: chronic renal failure; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARA: angiotensin receptor antagonists.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>All patients presented normal ejection fraction, reduced left ventricular end-diastolic volume index and increased filling pressure, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>. However, eight patients presented 15 &gt; E/e' &gt; 8. Among these individuals at least one diagnostic criterion for HFpEF was confirmed. Reduced functional capacity and increased ventilatory inefficiency were identified by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. The mean peak respiratory exchange ratio &gt; 1.1 was reach as maximality criterion as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">n = 16</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">68 &#177; 5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/e&#8217;</td>
              <td align="center">13 &#177; 4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAD (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.22 &#177; 0.41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVESV (ml)</td>
              <td align="center">37.9 &#177; 9.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEDV (ml)</td>
              <td align="center">124.41 &#177; 23.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEDVI (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">67.09 &#177; 6.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IVST (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.15 &#177; 0.17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PWT (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVM (g)</td>
              <td align="center">244.35 &#177; 58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVMI (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">146.2 &#177; 35.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LAVI (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">20.81 &#177; 3.40</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Values are described as mean &#177; standard deviation.LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; E/e&#8217;: early diastolic peak velocity and diastolic peak velocities of the mitral annulus ratio; LAD: left atrium diameter; LVESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEDVI: left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed to body surface; IVST: interventricular septum thickness; PWT: posterior wall thickness; LVM: left ventricular mass; LVMI: left ventricular mass indexed by body surface; LAVI: left atrial volume indexed to body surface.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">n = 16</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> peak (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">18.40 &#177; 3.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR max. (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">125 &#177; 23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
              <td align="center">33 &#177; 6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PET CO<sub>2</sub> rest (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">33 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulse O<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">11.36 &#177; 4.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">R peak</td>
              <td align="center">1.16 &#177; 0.13</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Values are described as mean &#177; standard deviation or median&#177;interquartile range. VO<sub>2</sub> peak: peak oxygen consumption; HR max.: maximum heart rate; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: incline of the ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide; PET CO<sub>2</sub> rest: expired pressure of carbon dioxide; O<sub>2</sub> pulse: oxygen pulse; R peak: respiratory quotient.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>All patients tolerated exercise and completed the experimental session. Exercise protocol variables are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Exercise protocol variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Moderate intensity</th>
              <th align="center">High Intensity</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">98 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center">113 &#177; 24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BORG</td>
              <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">16 &#177; 2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Speed (km/h)</td>
              <td align="center">3 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Incline (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">5.5 &#177; 1.9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Values are described as mean &#177; standard deviation. HR: heart rate; BORG: scale of perceived exertion.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>One single HIIT session promoted subacute increase of 0.37 &#177; 0.44 mm in brachial artery diameter, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. This increase was also observed in brachial artery diameter post-hyperemia. However, when these data were used to calculate pre- and post-HIIT variation in the artery diameter, there was no difference in absolute FMD and relative FMD. Also, there was no difference in the brachial artery diameter pre-NTG (Nitrogen) and post-NTG. Similarly, there was no difference in absolute endothelium-independent dilation and relative endothelium-independent dilation after one HIIT session, as presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 5</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Brachial artery diameter pre- and post-high-intensity interval training session. Data are expressed as mean&#177; standard deviation. Lines represent individual values. Probability value indicates within-group significant differences.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0699-80202-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Brachial artery diameters and variations pre- and post-high-intensity interval training session.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Pre</th>
              <th align="center">Post</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brachial artery diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.96 &#177; 0.57</td>
              <td align="center">4.33 &#177; 0.69</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brachial artery diameter post-hyperemia (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.19 &#177; 0.61</td>
              <td align="center">4.47 &#177; 0.66</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absolute FMD (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.23 &#177; 0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.13 &#177; 0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.177</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative FMD (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5.91&#177; 5.20</td>
