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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GqtdqbwZSMDCxGwYzH8FjNR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700686</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005013103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180164</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Usefulness of preoperative venography in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices submitted to lead replacement or device upgrade procedures</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albertini</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Marcos de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Regina da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Joaquim Maur&#237;cio da Motta</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crevelari</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Sartori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carnevale</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Adress: Roberto Costa,</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>rcosta@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Albertini CMM, Silva KR, Costa R; Acquisition of data: Albertini CMM, Leal Filho JMM, Crevelari ES; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Albertini CMM, Silva KR, Leal Filho JMM, Costa R; Statistical analysis: Silva KR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Albertini CMM, Silva KR, Martinelli Filho M, Carnevale FC, Costa R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>686</fpage>
      <lpage>696</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Venous obstructions are common in patients with transvenous cardiac implantable electronic devices, but they rarely cause immediate clinical problems. The main consequence of these lesions is the difficulty in obtaining venous access for additional leads implantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We aimed to assess the prevalence and predictor factors of venous lesions in patients referred to lead reoperations, and to define the role of preoperative venography in the planning of these procedures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>From April 2013 to July 2016, contrast venography was performed in 100 patients referred to device upgrade, revision and lead extraction. Venous lesions were classified as non-significant (&lt; 50%), moderate stenosis (51-70%), severe stenosis (71-99%) or occlusion (100%). Collateral circulation was classified as absent, discrete, moderate or accentuated. The surgical strategy was defined according to the result of the preoperative venography. Univariate analysis was used to investigate predictor factors related to the occurrence of these lesions, with 5% of significance level.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Moderate venous stenosis was observed in 23%, severe in 13% and occlusions in 11%. There were no significant differences in relation to the device side or the venous segment. The usefulness of the preoperative venography to define the operative tactic was proven, and in 99% of the cases, the established surgical strategy could be performed according to plan.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of venous obstruction is high in CIED recipients referred to reoperations. Venography is highly indicated as a preoperative examination for allowing the adequate surgical planning of procedures involving previous transvenous leads.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>implantable defibrillators</kwd>
        <kwd>phlebography</kwd>
        <kwd>venous stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>extraction of leads</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Venous obstructions frequently occur in patients with transvenous cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED), with an estimated 14 to 64% prevalence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Those lesions are mostly asymptomatic, although visible collateral circulation in the thoracic region is usually found. Although deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, or superior vena cava syndrome were found in 1.6 to 12% of the cases, the difficulty in gaining access to implant new additional leads or other types of transvenous devices has been the main consequence of those lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recent studies have shown an increase in the number of reoperations in which it is necessary to handle the intravascular territory with leads previously implanted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The increase in this type of procedure is due to three main factors: (1) patients&#8217; increasing longevity, which is directly related to the longer period of time leads remain in the territory and, consequently, to a greater chance of dysfunction of the stimulation system&#8217;s components; (2) an increase in comorbidities leading to an increase in the occurrence of infectious complications, whose treatment necessarily requires the complete CIED removal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and (3) an increasing prevalence heart failure and, consequently, of the need to upgrade from the conventional pacemaker to more advanced modes, such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), or cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), which require the implantation of additional leads.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Digital subtraction venography provides excellent characterization of the venous anatomy and has been deemed the gold standard for studying venous lesions in CIED patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Although other imaging techniques are used for the same purpose, such as Doppler ultrasonography or contrast recirculation in thoracic computed tomography images, these methods are not as accurate as digital venography to quantify and define where obstructions are located and any collateral circulation developed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study is part of a prospective registry, with data derived from medical practice, and its goals are: (1) to identify the prevalence, degree and location of venous lesions in CIED patients with an indication of reoperation; (2) to identify predisposing factors of these venographic changes; and (3) to define the role of digital subtraction venography when intravascular reinterventions are planned in individuals with leads previously implanted.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Design and Population</title>
        <p>This is a cross-section analysis derived from a cohort where thromboembolic complications are studied in patients submitted to lead revision or upgraded procedures. This study was conducted in a high-complexity cardiology hospital and it was approved by that hospital&#8217;s Committee of Ethics in Research. All subjects signed a free and informed consent form.</p>
        <p>From April 2013 to July 2016, patients who met the following criteria were consecutively included: (1) having CIED implanted at the territory of the superior vena cava for more than six months; (2) being between 18 and 90 years of age; (3) having an indication for lead revision or upgrade procedures. The following candidates were not included: (1) individuals with creatinine &gt; 1.5 mg/dL due to the risk of renal damage from iodinated contrast; (2) candidates that had known allergy to iodinated contrast media; and (3) those who declined to participate in the study.</p>
        <p>Considering the high rates of venous lesions in these patients, a convenience sample of 100 patients was defined to detect the outcomes studied.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Outcomes</title>
        <p>The outcomes of the study included: (1) venographic findings of significant venous obstructions and collateral circulation, and (2) usefulness of the preoperative venographic findings when planning and performing the surgical procedure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Workflow</title>
        <p>Patients with an indication of reoperation for implantation of additional leads, replacement or removal of previously-implanted transvenous leads, and who met the eligibility to the study were submitted to preoperative evaluation comprising patient background assessment, clinical evaluation and evaluation of imaging exams.</p>
        <p>Thorax radiography was conducted to help determining the position of the leads in use or abandoned.</p>
        <p>The venous system was evaluated using digital subtraction venography through images acquired with an Allura DSA unit or Allura Xper FD20 (Philips, The Netherlands) to bilaterally assess the axillary, cephalic, subclavian, innominate (or brachiocephalic trunk) veins, and superior vena cava. Continuous infusion of low-osmolality nonionic iodinated contrast media (Visipaque-Iodixanol, 320 [652 mg/mL Iodixanol], GE, Healthcare, Europe) was performed using a MEDRAD injection pump with controlled volume (100 mL to 120 mL) and infusion speed (10 mL/s at 600 psi pressure). All exams were simultaneously evaluated by two specialists: a Vascular Interventional Radiologist and a Cardiac Pacing Specialist.</p>
        <p>The images obtained were classified according to the presence or absence of venous lesions and of collateral circulation. Venous lesions were classified according to their stenosis level: without significant alteration (&lt; 50%), moderate stenosis (51-70%), severe stenosis (71-99%), and occlusion (100%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Surgical Procedures</title>
        <p>Surgical procedures were performed according to the hospital&#8217;s usual routines, always under the supervision of an anesthesiologist. Operations were grouped in three main types: (1) Implanting new leads without further removal (due to dysfunction of a previously implanted lead, or upgrade procedures); (2) Replacing leads with the removal of previously implanted leads; or (3) Isolated lead extraction.</p>
        <p>Operations were planned according to the radiological function of the venous territory obtained through venography: (1) In cases where the venous pattern was deemed without significant lesions or with moderate lesions, no special care was taken to implant new leads and, similarly, the decision of removing a deactivated lead was made at the surgical team&#8217;s discretion. (2) In cases with stenosis deemed severe or occlusions, surgical planning considered: a) careful evaluation of the venography to check the possibility of using the ipsilateral internal jugular vein; b) preparing the patient for transvenous lead extraction to provide access for the new lead when using the ipsilateral internal jugular was not possible; c) reserving material for attempts to go beyond a lesion and perform venous dilation.</p>
