<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vthy6DCZXgHb9BxtkXp9JNt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700697</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180222</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reintervention in Artificial Cardiac Pacing Systems</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Silas dos Santos</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Avan&#231;ado de Ritmologia e Eletrofisiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Avan&#231;ado de Ritmologia e Eletrofisiologia (CARE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Silas dos Santos Galv&#227;o Filho,</bold> Rua Martiniano de Carvalho, 864/702. Postal Code 01321-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>sdsantos@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>697</fpage>
      <lpage>698</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Electrodes, Implanted</kwd>
        <kwd>Intraoperative Complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Reintervention in artificial cardiac pacing systems that involves lead approach, either for the implantation of a new lead and/or the removal of an old one, is most frequently a difficult procedure, with a high probability of complications. Since the transvenous endocardial route started being used by artificial cardiac pacing systems, lead cables have shown to be more vulnerable to complications;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> however, when it comes to reintervention, the complications are much more frequent.</p>
    <p>The significant prevalence of venous obstruction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and the consequent difficulty in obtaining a new venous access, the complexity of percutaneous extraction of old lead cables,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> in addition to the higher prevalence of surgical infections,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> constitute some of the complications that determine the greater complexity of reinterventions.</p>
    <p>The study &#8220;Usefulness of preoperative venography in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices submitted to lead replacement or device upgrade procedures&#8221;,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> calls attention to this ever-growing problem,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> as the implantable electronic cardiac devices use more lead cables and increase the patients&#8217; life expectancy, in addition to emphasizing the importance of a previous venography to program the approach strategy. In the present study, approximately 1/4 of the patients submitted to reintervention had severe venous obstructions or occlusions. In such cases, when a new lead cable is required, the extraction of old ones may be absolutely necessary to attain access.</p>
    <p>The venous system exploration through the venography can be performed intraoperatively; however, prior knowledge of possible obstructions allows better programming of the surgical procedure, with a previous request of special materials, such as mechanical or laser-energized sheath systems for lead cable extraction, which should always be available in these cases.</p>
    <p>Moreover, considering the cost of these special materials, it is very important in the real world and in our country to have prior authorization from the health care providers to use them, determining cost predictability and minimizing problems when charging for the procedure. The agreement between the programmed and the actual surgical procedure, which occurred in the study in 99% of the cases, strongly reinforced the importance of performing a prior venography when scheduling reintervention procedures.</p>
    <p>The lack of knowledge of venous obstructions at the reinterventions leads to the unavailability of lead extraction systems during the procedure, and in those cases requiring the implantation of new lead(s) and in which access cannot be attained, implantation of a contralateral artificial cardiac pacing system while abandoning the old lead cables may be the only option. However, the increase in surgical time, which can result in a higher risk of infection, as well as the increased number of implanted leads, are considerable drawbacks of this approach.</p>
    <p>Advances in technology with the development of leadless pacemaker systems will, in the future, address problems with transvenous leads. Nevertheless, the current state of this technology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> with the use of single-chamber devices, is still not able in most cases, to dispense with traditional dual-chamber artificial heart pacing systems with leads, suggesting we will be facing such situations for a long time yet.</p>
    <p>As they constitute one of the most difficult and delicate surgical procedures in the area of artificial heart stimulation, re-interventions in lead cables must be very well programmed, in addition to requiring a level of high expertise by the surgeon/rhythmologist. In this sense, performing a venography prior to the procedure is very important, as it was well demonstrated by this article.