              <td align="center">3.55 &#177; 6.59</td>
              <td align="center">0.162</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brachial artery diameter pre-NTG (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.11 &#177; 0.65</td>
              <td align="center">4.16 &#177; 0.68</td>
              <td align="center">0.528</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brachial artery diameter post-NTG (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.57 &#177; 0.65</td>
              <td align="center">4.52 &#177; 0.64</td>
              <td align="center">0.541</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absolute NTG (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.46 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.35 &#177; 0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.106</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative NTG (%)</td>
              <td align="center">11.4 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">9.0 &#177; 5.37</td>
              <td align="center">0.117</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>Values are described as mean &#177; standard deviation. FMD: flow-mediated dilatation; NTG: nitroglycerin.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Baseline systolic and diastolic BP were 138 &#177; 21 mmHg and 81 &#177; 11 mmHg, respectively. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> shows variation in BP at four different points in time of the experiment. A significant reduction in systolic BP was observed 5 and 30 minutes after the HIIT session compared to the first measurement. There was no difference in diastolic BP and mean BP before and after the HIIT session.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variation of blood pressure pre- and post-high-intensity interval training session. Data are expressed as mean&#177; standard deviation. Lines represent mean values:.1) pre-assessment of endothelial function; 2) immediately before HIIT session; 3) 5 minutes after HIIT session; 4) 30 minutes after HIIT session. SBP, systolic blood pressure; MBP, mean blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure. Probability value indicates within-group differences between points 3 and 1, and points 4 and 1 of SBP. *p &lt; 0.05, **p &lt; 0.01.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0699-80202-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that one single session of HIIT is effective in promoting a significant subacute increase in brachial artery diameter, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in systolic BP in patients with HFpEF. Borlaug et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> demonstrated that these individuals have global dysfunction in cardiovascular reserve, showing an impaired reduction in systemic vascular resistance and a blunted increase in blood flow while exercising. According to the authors, these phenomena are potential contributors to limited functional capacity in this situation.</p>
      <p>Patients with HFpEF in our sample showed vasodilation after one single HIIT session suggesting that this type of exercise is a stimulus capable of promoting subacute systemic vasomotor changes, even in patients with impaired ventricular-arterial coupling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and chronic vascular dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> It is important to mention that some acute and subacute physiological responses to exercise may be clinically relevant. These responses can be superimposed after consecutive exercise sessions are carried out as a temporal summation and they may contribute to chronic adaptations of exercise training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Thus, successive sessions of exercise that increase blood flow, shear stress and, consequently, bioavailability of nitric oxide, may be a key mechanism for chronic adaptations in peripheral hemodynamics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Fu et al. found that after 12 weeks of HIIT, patients with HFpEF increased the VO<sub>2</sub>peak and improved peripheral hemodynamics, through increased blood distribution and oxygen extraction by the musculature while exercising.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Exercise-mediated increases in shear stress have a strong and dose-dependent effect on conduit artery dilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Birk et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> observed that vasodilation occurred in a greater extent immediately after highly intensive exercising compared to lowly intensive exercise sessions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> However, it seems that the greater the vasodilation promoted by exercise, the lower the vasodilating response observed by occlusion immediately after the exercise session in healthy individuals.</p>
      <p>Although there is no previous publication concerning subacute effect of an exercise session on endothelial function in patients with HFpEF, previous studies have evaluated patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in a similar context.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Those participants responded to a single cycling exercise session with improved forearm endothelium-dependent vasodilation (reactive hyperemia) evaluated by plethysmography up to 30 minutes after exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Currie et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> evaluated coronary artery disease patients after one single HIIT session and found an increase in the endothelial function after 60 minutes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In other experiment, the same group showed that only individuals with coronary artery disease with endothelial dysfunction presented augmentation in FMD after 15 minutes of a HIIT session.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Interestingly, as in our experiment, in both studies the brachial artery diameter was increased.</p>
      <p>Some evidence points out that exercising performed at submaximal intensities closer to the peak of exercise promotes a greater and longer reduction in BP after exercising than when exercising less intensively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> The hypotensive effect of HIIT is already well established in the literature, but prior to this study, BP had not been evaluated in patients with HFpEF after a session of any type of exercise. In our experiment, we observed an absolute reduction of 12.7 &#177; 3.8 mmHg in systolic BP 30 minutes after an exercise session. On a chronic basis, this reduction may have clinical relevance, especially in the case of a syndrome whose strict control of BP pressure is crucial. Interestingly, a recent meta-analysis has demonstrated that HIIT performed at least 3 times a week for 12 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in systolic BP in overweigh/obese individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that in this subgroup of individuals with HFpEF and reduced functional capacity, high-intensity exercising was well tolerated, once appropriate overload (speed and slope) was individually prescribed, always considering the target zones established based on maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test results of each individual.</p>