        <p>The decision whether to remove or abandon in situ the previously abandoned leads or the ones that would be deactivated in the current surgical procedure was made considering the following criteria: (1) patient&#8217;s age and life expectancy; (2) number of leads remaining in the superior vena cava at the end of the surgical procedure performed in this study; (3) risk of worsening the lesions observed in the venography.</p>
        <p>Although the criteria for defining an access to deactivated leads and whether to remove or abandon them were previously discussed with the surgical team involved in the study, the final decision on both topics was to be made by the team itself during the procedure due to the intraoperative findings and technical resources available.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Agreement between Planned and Actually Performed Procedure</title>
        <p>To assess the agreement between the procedure planned according with the venography findings and the procedure actually performed, three conditions were considered: (1) possibility of access to the heart by the subclavian vein without any special strategies; (2) possibility of access to the heart by the ipsilateral internal jugular vein when there was a severe lesion or subclavian vein occlusion; (3) whether lead extraction or other unconventional technique was required to gain access in cases of critical lesion affecting the subclavian vein, internal jugular vein and venous brachiocephalic trunk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Care Provided for Study Subjects</title>
        <p>The risks associated with the present study were related to the use of iodinated contrast media. Special care was taken to reduce the risk of renal damage following digital subtraction venography, although adverse reactions related to the use of non-ionic iodinated contrast agents are rare. Diabetic patients receiving oral hypoglycemic metformin hydrochloride were instructed to discontinue the use of that drug for 48 hours before the test and resume use 48 hours after the test. The cases of allergic reactions to iodinated contrast during or after the exams were treated according to the institution&#8217;s protocol for allergic reactions to contrast.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electronic Data Collection and Management</title>
        <p>The demographic, clinical and surgical data obtained were stored at the database developed in the REDCap system (<italic>Research Electronic Data Capture</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> hosted at the hospital&#8217;s server.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variables Studied and Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The following data were analyzed as independent variables for the risk of occurrence of the outcomes studied: demographic data, preoperative clinical data at baseline, type of CIED, and type of procedure performed.</p>
        <p>The data recorded in the database (REDCap) were exported in the format of Excel worksheets (<italic>Microsoft Excel</italic>) and analyzed using SAS software (<italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic>).</p>
        <p>Initially all variables were analyzed descriptively. The quantitative variables were analyzed by considering the minimal and maximum values, means, standard deviation and median. The qualitative variables were analyzed by calculating the absolute and relative frequencies. We compared means using Student t-test, and tested homogeneity among the variable proportions using chi-square test. The significance level chosen for statistical tests was 5%.</p>
        <p>The outcomes of the study were described according to absolute and relative frequencies. The calculation of <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (OR) and its confidence intervals at 95% were used as an effect measure between exposure variables and outcome development.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of 289 patients with an indication of reoperation involving the handling of leads, 100 were included in this study. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Composition of the population studied and Study phases.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0686-80164-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The population was balanced with regard to gender, had a predominance of Caucasian individuals (82%) and a mean age of 58.5 &#177; 15.1 years, with median 60. Most individuals studied were oligosymptomatic for heart failure (77%), with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 53.4 &#177; 15.5, 39% of which had no structural cardiac disease identified. Only 20% of cases did not have any comorbidity. One third of this population was using antiplatelet agents, while anticoagulants were used by 12% of the patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study subjects</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="70%"/>
            <col width="30%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Demographic and Clinical characteristics at baseline</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">48%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years), means &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center">58.5 &#177; 15.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caucasian, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">82%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index, means &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center">25.7 &#177; 3.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Functional class (NYHA), n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">40%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">37%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">23%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Structural heart disease, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">None</td>
              <td align="center">39%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagas disease</td>
              <td align="center">23%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">8%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-ischemic heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">24%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Other</td>
              <td align="center">6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Associated comorbities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">None</td>
              <td align="center">20%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">62%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">17%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">33%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary arterial disease</td>
              <td align="center">9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valvopathy</td>
              <td align="center">7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoker (current)</td>
              <td align="center">1%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoker (previously)</td>
              <td align="center">9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medicines being used, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antiplatelet agents</td>
              <td align="center">33%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Oral anticoagulants</td>
              <td align="center">12%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statins</td>
              <td align="center">39%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricular ejection (%) means &#177; DP</td>
              <td align="center">53.4 &#177; 15.5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>SD: Standard deviation; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There was a balance in the number of cases with devices implanted on the right side (48%) and those on the left side (52%). Marking differences were observed, however, concerning time since implantation, with an average 14.3 &#177; 6.1 years for the right side, and 8.0 &#177; 7.9 years for the left side; as to the type of device, there were more conventional pacemakers on the right, while the four device types were more evenly distributed for the left side. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the cardiac device being used at the time of inclusion in the study according to the side of the implant</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics of the previous CIED</th>
              <th align="center">Right side (n = 48)</th>
              <th align="center">Left side (n = 52)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type of CIED, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conventional pacemaker</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Conventional ICD</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>(1)</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRT</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRT-D</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Total number of transvenous leads, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">One</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Two</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">0.306 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>(1)</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Three</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Four</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Dwelling time of transvenous leads, years</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Means &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">14.3 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 7.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.075 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>(2)</sup></xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Variation</td>
              <td align="center">5 - 37</td>
              <td align="center">1 - 32</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>CIED: cardiac implantable electronic device; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; CRT-D: cardiac resynchronization therapy associated with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>
              <sup>(1)</sup>
            </label>
            <p>Chi-square test</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>
              <sup>(2)</sup>
            </label>