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the acrticle: Usefulness of Preoperative Venography in Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices Submitted to Lead Replacement or Device Upgrade Procedures</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reinterven&#231;&#227;o em Sistemas de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Silas dos Santos</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Avan&#231;ado de Ritmologia e Eletrofisiologia (CARE), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Silas dos Santos Galv&#227;o Filho,</bold> Rua Martiniano de Carvalho, 864/702. CEP 01321-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>sdsantos@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Eletrodos Implantados</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es Intraoperat&#243;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial//tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A reinterven&#231;&#227;o em sistemas de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial que envolva abordagem de eletrodos, quer para implante de um novo e/ou extra&#231;&#227;o de antigos, &#233; na maioria das vezes um procedimento dif&#237;cil e com maiores possibilidades de complica&#231;&#245;es. Desde o in&#237;cio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da via endoc&#225;rdica transvenosa pelos sistemas de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial, os cabos-eletrodos mostraram-se mais vulner&#225;veis as complica&#231;&#245;es,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> contudo quando se trata de reinterven&#231;&#227;o as complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o bem mais frequentes.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia significativa das obstru&#231;&#245;es venosas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e consequente dificuldade em se obter novos acessos, a complexidade da extra&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de cabos-eletrodos antigos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> al&#233;m da maior preval&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es operat&#243;rias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> s&#227;o algumas das complica&#231;&#245;es que determinam a maior complexidade das reinterven&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>O trabalho &#8220;Utilidade da Venografia Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;ria em Procedimentos de Troca de Cabos-Eletrodos ou Mudan&#231;a do Modo de Estimula&#231;&#227;o&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> chama aten&#231;&#227;o para esse problema que &#233; crescente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> a medida que os dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis utilizam mais cabos-eletrodos e aumentam a expectativa de vida de seus portadores, al&#233;m de destacar a import&#226;ncia da venografia pr&#233;via para programar a estrat&#233;gia de abordagem. No presente estudo, cerca de 1/4 dos pacientes submetidos a reinterven&#231;&#227;o apresentaram obstru&#231;&#245;es venosas graves ou oclus&#245;es. Nesses casos, quando &#233; necess&#225;rio implante de um novo cabo-eletrodo, a extra&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos antigos pode ser absolutamente necess&#225;ria para se obter o acesso.</p>
      <p>A explora&#231;&#227;o do sistema venoso atrav&#233;s de venografia, pode ser realizada no transoperat&#243;rio, contudo, o conhecimento pr&#233;vio de eventuais obstru&#231;&#245;es, permite melhor programa&#231;&#227;o do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, com solicita&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de materiais especiais, como sistemas de bainhas (mec&#226;nicas ou energizadas a laser) para extra&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos, que devem estar sempre dispon&#237;veis nesses casos. Al&#233;m disso, considerando-se os valores desses materiais especiais, &#233; muito importante no mundo real e em nosso meio, ter autoriza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via das operadoras de sa&#250;de para utiliz&#225;-los, determinando previsibilidade de custos e minimizando problemas na cobran&#231;a do procedimento. A concord&#226;ncia entre o procedimento cir&#250;rgico programado e o efetivamente realizado, que ocorreu no estudo em 99% dos casos, refor&#231;a fortemente a import&#226;ncia da venografia pr&#233;via na programa&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos de reinterven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A falta de conhecimento de obstru&#231;&#245;es venosas nas reinterven&#231;&#245;es, propicia indisponibilidade de sistemas de extra&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos durante o procedimento, sendo que nos casos que necessitam de implante de novo(s) eletrodo(s) e n&#227;o se consegue acesso, o implante do sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial contralateral com abandono dos cabos-eletrodos antigos, pode ser a &#250;nica op&#231;&#227;o. Todavia o aumento do tempo cir&#250;rgico com consequ&#234;ncia de maior risco de infec&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m da superpopula&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos, s&#227;o inconvenientes consider&#225;veis dessa conduta.</p>
      <p>Os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos com o desenvolvimento de sistemas de marca-passos sem eletrodos (<italic>Leadless pacemaker</italic>) v&#227;o, no futuro, equacionar os problemas com os eletrodos transvenosos. Entretanto o est&#225;gio atual dessa tecnologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> com dispositivos mono c&#226;maras, ainda n&#227;o &#233; capaz, na maioria dos casos, de dispensar os sistemas de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial tradicionais de dupla c&#226;mara com eletrodos, pressupondo que ainda vamos nos deparar durante muito tempo com essas situa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Sendo um dos mais dif&#237;ceis e delicados procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos da &#225;rea de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial, as reinterven&#231;&#245;es em cabos-eletrodos precisam ser muito bem programadas, al&#233;m da alta expertise do cirurgi&#227;o/ritmologista. Nesse sentido, a venografia pr&#233;via ao procedimento &#233; muito importante, como foi bem demonstrado por esse artigo.</p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Utilidade da Venografia Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;ria em Procedimentos de Troca de Cabos-Eletrodos ou Mudan&#231;a do Modo de Estimula&#231;&#227;o</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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  </sub-article>
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