      <p>Finally, in a condition characterized by exercise limitation, aerobic exercise training has a significant role and is indicated for all patients capable of performing it. In an acute and subacute setting, HIIT reduced BP and increased brachial artery diameter, suggesting that this training modality could be a beneficial alternative for individuals with HFpEF.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations and future perspectives</title>
        <p>This was a small, single-center; before-and-after study with HEpEF patients where the presence of diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and use of tobacco may have influenced the study outcomes. However, these characteristics represent the reality of this complex syndrome which have multiple comorbidities. We acknowledge that further studies are necessary to evaluate the effect of a HIIT session, especially after one hour, as well as the long-term efficacy of this exercise strategy as part of a cardiovascular rehabilitation program for these patients. Finally, the presence of a control group of matched individuals without HFpEF could help establishing which responses can be attributed to the syndrome under study. Likewise, comparing a HIIT session with a continuous moderate-intensity training session could help establishing the differences in hemodynamic response among these different exercise protocols.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>One single HIIT session promoted an increase in brachial artery diameter and a reduction in systolic BP, and did not change FMD and diastolic BP 30 minutes after the exercise session.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa e Eventos (FIPE) do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Juliana Beust de Lima, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 130471. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e Redu&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica ap&#243;s uma Sess&#227;o de Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Beust de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saffi</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio Lumertz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menezes</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piardi</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramm</surname>
            <given-names>Leila Denise Cardoso Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanini</surname>
            <given-names>Maurice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nery</surname>
            <given-names>Rosane Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Juliana Beust de Lima,</bold> R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP 90035-007, Santa Cecilia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>julianabeustdelima@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lima JB, Silveira AD, Zanini M, Nery RM, Stein R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lima JB, Silveira AD, Saffi MAL, Menezes MG, Piardi DS, Ramm LDCR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lima JB, Saffi MAL, Menezes MG, Piardi DS, Ramm LDCR, Stein R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lima JB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lima JB, Silveira AD, Stein R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lima JB, Silveira AD, Saffi MAL, Zanini M, Nery RM, Stein R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome multifatorial caracterizada por limita&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio. O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia emergente para a reabilita&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio em diferentes contextos. Em pacientes com ICFEP, os efeitos subagudos do HIIT sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a press&#227;o arterial ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o efeito subagudo de uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o do HIIT sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a press&#227;o arterial em pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Dezesseis pacientes com ICFEP foram submetidos a uma sess&#227;o de 36 minutos de HIIT em esteira rolante, alternando quatro minutos de intervalos de alta intensidade com tr&#234;s minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa. O di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial, a dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo e a press&#227;o arterial foram avaliados imediatamente antes e 30 minutos ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de HIIT. Em todas as an&#225;lises, p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Houve aumento do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial (pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio: 3,96 &#177; 0,57 mm; p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio: 4,33 &#177; 0,69 mm; p &lt; 0,01), e diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio: 138 &#177; 21 mmHg; p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio: 125 &#177; 20 mmHg; p &lt; 0,01). A dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio: 5,91 &#177; 5,20%; p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio: 3,55 &#177; 6,59%; p = 0,162) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio: 81 &#177; 11 mmHg; p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio: 77 &#177; 8 mmHg; p = 1,000) n&#227;o se alteraram significativamente. N&#227;o houve eventos adversos durante o experimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o do HIIT promoveu aumento do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial e redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mas n&#227;o alterou a dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Arteria Braquial</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio/fun&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica complexa e prevalente. Caracteriza-se por limita&#231;&#227;o acentuada ao exerc&#237;cio, sendo que e o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico ainda n&#227;o demonstrou melhora na taxa de mortalidade nesse cen&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As abordagens terap&#234;uticas s&#227;o limitadas e se baseiam principalmente no controle dos sintomas e no manejo dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, como