            <p>Student t-test</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Results of Digital Subtraction Venography</title>
        <p>Analyses of the venographies showed that 47 patients had significant venous lesions and that in 36 out of those there was venous collateral circulation. Moderate venous obstructions were observed in 23 exams, severe in 13, and occlusions in 11. Of the 53 patients without significant obstructions (&lt; 50% of blood vessel lumen), only 4 had collateral circulation. On the other hand, out of the 24 individuals with venous lesion deemed severe or with venous occlusion, just 2 did not present collateral circulation in their venography. Therefore, finding collateral circulation in venography was observed to be a strong marker of the presence of venous lesion, increasing 4.9 times the prevalence rate (CI 95% 3.05 - 8.10; p &lt; 0.0001) of those lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of the four types of venous lesions and their associations with the presence of collateral circulation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0686-80164-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classification of venous lesions and collateral circulation. Examples of the four types of lesion according to the classification adopted in the study. Figure 3A: non-significant lesions characterized with obstruction of less than 50% of the blood vessel lumen and absence of collateral circulation; Figure 3B: moderate lesion in 51% to 70% of the vessel, with discrete collateral circulation; Figure 3C: severe lesion compromising 71% to 99% of the vessel with moderate collateral circulation; Figure 3D: venous occlusion with accentuated collateral circulation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0686-80164-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Despite the differences of time since implantation and types of devices implanted, there was balance between the findings of venous lesions (p = 0.865) and of collateral circulation (p = 0.715) in patients with devices implanted on the right and left sides. Regardless of the side the CIED had been implanted, subclavian veins and the transition from subclavian veins to the brachiocephalic trunk were the regions that presented the highest number of significant lesions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). No significant lesions were identified in the superior vena cava.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of venographic findings according to the CIED side and the anatomical location of the lesion</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Venographic findings</th>
                <th align="center">Right side (n = 48)</th>
                <th align="center">Left side (n = 52)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Normal exam / discrete lesions (&lt; 50% of vessel lumen)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Subclavian vein</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Transition from subclavian vein to innominate vein</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Innominate vein</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Joint of innominate vein and superior vena cava</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Moderate stenosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Subclavian vein</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Transition from subclavian vein to innominate vein</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Innominate vein</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Joint of innominate vein and superior vena cava</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Severe stenosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Subclavian vein</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Transition from subclavian vein to innominate vein</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Innominate vein</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Joint of innominate vein and superior vena cava</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Venous occlusion</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Subclavian vein</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Transition from subclavian vein to innominate vein</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Innominate vein</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Joint of innominate vein and superior vena cava</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Collateral circulation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Discrete</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Strong</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indication of surgical procedure</title>
        <p>The main reason to perform a surgical procedure was lead dysfunction, in 71 patients. Upgrade procedures was the cause of reoperation in 25 cases. Only for 4 patients the operation was caused solely by a need of lead removal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of surgical procedures performed in the study</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="60%"/>
              <col width="40%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Characteristics of Surgical Procedures</th>
                <th align="center">n = 100</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Procedure performed, (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Implant of additional lead without removing previously implanted lead</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Implant of additional lead with removal of previously implanted lead</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Only lead removal</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Total number of transvenous leads at the end of the procedure, (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">None</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">One</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Two</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Three</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Four</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CIED side at the end of the procedure, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Right</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Subxiphoid</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Leads were removed from 52 patients. Transvenous extraction with mechanical or laser sheaths was performed in 36 patients, while leads were removed through simple traction in just 16 cases. At the end of the operation, only 4 patients remained without any transvenous lead implanted, and in most cases (90%), two or three leads remained in the venous territory.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Usefulness of Venography to Define Surgical Planning</title>
        <p>Agreement between the surgical strategy based on the analysis of digital subtraction venography and the surgical procedure actually performed occurred in 99 out of the 100 patients operated. Lack of agreement, which occurred with a single patient, arose from a mistake in classifying the degree of a lesion in the right subclavian vein, which was deemed moderate in the preoperative period, but during the operation was found to be a sub-occlusive lesion (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Agreement between the surgical strategy defined using preoperative venography and the surgical procedure performed</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="60%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Surgical planning</th>
                <th align="center">Cases planned</th>
                <th align="center">Cases performed</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Venous stenosis &lt; 50% to moderate stenosis</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Direct access through the cephalic subclavian/cephalic vein</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Severe stenosis or occlusion, with jugular vein and/or brachiocephalic trunk without obstructive lesions</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Access through internal jugular vein</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226; Severe stenosis or occlusion, with jugular vein and/or brachiocephalic trunk with obstructive lesions</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">13</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lead extraction</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In all the cases studied, surgical planning was based on the findings of preoperative venography. Of the 53 patients without significant lesions, there were 28 cases in which we decided to implant new leads without removing the old ones, while in 22 cases the implantation of new leads was combined with removal of old ones in order to avoid overpopulation. There was complete removal of the system in other 3 cases.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, of the 23 cases where moderate stenosis had been diagnosed, there were 14 in which there was the implantation of new leads combined with the removal of old ones; only in 9 cases our decision was to implant new leads and maintain the old ones.</p>
        <p>In the 24 cases where new leads did not require any removal and severe stenosis or venous occlusion had been diagnosed, the findings in the venography showed that in 13 cases the internal jugular vein and the ipsilateral brachiocephalic trunk of the implant were free from any obstructions. Of those, only in 2, because the patients were young, a transvenous extraction procedure was planned to avoid overpopulation of leads. Of the 11 cases where no extraction was performed, there were 5 in which the internal jugular vein was used as access. In the other 5 cases, it was possible to go beyond the lesion in the subclavian vein with the aid of 0,14&#8221; hydrophilic wire guides. Of the 8 cases where the internal jugular veins could not be used as access because there was obstruction in the ipsilateral venous brachiocephalic trunk, in only one case the medical team chose to conduct a new contralateral implantation. In the remainder (7), transvenous extraction was the chosen access.</p>
        <p>Leads were removed without implanting new ones in only 4 cases: in 3, to treat an infection related to the device, and in 1 to remove a dysfunctional lead which was causing noise in an ICD. In this last case the venography showed venous occlusion.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prognostic Factors of Venographic Alterations</title>
        <p>Despite the high rate of venographic outcomes in the patients studied, it was not possible to identify prognostic factors for the occurrence of venographic alterations. The following variables were tested as probable prognostic factors: gender, age at the time of the venographic study, cardiopathy at baseline, functional class for heart failure, use of oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, having an ICD lead, CIED implantation side, time since CIED implantation, number of leads implanted, left ventricular ejection, and previous procedures of reoperation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risk factors for the occurrence of significant venous lesions (&gt; 50% of obstruction of blood vessel lumen) and/or presence of collateral circulation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0686-80164-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Venous obstructions seldom cause immediate clinical problems. However, when new leads have to be implanted, the presence of those lesions can make the procedure impossible with conventional techniques. Thus, digital subtraction venography has been mostly used because it allows identifying precisely how serious venous lesions are, as well as their location, thus allowing the planning of proper surgical strategy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The high prevalence of individuals with lesions deemed significant in this study was compatible with other experiences reported in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Regardless of lesion seriousness, their distribution was balanced among the subclavian veins, the venous brachiocephalic trunk or the transitional areas of those veins.</p>
      <p>Despite the particularities existing among the anatomy of the veins draining the left side and the right side of the thorax, the venographic study did not identify significant differences in the frequency of those findings, in how serious the stenosis was, or in the location of the lesions between the two sides. However, there were differences in the average time leads had remained implanted, i.e., longer for patients who had the device implanted on the right side, which may have increased the rate of occurrences of lesions in the right territory. On the other hand, despite the balance between the numbers of leads implanted, the number of defibrillator leads, which is deemed a risk factor for venous lesions, was significantly higher in the cases where the CIED had been implanted on the left side.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The strong association between the presence of collateral circulation and severe or occlusive venous lesions, which was observed in this study, is quite useful to interpret venographies. Therefore, we can say that whenever there is collateral circulation, lesions difficult to be defined have to be carefully looked for. In this respect, we suggest maintaining dynamic venography images, which allow following the iodinated contrast path. Often enough, when the contrast passes exclusively through the collateral circulation, it fully fills up the blood vessel lumen soon after the critical lesion, which prevents it from being detected in still images.</p>
      <p>The high rate of patients with severe or occlusive lesions observed in this study, which agrees with the data in the literature, evidenced the importance of venography for surgical planning. In cases where significant venous lesions could not be identified, the surgical team were able to plan a procedure in which deactivated leads should (or should not) be extracted by considering solely factors such as patient age or the number of leads that would remain in the venous territory. On the other hand, in patients where moderate lesions were observed, the medical team could plan which leads should be extracted in order to avoid an overpopulation of leads that could worsen obstructions. And, finally, in the cases where severe or occlusive venous lesions were observed, the knowledge of the venous anatomy was of essence to plan the surgery, since it raises the possibility of using the ipsilateral jugular vein or the need of extracting leads to gain proper access.</p>
      <p>Since causes are multifactorial, the literature is controversial as to defining predictive factors of thromboembolic complications in CIED patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> In this respect, the absence of risk factors for venous lesions found in this study sample confirms the importance of preoperative venography in patients requiring lead reoperations, since it was not possible to identify any subgroup of individuals less subject to venous obstructions.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Limitations</title>
        <p>Although this study is part of a prospective registry derived from medical practice, due to the non-inclusion criteria used, our conclusions cannot be extended to children, to individuals over 90 years of age and to those with renal dysfunction with serum creatinine over 1,5 mg/dL.</p>
        <p>As to the rate of venous alterations found and their predisposing factors, this analysis has the same limitations as other cross-sectional studies, as they were assessed at a particular time.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The high prevalence of severe obstructions or venous occlusions in CIED patients makes a transvenous implant of new leads difficult in a considerable number of patients. Sometimes, using non-conventional techniques, such as the extraction of leads to achieve access, can be mandatory. The lack of predisposing factors and the absence of clinical signs of venous obstruction, which occurs in most patients with severe or occlusive lesions, can hinder the planning of a surgery. Thus, digital subtraction venography is quite useful to define a surgical strategy in operations for lead revision or upgrade procedures. The finding of collateral veins in this exam has a high predictive value for diagnosing severe and occlusive lesions.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP and CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Caio Marcos de Moraes Albertini, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa (CAPPesq) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 0730/11. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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              <surname>Crozier</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
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          <article-title>The Australian and New Zealand cardiac pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator survey: calendar year 2013</article-title>
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          <volume>24</volume>
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            <name>
              <surname>Abe</surname>
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            <name>
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              <given-names>Y</given-names>
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        <mixed-citation>37 Abu-El-Haija B, Bhave P, Campbell D, Mazur A, Hodgson-Zingman D, Cotarlan V, et al. Venous stenosis after transvenous lead placement: A Study of Outcomes and Risk Factors in 212 Consecutive Patients. <italic>J Am Heart Assoc</italic>. 2015;4(8):e001878</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abu-El-Haija</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhave</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mazur</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodgson-Zingman</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cotarlan</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Venous stenosis after transvenous lead placement: A Study of Outcomes and Risk Factors in 212 Consecutive Patients</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e001878</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Utilidade da Venografia Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;ria em Procedimentos de Troca de Cabos-Eletrodos ou Mudan&#231;a do Modo de Estimula&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albertini</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Marcos de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Regina da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Joaquim Maur&#237;cio da Motta</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crevelari</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Sartori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carnevale</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto Costa,</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>rcosta@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Albertini CMM, Silva KR, Costa R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Albertini CMM, Leal Filho JMM, Crevelari ES; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Albertini CMM, Silva KR, Leal Filho JMM, Costa R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva KR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Albertini CMM, Silva KR, Martinelli Filho M, Carnevale FC, Costa R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Obstru&#231;&#245;es venosas s&#227;o frequentes em portadores de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI) endoc&#225;rdicos, mas raramente causam problemas cl&#237;nicos imediatos. A principal consequ&#234;ncia destas les&#245;es &#233; a dificuldade para obten&#231;&#227;o de via de acesso para o implante de novos cabos-eletrodos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es venosas em candidatos a reopera&#231;&#245;es envolvendo o manuseio de cabos-eletrodos, e definir o papel da venografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria no planejamento desses procedimentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>De abril de 2013 a julho de 2016, 100 pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de troca de cabos-eletrodos, ou mudan&#231;a no modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o, realizaram venografia com subtra&#231;&#227;o digital no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. As les&#245;es venosas foram classificadas em: n&#227;o significativas (&lt; 50%), moderadas (51-70%), graves (71-99%) ou oclusivas (100%), e a circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, em ausente, discreta, moderada ou acentuada. A estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica foi definida a partir do resultado deste exame. Empregou-se an&#225;lise univariada para a pesquisa de fatores de risco relacionados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia dessas les&#245;es, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Obstru&#231;&#245;es venosas moderadas foram observadas em 23%, graves em 13% e oclus&#245;es em 11% dos pacientes estudados, n&#227;o sendo identificadas diferen&#231;as significativas em sua distribui&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao lado do implante, ou do segmento venoso. A utilidade do exame para defini&#231;&#227;o da t&#225;tica operat&#243;ria foi comprovada, sendo que em 99% dos casos, a estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica estabelecida pode ser executada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#245;es venosas &#233; elevada em portadores de DCEI que ser&#227;o submetidos a reopera&#231;&#245;es. A venografia &#233; altamente indicada como exame pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para o adequado planejamento cir&#250;rgico de procedimentos envolvendo cabos-eletrodos transvenosos previamente implantados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Marca-passo artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>desfibriladores implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>flebografia</kwd>