press&#227;o arterial (PA) elevada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o est&#225; associada ao aumento do estresse oxidativo e da inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular, intimamente relacionados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Por outro lado, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial atenuada em indiv&#237;duos com ICFEP contribui para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e &#233; um preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Como uma interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica, o treinamento f&#237;sico aparece como uma estrat&#233;gia potencial a ser inclu&#237;da no arsenal terap&#234;utico da ICFEP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) surgiu como uma modalidade de exerc&#237;cio com impacto positivo em alguns resultados cardiovasculares, sendo pelo menos t&#227;o eficaz quanto o treinamento cont&#237;nuo de intensidade moderada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Meta-an&#225;lises recentes demonstraram que o HIIT, em longo prazo, &#233; superior na promo&#231;&#227;o da melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA em indiv&#237;duos com fatores de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Em estudos anteriores, ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de HIIT, os pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e hipertens&#227;o apresentaram aumento do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> melhoraram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e reduziram a PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que pacientes com ICFEP t&#234;m a reserva vasodilatadora atenuada durante o exerc&#237;cio, assim como comprometida resposta no acoplamento ventr&#237;culo-arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Entretanto, o efeito de uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o do HIIT sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e sobre a PA nesses pacientes ainda &#233; desconhecido. Considerando esta lacuna na literatura, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a PA 30 minutos ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o do HIIT em pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes e desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo do tipo antes e depois (quase experimental) foi realizado entre junho de 2014 e novembro de 2015. Dezenove pacientes com ICFEP, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> foram recrutados sequencialmente em um ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia de um hospital terci&#225;rio no sul Brasil. Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram a presen&#231;a de sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (&gt; 50%), disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (&#237;ndice de volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 97 mL/m<sup>2</sup>) com aumento da press&#227;o de enchimento (E/e' &gt; 8) e, no caso de E/e' &lt; 15, pelo menos outro crit&#233;rio de diagn&#243;stico para ICFEP, de acordo com o documento acima mencionado. Idade entre 40 e 75 anos, classe funcional I a III da New York Heart Association (NYHA), e estabilidade cl&#237;nica sob terapia medicamentosa &#243;tima nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses tamb&#233;m foram considerados crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade. Pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar grave, doen&#231;a valvar e arterial perif&#233;rica de moderada a grave foram exclu&#237;dos. Da mesma forma, neuropatia auton&#244;mica, angina inst&#225;vel, hist&#243;ria de arritmias complexas induzidas por estresse, pacientes com dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos card&#237;acos implant&#225;veis, e aqueles com condi&#231;&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas e/ou cognitivas limitantes foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
          <p>Primeiramente, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia Doppler com mapeamento de fluxo em cores para confirma&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP. Em seguida, um teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio foi realizado para avaliar os limiares ventilat&#243;rios e consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico, bem como a resposta da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao exerc&#237;cio. At&#233; 14 dias ap&#243;s o teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial, a dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo-mediada (DFM) e a dilata&#231;&#227;o independente do endot&#233;lio foram avaliados imediatamente antes e 30 minutos ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de HIIT. Na mesma sess&#227;o experimental, a PA e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram medidas em dois momentos diferentes, antes e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, conforme descrito abaixo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es e instrumentos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
            <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos foram coletados no primeiro dia atrav&#233;s de um question&#225;rio, e verificados nos prontu&#225;rios de cada paciente. Dados antropom&#233;tricos foram coletados no momento da conclus&#227;o do question&#225;rio.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico</title>
            <p>Todos os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados utilizando equipamento Envisor C HD ou HD 11 (Philips, EUA) com um transdutor setorial multifrequ&#234;ncial padr&#227;o, por um cardiologista treinado. As imagens foram adquiridas segundo um protocolo padronizado, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es correntes nas diretrizes atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> As imagens em formato cine-loop e as imagens est&#225;ticas de 3 batimentos consecutivos foram registradas em vistas padr&#227;o 2D, M-mode, vistas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas com Doppler e com Doppler tecidual. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula de Teichholz, a partir da vista paraesternal do eixo longo. Para pacientes com anormalidades regionais de movimento da parede, a regra de Simpson foi utilizada para calcular a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. O volume do &#225;trio esquerdo foi medido na s&#237;stole ventricular, imediatamente antes da abertura da v&#225;lvula mitral, e calculado a partir das incid&#234;ncias apicais de 4 e 2 c&#226;maras usando o m&#233;todo biplano dos discos. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi avaliada com Doppler puls&#225;til transmitral (pico de velocidade E, pico de velocidade A rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o) e velocidade do Doppler tecidual do anel mitral (velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce - e', velocidade diast&#243;lica final - a').</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio</title>