        <kwd>estenose venosa</kwd>
        <kwd>extra&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Obstru&#231;&#245;es venosas s&#227;o frequentes em portadores de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI) transvenosos, com preval&#234;ncia estimada de 14 a 64%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Essas les&#245;es s&#227;o, na maioria das vezes, assintom&#225;ticas, embora circula&#231;&#227;o colateral vis&#237;vel na regi&#227;o tor&#225;cica seja comumente encontrada. A despeito do achado de trombose venosa profunda, tromboembolia pulmonar, ou s&#237;ndrome da veia cava superior em 1,6 a 12% dos casos, a dificuldade para obter via de acesso para o implante de novos cabos-eletrodos, ou de outros tipos de dispositivos transvenosos, tem sido a principal consequ&#234;ncia dessas les&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos recentes mostram aumento do n&#250;mero das reopera&#231;&#245;es em que h&#225; necessidade de manuseio do territ&#243;rio intravascular com cabos-eletrodos previamente implantados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O crescimento desse tipo de procedimento se deve a tr&#234;s fatores principais: (1) o aumento da longevidade dos pacientes, que se relaciona diretamente a um maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia dos cabos-eletrodos e, consequentemente, a uma maior chance de disfun&#231;&#227;o desses componentes do sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o; (2) o aumento das comorbidades, que levam ao incremento da ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es infecciosas, cujo tratamento passa, obrigatoriamente, pela remo&#231;&#227;o de todo o sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e (3) a preval&#234;ncia cada vez maior da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave e, por consequ&#234;ncia, da necessidade de mudan&#231;a do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca convencional para modos mais avan&#231;ados, como o cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) ou a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC), que exigem o implante de cabos-eletrodos adicionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A venografia por subtra&#231;&#227;o digital proporciona excelente caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da anatomia venosa, e tem sido considerada o padr&#227;o ouro para o estudo das les&#245;es venosas em portadores de DCEI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Embora outras modalidades de exames de imagem sejam usadas com a mesma finalidade, como a ultrassonografia com Doppler ou imagens da recircula&#231;&#227;o do contraste em tomografia computadorizada do t&#243;rax, esses m&#233;todos n&#227;o possuem a mesma precis&#227;o da venografia digital para quantificar e definir a localiza&#231;&#227;o das obstru&#231;&#245;es e da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral que se desenvolve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo &#233; parte de um registro prospectivo, com dados derivados da pr&#225;tica assistencial, e tem por finalidade: (1) identificar a preval&#234;ncia, o grau e a localiza&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es venosas em portadores de DCEI com indica&#231;&#227;o de reopera&#231;&#245;es; (2) identificar fatores predisponentes para essas altera&#231;&#245;es venogr&#225;ficas e, (3) definir o papel da venografia por subtra&#231;&#227;o digital no planejamento das reinterven&#231;&#245;es intravasculares em indiv&#237;duos com cabos-eletrodos previamente implantados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Trata-se de uma an&#225;lise transversal derivada de uma coorte em que se estudam complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de reopera&#231;&#227;o em cabos-eletrodos. Esse estudo foi realizado em um hospital cardiol&#243;gico de alta complexidade, tendo sido aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
          <p>No per&#237;odo de abril de 2013 a julho de 2016, foram inclu&#237;dos, consecutivamente, pacientes que preencheram os seguintes crit&#233;rios: (1) ter DCEI implantado pelo territ&#243;rio da veia cava superior h&#225; mais de seis meses; (2) ter de 18 a 90 anos de idade; (3) ter indica&#231;&#227;o de reopera&#231;&#227;o para implante, substitui&#231;&#227;o ou remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos: (1) indiv&#237;duos com creatinina &gt; 1,5 mg/dL pelo risco de les&#227;o renal pelo uso de contraste iodado; (2) portadores de alergia conhecida a meios de contraste iodado e (3) os que n&#227;o aceitaram participar do estudo.</p>
          <p>Em face da elevada taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es venosas nesses pacientes, foi definida uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 100 pacientes para se detectar os desfechos estudados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos do estudo</title>
          <p>Os desfechos do estudo inclu&#237;ram: (1) achado venogr&#225;fico de obstru&#231;&#245;es venosas significativas e de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, e (2) utilidade dos achados venogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios no planejamento e na realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Din&#226;mica do estudo</title>
          <p>Os pacientes que apresentavam indica&#231;&#227;o de reopera&#231;&#227;o para implante de cabos-eletrodos adicionais, substitui&#231;&#227;o ou remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos transvenosos previamente implantados, e que preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade do estudo, foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, constitu&#237;da por levantamento do hist&#243;rico, avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e avalia&#231;&#227;o por exames de imagem.</p>
          <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax foi realizada com a finalidade de auxiliar a determina&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o dos cabos-eletrodos em uso ou abandonados.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do sistema venoso pela venografia por subtra&#231;&#227;o digital foi feita pela aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens por aparelho Allura DSA unit ou Allura Xper FD20 (<italic>Philips, the Netherlands</italic>), visando a avalia&#231;&#227;o bilateral das veias axilar, cef&#225;lica, subcl&#225;via, inominada (ou tronco braquiocef&#225;lico), e cava superior. A infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de contraste iodado n&#227;o i&#244;nico de baixa osmolalidade (Visipaque - Iodixanol, 320 [652 mg/mL de Iodixanol], GE, Healthcare, Europe) foi feita por bomba injetora MEDRAD com volume (100 mL a 120 mL) e velocidade de infus&#227;o (10 mL/s a uma press&#227;o de 600 psi) controlados. Todos os exames foram avaliados simultaneamente por dois especialistas: um m&#233;dico especialista em Radiologia Vascular Intervencionista e um especialista em Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial.</p>
          <p>Inicialmente, as imagens obtidas foram classificadas segundo a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es venosas e de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral. As les&#245;es venosas foram classificadas de acordo com o grau de estenose em: sem altera&#231;&#227;o significativa (&lt; 50%), estenose moderada (51-70%), estenose grave (71-99%) e oclus&#227;o (100%). A circula&#231;&#227;o colateral foi classificada de acordo com o n&#250;mero e o calibre dos novos vasos formados em: ausente, discreta, moderada e acentuada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos</title>
          <p>Os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos foram realizados segundo as rotinas habituais da nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o, sempre sob a supervis&#227;o de anestesiologista. As opera&#231;&#245;es foram agrupadas em tr&#234;s tipos principais: (1) Implante de novos cabos-eletrodos desacompanhado de remo&#231;&#227;o (por disfun&#231;&#227;o de cabo-eletrodo previamente implantado, ou para mudan&#231;a do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o); (2) Substitui&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos com remo&#231;&#227;o de cabo previamente implantado; ou (3) Extra&#231;&#227;o isolada de cabos-eletrodos.</p>
          <p>O planejamento das opera&#231;&#245;es foi feito em fun&#231;&#227;o do aspecto radiol&#243;gico do territ&#243;rio venoso obtido pela venografia: (1) Nos casos em que o padr&#227;o venoso foi considerado sem les&#245;es significativas, ou com les&#245;es moderadas, nenhum cuidado especial era tomado quanto ao implante do novo cabo-eletrodo e, da mesma forma, a decis&#227;o quanto &#224; remo&#231;&#227;o de cabo-eletrodo desativado era feita de acordo com a op&#231;&#227;o da equipe cir&#250;rgica; (2) Nos casos com estenoses consideradas graves ou oclus&#245;es, o planejamento cir&#250;rgico considerou: a) avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa da venografia para verifica&#231;&#227;o da possibilidade de uso da veia jugular interna ipsilateral; b) preparo do paciente para extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa de cabo-eletrodo para obten&#231;&#227;o de via de acesso para o novo cabo no caso de impossibilidade do uso da veia jugular interna ipsilateral; c) reserva de materiais para tentativa de ultrapassar a les&#227;o e realizar dilata&#231;&#227;o venosa.</p>