            <p>O teste foi realizado em esteira rolante (General Electric T-2100, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, EUA) e a an&#225;lise dos gases expirados respira&#231;&#227;o-a-respira&#231;&#227;o foi realizada utilizando-se um sistema Cortex Metalyzer 3B (Cortex Medical, Leipzig, Alemanha). A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi monitorada com um eletrocardi&#243;grafo de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (Nihon Kohden Corporation, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o), com coloca&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos como descrito por Mason e Likar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A PA foi medida com um esfigmoman&#244;metro (PA 2001, PA MED, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) a cada 3 minutos durante o teste, e adicionalmente a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico. Todos os testes foram realizados no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;, com temperatura ambiente entre 18 e 22&#186;C e umidade relativa em torno de 60%, e sempre pelo mesmo pesquisador (ADS), cardiologista com experi&#234;ncia em Teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio, certificado pelo Departamento de Ergometria, Exerc&#237;cio e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Um protocolo de rampa individualizado foi usado como descrito em estudo pr&#233;vio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Os testes foram considerados m&#225;ximos quando o quociente respirat&#243;rio (R) era igual ou maior que 1,10.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>A PA foi medida com um dispositivo digital (G-Tech MA100, Shenzen, China) em quatro momentos diferentes: 1) pr&#233;-avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (depois de 15 minutos em repouso); 2) imediatamente antes da sess&#227;o de HIIT; 3) 5 minutos ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de HIIT; 4) 30 minutos ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de HIIT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram instru&#237;dos a n&#227;o realizar qualquer tipo de exerc&#237;cio, n&#227;o fumar, e a n&#227;o consumir cafe&#237;na ou &#225;lcool por 24 horas antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita ap&#243;s 15 minutos de descanso em uma sala com temperatura entre 18 e 22&#186;C. Os pacientes estavam em dec&#250;bito dorsal, com o bra&#231;o esquerdo posicionado confortavelmente. As medidas n&#227;o invasivas da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foram realizadas com o sistema bidimensional Philips EnVisor Ultrasound (Philips, EUA) com um m&#243;dulo de eletrocardiograma e um transdutor vascular de alta frequ&#234;ncia (7-12 MHz).</p>
          <p>Uma imagem da art&#233;ria braquial foi obtida a 2-5 cm da fossa antecubital em um plano longitudinal. O di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria foi medido manualmente a partir da camada &#237;ntima anterior e posterior. A inspe&#231;&#227;o visual de quadros isolados foi realizada, e os marcadores foram colocados em pontos discretos ao longo da imagem em modo B, quando as m&#233;dias foram calculadas.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a medi&#231;&#227;o basal do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial, um esfigmoman&#244;metro foi inflado no antebra&#231;o esquerdo do paciente 50 mmHg acima da PA sist&#243;lica, permanecendo por 5 minutos. Sessenta segundos ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito do esfigmoman&#244;metro, uma nova imagem foi registrada sincronizada com a onda R do eletrocardiograma para identifica&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria, possibilitando a mensura&#231;&#227;o da DFM.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 15 minutos (para normaliza&#231;&#227;o), o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria foi medido novamente. Em seguida, administrou-se sublingualmente uma dose (0,4 mg) de nitroglicerina em spray. Ap&#243;s 5 minutos, outra imagem foi gravada para medir a dilata&#231;&#227;o independente do endot&#233;lio. Esses dados foram coletados antes do exerc&#237;cio e 30 minutos ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de HIIT.</p>
          <p>A DFM foi expressa como a mudan&#231;a relativa no di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial como segue: [(di&#226;metro p&#243;s-hiperemia - di&#226;metro basal) / di&#226;metro basal] &#215; 100.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade</title>
          <p>A sess&#227;o de HIIT foi realizada em esteira rolante de acordo com o protocolo recomendado pela European Society of Cardiology (ESC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A sess&#227;o come&#231;ou com um aquecimento de 8 minutos com intensidade moderada, seguido de quatro blocos de 4 minutos cada, a 85-95% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, 15 a 17 na classifica&#231;&#227;o de Borg de escala de esfor&#231;o percebido,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> alternando com 3 minutos com a 60-70% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, 11 a 13 na escala de Borg. O treinamento terminou com 3 minutos de desaquecimento com intensidade moderada, totalizando 36 minutos. A zona alvo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca estipulada para cada bloco se baseou na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima atingida no teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio, e que foi continuamente medida durante o treinamento atrav&#233;s de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (Nihon Kohden Corporation, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados no programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 20.0. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o descritas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o descritas como m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o. A &#250;nica vari&#225;vel sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope) foi descrita como mediana e intervalo interquartil. Ap&#243;s o cumprimento das suposi&#231;&#245;es de normalidade, o teste t de Student para amostras pareadas foi utilizado para comparar as m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial, DFM, e dilata&#231;&#227;o independente do endot&#233;lio) pr&#233; e p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativas generalizadas (GEE) foram usadas para comparar a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre quatro momentos diferentes durante o experimento. Em todas as an&#225;lises, p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, dezenove pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Ap&#243;s a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o, dois pacientes que n&#227;o completaram o teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio, e um que tinha uma condi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica limitante, foram exclu&#237;dos, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama do fluxo do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0699-80202-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas da amostra.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">n = 16</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">9 (56%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">87 &#177; 28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">159 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">34 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">110 &#177; 27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tabagista</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagista ativo</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ex-tabagista</td>