          <p>A decis&#227;o de se remover ou de se abandonar &#8220;in situ&#8221; os cabos eletrodos previamente abandonados, ou aqueles que seriam desativados no procedimento cir&#250;rgico atual, foi tomada levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o os seguintes crit&#233;rios: (1) idade e expectativa de vida do paciente; (2) n&#250;mero de cabos-eletrodos restantes na veia cava superior ao final do procedimento cir&#250;rgico realizado no presente estudo; (3) risco de agravamento das les&#245;es observadas na venografia.</p>
          <p>Embora os crit&#233;rios para defini&#231;&#227;o da via de acesso e para remo&#231;&#227;o ou abandono dos cabos-eletrodos desativados tenham sido discutidos previamente com a equipe cir&#250;rgica envolvida no estudo, a decis&#227;o final sobre como conduzir esses dois pontos cabia a esta pr&#243;pria equipe durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, em fun&#231;&#227;o dos achados intraoperat&#243;rios e dos recursos t&#233;cnicos dispon&#237;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da concord&#226;ncia entre o procedimento planejado e realizado</title>
          <p>Para aferir a concord&#226;ncia entre o procedimento planejado em fun&#231;&#227;o do aspecto da venografia e o realizado, foram consideradas tr&#234;s condi&#231;&#245;es: (1) possibilidade de acesso ao cora&#231;&#227;o pela veia subcl&#225;via sem necessidade de estrat&#233;gias especiais; (2) possibilidade de acesso ao cora&#231;&#227;o pela veia jugular interna ipsilateral quando havia les&#227;o grave ou oclus&#227;o em veia subcl&#225;via; (3) necessidade de extra&#231;&#227;o de cabo-eletrodo, ou de outra t&#233;cnica n&#227;o convencional, para obten&#231;&#227;o de via de acesso, nos casos de les&#227;o cr&#237;tica acometendo as veias subcl&#225;via, jugular interna e tronco braquiocef&#225;lico venoso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cuidados dispensados aos participantes</title>
          <p>Os riscos associados ao presente estudo estiveram relacionados ao uso de contraste iodado. Cuidados especiais foram tomados com o objetivo de diminuir o risco de les&#245;es renais ap&#243;s a venografia por subtra&#231;&#227;o digital, embora rea&#231;&#245;es adversas relacionadas ao uso de contraste iodado n&#227;o-i&#244;nico sejam raras. Os pacientes diab&#233;ticos, que estavam recebendo o hipoglicemiante oral cloridrato de metformina, foram orientados a suspender o uso desse medicamento por 48 horas antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame e reiniciar seu uso 48 horas ap&#243;s o exame. Os casos de rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas ao contraste iodado, durante ou ap&#243;s os exames, foram tratados conforme o protocolo institucional de rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas ao uso de contraste.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta eletr&#244;nica e gerenciamento dos dados</title>
          <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e cir&#250;rgicos obtidos foram armazenados em banco de dados desenvolvido no sistema REDCap (<italic>Research Electronic Data Capture</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> que se encontra hospedado no servidor da nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis estudadas e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foram analisadas como vari&#225;veis independentes para o risco de ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos estudados: os dados demogr&#225;ficos, os dados cl&#237;nicos basais pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, o tipo de DCEI, e o tipo de procedimento realizado.</p>
          <p>Os dados cadastrados no banco de dados (REDCap) foram exportados em formato de planilhas Excel (<italic>Microsoft Excel</italic>) e analisados pelo programa SAS (<italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic>).</p>
          <p>Inicialmente, todas as vari&#225;veis foram analisadas descritivamente. Para as quantitativas, essa an&#225;lise foi feita mediante observa&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, do c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias, do desvio padr&#227;o e mediana. Para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, foram calculadas as frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias, foi utilizado o teste t de <italic>Student,</italic> e para testar a homogeneidade entre as propor&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis, empregou-se o teste qui-quadrado. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado nos testes estat&#237;sticos foi de 5%.</p>
          <p>Os desfechos do estudo foram descritos segundo frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. O c&#225;lculo da <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (OR) e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% foram utilizados como medida de efeito entre as vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o e o desenvolvimento dos desfechos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 289 pacientes que receberam a indica&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de reopera&#231;&#227;o envolvendo o manuseio de cabos-eletrodos, 100 foram inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e fases do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0686-80164-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o houve equil&#237;brio entre os g&#234;neros, predomin&#226;ncia da ra&#231;a branca (82%), e idade m&#233;dia de 58,5 &#177; 15,1 anos, com mediana de 60. A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos estudados era oligossintom&#225;tica para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (77%), com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 53,4 &#177; 15,5, sendo que em 39% deles n&#227;o foi identificada doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural. Apenas 20% dos casos n&#227;o apresentavam comorbidades. Um ter&#231;o desta popula&#231;&#227;o estava em uso de antiplaquet&#225;rio, enquanto anticoagulantes eram utilizados por 12% dos pacientes. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes da pesquisa</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="70%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas Demogr&#225;ficas e Cl&#237;nicas Basais</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">58,5 &#177; 15,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;a branca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">82%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">25,7 &#177; 3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classe Funcional (NYHA), n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">40%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">37%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">23%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">39%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">23%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiopatia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">24%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outra</td>
                <td align="center">6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidades associadas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">20%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">62%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">17%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">33%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valvopatia</td>
                <td align="center">7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (atual)</td>
                <td align="center">1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (pr&#233;vio)</td>
                <td align="center">9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medicamentos em uso, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">33%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anticoagulantes orais</td>
                <td align="center">12%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">39%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%) m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">53,4 &#177; 15,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Houve equil&#237;brio entre o n&#250;mero de casos de dispositivos implantados no lado direito (48%) ou no lado esquerdo (52%). Foi poss&#237;vel observar, entretanto, diferen&#231;as marcantes com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de implante que, em m&#233;dia, foi de 14,3 &#177; 6,1 anos para o lado direito, e 8,0 &#177; 7,9 anos para o lado esquerdo, e quanto ao tipo de dispositivo, com predom&#237;nio de marca-passos convencionais no lado direito, e maior distribui&#231;&#227;o entre os quatro tipos de dispositivos no lado esquerdo. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do dispositivo card&#237;aco em uso no momento da inclus&#227;o no estudo segundo o lado do implante</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas do DCEI pr&#233;vio</th>
                <th align="center">Lado direito (n = 48)</th>
                <th align="center">Lado esquerdo (n = 52)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de DCEI em uso no momento da inclus&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marca-passo convencional</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CDI convencional</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>(1)</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRC</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRC-D</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>N&#250;mero total de cabos-eletrodos transvenosos, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apenas um</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dois</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">0,306 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>(1)</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tr&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Quatro</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tempo de uso dos cabos-eletrodos transvenosos, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">14,3 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,075 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>(2)</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">5 - 37</td>
                <td align="center">1 - 32</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>DCEI: dispositivo card&#237;aco eletr&#244;nico implant&#225;vel; CDI: cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; TRC-D: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca associada ao cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>
                <sup>(1)</sup>
              </label>