                <td align="center">7 (44%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional NYHA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">4 (25%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">7(44%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica (gota)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IRC</td>
                <td align="center">4 (25%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</td>
                <td align="center">3 (19%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA/ARA</td>
                <td align="center">16 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">13 (81%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">13 (81%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">11 (69%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">10 (62%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">9 (56%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vasodilatadores</td>
                <td align="center">7 (44%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medicamentos hipoglic&#234;micos</td>
                <td align="center">7 (44%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o descritos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou frequ&#234;ncia absoluta (porcentagem). Ex-tabagista: mais de 1 ano sem fumar; NYHA: New York Heart Association; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; ARA: antagonistas do receptor angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Todos os pacientes apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal, redu&#231;&#227;o do volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e aumento da press&#227;o de enchimento, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 2</xref>. Entretanto, oito pacientes apresentaram 15 &gt; E/e' &gt; 8. Nestes &#250;ltimos, pelo menos outro crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico para ICFEP foi confirmado. Redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e aumento da inefici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria foram identificados no teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio. A raz&#227;o de trocas respirat&#243;rias m&#225;ximas &gt; 1,1 foi alcan&#231;ada como crit&#233;rio de maximalidade, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">n = 16</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,22 &#177; 0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VSFVE (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">37,9 &#177; 9,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDFVE (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">124,41 &#177; 23,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VDFVEI (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">67,09 &#177; 6,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ESIV (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 &#177; 0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EPP (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MVE (g)</td>
                <td align="center">244,35 &#177; 58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MVEI (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">146,2 &#177; 35,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VAEI (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">20,81 &#177; 3,40</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o descritos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Raz&#227;o entre a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do fluxo mitral e a velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral; DAE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVEI: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado pela superf&#237;cie corporal; ESIV: espessura do septo interventricular; EPP: espessura da parede posterior; MVE: massa ventricular esquerda; MVEI: massa ventricular esquerda indexada pela superf&#237;cie corporal; VAEI: volume atrial esquerdo indexado &#224; superf&#237;cie corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis do teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">n = 16</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> pico (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">18,40 &#177; 3,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC m&#225;x. (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">125 &#177; 23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PET CO<sub>2</sub> de repouso (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulso O<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">11,36 &#177; 4,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">R pico</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 &#177; 0,13</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o descritos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana &#177; intervalo interquart&#237;lico. VO<sub>2</sub> pico: consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico; FC m&#225;x.: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: inclina&#231;&#227;o do equivalente ventilat&#243;rio do di&#243;xido de carbono; PET CO<sub>2</sub> de repouso: press&#227;o expirada do di&#243;xido de carbono; Pulso O<sub>2</sub>: pulso de oxig&#234;nio; R pico: quociente respirat&#243;rio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Todos os pacientes toleraram o exerc&#237;cio e completaram a sess&#227;o experimental. As vari&#225;veis do protocolo de exerc&#237;cio se encontram descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis do protocolo de exerc&#237;cio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Intensidade moderada</th>
                <th align="center">Alta intensidade</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">98 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escala BORG</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">16 &#177; 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade (km/h)</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,5 &#177; 1,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o descritos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; BORG: escala de esfor&#231;o percebido.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o do HIIT promoveu um aumento subagudo de 0,37 &#177; 0,44 mm no di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>. Esse aumento tamb&#233;m foi observado no di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial p&#243;s-hiperemia. Entretanto, quando esses dados foram utilizados para calcular a varia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233; e p&#243;s-HIIT no di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na DFM absoluta e na DFM relativa. Al&#233;m disto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial pr&#233;-NTG (Nitroglicerina) e p&#243;s-NTG. Da mesma forma, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na dilata&#231;&#227;o absoluta independente do endot&#233;lio e na dilata&#231;&#227;o relativa independente do endot&#233;lio ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o do HIIT, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial pr&#233; e p&#243;s-sess&#227;o de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Linhas representam valores individuais. O valor da probabilidade indica diferen&#231;as significativas dentro do grupo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0699-80202-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Di&#226;metros e varia&#231;&#245;es da art&#233;ria braquial pr&#233; e p&#243;s-sess&#227;o de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Pr&#233;</th>
                <th align="center">P&#243;s</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro art&#233;ria braquial (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,96 &#177; 0,57</td>
                <td align="center">4,33 &#177; 0,69</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro art&#233;ria braquial p&#243;s hiperemia (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,19 &#177; 0,61</td>
                <td align="center">4,47 &#177; 0,66</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DFM absoluta (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,13 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,177</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DFM relativa (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,91&#177; 5,20</td>
                <td align="center">3,55 &#177; 6,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro</td>
                <td align="center">4,11 &#177; 0,65</td>
                <td align="center">4,16 &#177; 0,68</td>
                <td align="center">0,528</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro art&#233;ria braquial p&#243;s-NTG (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,57 &#177; 0,65</td>
                <td align="center">4,52 &#177; 0,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,541</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NTG absoluto (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,35 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NTG relativo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11,4 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 &#177; 5,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,117</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o descritos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. DFM: dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxo mediada; NTG: nitroglicerina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica no basal foi de 138 &#177; 21 mmHg e 81 &#177; 11 mmHg, respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref> mostra a varia&#231;&#227;o na PA em quatro diferentes momentos do experimento. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PA sist&#243;lica foi observada 5 e 30 minutos ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de HIIT em compara&#231;&#227;o com a primeira aferi&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na PA diast&#243;lica e na PA m&#233;dia antes e depois da sess&#227;o de HIIT.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial antes e depois da sess&#227;o de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. As linhas representam valores m&#233;dios.1) pr&#233;-avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial; 2) imediatamente antes da sess&#227;o HIIT; 3) 5 minutos ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o HIIT; 4) 30 minutos ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o HIIT; SBP, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; MBP, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; DBP, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. O valor da probabilidade indica diferen&#231;as intragrupo entre os pontos 3 e 1 e os pontos 4 e 1 da SBP * p &lt; 0,05, ** p &lt; 0,01</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0699-80202-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>At&#233; onde temos conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que mostra que uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de HIIT &#233; eficaz em promover aumento subagudo significativo no di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial, que foi acompanhado por uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PA sist&#243;lica em pacientes com ICFEP. Borlaug et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> demonstraram que esses indiv&#237;duos apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o global na reserva cardiovascular, demonstrando tanto preju&#237;zo na diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica, quanto no aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo durante o exerc&#237;cio. Segundo os autores, esses fen&#244;menos s&#227;o potenciais contribuintes para a capacidade funcional limitada nesta condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com ICFEP em nossa amostra demonstraram vasodilata&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o do HIIT, sugerindo que esse tipo de exerc&#237;cio &#233; um est&#237;mulo capaz de promover altera&#231;&#245;es vasomotoras sist&#234;micas subagudas, mesmo em pacientes com comprometimento do acoplamento ventr&#237;culo-arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> &#201; importante mencionar que algumas respostas fisiol&#243;gicas agudas e subagudas ao exerc&#237;cio podem ser clinicamente relevantes. Essas respostas podem ser sobrepostas ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de sess&#245;es consecutivas de exerc&#237;cios como uma soma&#231;&#227;o temporal, assim contribuindo para adapta&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico no sistema cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Assim, sess&#245;es sucessivas de exerc&#237;cios que aumentam o fluxo sangu&#237;neo, a tens&#227;o de cisalhamento