              <p>Teste qui-quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>
                <sup>(2)</sup>
              </label>
              <p>Teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados da venografia por subtra&#231;&#227;o digital</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise das venografias demonstrou que 47 pacientes apresentavam les&#245;es venosas significativas, e que em 36 havia circula&#231;&#227;o colateral venosa. Obstru&#231;&#245;es venosas moderadas foram observadas em 23 exames, graves em 13 e oclus&#245;es em 11. Dentre os 53 pacientes sem obstru&#231;&#245;es significativas (&lt; 50% da luz do vaso), somente 4 apresentavam circula&#231;&#227;o colateral. Por outro lado, dos 24 indiv&#237;duos com les&#227;o venosa considerada grave ou com oclus&#227;o venosa, apenas 2 n&#227;o apresentavam circula&#231;&#227;o colateral na venografia. Observou-se, portanto, que o achado de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral na venografia foi um forte marcador da presen&#231;a de les&#227;o venosa, aumentando em 4,9 vezes a taxa de preval&#234;ncia (IC 95% 3,05 - 8,10; p &lt; 0,0001) dessas les&#245;es. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">3</xref>)</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos quatro tipos de les&#227;o venosa e suas associa&#231;&#245;es com a presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0686-80164-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es venosas e da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral. Exemplos de cada um dos quatro tipos de les&#227;o, segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o adotada no estudo. Figura 3A: les&#227;o n&#227;o significativa, caracterizada por obstru&#231;&#227;o menor do que 50% da luz do vaso e aus&#234;ncia de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral; Figura 3B: les&#227;o moderada, que acomete de 51 a 70% do vaso, com circula&#231;&#227;o colateral discreta; Figura 3C: les&#227;o grave, comprometendo de 71 a 99% do vaso com circula&#231;&#227;o colateral moderada; Figura 3D: oclus&#227;o venosa com circula&#231;&#227;o colateral acentuada.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0686-80164-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A despeito das diferen&#231;as do tempo de implante e dos tipos de dispositivos implantados, houve equil&#237;brio entre o achado de les&#245;es venosas (p = 0,865) e de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral (p = 0,715) nos pacientes com dispositivos implantados nos lados direito e esquerdo. Independentemente do lado em que o DCEI estivesse implantado, as veias subcl&#225;vias e a transi&#231;&#227;o das veias subcl&#225;via para o tronco braquiocef&#225;lico foram as regi&#245;es mais acometidas por les&#245;es significativas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>). N&#227;o foram identificadas les&#245;es significativas na veia cava superior.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos achados venogr&#225;ficos segundo o lado do DCEI e a localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da les&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="30%"/>
                <col width="30%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Achados venogr&#225;ficos</th>
                  <th align="center">Lado direito (n = 48)</th>
                  <th align="center">Lado esquerdo (n = 52)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Exame normal / les&#245;es discretas (&lt; 50% da luz do vaso)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Veia subcl&#225;via</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Transi&#231;&#227;o da veia subcl&#225;via com a veia inominada</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Veia inominada</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Jun&#231;&#227;o da veia inominada com a veia cava superior</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Estenose moderada</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Veia subcl&#225;via</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Transi&#231;&#227;o da veia subcl&#225;via com a veia inominada</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Veia inominada</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Jun&#231;&#227;o da veia inominada com a veia cava superior</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Estenose grave</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Veia subcl&#225;via</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Transi&#231;&#227;o da veia subcl&#225;via com a veia inominada</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Veia inominada</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Jun&#231;&#227;o da veia inominada com a veia cava superior</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Oclus&#227;o venosa</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Veia subcl&#225;via</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Transi&#231;&#227;o da veia subcl&#225;via com a veia inominada</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Veia inominada</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Jun&#231;&#227;o da veia inominada com a veia cava superior</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Circula&#231;&#227;o colateral</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Discreta</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acentuada</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indica&#231;&#227;o para o procedimento cir&#250;rgico</title>
          <p>O principal motivo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento cir&#250;rgico foi a disfun&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos para 71 pacientes. Mudan&#231;a do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi a causa da reopera&#231;&#227;o em 25 casos. Em apenas 4 pacientes a opera&#231;&#227;o foi motivada exclusivamente pela necessidade de remover cabos-eletrodos. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>)</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos realizados no estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="70%"/>
                <col width="30%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas dos Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos</th>
                  <th align="center">n = 100</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Procedimento realizado, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Implante de cabo-eletrodo adicional sem remo&#231;&#227;o de cabo-eletrodo previamente implantado</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Implante de cabo-eletrodo adicional com remo&#231;&#227;o de cabo-eletrodo previamente implantado</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Somente remo&#231;&#227;o de cabo-eletrodo</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>N&#250;mero total de cabos-eletrodos transvenosos ao final do procedimento, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Um</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dois</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tr&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Quatro</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Lado do dispositivo card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel ao final do procedimento, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Direito</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Subxifoide</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Remo&#231;&#227;o de cabo-eletrodo foi realizada em 52 pacientes. Extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa com dilatadores mec&#226;nicos ou energizados foi realizada em 36 pacientes, enquanto que remo&#231;&#227;o pela simples tra&#231;&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo foi realizada em apenas 16 casos. Ao final da opera&#231;&#227;o, apenas 4 pacientes permaneceram sem nenhum cabo-eletrodo transvenoso implantado, sendo que a maioria (90%) dos casos ficou com dois ou tr&#234;s cabos no territ&#243;rio venoso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Utilidade da venografia para a defini&#231;&#227;o do planejamento cir&#250;rgico</title>
          <p>Houve concord&#226;ncia entre a estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica estabelecida pela an&#225;lise da venografia por subtra&#231;&#227;o digital e o procedimento cir&#250;rgico realizado em 99 dos 100 pacientes operados. A falta de concord&#226;ncia, que ocorreu em um &#250;nico paciente, foi decorrente de erro na classifica&#231;&#227;o do grau de uma les&#227;o na veia subcl&#225;via direita, que foi considerada moderada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e que, durante a opera&#231;&#227;o, verificou-se tratar de uma les&#227;o sub-oclusiva. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>)</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concord&#226;ncia entre a estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica definida com o aux&#237;lio da venografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e o procedimento cir&#250;rgico realizado</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Planejamento cir&#250;rgico</th>
                  <th align="center">Casos planejados</th>
                  <th align="center">Casos realizados</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Estenose venosa &lt; 50% a estenose moderada</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">76</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acesso direto pela veia subcl&#225;via/ cef&#225;lica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Estenose grave ou oclus&#227;o, com veia jugular e/ou tronco braquiocef&#225;lico sem les&#245;es obstrutivas</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">11</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acesso pela veia jugular interna</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Estenose grave ou oclus&#227;o, com veia jugular e/ou tronco braquiocef&#225;lico com les&#245;es obstrutivas</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">13</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Extra&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Em todos os casos estudados, o planejamento cir&#250;rgico foi embasado pelos achados da venografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Dentre os 53 sem les&#227;o significativa, optou-se simplesmente pelo implante de novos cabos-eletrodos sem a remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos antigos em 28 casos, e pelo implante de novos cabos associado &#224; remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos antigos, para evitar superpopula&#231;&#227;o, em 22 casos. Houve remo&#231;&#227;o completa do sistema nos outros 3 casos.</p>