e, consequentemente, a biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, podem ser um mecanismo-chave para adapta&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas na hemodin&#226;mica perif&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Fu et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> verificaram que, ap&#243;s 12 semanas de HIIT, pacientes com ICFEP aumentaram o VO<sub>2</sub> pico e melhoraram a hemodin&#226;mica perif&#233;rica, atrav&#233;s do aumento da distribui&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e da extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio pela musculatura durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Aumentos mediados pelo exerc&#237;cio na tens&#227;o cisalhamento t&#234;m um efeito forte e dose-dependente na dilata&#231;&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Birk et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> observaram que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o ocorreu de forma mais significativa imediatamente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio com intensidades mais altas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio com intensidades mais baixas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Entretanto, parece que quanto maior a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o promovida pelo exerc&#237;cio, menor a resposta vasodilatadora observada pela oclus&#227;o imediatamente depois da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o haja publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores sobre o efeito subagudo de uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes com ICFEP, estudos anteriores avaliaram pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida em um contexto semelhante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Esses participantes responderam a uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio de ciclismo com melhora da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio do antebra&#231;o (hiperemia reativa) avaliada por pletismografia at&#233; 30 minutos ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Currie et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> avaliaram pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de HIIT e encontraram um aumento na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ap&#243;s 60 minutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Em outro experimento, o mesmo grupo mostrou que apenas indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial apresentaram aumento da DFM ap&#243;s 15 minutos de uma sess&#227;o de HIIT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Curiosamente, como em nosso experimento, em ambos os estudos o di&#226;metro basal da art&#233;ria braquial aumentou.</p>
        <p>Algumas evid&#234;ncias apontam que o exerc&#237;cio realizado com intensidades subm&#225;ximas pr&#243;ximas ao pico do exerc&#237;cio promove uma redu&#231;&#227;o da PA maior e mais longa depois do exerc&#237;cio do que quando o exerc&#237;cio &#233; realizado em intensidades mais baixas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> O efeito hipotensivo de HIIT j&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido na literatura, mas antes do presente estudo, a PA n&#227;o havia sido avaliada em pacientes com ICFEP ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de qualquer tipo de exerc&#237;cio. Em nosso experimento, observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta de 12,7 &#177; 3,8 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica 30 minutos ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Em uma situa&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, esta redu&#231;&#227;o pode ter relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, especialmente no caso de uma s&#237;ndrome cujo controle rigoroso da PA &#233; crucial. Curiosamente, uma meta-an&#225;lise recente demonstrou que o HIIT realizado pelo menos 3 vezes por semana durante 12 semanas resultou em uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PA sist&#243;lica em indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso/obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; interessante notar que neste subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos com ICFEP e reduzida da capacidade funcional, o exerc&#237;cio de alta intensidade foi bem tolerado, pois a sobrecarga adequada (velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o) foi prescrita individualmente, considerando sempre as zonas-alvo estabelecidas com base nos resultados teste cardiopulmonar do exerc&#237;cio de cada indiv&#237;duo.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, em uma situa&#231;&#227;o caracterizada pela limita&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio, o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos tem um papel significativo, e &#233; indicado para todos os pacientes capazes de realiz&#225;-lo. Em um cen&#225;rio agudo e subagudo, o HIIT reduziu a PA e aumentou o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial, sugerindo que essa modalidade de treinamento pode ser uma alternativa ben&#233;fica para indiv&#237;duos com ICFEP.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es e perspectivas futuras</title>
          <p>Este foi um pequeno estudo antes e depois, unic&#234;ntrico, com pacientes com ICFEP, nos quais a presen&#231;a de diabetes, aterosclerose, gota e o uso de tabaco podem ter influenciado os seus resultados. Entretanto, estas caracter&#237;sticas representam a realidade dessa complexa s&#237;ndrome que se apresenta com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades. Reconhecemos que mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar o efeito de uma sess&#227;o de HIIT, especialmente ap&#243;s uma hora, bem como a efic&#225;cia de longo prazo desta estrat&#233;gia de exerc&#237;cio como parte de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular para estes pacientes. Finalmente, a presen&#231;a de um grupo controle de indiv&#237;duos pareados sem ICFEP poderia ajudar a estabelecer quais respostas podem ser atribu&#237;das &#224; s&#237;ndrome em estudo. Da mesma forma, a compara&#231;&#227;o de uma sess&#227;o de HIIT com uma sess&#227;o de treinamento cont&#237;nuo de moderada intensidade poderia ajudar a estabelecer as diferen&#231;as na resposta hemodin&#226;mica entre estes diferentes protocolos de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de HIIT promoveu aumento no di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial e redu&#231;&#227;o na PA sist&#243;lica, sem alterar a DFM e a PA diast&#243;lica 30 minutos ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa e Eventos (FIPE) do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Juliana Beust de Lima pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 130471. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