          <p>No sentido contr&#225;rio, dos 23 casos em que foi diagnosticada estenose moderada, optou-se pelo implante dos novos cabos associado &#224; extra&#231;&#227;o de cabos antigos em 14 casos, enquanto que a op&#231;&#227;o de implante de novos cabos com a manuten&#231;&#227;o dos cabos antigos foi adotada em apenas 9.</p>
          <p>Nos 24 casos em que havia necessidade de implante de novo cabo-eletrodo e onde foi diagnosticada estenose grave ou oclus&#227;o venosa, o achado da venografia demonstrou que em 13 casos, a veia jugular interna e o tronco braquiocef&#225;lico ipsilaterais do implante estavam livres de obstru&#231;&#245;es. Destes 13 casos, em apenas 2, por serem pacientes jovens, foi programado procedimento de extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa, para evitar superpopula&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos. Dos 11 casos em que n&#227;o foi realizada extra&#231;&#227;o, a veia jugular interna foi a via de acesso utilizada em 5 deles. Nos outros 5 casos, foi poss&#237;vel ultrapassar a les&#227;o da veia subcl&#225;via com o aux&#237;lio de guias hidrof&#237;licos 0,14&#8221;. Dos 8 casos em que a veia jugular interna n&#227;o era utiliz&#225;vel como via de acesso, pela exist&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico venoso ipsilateral, em apenas 1 caso a equipe m&#233;dica optou por realizar novo implante contralateral. Nos demais (7 casos) a op&#231;&#227;o para obten&#231;&#227;o de via de acesso foi a extra&#231;&#227;o transvenosa.</p>
          <p>Remo&#231;&#227;o de cabo-eletrodo sem o implante de novos cabos foi realizada em apenas 4 casos: em 3, para tratamento de infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao dispositivo, e em 1 caso para a retirada de cabo-eletrodo ventricular disfuncional que estava gerando ru&#237;do em um CDI. Neste &#250;ltimo, a venografia mostrava oclus&#227;o venosa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores Progn&#243;sticos para a ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es venogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>Apesar da elevada taxa de aparecimento de desfechos venogr&#225;ficos nos pacientes estudados, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar vari&#225;vel demogr&#225;fica, cl&#237;nica, ou do sistema de estimula&#231;&#227;o implantado previamente, que pudesse estar relacionada ao aparecimento de les&#245;es venosas significativas e/ou de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral. Foram testadas como prov&#225;veis fatores progn&#243;sticos: g&#234;nero, idade no momento do estudo venogr&#225;fico, cardiopatia de base, classe funcional para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, uso de anticoagulantes orais e antiplaquet&#225;rios, ter cabo-eletrodo de CDI, lado do DCEI, tempo de implante do DCEI, n&#250;mero de cabos-eletrodos implantados, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e procedimentos pr&#233;vios de reopera&#231;&#227;o. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>)</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fatores de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es venosas significativas (&gt; 50% de obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal) e/ ou presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0686-80164-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Obstru&#231;&#245;es venosas raramente causam problemas cl&#237;nicos imediatos. Entretanto, quando o implante de novos cabos-eletrodos &#233; necess&#225;rio, a presen&#231;a dessas les&#245;es pode tornar o procedimento imposs&#237;vel de ser realizado por t&#233;cnicas convencionais. Assim, a venografia por subtra&#231;&#227;o digital tem sido o exame mais utilizado porque permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa do grau e da localiza&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es venosas, possibilitando um adequado planejamento da estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A alta preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com les&#245;es consideradas significativas no presente estudo foi compat&#237;vel &#224; de outras experi&#234;ncias relatadas na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Independentemente do grau das les&#245;es, sua distribui&#231;&#227;o foi equilibrada, nas veias subcl&#225;vias, nos troncos braquiocef&#225;licos venosos, ou nas regi&#245;es de transi&#231;&#227;o dessas veias.</p>
        <p>Apesar das particularidades que existem entre a anatomia das veias que drenam o lado esquerdo e o lado direito do t&#243;rax, o estudo venogr&#225;fico n&#227;o identificou diferen&#231;as significativas na frequ&#234;ncia de aparecimento, no grau de estenose, ou na localiza&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es entre os dois lados. Houve diferen&#231;a, entretanto, no tempo m&#233;dio da perman&#234;ncia dos cabos-eletrodos, que foi maior nos pacientes em que o dispositivo estava implantado do lado direito, o que poderia ter aumentado a taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es no territ&#243;rio direito. Por outro lado, a despeito do equil&#237;brio entre a quantidade de cabos-eletrodos implantados, o n&#250;mero de cabos-eletrodos de desfibrilador, que &#233; considerado fator de risco para les&#245;es venosas, foi significativamente maior nos casos em que o DCEI estava implantado do lado esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral e a de les&#245;es venosas graves ou oclusivas, que foi observada no presente estudo, &#233; de grande utilidade para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o das venografias. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o nos permite afirmar que, sempre que se observe a presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, torna-se imperiosa a pesquisa cuidadosa de les&#245;es de dif&#237;cil defini&#231;&#227;o. Neste sentido, sugerimos a manuten&#231;&#227;o de imagens din&#226;micas do estudo venogr&#225;fico, que permitem que seja se acompanhe o trajeto que o contraste percorreu. Frequentemente o contraste, passando exclusivamente pela circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, preenche completamente a luz venosa logo ap&#243;s a les&#227;o cr&#237;tica, fazendo com que esta n&#227;o seja corretamente detectada em imagens est&#225;ticas.</p>
        <p>A elevada taxa de pacientes com les&#245;es graves ou oclusivas observadas no presente estudo, o que &#233; concordante com dados da literatura, demonstrou a import&#226;ncia da venografia para o planejamento cir&#250;rgico. Nos casos em que n&#227;o foram identificadas les&#245;es venosas significativas, a equipe cir&#250;rgica pode planejar o procedimento, indicando ou n&#227;o a extra&#231;&#227;o dos cabos desativados, em fun&#231;&#227;o exclusivamente de fatores como a idade do paciente, ou o n&#250;mero de cabos-eletrodos que restariam no territ&#243;rio venoso. Por outro lado, em pacientes em que foram observadas les&#245;es moderadas, a equipe m&#233;dica pode programar a extra&#231;&#227;o dos cabos-eletrodos, na expectativa de evitar que a superpopula&#231;&#227;o de cabos viesse a causar agravamento das obstru&#231;&#245;es. E, finalmente, nos casos em que foram observadas les&#245;es venosas graves ou oclusivas, o conhecimento da anatomia venosa foi fundamental para o planejamento cir&#250;rgico, por orientar a possibilidade do uso da veia jugular ipsilateral, ou a necessidade de extra&#231;&#227;o de cabo-eletrodo para obten&#231;&#227;o de via de acesso.</p>
        <p>Por ter causa multifatorial, a literatura &#233; controversa quanto &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o de fatores preditores da ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas em portadores de DCEI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Neste sentido, a aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para les&#245;es venosas encontrada na presente amostra confirma a import&#226;ncia do estudo venogr&#225;fico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio em pacientes que necessitam reopera&#231;&#245;es em cabos-eletrodos, uma vez que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos menos sujeito &#224;s obstru&#231;&#245;es venosas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Mesmo sendo parte de um registro prospectivo derivado da pr&#225;tica assistencial, em fun&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de n&#227;o-inclus&#227;o considerados, as conclus&#245;es do presente estudo n&#227;o podem ser estendidas para crian&#231;as, indiv&#237;duos com mais de 90 anos e portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal com n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica maior que 1,5 mg/dL.</p>
          <p>No que se refere &#224; taxa de altera&#231;&#245;es venosas encontradas e seus fatores predisponentes, a presente an&#225;lise tem as mesmas limita&#231;&#245;es dos estudos transversais, uma vez que foram avaliados em um &#250;nico momento.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia elevada de obstru&#231;&#245;es graves ou de oclus&#245;es venosas em portadores de DCEI dificulta, em n&#250;mero consider&#225;vel de pacientes, o implante transvenoso de novos cabos-eletrodos. Algumas vezes o uso de t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o convencionais, como a extra&#231;&#227;o de cabo-eletrodo para obten&#231;&#227;o de acesso, pode ser obrigat&#243;rio. A falta de fatores predisponentes e a aus&#234;ncia de sinais cl&#237;nicos de obstru&#231;&#227;o venosa, que ocorrem na maioria dos pacientes que apresentam les&#245;es graves ou oclusivas, dificultam o planejamento cir&#250;rgico antecipado. Assim, a venografia por subtra&#231;&#227;o digital se mostra de grande utilidade para a defini&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica em reopera&#231;&#245;es para revis&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos ou para mudan&#231;a de modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com DCEI. O achado de vasos colaterais neste exame tem alto valor preditivo para o diagn&#243;stico de les&#245;es graves e oclusivas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP e CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Caio Marcos de Moraes Albertini pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Comiss&#227;o para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa (CAPPesq) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 0730/11. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
